CHAPTER 1: DEFINITION OF HISTORY

History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another.
Burckhardt
The value and interest of history depend largely on the degree in which the present is illuminated by the past.
V.S. Smith
History, in its broadest sense, is everything that ever happened.
Henry Johnson
History is the story of man’s struggle through the ages against nature and the elements; against wild beasts and the
jungle and some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and to exploit him for their own benefit.
Jawaharal Nehru
Nature of History
1. History is the study of the present in the light of the past.
2. History is the study of man.
3. History is concerned with man in time.
4. History is concerned with man in space.
5. Objective record of happenings.
6. History is multisided.
7. History is a dialogue between the events of the past and progressively emerging future ends.
8. History is not only a narration, but it is also an analysis.
9. Continuity and coherence are the necessary requisites of history.
10. History is relevant.
11. History is comprehensive.
Historiography
Focuses on how the historical text was written, the person who wrote it, the context of its publication, the method
used, and the sources used.
Philosophies of History
Positivism-The school of thought that emerged between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that requires
empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that particular knowledge is true. Positivism also entails an
objective means of arriving at a conclusion. "No document, no history."
Postcolonialism - This is the school of thought that emerged in the early twentieth century when formerly colonized
nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their societies against the shadow of their
colonial past. It looks at two things in writing history.
A) Tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity free from the colonial discourse and knowledge, and
B) Criticize the methods, effects, and ideas of colonialism.
Issues
One of the issues confronted by history is the accusation that. The history is written by the victors. This connotes
that the narratives of the past are always written from the bias of the powerful and the more dominant player.
History and Historian
It is the historian's job not just to seek historical pieces of evidence and facts but also to interpret. It is their job to
give meaning to these facts and organize them into a timeline, establish causes, and white history.
Historical research requires rigor. Despite the fact that historians cannot ascertain absolute objectivity, the study
of history remains scientific because of the rigor of research and methodology that historians employ.
The historical methodology comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly
utilize sources ad historical pieces of evidence in writing history.
 Primary Sources
Primary sources in history refer to original, first-hand accounts or evidence of an event, period, or topic. These
sources include documents, artifacts, diaries, letters, photographs, recordings, and other materials created at the time
of the event or by people who were directly involved.
Kinds of Primary Sources
1. Literary or Cultural sources
2. Accounts that describe events, people or ideas.
Information about people.
Finding information about a place.
Finding Information about an organization.
Three Types of Written Sources
1. Narrative sources of literary sources
2. Diplomatic Sources
3. Social Documents
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources, on the other hand, are accounts or interpretations of historical events or topics that are
created after the fact and are based on primary sources or other secondary sources. These sources include books,
articles, documentaries, and other materials that analyze or interpret primary sources.
Methodologies
External criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics; consistency with the historical character of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for
the evidence. Examples of the things that will be examined when conducting external criticism of a document include
the quality of the paper, the type of ink, and the language and words used in the material, among others.
Internal criticism, on the other hand, is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at the
content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. Internal criticism looks at the truthfulness and
factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the
knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose, among others.

CHAPTER 2: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES

SOME OF PRIMARY SOURCES:
Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyage Around the World,
“Customs of the Tagalogs” by Juan de Placencia,
Emilio Jacinto's "Kartilya ng Katipunan,"
The 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence,
Political Cartoon's Alfred McCoy's Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941),
Corazon Aquino's speech before the U.S. Congres,
Raiders of the Sulu Sea
Works of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo

An analysis is the process of breaking down complex phenomena into their constituent parts to better understand their
nature and underlying principles. It involves a systematic and rigorous examination of data or information to identify patterns,
relationships, and underlying causes
Content analysis involves examining the content of the primary source, such as its language, themes, and
arguments, to draw conclusions about its meaning and significance. This approach is useful when trying to
answer questions about the author's intentions, the ideas presented in the text, or the way the text reflects the
historical context in which it was created.
 Steps of Content Analysis:
1. Define the research question: Determine the specific research question that you want to investigate. This
will help you to focus your analysis on relevant content and to identify the themes and patterns that are most
relevant to your research question.
2. Identify the primary sources: Identify the primary sources that are most relevant to your research question.
This may involve conducting extensive searches of archives, libraries, or online databases to find relevant
primary sources.
3. Create a coding scheme: Develop a coding scheme that will allow you to systematically categorize and
analyze the content of the primary sources. This may involve developing a list of codes or categories that
capture the themes or patterns that are most relevant to your research question.
4. Code the data: Once you have developed a coding scheme, you can begin to code the data by systematically
categorizing the content of the primary sources according to your coding scheme. This may involve using
software tools to assist with the coding process or manually coding the data.
5. Analyze the data: Once you have coded the data, you can begin to analyze the patterns and themes that
emerge from the analysis. This may involve using statistical methods or qualitative methods to identify trends or
patterns in the data.
6. Interpret the findings: Finally, you can interpret the findings of your analysis by drawing conclusions about
the themes and patterns that emerge from the data. This may involve comparing your findings to existing
literature or theories and considering the broader implications of your research for the field or topic of study.

On the other hand, the contextual analysis focuses more on the circumstances surrounding the creation
and reception of the primary source. This might involve looking at the author's biography, the historical events
that were taking place at the time, or the intended audience for the text. Contextual analysis is useful when trying
to understand how the text fits into its broader historical and cultural context and can help to illuminate why
certain themes or arguments were particularly salient at the time.
 Steps of Contextual Analysis:
1. Research the historical and cultural context: Start by gathering information about the time period, location,
and social and political climate in which the source was created. This might involve reading secondary sources
such as history books, academic articles, or online resources.
2. Consider the author's background: Think about the author's biography, social status, and personal beliefs,
as these factors may have influenced their perspective and the way they approached the subject matter.
3. Identify the intended audience: Determine who the author was writing for and why. Consider factors such as
age, gender, social class, and education level.
4. Analyze the language and tone: Pay attention to the language, style, and tone of the source. Consider how
the cultural norms and conventions of the time might have influenced these elements.
5. Examine the historical significance: Think about how the source fits into the broader historical and cultural
context. Consider how it reflects or challenges the prevailing attitudes and beliefs of the time, and how it might
have influenced subsequent events or ideas.

Point of view refers to the perspective or position from which a writer or speaker presents their ideas or information.
There are different types of points of view in writing, such as:
First-person point of view: This is when the author narrates the story or presents their argument from their own
personal perspective, using pronouns such as "I," "me," or "my."
Second-person point of view: This is when the author addresses the reader directly, using pronouns such as
"you" or "your."
Third-person point of view: This is when the author presents the story or argument from an outside
perspective, using pronouns such as "he," "she," or "they."