MỤC LỤC

Trang
Lời nói đầu ( Introduction )……………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Bảng từ viết tắt ( List of English abbreviations/words )…………………………....…………….. 3
Module 1: Pronunciation(Phát âm)……………………………………………………………………….…... 4
Module 2: Stress(Trọng âm) ……………………………………………………………………………………... 9
Module 3: Verb tenses( Thì của động từ) ………………………………………………………………... 11
Module 4: The sequence of tenses( Sự phối hợp thì) ……………………………………………… 15
Module 5: Subject and verb agreements( Sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ và động từ) ……………..… 18
Module 6: Modal verbs(Động từ khiếm khuyết) ………………………………………………………… 23
Module 7: The subjunctive mood( Thức giả định) …………………………………………………….. 27
Module 8: Gerund and infinitive verb( V-ing /to V/V(bare) ) + Lối nói phụ họa………… 31
Module 9: Tag questions( Câu hỏi đuôi)………………………………………………………………….…. 37
Module 10: Comparisons(Sự so sánh)……………………………………………………………………….. 41
Module 11: The orders of the adjectives(Trật tự của tính từ)……………………………………. 50
Module 12: Articles(Mạo từ) …………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Module 13: Word formation(Cấu tạo từ) ………………………………………………………………….. 59
Module 14: Expressions of quantity( Từ chỉ định lượng) ………………………………………….. 66
Module 15: Passive voices(Thể bị động) …………………………………………………………………… 68
Module 16: Conditional sentences and wish(Câu điều kiện & câu điều ước)………….…... 76
Module 17: Reported speech(Câu tường thuật) ……………………………………………………..….. 84
Module 18: Relative clauses(Mệnh đề quan hệ) ………………………………………………….......…. 90
Module 19: Phrase and clauses(Cụm từ và một câu) +Clauses of manner with………….. 95
Module 20: Inversion(Đảo ngữ) …………………………………………………………………………………. 98
Module 21: Conjunctions(Liên từ)………………………………......……………………………….…….... 106
Module 22: Prepositions( Giới từ) …………………………………………………………………………... 112
Module 23: Phrasal verbs( Cụm động từ) ……………………………………………………………..…. 122
Module 24: Idioms( Thành ngữ) …………………………………………………………………………..….. 133
Module 25: Collocations( Cụm từ cố định) ………………………………………………………………. 141
Others structures( Một số cấu trúc khác) …………………………………………………………………. 147
Correct the mistakes ( Tìm lỗi sai )………………………………………………………………………...... 151
Communications( Chức năng giao tiếp) ………………………………………………………………….… 152
Common family words( Bảng từ loại thông dụng) ………………………………………………….…. 159
Irregular verbs( Bảng động từ bất quy tắc) …………………………………………………………….… 170

Page 1
 MODULE 1: PRONUNCIATION
PHÁT ÂM

Nguyên âm ngắn - Short Nguyên âm dài - Long Nguyên âm đôi- Diphthongs

vowels vowels - /ai/: buy, skỵ, hi, shy
- / ə/: ago, mother, togethe - / iː/ meet, beat, heat - / ɔɪ /: boy, enjoy, toy -
- /i/: hit, bit, sit -/u:/: school, food, moon - /ei/: day, baby, stay
- / ʌ /: study, shut, must - /a:/: father, star, car - /ou /: no, go, so
- / ɒ /: got job, hospital - / ɔː/: sport, more, store - /au/: now, sound, cow
- /u/: put, should, foot – -/ ɜː /: bird, shirt, early - / ʊə /: poor, sure, tour
-/e/: bed, send, tent, spend - / eə /: air, care, share
- / æ /: cat, chat, man - / ɪə /: near, tear, cheer

NGUYÊN ÂM
- /b/: bag, baby
VOWELS
- /p/: pupil, pay, stop
- /d/: dog, daddy, dead
- /k/: kiss, key
- /m/: mother, map, come
- /j/: yes, yellow
PHIÊN ÂM
- /n/: many, none, news
- /s/: see, summer
- /l/: love, lucky, travel
- /z/: zoo, visit
- /r/: river, restaurant
PHỤ ÂM
- /h/: hat, honey
CONSONANTS
- /t/: tea, teach
- / dʒ /: village, jam, generous
- /g /: get, game, go
- / θ /: thin, thick, something, birth
- /f/: fall, laugh, fiction
- / ð /: mother, with, this
- /v/: visit, van
- / ʃ /: she, sugar
- /w/: wet, why
- / ʒn /: vision
- / tʃ /: children, chicken, watch
- / ŋ /: thank, sing

Page 2
 ❖ PHÁT ÂM “ED” or “S / ES”
/s / k , p, f , t, th ( khắp phố phường tối thui )

/ iz / Ch, X , S, Z, Sh, SE, CE, GE

Cách phát âm đuôi -s
( Chúng xổ số zới Sh sẽ có ghệ )

/z/ Khi tận cùng trước nó là nguyên âm và

các phụ âm còn lại

/ id / t , d ( tình đầu )

/t/ sh, s, ch, ss, ce, x, k ,p, f = gh

Cách phát âm đuôi -ed
(Sáng sớm chi sáu chạy xe khắp phố
phường )

/ d/ Khi tận cùng trước -ed nó là nguyên âm

và các phụ âm còn lại

Note đuôi -s Note đuôi -ed

- “se” đọc là “z” or “s” Đuôi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm
- “Ce =S” /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked,
- “gh” đọc là “f” : laugh , cough, tough , rough ragged wicked , blessed , wretched

Page 3
 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other
three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. final B. writer C. ivory D. widow
Question 2: A. passed B. managed C. cleared D. threatened
Question 3: A. ejects B. defends C. advocates D. breaths
Question 4: A. produced B. believed C. stopped D. laughed
Question 5: A. alien B. alloy C. alley D. anthem
Question 6: A. affected B. looked C. decreased D. washed
Question 7: A. missed B. worked C. realized D. watched
Question 8: A. need B. speech C. see D. career
Question 9: A. loved B. appeared C. agreed D. coughed
Question 10: A. pagoda B. integral C. against D. aquatic
Question 11: A. imagines B. bikes C. cultures D. involves
Question 12: A. office B. practice C. service D. device
Question 13: A. finished B. cooked C. attended D. laughed
Question 14: A. number B. future C. furious D. amuse
Question 15: A. concerned B. candied C. travelled D. dried
Question 16: A. speaks B. speeds C. graphs D. beliefs
Question 17: A. dune B. hummock C. shrub D. buffalo
Question 18: A. increased B. pleased C. replaced D. fixed
Question 19: A. looks B. knows C. helps D. sits
Question 20: A. linked B. declared C. finished D. developed
Question 21: A. heat B. beat C. meant D. easy
Question 22: A. sports B. thanks C. games D. enthusiasts
Question 23: A. sacrificed B. trusted C. recorded D. acted
Question 24: A. cooks B. loves C. joins D. spends
Question 25: A. interviewed B. performed C. finished D. delivered
Question 26: A. misses B. goes C. leaves D. potatoes
Question 27: A. removed B. approved C. reminded D. relieved
Question 28: A. young B. plough C. couple D. cousin
Question 29: A. confine B. conceal C. convention D. concentrate
Question 30: A. isolated B. climate C. island D. automobile
Question 31: A. river B. rival C. native D. driven
Question 32: A. valentine B. imagine C. discipline D. determine
Question 33: A. crop B. common C. household D. bodily
Question 34: A. merchant B. sergeant C. mermaid D. commercial
Question 35: A. obstacle B. obscure C. obsession D. oblivious
Question 36: A. failed B. reached C. absorbed D. solved
Question 37: A. develops B. takes C. laughs D. volumes
Question 38: A. species B. invent C. medicine D. tennis

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Question 39: A. advanced B. established C. preferred D. stopped
Question 40: A. exact B. examine C. eleven D. elephant
Question 41: A. heavy B. head C. weather D. heat
Question 42: A. processed B. infested C. balanced D. reached
Question 43: A. food B. shoot C. book D. boot
Question 44: A. amount B. country C. counter D. around
Question 45: A. apologize B. agree C. algebra D. aggressive
Question 46: A. likes B. tightens C. heaps D. coughs
Question 47: A. building B. suitable C. suit D. recruitment
Question 48: A. create B. creature C. easy D. increase
Question 49: A. needed B. played C. rained D. followed
Question 50: A. ploughs B. photographs C. gas D. laughs
Question 51: A. broad B. load C. road D. boat
Question 52: A. acronym B. agency C. became D. aviation
Question 53: A. account B. amount C. mourning D. trout
Question 54: A. sound B. touchy C. outdated D. account
Question 55: A. fungus B. rubbish C. function D. furious
Question 56: A. contain B. entertain C. certain D. campaign
Question 57: A. measure B. pleasure C. threat D. treat
Question 58: A. south B. southern C. scout D. drought
Question 59: A. dome B. comb C. home D. tomb
Question 60: A. accountant B. country C. count D. fountain
Question 61: A. clubs B. books C. hats D. stamps
Question 62: A. advance B. ancient C. cancer D. annual
Question 63: A. canoeing B. penalty C. rival D. tsunami
Question 64: A. increase B. meant C. flea D. lease
Question 65: A. goalie B. archive C. signal D. advertisement
Question 66: A. bury B. hurt C. turn D. excursion
Question 67: A. book B. foot C. brook D. booth
Question 68: A. punctual B. rubbish C. thunder D. furious
Question 69: A. sound B. touch C. down D. account
Question 70: A. clerk B. reserve C. deserve D. herb
Question 71: A. spark B. share C. park D. smart
Question 72: A. hasty B. nasty C. wastage D. tasty
Question 73: A. neigh B. height C. weigh D. vein
Question 74: A. butter B. gum C. butcher D. summer
Question 75: A. hall B. salt C. drawn D. roll
Question 76: A. lost B. post C. loan D. pole
Question 77: A. adopted B. appealed C. dedicated D. wounded
Question 78: A. mile B. militant C. smile D. kind
Question 79: A. peace B. great C. treat D. meat
Question 80: A. sailor B. tailor C. naivety D. painter

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 MODULE 2: STRESS

QUY TẮC
CHUNG VÍ DỤ NGOẠI LỆ

1. Từ có 2 âm tiết: candy, really, active, carrot

cadec, listen,
- Danh từ hoặc tính từ: nhấn ở dictate, present, export,
open, guitar,
âm tiết đầu begin, dictate, present,
patrol, visit
- Động từ: nhấn ở âm tiết cuối export, prevent

2. Các từ tận cùng là: IC, ION, IA, economic, revision, colonial,
arithmetic,
IAL, IAN, IAR, IENCE, IENCY, musician, familiar,
heretic,
IENT, IANCE, IUM, IOUS, EOUS, experience, efficient, appliance
UOUS ( nhấn trước nó 1 âm) gymnasium, continuous

3. Các từ tận cùng là: OUS, ATE, adventurous, considerate,

incarnate,
TUDE, ITY, ETY, AL, LOGY, attitude, capacity, variety,
disastrous
GRAPHY, METRY, NOMY, CY mechanical, astrology,
(nhấn trước nó 2 âm) photography, democracy

4. Các từ tận cùng là: ADE, EE, employee, Vietnamese,

ESE, EER, OO, OON, ETTE, centigrade,
engineer, volunteer,
ESQUE, trọng âm thường nhấn committee,
bamboo, balloon, cigarette,
ở vần cuối. ( nhấn vào chính overseer
picturesque
nó)

