Theory question for electric Circuit

Electrical and electronics - Circuit Theory - Important Short Answers

and Questions: Basic Circuits Analysis

By 2001056

1. Define charge.

The total deficiency or addition of excess electrons in an atom is called its

charge. Constant charge is denoted by letter Q and charge varying with time is
denoted by q or q (t). Unit of charge is coulomb.
One coulomb of charge is defined as the charge possessed by the total number of
electrons.

One coulomb = charge on 6.24x1018 electrons

2.Define current.

Movement of electrons is called current. It is also defined as flow of charges.

Movement of electrons always flow from negative to positive. Unit of current

is Ampere.

Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge in an electric circuit or in any medium
in which charges are subjected to electric field.

DC current: The current does not vary with time is called direct current. It is
denoted by I.

AC current: The current varies with time is called alternating current. It is

denoted by i (or)i(t).

3. Define potential difference.

It is also called as voltage (or) electric potential.

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 Theory question for electric Circuit

It is defined as the energy required moving the unit of charge from one point
to other. It is also defined as the difference of electric potential between the
two points of the
conductor.

4. Define Power and Energy?

The rate of doing work is called power.

Power P=VI

The rate of doing work with time is called power. It is also called as the
capacity to do the
work.

Unit of Energy is Watt-hour (or) Joules.It is denoted by letter E (or) W.

5. What is electric circuit or electric network?

The combination of various electrical elements such as resistors, capacitors

and inductors along with various energy sources such as voltage and current
sources is called electric circuit or electric network.

6. Define Independent source.

It is defined as the source voltage independent of current flowing through it
and source current independent of voltage across it. It is indicated by circle with
polarity of voltage and direction of current. It is also called as uncontrolled sources.

Types of independent of sources.

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7. Define Dependent sources.

It is defined as the voltage source or current source depends on voltage or

current elsewhere in the given circuit. It is indicated by diamond shape. It is also
called as controlled sources.

Types of Dependent of sources.

(i)Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS).
(ii) Voltage controlled current source (VCCS).
(iii) Current controlled current source (CCCS).
(iv)Current controlled voltage source (CCVS).

8.Define ideal voltage source

The energy source which gives constant voltage across its terminals irrespective of
the current flowing through its terminal is called ideal voltage source. At any time
the value of voltage at load terminals remains same.

9. Define practical voltage source.

Practical voltage source gas small amount of resistance (Rse) in series with voltage
source.

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Due to Rse, the voltage across load terminals decreases slightly with increase in
current.

10. Define time invariant voltage source.

The source in which voltage or current is not varying with time is called time
invariant sources. It is also called as DC sources. It is denoted by capital letters.

11. Define time variant voltage source.

The source in which voltage or current is varying with time is called time
variant sources. It is also called as AC sources. It is denoted by small letters.

12. Define resistance.

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The property of opposition of flow of current is called resistance.

Unit of resistance: ohm
It is denoted by letter R.

Power dissipated in resistor P=I2R

13. Define inductance.

The property of opposition of flow of change in current is called inductance.

Unit of resistance: Henry
It is denoted by letter L.
Energy stored in the inductor E= Li/22
It stores the energy in the form of magnetic field.

14. Define capacitance.

The property of opposition of flow of change in voltage is called capacitance.

Unit of resistance: Farad

It is denoted by letter C.
Energy stored in the inductor E=CV2 / 2
It stores the energy in the form of electrostatic field.

15. Define branch and node.

Branch: It is a portion of a circuit with two terminal connected to it. A branch

may contain one or more elements.
Node: It is a junction of two or more branches.

16. Define mesh or loop.

It is defined as a set of branches forming a closed path in a network.

17. Define active and passive elements.

Active element: Active elements are the elements which supply power or
energy to the network.
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Ex. Voltage source, current source

Passive element: Passive elements are the elements which either store energy
or dissipate energy in the form of heat.

Ex. Capacitor and inductor=store the energy Resistor=dissipate the

energy

18. Define lumped and distributed network.

Lumped network: A network consisting of physically separable elements

such as resistor, capacitor and inductor is known as lumped network.

Ex.RLC network

Distributed network: A network consisting of elements that are not separable

for analytical purpose is known as distributed network.

Ex. Transmission lines(R, L ad C is distributed along its length)

19. Define bilateral and unilateral network.

Bilateral network: The voltage-currant relationship is same for current

flowing in either direction is called bilateral network.

Ex. R, L and C

Unilateral network: The network has different relationships between voltage

and current for the two possible directions of current.

Ex: Diodes, vaccum tubes

20. Define linear and non-linear network.

Linear network: The relationship between voltage and current is linear, then
the network is called linear network.

