Notes For PET 🫶🏻→

Unit 1 —> PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

We use at:
• For times of the day: at 7 o’clock, at breakfast time
• In expressions like: at the weekend, at night, at new year
We use on for:
• days: on Tuesday
• Dated: on May 17th
We use in for:
• years: in 2017
• seasons: in summer
• months: in august
• parts of the day: in the morning
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
▸ We usually put frequency adverbs before the main verb.
I usually/sometimes/never go to college in the evening.
I don’t often go to college at the weekend.
▸ We don’t use never, hardly ever and always at the beginning or end
of sentences.
▸ We put frequency adverbs after the verb be.
I am often ill in the winter.
She is usually at college at 8 o’clock.
There are other expressions that we can use to talk about frequency.
These expressions are used at the beginning or end of sentences, not
in the middle.
⁃ Every day, every week, every week, every month, every year …
⁃ Once a day, twice a week, three times a month
⁃ On Fridays, at weekends …
⁃ Most days, most nights, most weeks …
On Fridays, I go to college by bike.
I go running twice a week.
Present simple and present continuous
We can use the present simple to talk about smth that
⁃ Happens regularly (and routines):
I play tennis every Tuesday.
• Is generally true and permanent at the present time:
My brother lives in France.
⁃ Is a fact or always true
The sun rises in the east.
We can use the present continuous to talk abt
• Something happening now:
They’re living with friends while their house is being decorated.
• A temporary situation which is true now
He’s doing his homework in this bedroom.
• Smth happening in the present but not necessorlily at the moment
My sister’s studying art.
State verbs
State verbs refer to a state or a condition, rather than an action. They are not
normally used with continuous verbs.
✔️I prefer apples to oranges.
❌ I’m preferring apples to oranges.
> This is a list of common state verbs.
Agree Appear Believe Depend Hear hope
Know Like Look Need Own Possess
Prefer see seem smell suppose Taste
Think Understa Want Wight wish
nd
> There are verbs which can be both tae verbs and action verbs, but have a
different meaning.
She looks tired. (Look = search)
He had an apartment. (Have = own)
She’s looking for her phone. (Look = search)
He has an apartment. (Have = own)
He’s having breakfast. (Have = eat)
Countable and uncountable nouns
Countable nouns
Countable nouns refer to nous which can be counted. They have singular and
plural forms: tree - trees: knife - knives: child - children; man - men
~ singular countable nouns can be used with a/an:
A book, an elephant
~ plural countable nouns can be used with numbers. Some and any
Our family has some animals - a dog and three cats.
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns refer to nouns which cannot be counted.
They have no plural form: advise advices, furniture furnitures, information
informations, homework homeworks, etc
Both countable and uncountable
Some nouns can be both.
I love lambs, but I don’t eat lamb.
Lamb (countable) = animal
Lamb (uncountable) = meat from a lamb
• To make uncountable nouns countable, use countable nouns like piece,
slice, spoonful, box, etc
a piece of advice
three slices of bread
 two spoonfuls of sugar
a bowl of rice
A few, a little bid of, many, much, a lot of and lots of
 For small quantities, use a few w/ plural countable nouns:
A few people in my class speak Russian.
 Use a little bit of / a little w/ uncountable nouns:
I’d like a bit of / a little advice about going to university.
 For large quantities, use many with plural countable nouns:
There aren’t many trains at night.
How many times have you been to London.
- Use much with uc in questions and negative sentences.
How much money do you need?
We don’t have much time.
 Use a lot of / lots of with plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns.
A lot of / lots of students ride bikes to college.
You can save a lot of / lots of money of you cycle or walk.
Prepositions of place
 We use at with points: at the bus stop, at the station, at home, at school
 We use in with spaces or to say smth is inside another thing : in the kitchen,
in the sea, in the car, in France
 We use on with surfaces: on the wall, on the floor, on the ceiling, on the
table
Unit 2
Past simple
 We yse past simple to talk about
 Past actions/events,states which have finished
Jenny was tired after she went ice skating.
 Repeated pact actions:
I cycled to school every day when I was a student.
 a sequence of past actions:
We left home, walked to the station and caught the train.
Past Continuous
We use the past continuous to talk about
 a particular moment in the past:
Emily was walking the dog at 5 pm.
 Temporary actions which give extra (less important) information:
It was raining, so I decided not to go out.
 Two or more actions happening at the same time:
While I was doing my homework, he was playing the guitar.
 An action happening when another action happened
He was cleaning his bike when he hurt his hand
When, While and As
We can use these words with past continuous to introduce an action happening at
the same time as another.
When joe was walking home, it started to rain.
The phone rang while I was having breakfast.
They arrived as we were leaving.
Used to
We use used to + an infinitive form to talk about:
>> things that happened regularly in the past but don’t know
I used to drink milk for breakfast, but now I always drink orange juice.
>> actions that didn’t happen in the past but happen now
I didn’t use to drink orange juice, but now I love it.
>> past states or conditions that are different from the past
I used to have long, dark hair. (= I don’t any more)

SO (DO) I AND NOR/NEITHER (DO) I

- We use “so do I” in positive sentences when we have the same feelings or
experiences.
- We use the same auxiliary verbs or modal verbs in the reply.
A: I am hungry. B: So am I.
A: I will have lunch at one o’clock. B. So will I.
- We use nor or neither in negative sentences. We use the same auxiliary
verbs or modal verbs in the reply.
A: I don’t like chocolate. B: Nor/Neither do I.
A: I haven’t had coffee for ages. B: Nor/Neither have I.
Note => In negative and question forms, the spelling is use not used.
We use don’t to respond to positive statements. We use do to
respond to negative statement
Unit 3
VERBS FOLLWED BY TO OR -ING
 Some verbs are always followed by an infinitive (to + verb):
When I was 15, I decided to become a professional musician.
 Others are always followed by the -ing form of the verb:
Mike kept falling asleep during the lesson.
Verbs followed by the infinitive or -ing with no difference in meaning
Begin, continue, intend, start
Verbs followed by the infinitive or -ing with little difference in menaing
Hate, like, love, prefer
There is a small difference in meaning between the two forms.
 -ing form: the action or experience is more important.
He likes baking cakes.
 Infinitive form: result of the action is more important, or to describe a
habit/smth we prefer.
He likes to bake cakes for special occasions.
 The -ing form is more common after hate and love:
I hate playing ball sports. I love doing gymnastics.