5. Danh từ kép, trọng âm rơi blackbird, greenhouse

vào âm tiết đầu

6. Tính từ kép, động từ kép, bad-tempered, old-

trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ fashioned understand,
hai overflow

Page 6
 CHÚ Ý KHI XÉT TRỌNG ÂM

- Đối với từ có 3 âm tiết Trọng âm thường

hoặc có 4 âm tiết: Nếu tất cả các âm mà
rơi vào nguyên âm
- trọng âm rơi và âm tiết ngắn hết thì trọng
dài/nguyên âm đôi
ở trước hậu tố ‘tion, âm rơi vào âm tiết
hoặc âm cuối kết
ion, ment’ thứ nhất
thúc với nhiều hơn
một phụ âm

Trọng âm không bao giờ Đối với từ có 2 âm tiết:

- khi âm tiết đầu được
rơi vào âm /ə/hoặc là
phát âm là /ə/ thì trọng
âm /əʊ/. âm rơi vài âm tiết thứ 2

PRACTISES
Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position
of the main stress in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. apply B. persuade C. reduce D. offer
Question 2: A. preservatives B. congratulate C. preferential D. development
Question 3: A. president B. physicist C. inventor D. property
Question 4: A. economy B. unemployment C. communicate D. particular
Question 5: A. elephant B. dinosaur C. buffalo D. mosquito
Question 6: A. scientific B. intensity C. disappearance D. expectation
Question 7: A. conference B. lecturer C. researcher D. reference
Question 8: A. intentional B. optimistic C. environment D. participant
Question 9: A. explain B. happen C. decide D. combine
Question 10: A. represent B. intensive C. domestic D. employment
Question 11: A. minister B. dependent C. encourage D. agreement
Question 12: A. equip B. listen C. answer D. enter
Question 13: A. involve B. provide C. install D. comment
Question 14: A. hospital B. inflation C. policy D. constantly
Question 15: A. garment B. comment C. cement D. even
Question 16: A. different B. achievement C. educate D. primary
Question 17: A. sorrow B. schooling C. passion D. subtract
Question 18: A. certainty B. activity C. organize D. compliment
Question 19: A. publish B. replace C. involve D. escape
Question 20: A. police B. system C. woman D. novel
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Question 21: A. attract B. amaze C. offer D. require
Question 22: A. delicate B. promotion C. volcanic D. resources
Question 23: A. figure B. honest C. polite D. happy
Question 24: A. engage B. import C. conserve D. maintain
Question 25: A. original B. responsible C. reasonable D. comparison
Question 26: A. person B. hotel C. signal D. instance
Question 27: A. situation B. appropriate C. informality D. entertainment
Question 28: A. different B. bamboo C. rainfall D. wildlife
Question 29: A. gorilla B. interesting C. September D. opponent
Question 30: A. promote B. precede C. picture D. pollute
Question 31: A. exciting B. impolite C. attention D. attractive
Question 32: A. curious B. receive C. unique D. achieve
Question 33: A. comprehend B. entertain C. develop D. introduce
Question 34: A. consider B. concentrate C. interest D. sacrifice
Question 35: A. pollutant B. graduate C. enjoyable D. suspicious
Question 36: A. generous B. endangered C. horrible D. wonderful
Question 37: A. history B. village C. surprise D. physics
Question 38: A. deafness B. arrange C. absorb D. exhaust
Question 39: A. pressure B. sensible C. treatment D. canal
Question 40: A. publish B. predict C. reply D. refuse
Question 41: A. machine B. export C. chemist D. proceed
Question 42: A. applicant B. preference C. sufficient D. appointment
Question 43: A. interview B. concentrate C. comfortable D. technology
Question 44: A. example B. happiness C. advantage D. disaster
Question 45: A. explain B. involve C. swallow D. control
Question 46: A. character B. guitarist C. astronaut D. bachelor
Question 47: A. surgeon B. conquest C. profit D. canal
Question 48: A. supply B. consist C. happen D. delay
Question 49: A. broaden B. persuade C. reduce D. explain
Question 50: A. solidarity B. effectively C. documentary D. dedication
Question 51: A. royal B. unique C. remote D. extreme
Question 52: A. enroll B. promote C. require D. danger
Question 53: A. optimistic B. diversity C. environment D. assimilate
Question 54: A. affectionate B. kindergarten C. respectable D. occasional
Question 55: A. certificate B. compulsory C. remember D. information
Question 56: A. treasure B. appoint C. advance D. diverse
Question 57: A. conceal B. contain C. conserve D. conquer
Question 58: A. forgettable B. philosophy C. humanism D. objectively
Question 59: A. centralize B. candidate C. applicant D. motivation
Question 60: A. compass B. campus C. comfort D. command

Page 8
 MODULE 3:VERB TENSES
Thì SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST
Dạng (Hiện tại đơn) (Quá khứ đơn)
Khẳng
S + V[-s/es] S + V-ed/V cột 2
định
Phủ định S + don’t / doesn’t + V1 S + didn’t + V1
Nghi vấn Do / Does + S + V1 …? Did + S + V1 …?
- yesterday
- always, usually, occasionally, often, …
- last + time: last week, last Sunday…
Dấu hiệu - every:every day, every year, every
- time+ ago : two months ago, five years
nhận biết Sunday
ago…
- once a day , twice…, 3 times…
- in the past, in + year (past): in 1990, …

Thì PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

Dạng (Hiện tại tiếp diễn) (Quá khứ tiếp diễn)
Khẳng
S + am / is / are + V-ing S + was / were + V-ing
định
Phủ định S + am not / isn’t / aren’t + V-ing S + wasn’t / weren’t + V-ing
Nghi vấn Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing …? Was / Were + S + V-ing …?
- At that moment
- now, at present - When / As + S + (simple past), S + was/ were
- at the moment V-ing
Dấu hiệu
- Sau câu mệnh lệnh : Vd: When I came, she was crying.
nhận biết
Vd: Keep silent! The baby is sleeping. - While :
Look! He is running. Vd: A dog crossed the road while I was
driving.

Thì PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

Dạng (Hiện tại hoàn thành) (Quá khứ hoàn thành)
Khẳng
S + has / have + V-ed/V cột 3 S + had + V-ed/V cột 3
định
Phủ định S + hasn’t / haven’t + V-ed/ V cột 3 S + hadn’t + V-ed/ V cột 3
Nghi vấn Has / Have + S + V-ed/ V cột 3 …? Had + S + V-ed/ V cột 3…?
- just, already, ever, yet, recently,
- after + S + had V3/ED , (simple past)
lately,..
Dấu hiệu - before + (simple past), S + had V3/ED
- since, for : since 1995, for 9 years
nhận biết - By the time + S + V(simple past) , S + had
- so far, up to now , It is the first
V3/ED: cho đến lúc........
time…..

Page 9
 Thì SIMPLE FUTURE FUTURE PERFECT
Dạng (Tương lai đơn) (Tương lai hoàn thành)
Khẳng
S + will + V 1 S + will have+ V-ed/ V cột 3
định
Phủ định S + won’t + V 1 S + won’t have + V-ed/ V cột 3
Nghi vấn Will + S + V 1? Will + S + have + V-ed/ V cột 3…?
- tomorrow
- by the end of this month
Dấu hiệu - next + time : next week, next
- by the time+S+ V (simple present), S + will
nhận biết Monday,….
have V3/ED
- in the future

Thì NEAR FUTURE FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Dạng (Tương lai gần) (Tương lai tiếp diễn)
Khẳng
S + am/is/are going to + V 1 S + will be + ving
định
Dấu hiệu - Diễn tả 1 kế hoạch, dự định.
- Diển tả 1 sự việc đang xảy ra ở tương lai.
nhận biết - Diễn tả 1 dự đoán có căn cứ

PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. Jane________law at Harvard for four years now.
A. is studying B. has been studying C. studies D. studied
2. This time tomorrow________on the beach sunbathing and drinking freshly squeezed fruit juice!
A. I’ll have been lying B. I will lie
C. I will be lying D. I will have lain
3. We________for three hours and we are very tired.
A. waited B. have been waiting C. wait D. had waited
4. She________for hours. That’s why her eyes are red now.
A. cried B. has been crying C. was crying D. has cried
5. When I last saw him, he________in London.
A. is living B. has been living C. was living D. lived
6. By the time he arrives here tomorrow, they________for London.
A. would have left B. will have left C. will left D. are leaving
7. Mr. Pike________English at our school for 20 years before he retired last year.
A. had been teaching B. has been teaching
C. was teaching D. is teaching
8. They________for Japan at 10.30 tomorrow.
A. will be leaving B. have left C. will have left D. will leave
9. When I________to the airport, I realized that I________my passport at home.
A. got/had left B. got/left C. had got/had left D. got/was left
10. I________was angry when you saw me because I________with my sister.
A. have been arguing B. had been arguing C. argued D. would argue

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11. Call me as soon as you________your test results.
A. get B. will get C. will have got D. got
12. I________to Greece until Sally and I went there last summer.
A. have never been B. had never been C. was never being D. were never
13. I________ along the street when I suddenly heard footsteps behind me.
A. was walking B. am walking C. walk D. walked
14. He occasionally________a headache in the morning.
A. has had B. has C. have D. is having
15. The boy fell while he________down the stairs.
A. run B. running C. was running D.runs
16. I will come and see you before I________for America.
A. leave B. will leave C. have left D. left
17. When the first child was born, they _______ for three years.
A. have been married B. had been married
C. will be married D. will have been married
18. It________a long time since we were apart. I did not recognize her.
A. is B. has been C. was D. had been
19. Many of the people who attended Mr. David’s funeral________him for many years.
A. didn’t see B. wouldn’t see C. haven’t seen D. hadn’t seen
20. We were both very excited about the visit, as we________each other for________ages.
A. never saw B. didn’t see C. hadn’t seen D. haven’t seen
21. In one year’s time, she________for this company for 15 years.
A. will be working B. will have been working
C. will work D. has worked
22. His health has improved a lot since he________doing exercises regularly.
A. starts B. started C. has started D. had started
23. She hurt herself while she________hide-and-seek with her friends.
A. is playing B. had played C. played D. was playing
24. .What________at 9 o’clock last night? I phoned you but couldn’t get through to you.
A. did you do B. were you doing C. would you do D. had you done
25. It is raining heavily with rolls of thunder. We________such a terrible thunderstorm.
A. would never see B. had never seen C. have never seen D. never see
26. I _______ my old teacher last week.
A. visited B. visit C. am visiting D. have visited
27. My brother usually ________me for help when he has any difficulties with his homework.
A. ask B. asks C. asked D. has asked
28. I ______ all of my homework last night.
A. finish B. will finish C. have finished D. finished
29. Lan________ learning English a few years ago.
A. starts B. will start C. started D. is starting
30. Only after she________from a severe illness did she realize the importance of good health.
A. would recover B. has recovered
C. had recovered D. was recovering
31. Only after the bus________for a few miles did Jane realize she was on the wrong route.
A. was running B. had run C. has run D. runs