Ex:Resistance
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Non-Linear network: The networks which do not satisfy the linear voltage-
current relationship is called non-linear network.

Ex: Diodes, Zener Diodes

21. State Ohm’s law.

At constant temperature. the current flowing through the resistor is directly

proportional to voltage across the resistor.

Power dissipated in resistor

22. Write the limitations of ohm’s law

(i)It is not applicable to non-
linear devices such as diodes, zener diodes and voltage regulators
(ii)It is not applicable for non metallic conductors. Ex. silicon carbide
(iii)It is not applicable for arc lamps, electronic valves and electrolytes.

23.State Kirchoff’s current law.

It is also called as point law (or) Kirchoff's law.

It is defined as algebraic sum of currents meeting at any node is equal to zero.

(Or)

At any node, sum of incoming current is equal to sum of outgoing current

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Sign convention:

Positive: current flowing towards junction. Negative: current flowing away

from junction.

24. State Kirchoff’s voltage law.

It is also called as mesh law (or) loop law (or) Kirchoff’s second law.

It is defined as algebraic sum of voltages around any closed path is equal to

zero. (Or)

At any closed path, sum of voltage rise is equal to sum of voltage drop

Sign convention:

Voltage rise: current flowing from –ve to +ve terminal of battery. It must be
taken as positive. Voltage drop: current flowing from +ve to -ve terminal of
battery. It must be taken as

negative.

25. Write the characteristics of series connection of resistances.

(i)Same current flows through each resistance.

(ii)Supply voltage V is the sum of individual voltage drops across each resistance.
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V=V1+V2+V3
(iii)Equivalent resistance is equal to sum of individual resistance.
Req= R1+R2+R3
(iv)Equivalent resistance is the largest of all individual resistance.
Req> R1,R2,R3
Ex. Decoration lamps.

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BASIC ELEMENTS & INTRODUCTORY

CONCEPTS:
Electrical Network:

A combination of various electric elements (Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor,

Voltage source, Current source) connected in any manner what so ever is called an
electrical network. We may classify circuit elements in two categories, passiveand
active elements.

Passive Element:

The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then either
converts it into heat (R) or stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L) field is called
passive element.

Active Element:

The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active

element.Examples of active elements include voltage and current sources,
generators, and electronic devices that require power supplies. A transistor is an
active circuit element, meaning that it can amplify power of a signal. On the other
hand, transformer is not an active element because it does not amplify the power
level and power remains same both in primary and secondary sides. Transformer is
an example of passive element.

Bilateral Element:

Conduction of current in both directions in an element (example: Resistance;

Inductance; Capacitance) with same magnitude is termed as bilateral element.

Unilateral Element:
Conduction of current in one direction is termed as unilateral (example: Diode,
Transistor) element.

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Meaning of Response:

An application of input signal to the system will produce an output signal, the
behavior of output signal with time is known as the response of the system.

Potential Energy Difference:

The voltage or potential energy difference between two points in an electric
circuit is the amount of energy required to move a unit charge between the two
points.
Ohm’sLaw:
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points
is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them. The
mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:
I=V/R

where I is the current through the resistance in units of amperes, V is the

potential difference measured across the resistance in units of volts, and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that
the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.

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Electrical and electronics - Network Reduction and Network Theorems for DC And
AC Circuits - Important Short Questions and Answers: Network Reduction and
Network Theorems for DC And AC Circuits

1. State Thevenin’s. theorem

Any complex network consisting of linear, bilateral and lumped elements can
be replaced by a simple circuit consisting of single voltage source in series
with resistance. It is also called as Helmholtz’s. theorem

2. State Norton’s. theorem

Any complex network consisting of linear, bilateral and lumped elements can be
replaced by a simple circuit consisting of single current source in parallel with
resistance.

3. State Superposition theorem.

In a linear, bilateral and lumped circuit elements that is energized by two or
more sources, the response(current through or voltage across) in any resistor
is equal to individual responses in it, when sources acts separately.

4. State Maximum power transfer theorem.

It states that the maximum power transferred to the load occurs when the load
resistance is equal to the source resistance (equivalent resistance).
Condition for maximum power transfer RL = RTH

5. State Reciprocity theorem.

It states that in a linear, bilateral, single source circuit, the ratio of excitation
to response is constant when the position of excitation and response are
interchanged.

6.Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

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7. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit

8. What are the applications of Thevenin’s theorem?

1. To find the particular branch current in an electrical network while the
resistance of that

branch is varied with all other elements of the network remaining unchanged.
2. Used in sensitivity analysis.