In negative sentences, we put not after the first verb.

He's decided not to go to university next year.
She considered not going away for the weekend. (= but now
she is going.)
In sentences which include an object, we put the object after
the first verb.
I helped my friend to do his homework.
We should stop people using their phones or eating while
they're driving.

PHRASAL VERBS
 A phrasal verb is a verb with two or three parts. The meaning
of the verb is sometimes different from the meaning of
its separate parts. Phrasal verbs can combine verbs with
prepositions or adverbs. For example: to take off, to put on,
to catch up with, to look forward to.
 There are two main types of phrasal verbs
verbs which need an object:
 She took off her hat.
He put on his shoes.
We're looking forward to our holiday.
 verbs which do not need an object:
They set off early.
We got up late.
Sometimes, it is possible to put the object in between the
verb and the preposition/adverb. Sometimes, it is not.
✔️He took his hat off.
✔️He took it off.
❌ He took off it.
✔️We're looking forward to the weekend.
❌We're looking the weekend forward to.

GRADEABLE AND NON-GRADEABLE ADJ

✎ Most adjectives are gradable. This means we can make
them stronger or weaker by using words like very.
We cannot use words like completely or absolutely with
these adjectives.
❌ I'm completely cold.
✔️I'm very cold.
✔️Our English is exam was fairly difficult.
✔️Harry's new car is quite big, isn't it?
✔️Ben was pretty tired after a long day's work.
✎ Non-gradable or extreme adjectives are adjectives which
we cannot make stronger or weaker by using words like
very.
We can use these words with non-gradable adjectives:
completely, absolutely, totally, really.
❌ I'm very freezing.
✔️I'm absolutely freezing.
✔️Our English is exam was absolutely impossible.
✔️Harry's new car really enormous, isn't it?
✔️Ben was totally exhausted after a long day's work.

MODEL VERBS: CAN, COULD, MIGHT AND MAY (ABILITY AND

POSSIBILTIY)
Talking about ability and inability
 We use can/can't and could/couldn't to talk about ability or
inability. They are followed by the infinitive without to.
✎ Anna can speak French, but she can't speak Chinese.
✎ Max could walk when he was a year old, but he couldn't talk until he
was two.
✎ Can Anna speak French? Yes, she can.
✎Can she speak Chinese? No, she can't.
✎Could Max walk when he was one? Yes, he could.
✎Could he talk when he was one? No. he couldn't.
 Talking about possibility
• We use might, may and could to talk about possibilities in
the present or the future.
• We use can to talk about possibilities in the present but not
the future. These modal verbs are followed by the infinitive
without to.
✎ It might be very hot tomorrow.
✎ We may go swimming this afternoon.
✎ There could be a storm later this evening.
✎ It can snow here in April, but it doesn't often happen.
• To talk about negative possibilities we can use may not or
might not, but not can not or could not.
✎ Laura is not feeling well, so she may not go to school today.
✎ You have to accept that you might not win the lottery this week.
• the form of these verbs never changes. For example, we cannot say He
cans / They mighted.
• we can use May I …? Or Could I …? To ask for permission.
May I sit here?
• we rarely use the short form mightn’t. we don’t use mayn’t.
MODAL VERBS: SHOULD, SHOULDN’T, MUST, MUSTN’T, HAVE TO,
DON’T HAVE TO (OBLIGATION AND PROHIBITION)
Should/shouldn’t
• we use should/shouldn’t to give or ask for advice,
Should/shouldn’t are followed by the infinitive without to.
✎ You should join a gym if you want to keep fit.
✎ You shouldn’t eat too much chocolate.
✎ What should I do?
• an alternative to should is ought to + infinitive. This is more formal.
Must, have to
• we use must and have to to express obligation.
You must take your passport with you when you travel abroad.
• We often use must to talk about rules or laws which we agree with or
believe in.
We must wear a seat belt in the car, even for short journeys.
• we often use have to to talk about rules or laws which were made by
someone else or which we may mot agree with.
My teacher says that I have to finish the homework tonight or I’ll be in
trouble.
Don’t have to
 use don’t have to or needn’t (but not mustn’t) when it’s not necessary to do
something.
We didn’t have to show our passports when we went to Scotland.
We don’t need to wear a uniform at our school.
Can/can’t
• we can also use can/can’t to express permission or lack of permission.
You can leave any time you like.
You can’t bring animals in here.
Can I use your phone, please?
Mustn’t
• use mustn’t to express prohibition, to say that smth is not allowed.
You mustn’t use your phone in the cinema.
• we can also use can’t instead of mustn’t
You can’t talk during the exam.
• There is no past tense form of mustn’t. Use not allowed to.
we weren’t allowed to go into the concert without a ticket.

ADJ WITH -ED AND -ING ENDINGS

Many English adj which end in -ing or -ed are formed from verbs.
Verb adj
Relax Relaxed/relaxing
Surprise Surprised/
surprising
• Adj which end in -ed tell us how a person feels.
I’m going to bed because I’m tired.
• Adj which end in -ing describe the effect of smth.
I’m going to bed. I’ve had a tiring day at work.