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32. The children________to bed before their parents came home from work.
A. were all going B. had all gone C. had all been going D. have all gone
33. Paul noticed a job advertisement while he________along the street.
A. was walking B. would walk C. walked D. had walked
34. I haven’t met him again since we________school ten years ago.
A. have left B. leave C. left D. had left
35. For the last 20 years, we________significant changes in the world of science and technology.
A. witness B. have witnessed C. witnessed D. are witnessing
36. My best friend Lan________to England 10 years ago.
A. was moving B. moves C. moved D. has moved
37. Mr.Pike________for this company for more than thirty years, and he intends to stay here until
he________.
A. worked/retires B. works/is retiring
C. has been working/retires D. is working/will retire
38. While I________at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposite direction.
A. was waiting B. waited C. had waited D. were waiting
39. By the end of last March, I________English for five years.
A. had been studied B. had been studying
C. will have been studying D. will have studied
40. ________Alan for hours but he hasn’t answered his mobile. I hope nothing’s wrong.
A. I call B. I’ve been calling C. I’m calling D. called
41. We________in silence when he suddenly________me to help him.
A. walked - was asking B. were walking - asked
C. were walking - was asking D. walked - asked
42. By the time the software________on sale next month, the company________$2 million on developing it.
A. went - had spent B. will go - has spent
C. has gone - will spend D. goes - will have spent
43. When Carol________last night, I________my favorite show on television.
A. called /was watching B. had called /watched
C. called /have watched D. was calling /watched
44. Linda took great photos of butterflies while she________in the forest.
A. was hiking B. is hiking C. hiked D. had hiked
45. When I________for my sister in front of the supermarket, a strange man came to talk with me.
A. was waiting B. waited C. had waited D. were waiting

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 MODULE 4: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Một câu có thể bao gồm một mệnh đề chính (main clause) và một hoặc nhiều mệnh đề phụ
(subordinate clause). Khi trong câu có hai mệnh đề trở lên, các động từ phải có sự phối hợp về thì.
➢ Một số cách hòa hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề thời gian:
Main clause Adverbial clause of time
(Mệnh đề chính) (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)
Hiện tại Hiện tại
Quá khứ Quá khứ
Tương lai Hiện tại
1. Sự phối hợp thì trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ đơn)
diễn tả hành động xảy Eg: When he saw me, he smiled, at me.
ra nối tiếp nhau Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai đơn)
Eg: When I see him, I will remind him to call you.
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ tiếp diễn)
diễn tả một hành động Eg: When I came to see her, she was cooking dinner.
đang xảy ra thì có hành
WHEN
động khác xen vào Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai tiếp diễn)
Eg: When you come in, your boss will be waiting for you there.
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
diễn tả một hành động Eg: When I arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off
xảy ra xong trước một Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
hành động khác WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V(tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: When you return to the town, they will have finished building a new
bridge.
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
AS SOON AS + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ đơn)
Eg: As soon as she saw a mouse, she shouted and ran away.
AS SOON diễn tả hành động xảy
AS ra nối tiếp nhau Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
AS SOON AS + S + V (hiện tại đơn/hiện tại hoàn thành), S + V (tương lai
đơn)
Eg: I will call you as soon as I have finished / finish the work.
S + V (hiện tại hoàn thành) + SINCE + V (quá khứ đơn)
SINCE diễn tả nghĩa “từ khi’’
Eg: We have known each other since we were at high school.
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
diễn tả hành động kết BY + trạng từ của quá khứ + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
BY + thúc tính đến một điểm Eg: By last month, we had worked for the company for 9 years.
TIME nào đó trong quá Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
khứ/tương lai BY + trạng từ của tương lai + S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: By next month, we will have worked for the company for 9 years.

Page 13
 Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
AT THIS/THAT TIME + trạng từ của quá khứ + S + V (quá khứ tiếp
AT diễn tả hành động đang diễn)
THIS/ xảy ra tại một thời điểm Eg: At this time last week, we were preparing for Tet.
THAT xác định trong quá Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
TIME khứ/tương lai AT THIS/THAT TIME + trạng từ của tương lai + S + V (tương lai tiếp
diễn)
Eg: At this time next week, we will be having a big party in the garden.
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
BY THE TIME + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
BY THE Eg: By the time she got home, everyone had gone to bed.
diễn tả nghĩa “vào lúc”
TIME Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
BY THE TIME + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: By the time she gets home, everyone will have gone to bed.
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
AFTER + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành), S + V (quá khứ đơn)
diễn tả hành động xảy Eg: After she had done her homework, she went out for a walk.
AFTER ra xong rồi mới tới
hành động khác Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
AFTER + S + V (hiện tại hoàn thành), S + V (hiện tại đơn)
Eg: After she has done her homework, she goes out for a walk.
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
BEFORE + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
diễn tả hành động xảy Eg: Before she went to bed, she had locked all the doors.
BEFORE ra xong trước khi có
hành động khác tới Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
BEFORE + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: Hurry up or the film will have ended before we go to the movie.
S + V (tương lai đơn)/ V(bare)/DON’T + V(bare) + UNTIL/TILL + S + V
UNTIL/ diễn tả nghĩa “cho tới (hiện tại đơn/hiện tại hoàn thành)
TILL khi” Eg: I will wait for you until it is possible.
Wait here until I come back.
➢ CHANGE INTO THE PAST SIMPLE  PRESENT SIMPLE PERFECT

1.S + Last +V2/ed + time +ago/in+ mốc thời gian./when + clause

=> S +have/has + not + V3/ed + for +khoảng thời gian.
+ since + mốc thời gian.
=>It’s + time + since + S +last +V2/ed
=>The last time + S + V2/ed +was+ time + ago
2.This is the first time + S + have/has + V3/ed
=>S + have/has + never + V3/ed + before
3.S started/began + Ving/to V +………………+khoảng thời gian +ago
+……………...In + mốc thời gian./when + clause
=>S + have/has + V3/ed +for + khoảng thời gian
+since + mốc thời gian
4.When + did + S + started/begin + to V/Ving………..?
=>How long + have/has + S + V3/ed….?

Page 14
 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. I ________ your brother at Green Street yesterday afternoon.
A. meet B. met C. have met D. had met
2. He ________ a cigarette and ________ to the window.
A. light; walked B. lit; walks C. lighted; walked D. lights; walks
3. After she ________ for help, she ________ off her shoes and ________ in to save him.
A. shouted; took; jumped B. had shouted; took; jumped
C. had shouted; had taken; jumped D. shouted; had taken; jumped
4. I can't go with you because I ________ my homework yet.
A. haven't finished B. had finished C. finished D. finish
5. He ________ for London 2 years ago and since then I ________ him.
A. have left; didn't see B. left; haven't seen
C. left; hadn't seen D. had left; haven’t seen
6. The performance ________ at 7 o'clock and ________ for 3 hours. We all ________ it very much.
A. had started; had lasted; enjoyed B. had started; lasted; enjoyed
C. started; had lasted; enjoyed D. started; lasted; enjoyed
7. Tell them to stop and take a rest. They ________ long enough.
A. have worked B. had worked C. have been working D. had been working
8. "You ________ here before?” □ "Yes, I ________ my holidays here last year.”
A. have you been; spended B. have you been; spent
C. had you been; spent D. were you; spent
9. We ________ our housework by tomorrow evening.
A. will finish B. will have finished
C. will be finishing D. are going to finish
10. "Your face is dirty, Tom.” - "All right, I ________ it.”
A. am washing B. am going to wash C. will wash D. will have washed
11. Coming into the room, he ________ Mary where he ________ her.
A. see; left B. saw; had left C. had seen; left D. saw; was leaving
12. I ________ from him since he ________ two years ago.
A. hadn't heard; disappeared B. haven't heard; disappeared
C. didn't hear; has disappeared D. will not hear; disappears
13. After the guests ________ she ________ back into the living-room and ________ off the light.
A. left; went; turned B. had left; had gone; turned
C. have leftt; will got; turned D. had left; went; turned
14. By the time you finish cooking they ________ their homework.
A. will have finished B. will finish C. had finished D. have finished
15. "You have just missed the last train.” □ "Never mind. I ________”
A. will be walking B. am going to walk C. will walk D. am walking

Page 15
 MODULE 5: SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENTS
Quy tắc chung:
Chủ ngữ là danh từ số ít hoặc danh từ không đếm được đi cùng động từ số ít và chủ ngữ số nhiều đi
cùng động từ số nhiều.
Tuy nhiên, đôi khi chủ ngữ còn hoà hợp với động từ tuỳ theo ý tưởng diễn đạt hoặc danh từ/đại từ
đứng trước theo các quy tắc nhất định. Sau đây là một số quy tắc cơ bản về sự hoà hợp giữa chủ ngữ và
động từ:
Chủ ngữ là danh từ và cụm danh từ số ít.
Chủ ngữ là các đại lượng chỉ thời gian, khoảng cách, tiền bạc, hay sự đo lường.
Chủ ngữ là các đại từ bất định: someone, anything, nothing, eve-eryone,
another…
Chủ ngữ là mệnh đề danh từ Ex: All I want to do now is to sleep.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “to infinitive” hoặc “V-ing”.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng cụm từ “Many a”.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu là một phân số có tử số là 1. Ex: 1/2 is larger than 1/3.
Chủ ngữ là một số danh từ đặc biệt có hình thức số nhiều: môn học (Physics,
Maths), môn thể thao (billards, athletics…), tin tức (news), các loại bệnh
(rabies, measles…) , tên 1 số quốc gia và tổ chức (UN, the United States,
V (số ít) the Philipines…), loài động vật (ants, elephants…)
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng: Most of/All of/Plenty of/ + N (không đếm được/số ít).
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “The number of + N (số nhiều)”.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “None of + N (số nhiều)/ No + N (số ít)”.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng N1 (số ít) of N2.
Chủ ngữ là cụm danh từ chỉ nhóm động vật (số ít) mang nghĩa “bầy, đàn”:
flock of birds/sheep, school of fish, pride of lion, pack of dogs, herd of cattle…
A large amount/A great deal + N (không đếm được/ số ít).
Neither (of)/Either of + N (số nhiều)
Ex:
- Neither restaurants is expensive.
- Either of them works in this company.
Chủ ngữ là một tựa đề.
Ex: “Chi pheo” is a famous work of Nam Cao.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “A pair of + N (số nhiều)”.
Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.
Chủ ngữ là danh từ và cụm danh từ số nhiều.
Ex: Oranges are rich in vitamin C
Một số danh từ kết thúc bằng “s” nhưng dùng số nhiều: people, police,
cattle, children, geese, mice…
Ex: People are searching for something to eat.
Hai chủ ngữ nối nhau bằng “and” và có quan hệ đẳng lập
Ex: Jane and Mary are my best friends.
Tuy nhiên, nếu 2 danh từ cùng chỉ một người, một bộ phận hoặc 1 món ăn…
thì động từ chia ở số ít. (Lưu ý: không có “the” ở trước danh từ sau “and”.)
V (số nhiều)
Ex: Bread and butter is their daily food.
Cấu trúc “both N1 and N2”
Ex: Both Betty and Joan are cooking for their dinner party.

Page 16
 Chủ ngữ là 1 đại từ: several, both, many, few, all, some + N (số nhiều).
Ex: Several students are absent.
Chủ ngữ là “The + adj”, chỉ một tập hợp người
Ex: The poor living here need help.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu là một phân số có tử số từ 2 trở lên.
Ex: 2/5 are smaller than 1/2.
Các danh từ luôn dùng dạng số nhiều (thường đi theo cặp): trouser, eyeglasses, jeans,
tweezers, shorts, pliers, pants, tongs…
Ex: The pants are in the drawer.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng: Most of/All of/ Plenty of/Some of/Majority of/
The last of/ One of/Half of/Part of/The rest of/Percentage of/A lot of/Lots of/A
third of/Minority of + N (số nhiều).
Ex: Most of people in the factory are male.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “A number of + N (số nhiều).
Ex: A number of students going to class decrease.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “No + N (số nhiều).
Ex: No people understand what he says.
Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “N1 (số nhiều) of N2”.
Ex: The studies of how living things work are called philosophy.
Chủ ngữ là cụm danh từ chỉ nhóm động vật (số nhiều) mang nghĩa “bầy, đàn”:
flocks of birds/sheep; schools of fish; prides of lion; packs of dogs; herds of cattle…
Ex: Flocks of birds are flying to its destination.