9. What are the advantages of Thevenin’s theorem?

1. Applicable to circuits containing any type of load –linear or non linear or

time varying.

2. Applicable to circuits with load containing sources.

3. Applicable to circuits with load having initial conditions on passive
elements.

10.What are the limitations of Thevenin’s theorem?

1. Load should be connected to network containing linear elements only.

2. There should be no controlled source or magnetic coupling with the

elements of load.

11.What are the applications of Maximum power transfer theorem? (AU-

MAY08)
1. It is used for impedance matching.

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2. It is used in communication circuits, where the power or circuit currents are

low.

12.What are the limitations of Reciprocity theorem?

1. Only one source is present in the network.
2. Initial conditions should be zero.
3. The network is linear.
4. Impedance matrix is symmetric.

5. Dependent sources present in the network, even if they are linear, are
excluded.

13.under what conditions, the super position theorem may be applied to the
circuit.
It is applicable to all time variant linear networks. It holds good for all possible
locations, types and waveforms of the independent systems. The theorem applies
both in time domain and frequency domain.

15. Write short notes about superposition theorem.

It is valid only for linear circuits. It is not valid for power responses. When
the superposition theorem is applied to any circuit. the dependent voltage source in
the circuit is always active.

16. State under what circumstances Thevenin’s

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is useful in particular branch current in a

network as the resistance of that branch is varied while all other

resistances and sources remain constant.

17. What is meant by short and open circuits?

A short is conductor with zero resistance and an open is an infinitely large resistance.
When we short circuit the resistance we replace the resistance by a conductor with
zero resistance and when we open the circuit a resistance we remove the resistance.
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18. Find the current through 10 Ω resistor in the following circuit.

19. Determine the current through 1 Ω and 4 Ω resistors.

20. Find the current I in the circuit.

When 2A source is acting alone.

When both sources are acting together I=2A

21. Find the thevenin’s equivalent for the circuit shown.

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22.Find the Norton’s equivalent. for the circuit shown.

23. Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer.

Condition for maximum power transfer RL=RTH

24. What is the property of additivity and homogeneity?

The principle of super position is a combination of additivity and
homogeneity.

The property of addivity says that the response in a circuit due to number of
sources is given by sum of response due to individual sources acting alone.

The property of homogeneity says that if al the sources are multiplied by a constant,
then the response is also multiplied by the same constant.

25. By using superposition theorem, find the current through the ammeter.
Response due to 10V source I1
Response due to 5V source I 2
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Total response = I

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Electrical and electronics - Circuit Theory - Resonance and Coupled Circuits -

Important Short Questions and Answers: Resonance and Coupled Circuits

1. Define resonance. What is the condition for resonance for an RLC series
circuit?

A circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and current are
in phase. For an RLC series circuit, at resonance the inductive and capacitive
reactance are equal.

2. How the RLC series circuit behaves for the frequencies above and below the
resonant frequencies.

For frequencies below resonant frequency, the capacitive reactance is more

than the inductive reactance. Therefore the equivalent reactance is equal to
capacitive and the circuit behaves like a RC circuit.

For frequencies above resonant frequency, the inductive reactance is more

than the capacitive reactance. Therefore the equivalent reactance is equal to
inductive and the circuit behaves like a RL circuit.

3. Derive the expression for resonant frequency.

At resonance condition, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal.

4. Define resonant frequency

The frequency at resonance is called as resonant frequency.
It is also defined as the geometric mean of two half power frequencies is called
resonant frequency.

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5. Draw the phasor diagrams for series RLC circuit.

6. Draw the curves for variation of impedance, admittance and current with
frequency in RLC series resonance circuit.

7. Define Q factor
It is the ratio between capacitor voltage or inductor voltage at resonance to
supply voltage is called as Q-factor or quality factor.

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8. Define Bandwidth.

It is defined as the width of the resonant curve upto frequency at which the
power in the circuit is half of its maximum value. The difference between two half
power frequencies is also called as band width.

9. Define selectivity.
It is the ratio of bandwidth to resonant frequency.

Selectivity of a resonant circuit is its ability to discriminate between signals

of desired and undesired frequencies.

10. Define half power frequencies.

The frequencies at which the power in the circuit is half of its maximum value
are called as half power frequencies.

f1=lower cut-off frequency

f2=upper cut-off frequency
11.Give the relationship between
Band width, resonant frequency and quality factor
b) Resonant frequency and half power frequencies
c) Quality factor in terms of R, L and C

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12. In series resonance circuit, on resonance the following will occur

V=VR,
XL=XC,
Z=R,
VL=VC

13. What inductance will give the same reactan

The inductive and capacitive reactances are same

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