Chủ ngữ được nối với nhau bởi các liên từ: “as long as, as well as, with,
together with, along with, in addition to, accompanied by”.
V chia theo chủ
Ex:
ngữ đầu tiên
- She, along with her classmates, is going to university this year.
- Mrs. Smith together with her sons is going abroad.

Either …or…
Neither … nor…
Not only … but also…
V chia theo các
… or…
danh từ thứ 2
… nor…
Not… but…

Page 17
 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. One of ________________________ a goldfish bowl on her kitchen table.
a. my friend keep c. my friend keeps
b. my friends keep d. my friends keeps
2. Every ____________________ love.
a. man, woman and child needs c. man, woman and child need
b. men, women and children needs d. men, women and children need
3. One of the girls who ____________________ in this office ____________________ my niece
a. works / is b. works / are c. work / is d. work / are
4. Neither Lan nor her parents ____________________ the film.
a. like b. likes c. is like d. are like
5. Each ____________________ the same as the day before.
a. days was b. day was c. days were d. day were
6. More men than ____________________ left handed.
a. woman are b. woman is c. women are d. women is
7. Every one of the students ____________________ on time for class
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
8. There ____________________ some money on the table.
a. are b. were c. have been d. is
9. This information about taxes ____________________ helpful
a. were b. have been c. is d. are
10. The vegetables in the bowl on the table ____________________ fresh.
a. looks b. smells c. are d. is
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
1. A basic knowledge of social studies, such as history and geography, are considered
A B C
basic part of the education of every child.
D
2. Lan together with her boyfriends are working in groups to find out
A B C D
the solution to that problem.
3. Each of the members of the group were made to write a report every week.
A B C D
4. 1.6 billion gallons were sold every year, in over one hundred and sixty countries.
A B C D
5. Buying clothes is often a time-consuming practice because those clothes that a
A B
person likes is seldom the ones that fit him or her.

Page 18
 C D
6. Most bacteria has strong cell walls much like those of the plants.
A B C D
7. Measles have not yet been eradicated because of the controversy concerning
A B C D
immunization.
8. Whether life in the countryside is better than that in the city depend on each
A B C
individual’s point of view.
D
9. Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in soccer.
A B C D
10. She is among the few who wants to quit smoking instead of cutting down.
A B C D
11. Each of the nurses report to the operating room when his or her name is called.
A B C D
12. As a result of the Women’s Movement, women now holds positions
A B
that were once restricted to men.
C D
13. One of the students who are being considered for the scholarship
A B C
are from this university.
D
14. Mrs. Steven, along with her cousins from New Mexico, are planning to attend the
A B C D
festivities
15. The mining of minerals often bring about the destruction of landscapes and wildlife
A B C D
habitats.
16. The governor, with his wife and children, are at home watching the election
A B C
returns on TV.
D
17. Neither Russia nor the United States have been able to discover a mutually
A B C
satisfactory plan for gradual disarmament.
D
18. The office furniture that was ordered last month have just arrived, but we’re not sure
A B
whether the manager likes it.
C D
19. What happened in that city were a reaction from city workers, including firemen and
A B C
policemen who had been laid off from their jobs.

Page 19
 D
20. That these students have improved their grades because of their participation in the
A B C D
test review class.
21. There are a car and two vans in front of my house.
A B C D
22. Fifty minutes are the maximum length of time allotted for the exam.
A B C D
23. The world is becoming more industrialized and the number of animal species that
A B
have become extinct have increased.
C D
24. The number of homeless people in Nepal have increased sharply due to the recent
A B C
severe earthquake.
D
25. Upon reaching the destination, a number of personnel is expected to change their
A B C
reservations and proceed to Hawaii.
D
26. The assumption that smoking has bad effects on our health have been proved.
A B C D
27. Neither the Minister nor his colleagues has given an explanation for the chaos in
A B C
the financial market last week.
D
28. On the floor of the Pacific Ocean is hundreds of flat-tipped mountains more than
A B C
a mile beneath sea level.
D
29. The Netherland, with much of its land lying lower than sea level, have system of
A B C
dikes and canals for controlling water.
D
30. Maths were one of his favourite subjects when he was at primary school.
A B C D

Page 20
 MODULE 6:MODAL VERBS
I. Định nghĩa
- Động từ khuyết thiếu là động từ nhưng lại không chỉ hành động mà nó chỉ giúp bổ nghĩa cho động từ
chính.
- Những động từ khuyết thiếu này có thể dùng chung cho tất cả các ngôi và không chia theo thì. Các
động từ theo sau động từ khuyết thiếu này được giữ nguyên thể.
- Các động từ khuyết thiếu thường dùng là: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must,
ought to, need, have to.
II. Cách dùng
1. Modal verb + V1
Modal Verbs Cách dùng Ví dụ Chú ý
Diễn tả khả năng hiện Can và Could còn được dùng
- I can swim - Tôi có thể
tại hoặc tương lai mà trong câu hỏi đề nghị/xin phép,
bơi.
Can một người có thể làm yêu cầu.
- It can rain - Trời có thể
được gì, hoặc một sự Ví dụ:
mưa.
việc có thể xảy ra. - Could you please wait a
- My brother could speak moment? - Bạn có thể đợi một lát
Diễn tả khả năng xảy ra English when he was five - được không?
Could
trong quá khứ. Anh trai tôi đã có thể nói - Can I sit here? - Tôi có thể ngồi
tiếng Anh khi anh ấy 5 tuổi. đây được không?
- You must get up early in
the morning - Bạn phải
Diễn đạt sự cần thiết,
dậy sớm vào buổi sáng.
bắt buộc ở hiện tại hoặc
- You must be tired after
tương lai. Mustn't - chỉ sự cấm đoán
work hard - Bạn chắc chắn
Must Đưa ra lời khuyên hoặc Ví dụ: You mustn't smoke here -
sẽ mệt sau khi làm việc
suy luận mang tính chắc Bạn không được hút thuốc ở đây.
chăm chỉ.
chắn, yêu cầu được
- You must be here before
nhấn mạnh.
8 a.m - Bạn phải có mặt ở
đây trước 8 giờ.
I have to wear helmets
Diễn tả sự cần thiết phải
when driving a motorbike.
làm gì nhưng là do Don't have to = Don't need to/
Have to - Tôi phải đội mũ bảo hiểm
khách quan (nội quy, needn't (chỉ sự không cần thiết)
khi đi xe máy. (Luật quy
quy định…).
định như vậy)
Diễn tả điều gì có thể - May và might dùng để xin phép
It may be a bomb - Nó có
May xảy ra ở hiện tại nhưng nhưng có tính chất trang trọng
thể là một quả bom.
không chắc. hơn can/ could. Nhưng might ít
Diễn tả điều gì có thể - She might not be in his được dùng trong văn nói, chủ
xảy ra ở quá khứ. house. - Cô ấy có lẽ không yếu trong câu gián tiếp:
Might
Might được dùng không ở nhà anh ta nữa. - May I turn on TV?
phải là quá khứ của - Where is John? I don't - I wonder if he might go there

Page 21
 May. know. He may/might go alone.
out with his friends. - John
ở đâu rồi? - Tôi không biết.
Có lẽ anh ấy ra ngoài với
bạn.
- Tomorrow will be sunny.
Diễn đạt, dự đoán sự
- Ngày mai trời sẽ nắng.
việc xảy ra trong tương
- Did you buy sugar? Oh,
Will lai.
sorry. I'll go now. - Bạn có Dùng Will hay Would trong câu
Đưa ra một quyết định
mua đường không? - Ồ, xin đề nghị, yêu cầu, lời mời.
tại thời điểm nói.
lỗi. Giờ mình sẽ đi mua. Will you have a cup of coffee?
Diễn tả một giả định xảy He was so tired. He would Would you like a cake?
ra hoặc dự đoán sự việc get up late tomorrow - Anh
Would
có thể xảy ra trong quá ấy rất mệt. Ngày mai, chắc
khứ. anh ấy sẽ dậy muộn.
Dùng để xin ý kiến, lời Where shall we eat
Chỉ dùng với hai ngôi "I" và
Shall khuyên. "Will" được sử tonight? - Tối nay chúng ta
“We”.
dụng nhiều hơn ăn ở đâu?
- You should send this
report by 8th September.
Chỉ sự bắt buộc hay bổn - Bạn nên gửi báo cáo này
phận nhưng ở mức độ trước ngày 8 tháng Chín.
nhẹ hơn "Must". - You should call her.
Should
Đưa ra lời khuyên, ý - She worked hard, she
kiến. should get the best result.
Dùng để suy đoán. - Cô ấy học rất chăm, cô ấy
sẽ đạt được kết quả cao
nhất
Chỉ sự bắt buộc. Mạnh You ought not to eat candy
Ought to hơn "Should" nhưng at night. - Bạn không nên
chưa bằng "Must". ăn kẹo vào buổi tối.

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2.Modal perfect (khuyết thiếu hoàn thành ) : Modal + have + V3/ed

MUST + HAVE + VP2: chỉ sự suy đoán logic dựa

trên những hiện tượng có thật ở quá khứ

SHOULD + HAVE + VP2: chỉ một việc lẽ ra đã

phải xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng vì lý do nào đó
lại không xảy ra.

CAN’T + HAVE + VP2: chỉ những việc không thể

đã xảy ra vì có căn cứ, cơ sở rõ ràng
Modal perfect
NEEDN’T + HAVE + VP2: chỉ những việc lẽ ra đã
không cần thiết phải làm nhưng đã làm.

MAY/ MIGHT + HAVE + VP2: chỉ những việc có

thể đã xảy ra nhưng không chắc chắn.

COULD + HAVE + VP2: chỉ những việc lẽ đã xảy

ra nhưng trên thực tế thì không

Một số cách biến đổi tương đương:

• be necessary (for O) + to–V = need / have to
• be unnecessary (for O) + to– V = don’t need / don’t have to
Ex: It is unnecessary for him to study many subjects.
He needn’t study many subjects
He does not have to study many subjects.
• be possible / impossible + to-V = can/ cannot + V hoặc may/might
Ex: It is impossible for me to finish it now.
I can't finish it now
• perhaps (có lẽ) = may/might
• it’s better/it’s time …..= should
• be not permitted /be not allowed = mustn’t

PRACTISES
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. You don't look well. You ______________ see a doctor.
A. could B. need to C. are to D. should
2. She ______________ home yesterday because her little son was sick.

Page 23
 A. could have stayed B. must have stayed
C. had to stay D. should have stayed
3. You ______________ disturb him during his work!
A. should not B. needn't C. mustn't D. don't have to
4. Whose car is this? – It ____________________ be Anton's. I think I saw him driving a red car like this one.
A. could B. might C. must D. would
5. Though he was ill and weak, he ______________ get out of the burning building.
A. was able to B. might C. could D. should
6. ____________________ lending me your CD player for a couple of days?
A. Can you B. Would you mind C. Would you D. Could you
7. The windows look clean. You ____________________ wash them.
A. are not to B. needn't C. don't have to D. mustn't
8. I don't believe it. It ____________________ be true.
A. can't B. mustn't C. shouldn't D. wouldn't
9. Young people ____________________ obey their parents.
A. must B. may C. will D. ought to
10. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ____________________ have cost a fortune.
A. must B. might C. will D. should
11. You ____________________ to write them today.
A. should B. must C. had D. ought
12. " ____________________ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?"
A. May B. Will C. Shall D. Should
13. Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She ______________ harder.
A. must have studied B. could have studied
C. should have studied D. must studied
14. Marcela didn't come to class yesterday. She ______________ an accident.
A. should have had B. must have
C. might have D. may have had
15. John still hasn't come out. He ______________ everything for the trip now.
A. must have been preparing B. must be preparing
C. will be preparing D. will have prepared
16. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He ______________ so fast.
A. shouldn't have driven B. should have
C. would have driven D. might have driven
17. The photos are black. The X-ray at the airport ______________ them.
A. should have damaged B. would have damaged
C. would damage D. must have damaged
18. Tom didn't do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. He ______________ his homework.
A. must have done B. should have done
C. might have D. will have done
19. My car stopped on the high way. It ____________________ out of gas.
A. may run B. must be
C. may have run D. should have run
20. I be here by 6 o'clock? - No, you ____________________
A. Shall; mightn't B. Must; needn't C. Will; mayn't D. Might; won't

Page 24
 MODULE 7: THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
I. Định nghĩa
Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm
việc gì. Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lênh.
II. Cách sử dụng
Câu giả định chủ yếu được sử dụng để nói đến những sự việc không chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra. Ví dụ, chúng
ta sử dụng khi nói về những sự việc mà một ai đó:
+ Muốn xảy ra.
+ Dự đoán sẽ xảy ra.
+ Xảy ra trong tưỏ’ĩig tượng.
III. Phân loại
Thức giả định được chia thành ba loại sau:
Thức giả định: Present Subjunctive (hiện tại giả định).
Past Subjunctive (quá khứ giả định).
Past perfect Subjunctive (quá khứ hoàn thành giả định).
HIỆN TẠI GIẢ ĐỊNH
Present
Subjunctive

Form : S1 + V + that + S2 ( not ) + V (bare)

Dùng trong một số câu thành ngữ/ câu cảm thán để thể hiện một ao ước, hi vọng hay
một lời cầu chúc.
(God) Bless you! (Chúa phù hộ cho con)
Heaven/God help sb! (Cầu chúa phù hộ cho ai)
Long live Vietnam! (Việt Nam muôn năm)
Heaven forbid! (Lạy trời!)
Success attend you! (Chúc bạn thành công)

Dùng sau một sô các động từ đê thể hiện ý muốn, yêu cầu, đề nghị, gợi ý, ra lệnh:
advise,demand,prefer,require,insist,propose,stipulate,command,move,recommend,suggest,dec
ree,order..

Dùng sau một sô tính từ sau:

important,necessary,urgent,obligatory,essential,advisory,recommended,required,mandatory,p
roposed..
It + be (any tense) + Adj + that + s + (not) + V (present subjunctive)

Những danh từ: demand,recommendation,insistence,request,proposal,suggestion,preference

,importance

Dùng trong cấu trúc với “would rather" có hai chủ ngữ
S1 + would rather that + S2 + (not) + V (present subjunctive)

Page 25
QUÁ KHỨ GIẢ ĐỊNH
Past Subjunctive

Dùng trong câu điều kiện loại 2:

If + S + V (quá khứ đơn) +..., S + would/could + V (nguyên dạng)

Dùng trong câu ước không có thực ở hiện tại (wish = If only)
(S + wish)/if only + S + V (quá khứ đơn)

Được sử dụng sau "as if / as though"

S1 + V (hiện tại đơn) + as if/ as though + S2 + V (quá khứ đơn)

Dùng trong mẫu câu “would rather" để chỉ một ao ước đối lập với hiện tại.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + V (quá khứ đơn)

Dùng trong cấu trúc "it's time..."

It's (high/about) time + S + V (quá khứ đơn) = It's time for sb to do st:
(đã đến lúc cho ai đó làm gì)

QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH GIẢ ĐỊNH

Past perfect
Subjunctive

Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện loại 3
If + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)+..., S + would/ could + have + Vp2

Dùng sau "wish/ If only" để diễn đạt ý cầu mong hoặc giả định đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ
(S + wish)/if only + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Dùng sau "as if / as though" để chỉ một giả định không có thật trong quá khứ.
S1 + V (quá khứ đơn) + as if/as though + S2 + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Dùng với cấu trúc would rather (hai chủ ngữ) để chỉ một mong muốn đã không xảy ra trong
quá khứ.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Page 26
 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. It is necessary that children ______________ of their old parents.
A. takes care B. to take care c. take care D. took care
2. I wish you ______________ complaining about the weather.
A. would stop B. stop c. stopped D. had stopped
3. It is essential that every student ______________ to learn English at university.
A. had B. have c. has D. to have
4. We wish we ______________ a large house but we can't afford it now.
A. have B. had c. can have D. will have
5. My friend won't lend me his car. I wish ______________
A. he lent me his car B. he didn't lend me his car
C. he would lend me his car D. he will lend me his car
6. I'm sorry I haven't got any money on me. I wish ____________________
A. I have got no money on me B. I have some money on me
C. I had some money on me D. I had got no money on me
7. My friends didn’t take part in the game. __________________
A. my friends took part in the game B. my friends had taken part in the game
C. my friends would take part in the game D. my friends did take part in the game
8. It wasn't fine yesterday. I wish ______________
A. it was fine yesterday B. it would fine yesterday
C. it will fine yesterday D. it had been fine yesterday
9. I wish I Psychology when I was a college student.
A. had studied B. would study C. studied D. studied
10. I wish someone ______________ to help me with that work tomorrow.
A. offer B. offered C. would offer D. had offered
11. If only I ______________ play the guitar as well as you!
A. would B. should C. could D. might
12. When I saw Tom, he looked ______________ he had been ill.
A. so B. such as C. the same D. as if
13. Mrs White always talks to her baby as though he ______________ an adult.
A. is B. were C. had been D. will be
14. When he came out of the room, he looked ______________ he had seen a ghost.
A. as B. as though C. when D. if
15. Susan's doctor insists ______________ for a few days.
A. that she is resting B. her resting C. that she rest D. her to rest
16. The doctor suggested that his patient ______________
A. stop smoking B. stops smoking C. stopped smoking D. to stop smoking
17. It is necessary that he ______________ the books.
A. find B. doesn't find C. don't find D. did not find

Page 27
18. It has been proposed that we ______________ the topic.
A. to change B. changed C. changing D. change
19. It's important that every student ______________ all the lectures.
A. attends B. attend C. has attended D. attended
20. It's time we all ______________ now.
A. leave B. to leave C. left D. have left
21. He acts as if he ______________ English perfectly.
A. know B. knew C. have known D. had known
22. She acted as though she______________ him before.
A. knew B. know C. had known D. has known
23. I would rather that I ______________ him to my birthday party yesterday.
A. invited B. have invited C. had invited D. invite
24. She would rather Mary ______________ here right now.
A. be B. were C. was D. were/ was
25. I suggest that he ______________ harder
A. should study B. study C. studied D. should study/ study

Page 28
 MODULE 8:GERUND AND INFINITIVE VERB
GERUND ( DANH ĐỘNG TỪ )
Chức năng của danh động từ

Làm chủ Làm tân Làm bổ Làm ngữ Làm danh

ngữ ngữ ngữ đồng vị từ ghép

PRESENT PARTICIPLE ( HIỆN TẠI PHÂN TỪ )

Dùng trong các thì tiếp diễn: be + Present participle (V-ing)

Dùng như một tính từ (mang nghĩa chủ động và thường

miêu tả vật)

Thay cho một mệnh đề: Mệnh đề độc lập trong câu ghép,
Mệnh đề phụ trong câu, Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian,
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lí do: hai mệnh đề phải cùng chủ từ
Chức năng của
hiện tại phân từ
Cấu trúc câu: S + sit/ stand /lie/come /run (cụm từ chỉ nơi
chốn) + present participle

Cấu trúc: There + be + Noun + present participle

Sau một số động từ trí giác (see, hear, smeỉl, feel, taste,
overhear...), catch, find, spend, waste

Page 29
TO INFINITIVE VERB ( ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU CÓ TO )

Chức năng của động từ

nguyên mẫu có TO

Làm chủ Làm tân Làm bổ Trong các cấu

ngữ ngữ ngữ trúc

BARE INFINITIVE VERD ( ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU KHÔNG TO )

Sau các trợ động từ tình thái (modal verbs).

Chức năng của

động từ nguyên Sau các động từ: let, make, help, see, hearề, feel, watch, notice +
mẫu không TO tân ngữ.

Sau các cụm động từ had better, would rather, had sooner và sau
why hoặc why not.

Page 30
 VERB FORM (BẢNG DẠNG CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ )
V-ing To-V V1 Ving & To-V

1. Giới từ : in, on,at.. 1. agree 1. Sau khiếm 1.allow

2. love , like , enjoy, 2. ask / told / warn khuyết động từ permit
prefer >< hate, 3. choose can - could recommend + O + To-V
dislike 4. decide will – would advise
3. start , begin, give 5. demand have to – had to encourage
up >< stop , finish 6. expect may – might -----------------------------------
4. suggest 7. hope must allow
5. consider : xem xét 8. manage ought to permit
6. mind 9. offer recommend + V-ing
7. imagine 10. plan 2. Sau V tri giác advise
8. avoid 11. promise See encourage
9. risk 12. refuse Look => Be + V3/ed + To-V
10. miss 13. seem Listen -----------------------------------
11. practice 14. suppose Notice 2.Stop + V-ing : ngừng hẳn
12. postpone 15. tell Watch ( từ bỏ thói quen )
13. involve 16. want Observe Stop + To-V : ngừng để làm
14. admit 17. tend Feel việc khác
15. deny 18. threaten Taste
16. quit = give up 19. would like Smell
17. keep 20. would love 3.remember
18. spend 22. be able 3. Let forget + V-ing
19. waste 23. wish Make + O regret
20. fancy 24. too….to Have ( diễn tả 1 hđộng đã xảy ra
21. can’t help 25. enough to Help trong quá khứ )
22. can’t stand 26. It + be + adj+To-V => Bị động ta -----------------------------------
23. can’t bear 27. It takes dùng “ To-V” remember
24. be busy 28. Sau các nghi vấn forget + To-V
25. be worth từ how , what , 4. had better regret
26. continute where… would rather (diễn tả 1 hđộng sắp xảy
27. It’s no use 29. sau đại từ bất had sooner ra)
28. It’s no good định 4.Try + V-ing : thử
29. have trouble Someone , something, 5. do nothing Try + to V : cố gắng
30. have difficulty anything…. but 5.Consider + V-ing: xem xét
31. be / get used to 30. Câu bị động 6. cannot but Consider + to V : quan tâm
32. go 31. only, first, last 6.like
33. appreciate start + V-ing / To-V
begin ( không thay đổi
nghĩa )

Page 31
 Lối nói phụ họa

1. Phụ hoạ khẳng định:

Đi với TOO (mang nghĩa CŨNG VẬY)
(and) + S + am/is/are/ was /were + too
S +V…. (and) + S + do/does/did +too
(and) + S + modals + too
My sister is a doctor I am too (tôi cũng vậy)
I work two hours a day She does too
Đi với SO (mang nghĩa CŨNG VẬY nhưng có đảo ngữ)
(and) + so + am/is/are/ was /were + S
S +V…. (and) + so + do/does/did +too + S
(and) + so + modals + S
My sister is a doctor So am I (tôi cũng vậy)
I work two hours a day So does she
I can sing So can he
2. Phụ hoạ phủ định:
Đi với EITHER (mang nghĩa CŨNG KHÔNG)
(and) + S + am/is/are/ was /were + NOT + either
S +V(NOT)…. (and) + S + do/does/did +NOT + either
(and) + S + modals + NOT + either
My sister isn’t a nurse I am not either (tôi cũng không)
I doesn’t work on sunday She doesn’t either
I can’t dance He can’t either
Đi với NEITHER (mang nghĩa CŨNG KHÔNG nhưng có đảo ngữ, không có NOT)
(and) + neither + am/is/are/ was /were + S
S +V(NOT)…. (and) + neither + do/does/did +too + S
(and) + neither + modals + S
My sister isn’t a nurse Neither am I (tôi cũng không)
I doesn’t work on sunday Neither does she
I can’t dance Neither can he
Lưu ý: Trong câu có chứa “NEVER, NO, RARELY, SELDOM , HARDLY” => dùng phụ hoạ phủ
định

Page 32
 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. I couldn't help at his jokes.
A. laugh B. laughing C. to laugh D. laughed
2. Tom offered Jane a ticket to the theater, but she refused to take it.
A. to give B. give C. giving D. to be given
3. Those workers stopped their coffee because they felt tired of their new work.
A. drink B. drank C. drinking D. to drink
4. He asked them
A. help him B. should help him C. to help him D. help to him
5. Mr Minh advised my family leaving Vietnam.
A. to think B. not to think C. against D. against to
6. I hope that woman again.
A. to see B. of seeing C. seeing D. have seen
7. She wasted much time her old pair of shoes.
A. mend B. to mend C. mending D. to be mended
8. He regrets lazy last year. He lost his job.
A. to be B. be C. been D. being
9. She remembered that woman last month.
A. of seeing B. to see C. seeing D. have seen
10. David tried his best , but his girlfriend refused
A. explaining; to listen B. explaining; listening
C. to explain; to listen D. to explain; listening
11. Willy denied a whole bag of chocolate chip cookies before lunch.
A. eat B. to eat C. having eaten D. eaten
12. I was delighted my old friends again.
A. to see B. seeing C. seen D. to be seen
13. We regret you that we cannot approve your suggestion.
A. inform B. to inform C. informing D. informed
14. Have you ever considered a pharmacist?
A. become B. becoming C. to become D. became
15. You had better at home until you feel better.
A. staying B. stayed C. to stay D. stay
16. I remember my mother said the grass in the garden needed .

Page 33
 A. to hear; cutting B. hear; cut C. heard; to cut D. hearing; cutting
17. My teacher doesn't allow us while he is explaining the lesson.
A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked
18.
19. We have plenty of time. We needn't
A. hurry B. to hurry C. hurrying D. hurried
20. I promised on time. I mustn't late.
A. be; be B. to be; to be C. to be; be D. be; to be
21. My daughter sometimes practices _____ _ English with her friends after school.
A. to speaking B. to speak C. speak D. speaking
22. When Tommy started to learn French, he had a difficult time _______ the words correctly.
A. pronounce B. pronunciation C. pronouncing D. to pronounce
23. Most women expect________________more help with the housework from their husbands.
A. to get B. getting C. get D. to getting
24. Your house needs ____________________.
A. redecorated B. redecorating C. being redecorated D. to redecorate
25. I can’t read when I am traveling. It makes me __________sick.
A. feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling
26. I suggest _____________some more mathematical puzzles.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. done
27. Have you ever considered ______________a pharmacist?
A. become B. becoming C. to become D. became
28. My father wanted me __________a pilot.
A. become B. to become C. becoming D. became
29. Please wait a minute. My boss is busy ___________something.
A. write B. writing C. to write D. to writing
30. My teacher doesn’t allow us ___________while he is explaining the lesson.
A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked
31. I promised __________on time. I mustn’t be late.
A. be B. to be C. being D. am
32. Mary and I are looking forward ___________you.
A. of seeing B. for seeing C. to seeing D. to see
33. The students are used to ____________in the school library.
A. working B. work C. to work D. worked
34. Our room needs ____________up.
A. tidied B. to tide C. tidy D. tidying
35. “Was the test long?”. “Yes, John was the only one ___________it”
A. to finish B. finishing C. finished D. finish
36. If he really doesn’t feel like _________now, I suggested that he should go out for some fresh air.
A. work B. to work C. worked D. working

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 MODULE 9: TAG QUESTIONS
B. Công thức chung: S + V +…………………….,trợ động từ + S( ĐẠI TỪ )
-Nếu câu nói trước dấu phẩy là khẳng định thì câu hỏi đuôi là phủ định và ngược lại.
Dưới đây là bảng tóm tắc cách thành lập câu hỏi đuôi.
Statement Tag questions
I am……… aren’t I ?
I am not……… am I ?
Động từ khiếm khuyết Can’t/couldn’t/shouldn’t/won’t………+
S + can/could/should/will……… S?
Động từ thường Sử dụng trợ động từ: Do/does/did
S + V1…………….., Don’t + S?
S + Vs/es………….., Doesn’t + S?
S + V2/ed…………, Didn’t + S?
S + have/has/had + V3/ed……………, Haven’t/hasn’t/hadn’t + S ?
S + is/are/was/were………………, Isn’t/aren’t/wasn’t/weren’t + S?
S + used to + V………, Didn’t + S ?
S +’d better/had better + V…………, Hadn’t + S?
S +’d rather/would rather/would like + V…………, Would + S?
There + is/are/was/were……………., Isn’t/aren’t/wasn’t/weren’t + S?
Let’s + V………, Shall we+?
Chủ từ là : No one/nobody/anyone/anybody/ ……………..+ they ?
everyone/everybody/someone/somebody
Chủ từ là: nothing/anything/something/ ………………+ it?
Everything…………..
Chủ từ là this/that………….. ………………+ it?
Chủ từ là these/those………. ……………..+ they ?
Trong câu có các từ phủ định:no/none/without Câu hỏi đuôi khẳng định không có N’T
Neither/hardly/seldom/rarely/little/never/few.
S + ought to………, Shouldn’t + S?
Câu mệnh lệnh Will you?
=> cấu trúc:" I + think/believe/suppose/…." + mệnh đề phụ thì ta dùng động từ trong
mệnh đề phụ để xác định động từ cho câu hỏi đuôi.
Ex: I think she will meet him, won't she?
Cũng mẫu cấu trúc này nhưng nếu chủ từ không phải là "I" thì dùng động từ chính trong
câu (think/believe/suppose/...) để xác định động từ cho câu hỏi đuôi.
Ex: She thinks he will come, doesn’t she?

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 PRACTISES
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. The cases of COVID 19 outside China have increased 13 fold,________?
A. hasn’t they B. haven’t they C. will they D. don’t they
2. What you have said is wrong,_________?
A. isn’t it B. haven’t you C. is it D. have you
3. COVID 19 can be characterized as a pandemic, ________?
A. can it B. can’t it C. isn’t it D. can’t they
4. The coronavirus had already overwhelmed China, South Korea, Iran and Italy,________?
A. hadn’t it B. hasn’t it C. didn’t it D. wasn’t it
5. Health authorities have activated their most serious response level,________?
A. haven’t it B. hadn’t they C. have it D. haven’t they
6. Your mother is cooking in the kitchen,_________?
A. isn’t she B. doesn’t she C. won’t she D. is she
7. Chinese officials quickly shut down Wuhan market,_________?
A. doesn’t it B. didn’t they C. hadn’t they D. do they
8. There are no easy ways to succeed,________?
A. are there B. aren’t there C. aren’t they D. are they
9. No one is a better cook than my sister, ________?
A. aren’t they B. is he C. are they D. is it
10. They’ll buy a new apartment, ________?
A. will they B. won’t they C. don’t they D. will not they
11. This house is not safe, ________?
A. isn’t this B. isn’t it C. is it D. is this
12. Ba rarely goes out at night, ________?
A. doesn’t he B. is he C. isn’t he D. does he
13. Everybody looks tired, ________?
A. doesn’t it B. don’t they C. does it D. do they
14. I’m a bad man, ________?
A. am not I B. isn’t I C. aren’t I D. am I
15. I think she is a dentist, ________?
A. don’t I B. isn’t she C. do I D. is she
16. I don’t think you are an engineer, ________?
A. do I B. aren’t you C. are you D. don’t I
17. Let’s turn off the lights before going out, ________?
A. shall we B. will you C. shan’t we D. won’t you
18. Don’t be late, ________?
A. are you B. shall we C. do you D. will you
19. Someone wants a drink, ________?
A. doesn’t it B. don’t they C. do they D. doesn’t he
20. Nobody phoned, ________?
A. do they B. didn’t they C. will she D. did they

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21. I should keep silent, ________?
A. shouldn’t I B. don’t I C. should I D. do I
22. He mightn’t get there in time, ________?
A. might he B. may he C. mightn’t he D. mayn’t he
23. Everything is fine, ________?
A. aren’t they B. isn’t it C. are they D. is it
24. I wish to study English, __________________?
A. don’t I B. do I C. may I D. mayn’t I
25. What a nice dress, ________?
A. is it B. isn’t it C. doesn’t it D. does it
26. One can be one’s master, ________?
A. can’t you B. can’t one C. can she D. A&B
27. You’d better stay at home, ________?
A. hadn’t you B. had you C. don’t you D. do you
28. You’d rather learn English, ________?
A. hadn’t you B. would you C. had you D. wouldn’t you
29. You don’t believe Peter can do it, ________?
A. do you B. can’t he C. can he D. don’t you
30. These are 3 oranges you bought yesterday, ________?
A. aren’t they B. are they C. are these D. aren’t these
31. He seldom helps her, ________?
A. doesn’t he B. does he C. did he D. didn’t he
32. They never go to the library with US, ________?
A. do they B. did they C. don’t they D. didn’t they
33. Mary and Peter don’t like English, ________?
A. do they B. do Mary and Peter C. are they D. aren’t they
34. I am not a liar, ________?
A. am I B. aren’t I C. do I D. don’t I
35. What you have just said is not true, ________?
A. is it B. isn’t it C. haven’t you D. has it
36. Lucy has been studying English for 4 years, ________?
A. has she B. is she C. hasn’t she D. isn’t she
37. It seems that you are telling me a lie, ________?
A. doesn’t it B. does it C. aren’t you D. are you
38. You need take a rest, ________?
A. don’t you B. needn’t you C. need you D. A&B
39. Let me take care of you, ________?
A. may I B. will I C. shall we D. don’t I
40. The ticket to London doesn’t cost a lot, ________?
A. does it B. isn’t it C. is it D. doesn’t it
41. They must study hard, ________?
A. mustn’t they B. need they C. must they D. needn’t they
42. You mustn’t come late, ________?
A. need you B. must you C. needn’t you D. mustn’t you
43. She wishes to go to Singapore, ________?

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A. may she B. doesn’t she C. does she D. mayn’t she
44. Let’s go for a walk, ________?
A. shall we B. will you C. shan’t we D. won’t you
45. You must have left your purse at home, ________?
A. don’t he B. haven’t you C. doesn’t he D. did they
46. She must have been very happy when you told her the news, ________?
A. need she B. mustn’t she C. isn’t she D. hasn’t she
47. You must be tired now, ________?
A. needn’t you B. aren’t you C. mustn’t you D. haven’t you
48. You’ve never been to Italy, ________?
A. have you B. were you C. haven’t you D. weren’t you
49. This picture is yours, ________?
A. is it B. isn’t it C. is this D. isn’t this
50. He ought to be home by seven o’clock, ________?
A. shouldn’t he B. mayn’t he C. needn’t he D. mustn’t he
51.No one is better cook than his mother, ______?
A. is she B. isn’t she C. are they D. aren’t they
52.Do it right now, ______?
A. will you B. shall you C. do you D. don’t you
53.There are no easy ways to learn a foreign language, _______?
A. are they B. are there C. aren’t they D. aren’t there
54.He seldom goes to the library, ______?
A. doesn’t he B. is he C. does he D. isn’t he
55.Let’s go for a long walk, ______?
A. will we B. shall we C .don’t you D. do you
56.I think he will join us, _____?
A. doesn’t he B. won’t he C. will he D. don’t I
57.The film is good, _______________?
A. is it B. are they C. isn’t it D. aren’t they
58.You are going to the party, ____________?
A. is you B. are you C. aren’t you D. were you
59.He can speak English, _________________ ?
A. can he B. can’t he C. can’t him D. could he
60.You don’t know him,__________________ ?
A. do you B. don’t you C. are you D. aren’t you
61.Lan speaks Chinese very well, __________?
A. does she B. doesn’t she C. is she D. was she
62.John has worked hard, _________________?
A. does he B. did he C. has he D. hasn’t he
63.They invited him to the party, ___________?
A. do they B. don’t they C. did they D. didn’t they
64.They are leaving here tomorrow________?
A. do they B. are they C. aren’t they D. did they
65.I’m a bit late, ______?
A. am not I B. aren’t you C. are you D. aren’t I

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 MODULE 10: COMPARISONS

EQUALITY
S1 + V + as + ADJ / ADV + as + S2.
S1 + V + as + much/many +as + S2
S1 + V + the same (+Noun) + as + S2

COMPARATIVE
S1 + V + short adj + ER + THAN + S2
S1 + V + MORE + long adj + THAN + S2
* MUCH + SO SÁNH HƠN

DOUBLE COMPARISON
1. Càng ngày càng ( So sánh hơn and so sánh hơn )
- Short adj + ER and short adj + ER
( hotter and hotter )
CÁC LOẠI SO SÁNH
- more and more + long adj ( more and more
beautiful
2. Càng …..càng
The + so sánh hơn + S V , The + so sánh hơn + S V )

SUPERLATIVE
S1 + V + THE + short adj + EST + N
S1 + V +THE MOST + long adj + N

COMPARE LESS
S + V + less + adj + than ….
SO SÁNH KÉM NHẤT
S + V + the least + adj….

MULTIPLE NUMBERS COMPARISON

S1 + V + twice/ three time..+ as much as + S2
S1 + V + twice/ three time..+ as many as + S2

THẾ NÀO LÀ TÍNH TỪ NGẮN,TÍNH TỪ DÀI

adj ( tính từ ngắn ) : 1 âm tiết ( hot, cold ) hoặc 2 âm tân cùng là y, er, et, ow
dj ( tính từ dài ) : từ 2 âm trở lên
✓ Cách chuyển các tính từ/ trạng từ sang dạng so sánh hơn/ so sánh nhất:
- Thêm “ er”/ “est” vào tính từ/trạng từ có một hoặc hai âm tiết.
- Dùng “ more/most + adj/adv” có ba âm tiết trở lên.
- Dùng “ more + tính từ kết thúc bằng các tiếp vĩ ngữ : “ ed, ful, ing, ish, ous”
- Gấp đôi phụ âm cuối của tính từ một âm tiết kết thúc bằng 1 phụ âm đơn( trừ w, x, z) và đứng
trước một nguyên âm đơn.
- Khi tính từ có 2 âm tiết nhưng kết thúc bằng một phụ âm “y” thì ta đổi “y” => “ I” và thêm “ er”/
“est”
- Khi adj có 2 âm tiết là “er, y, le, et và ow” => thêm “er/est” như adj/adv 1 âm tiết.

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 CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP NGOẠI LỆ
Adj/adv so sánh hơn so sánh nhất
1. good/well better best
2. bad/badly worse worst
3. many/much more most
4. little less least
5. far farther farthest (về khoảng cách)
Further furthest (về thời gian)
6. near nearer nearest (về khoảng cách)
next (về thứ tự)
7. late later latest (về thời gian)
last (về thứ tự)
8. old older oldest (về tuổi tác)
eldest (về cấp bậc hơn là tuổi tác)

ADJ tận cùng bằng “ED” và “ING”

ADJ –ED ADJ –ING
( chỉ cảm xúc , trạng thái của con người ) ( mô tả tính chất , đặc điểm sự vật )
Ex: Jane is bored because her job is boring
Ex: The news was shocking
Ex: We were shocked when we heard the news
1. surprised (ngạc nhiên, sốc) 1. Surprising (tuyệt vời, bất ngờ)
2. disappointed (vỡ mộng, thất vọng) 2. Disappointing (thất vọng)
3. tired (mệt mỏi, kiệt sức) 3. Tiring (tẻ nhạt, mệt mỏi)
4. fascinated (thờ ơ, Enchanted) 4. Fascinating (duyên dáng, quyến rũ)
5. mused (ngạc nhiên, vui vẻ) 5. Amusing (funny, funny)
6. astonished (ngạc nhiên, sốc) 6. Astonishing (tuyệt vời, tuyệt vời)
7. shocked (sốc, sốc) 7. Shocking (một khủng khiếp, gây sốc)
8. disgusted (kinh tởm) 8. Disgusting (kinh tởm, xấu xí)
9. embarrassed (xấu hổ, bối rối) 9. Embarrassing (vụng về, nhút nhát)
10. confused (hoang mang, nhầm lẫn) 10. Confusing (bối rối, không chắc chắn)
11. terrified (chết lặng, sợ hãi) 11. Terrifying (đáng sợ, đáng sợ)
12. frightened (sợ hãi, chết lặng) 12. Frightening (đáng sợ, khủng khiếp)
13. depressed (trầm cảm, bị áp bức) 13. Depressing (buồn, buồn tẻ)
14. worried (lo lắng, lo lắng) 14. Worrying (lo lắng, tình cảm)
15. và nnoyed (bực mình, khó chịu) 15. Annoying (xâm nhập, gây phiền nhiễu)
16. satisfied (mãn, hài lòng) 16. Satisfying (thú vị)

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 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. In Vietnam, it is normally ________ in the South than in the North.
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. hoter
2. The food is ________ than the last time I ate it.
A. badder B. bad C. worse D. worst
3. Ho Chi Minh city is ________ than Hanoi.
A. big B. bigger C. biggest D. biger
4. Her voice is ________ than her sister’s.
A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. beautifully D. more beautifully
5. Her literature result is much ________ than it was last year.
A. good B. well C. more well D. better
6. Cinderella danced ________ than any other girls at the ball.
A. more graceful B. gracefuler C. gracefully D. more gracefully
7. This book is the ________ of all.
A. bored B. boring C. more boring D. most boring
8. Mary speaks English very________
A. fluent B. fluently C. more fluently D. most fluently
9. Tom runs faster than John and David runs the ________ in the group.
A. fast B. most fast C. fastest D. most fastly
10. There is nothing ________ than going swimming in hot weather.
A. gooder B. good C. better D. best
11. Mary is ________ responsible as Peter.
A. more B. the most C. much D. as
12. She is ________ student in my class.
A. most hard-working B. more hard-working
C. the most hard-working D. as hard-working
13. He drives ________ his brother.
A. more careful than B. more carefully
C. more carefully than D. as careful as
14. Tuan writes more ________ with fewer mistakes than the previous term.
A. careless B. careful C. carefully D. carelessly
15. My father is happy because I get ________ results at school.
A. bad good C. intelligent D. well
16. Peter does better at school because he works ________
A. harder B. more carelessly C. more lazily D. worse
17. He can do sums more ________ and read faster.
A. badly B. quickly C. difficultly D. fastly
18. Jane is not ________ her brother.
A. more intelligent as B. intelligent as C. so intelligent as D. so intelligent that.
19. She is a very ________ pupil. She spends most of her time studying.

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 A. hard- working B. difficult C. hard D. easy
20. My English this term is ________ than that of last year.
A. good B. gooder C. better D. best
21. you study for these exams, ________ you will do.
A. The harder / the better B. The more / the much
C. The hardest / the best D. The more hard / the more good,
22. My neighbor is driving me mad! It seems that ________ it is at night, ________ plays his music!
A. the less / the more loud B. the less / less
C. the more late / the more loudlier D. the later / the louder
23. Thanks to the progress of science and technology, our lives have become ________
A. more and more good B. better and better
C. the more and more good D. gooder and gooder
24. The Sears Tower is ________ building in Chicago.
A. taller B. the more tall C. the tallest D. taller and taller
25. Peter is ________ John.
A. younger and more intelligent than B. more young and intelligent than
C. more intelligent and younger than D. the more intelligent and younger than
26. San Diego is ________ town in Southern California.
A. more nice and nice B. the nicer C. the nicest D. nicer and nicer
27. It gets ________ when the winter is coming.
A. cold and cold B. the coldest and coldest
C. colder and colder D. more and more cold
28. The faster we finish, ________
A. the sooner we can leave B. we can leave sooner and sooner
C. the sooner can we leave D. we can leave the sooner
29. Of all athletes, Alex is ________
A. the less qualified B. the less and less qualified
C. the more and more qualified D. the least qualified
30. The faster Thanh walks, ________
A. more tired B. the more tired he gets
C. he gets tired D. he gets more tired
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions
1. Joe is more hard-working than his brother.
A. Joe is not as hard-working as his brother.
B. Joe’s brother is not as hard-working as he is.
C. Joe is less hard-working than his brother.
D. Joe’s brother is more hard-working than he is.
2. Many teenagers like facebooking more than doing sport.
A. Many teenagers like doing sport as much as Facebooking.
B. Many teenagers don’t like Facebooking as much as doing sport,
C. Many teenagers like doing sport more than Facebooking.
D. Many teenagers don’t like doing sport as much as Facebooking.
3. Paul likes reading comic books more than watching cartoons.
A. Paul doesn’t like watching cartoons as much as reading comic books.

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 B. Paul likes watching cartoons as much as reading comic books.
C. Paul likes watching cartoons more than reading comic books.
D. Paul doesn’t like reading comic books as much as watching cartoons.
4. I like reading books more than surfing the Internet.
A. I like surfing the Internet more than reading book.
B. I like reading book less than surfing the Internet.
C. I don’t like reading book as much as surfing the Internet.
D. I don’t like surfing the Internet as much as reading books.
5. My father likes reading newspaper more than watching TV.
A. My father doesn’t like reading newspaper as much as watching TV.
B. My father likes watching TV as much as reading newspaper.
C. My father doesn’t like watching TV as much as reading newspaper.
D. My father likes watching TV more than reading newspaper.
6. In Vietnam, football is more popular than basketball.
A. In Vietnam, basketball is not as popular as football.
B. In Vietnam, basketball is more popular than football.
C. In Vietnam, football is not as popular as basketball.
D. In Vietnam, football is as popular as basketball.
7. My boss works better when he’s pressed for time.
A. The more time my boss has, the better he works.
B. The less time my boss has, he works better.
C. The less time my boss has, the better he works.
D. The less time my boss has, he works the better.
8. Derek is quite a bit more adventurous than his sister, Annabelle.
A. Annabelle is considerable more adventurous than her brother, Derek.
B. Annabelle isn’t as nearly adventurous as her brother, Derek.
C. Derek isn’t so nearly adventurous as his sister, Annabelle.
D. Annabelle isn’t nearly as adventurous as her brother, Derek.
9. The likelihood of suffering a heart attack rises as one becomes increasingly obese.
A. Anyone who is obese is likely to experience a heart attack at any time.
B. Obesity results in only a slight increase in the probability of having a heart attack.
C. The more obese one is, the higher the chances for a heart attack become.
D. Heart attacks are happening more and more often, and most of the sufferers are obese.
10. The American are less formal in addressing their bosses than the South Korean.
A. The South Korean are less formal in addressing their bosses than the American.
B. Both the American and the South Korean have the same formality in addressing their bosses.
C. The South Korean are more informal in addressing their bosses than the American.
D. The South Korean are more formal in addressing their bosses than the American.
11. Nothing is more precious than happiness and health.
A. Happiness and health are the most precious things.
B. Happiness is more precious than health.
C. Health is more precious than happiness.
D. Happiness and health are more and more precious.
12. I’ve never seen such a nice bouquet of wedding flowers.
A. This bouquet of wedding flowers is the nicest that I’ve ever made.

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 B. This is the nicest bouquet of wedding flowers that I’ve ever seen.
C. I’ve never seen the nicest bouquet of wedding flowers so far.
D. Nothing I’ve seen is nicer than this bouquet of wedding flowers.
13. Ice-hockey is one of the most popular sports in Russia.
A. In Russia, ice-hockey is more popular than any other sports.
B. In Russia, no sport is more popular than ice-hockey.
C. In Russia, no sport is less popular than ice-hockey.
D. In Russia, one of the most popular sports is ice-hockey.
14. Tet holiday is the most interesting Vietnamese traditional festival that he’s ever attended.
A. Tet holiday is more interesting than the Vietnamese traditional festival that he’s ever
attended.
B. He has never attended a more interesting Vietnamese traditional festival than Tet holiday.
C. He has attended many interesting Vietnamese traditional festival including Tet holiday.
D. Tet holiday is one of the most interesting Vietnamese traditional festival he’s ever attended.
15. There are more superstitious beliefs in Eastern countries than in Western ones.
A. Western countries don’t have fewer superstitious beliefs than Eastern ones.
B. Eastern countries have more superstitious beliefs than Western ones.
C. Eastern and Western countries have many more superstitious beliefs.
D. More superstitious beliefs exist in Western countries than in Eastern ones.
16. Pho (rice noodles) is believed to be the most typical food in Viet Nam.
A. It is believed that Pho (rice noodles] is the most typical food in Viet Nam.
B. A more typical food than Pho (rice noodles] is believed in Viet Nam.
C. I believe that Viet Nam has the most typical food like Pho (rice noodles].
D. No food in Viet Nam is less typical than Pho (rice noodles].
17. I have never read a better book about cultural diversity than I have ever read.
A. This book is a good book about cultural diversity I have ever read.
B. This is the best book about cultural diversity I have ever read.
C. This book is as good as the one about cultural diversity I have ever read.
D. The book about cultural diversity I have ever read isn’t better than this one.
18. Lee talks to people more politely than Ben.
A. Ben doesn’t talk to people as politely as Lee.
B. Ben doesn’t talk to people politely as Lee.
C. Ben doesn’t talk to people more politely than Lee.
D. Ben doesn’t talk to people less politely than Lee.
19. No student in my class can run as fast as Jack.
A. Jack is faster than no student in my class.
B. Jack is the fastest runner in my class.
C. All students in my class don’t run faster than Jack.
D. No student in my class runs fast as Jack.
20. This question is harder than the last one.
A. The last question is not difficult.
B. This question is the most difficult one.
C. The last question is difficult but this one is more difficult.
D. This question is hard but the last one is not.
21. As Elton John became more famous, it was more difficult for him to avoid reporters.

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 A. The most famous Elton John became, the more difficult for him to avoid reporters.
B. The more famous Elton John became, the more difficult it was for him to avoid reporters.
C. The more famous Elton John had become, the more difficult for him to avoid reporters.
D. The more Elton John became famous, the more difficult for him to avoid reporters.
22. We cut down many forests. The Earth becomes hot.
A. The more forests we cut down, the hotter the Earth becomes.
B. The more we cut down forests, the hotter the Earth becomes.
C. The more forests we cut down, the Earth becomes hotter.
D. The more we cut down forests, the Earth becomes hotter.
23. As he earned more money, Mike bought more clothes.
A. When Mike earned a lot of money, he bought more and more clothes.
B. The more money Mike earned, the better clothes he bought.
C. The more money Mike earned, the best clothes he bought.
D. The more money Mike earned, the more clothes he bought.
24. Jupiter is bigger than all the other planets in the solar system.
A. No other planets in the solar system is as big as Jupiter.
B. Jupiter is the biggest planet in the solar system.
C. All other planets in the solar system are not so big that Jupiter.
D. Among the planets in the solar system, Jupiter is the biggest of all.
25. No other student in his class is as successful as Pat.
A. Pat succeeded in beating all other students in his class.
B. Pat is the most successful student in his class.
C. His class is less successful than Pat is.
D. The more successful his class is, the more success Pat gets.

Page 45
 MODULE 11: THE ORDERS OF THE ADJECTIVES
I. Quy tắc
Khi dùng từ hai tính từ trở lên để miêu tả cho một danh từ, nếu các tính từ cùng loại thì ta
phân cách chúng bằng dấu phẩy, còn nếu khác loại thì ta xếp chúng cạnh nhau.
Trật tự các tính từ được quy định theo thứ tự sau:

OSASCOMP Useful (hữu ích), beautiful (đẹp), interesting

Opinion
(thú vị), lovely (đáng yêu), delicious (ngon
miệng), handsome (đẹp trai), glorious (lộng
lẫy), luxurious (sang trọng)

Size big (to), small (nhỏ), large (lớn), huge (khổng

lồ), tiny (bé xíu), long (dài), short (ngắn), tall
(cao)...

old (già, cũ), young (trẻ), new (mới), brand-

Age
new (mới toanh), ancient (cổ đại), modern
(hiện đại),...

Shape round (tròn), triangle (tam giác), cubic (hình

hộp), heart-shaped (hình trái tim), flat (bằng
phẳng), square (hình vuông)...

black (đen), red (đỏ), white (trắng), blue

Color
(xanh), yellow (vàng), cream (màu kem), violet
(tím), purple (đỏ tía), navy blue (xanh hải quân.

Vietnamese, English, Indian, Thai, German,

Origin
American,...

Silk (lụa), gold (vàng), silver (bạc), wooden

Material (gỗ), metal (kim loại), plastic (nhựa), leather
(da), glass (thuỷ tinh), concrete (bê tông), ivory
(ngà)...

Purpose sitting, sleeping, wedding, waiting...

Page 46
 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. They take their ________ children to the park every day.
A. lovely African small young B. African small young lovely
C. small young lovely African D. young lovely African small
2. At first sight I met her. I was impressed with her ________.
A. big beautiful round black eyes B. beautiful black big round eyes
C. beautiful big round black eyes D. beautiful round big black eyes
3. This is a picture of a ________ bus.
A. red bright London B. bright red London
C. London bright red D. London red bright
4. Lara goes to a ________ temple every week.
A. great big ancient Buddhist B. Buddhist great big ancient
C. ancient great big Buddhist D. big great ancient Buddhist
5. There are some ________ pictures in this newspaper.
A. white interesting computer-generated new
B. computer-generated white interesting new
C. interesting new white computer-generated
D. new interesting computer-generated white
6. She is doing extremely well in her ________ graduate course.
A. intensive one -year English
B. one -year English intensive
C. intensive English one-year
D. English intensive one-year
7. During the winter I like having a ________ house.
A. pretty small red wooden B. wooden pretty small red
C. small pretty red wooden D. red wooden pretty small
8. I would like to have ________ sports shoes to run in the park.
A. grey medium leather comfortable B. comfortable medium grey leather
C. comfortable leather grey medium D. medium leather comfortable grey
9. They say he's a ________ student for his age.
A. tall mature brilliant B. mature brilliant tall
C. brilliant tall mature D. tall brilliant mature
10. The speaker is a ________ professor.
A. old short Spanish kind B. kind short old Spanish
C. Spanish kind old short D. kind Spanish short old
11. My sister lives in a ________ apartment.
A. nice wooden new B. new nice wooden
C. nice new wooden D. wooden nice new
12. My cousin bought a ________ bowl.
A. blue ancient lovely small B. lovely blue small ancient

Page 47
 C. small blue ancient lovely D. lovely small ancient blue
13. They cook a ________ meal for their children.
A. delicious big traditional Vietnamese B. Vietnamese delicious big traditional
C. traditional delicious big Vietnamese D. big delicious traditional Vietnamese
14. They are trying to build a house.
A. four-bedroom elegant modern Italian
B. modern elegant four-bedroom Italian
C. Italian elegant four-bedroom modern
D. elegant four-bedroom modern Italian
15. His brother presented her a ________ clock.
A. oval nice Japanese digital B. nice oval digital Japanese
C. digital oval Japanese nice D. digital Japanese oval nice
16. The old man owns a ________ coffee table.
A. French beautiful round old B. beautiful French old round
C. old round beautiful French D. beautiful old round French
17. My father has a ________ box.
A. old small black Turkish B. small old Turkish black
C. small old black Turkish D. small Turkish old black
18. Jack’s father bought him a(n) ________ bike as a birthday gift.
A. blue Japanese expensive B. expensive Japanese blue
C. Japanese expensive blue D. expensive blue Japanese
19. She is good at creating ________ paintings.
A. interesting Vietnamese new square B. square Vietnamese new interesting
C. Vietnamese interesting square new D. interesting square new Vietnamese
20. My mother would like to buy a ________ bag.
A. big plastic blue Russian B. big Russian blue plastic
C. big blue Russian plastic D. Russian plastic big blue
21.At first sight I met her. I was impressed with her .
A. big beautiful round black eyes B. beautiful black big round eyes
C. beautiful big round black eyes D. beautiful round big black eyes
22.This is a picture of a bus.
A. red bright London B. bright red London
C. London bright red D. London red bright
23.There are some pictures in this newspaper.
A. white interesting computer-generated new
B. computer-generated white interesting new
C. interesting new white computer-generated
D. new interesting computer-generated white
24.During the winter I like having a house.
A. pretty small red wooden B. wooden pretty small red
C. small pretty red wooden D. red wooden pretty small
25.I would like to have sports shoes to run in the park.
A. grey medium leather comfortable B. comfortable medium grey leather
C. comfortable leather grey medium D. medium leather comfortable grey

Page 48
 MODULE 12: ARTICLES
1.Indefinite articles :A/ AN dùng trước danh từ số ít , đếm được => có nghĩa là “
một”

CÁCH DÙNG MẠO TỪ A

Dùng trong 1 số cụm Dùng khi tình Dùng với Dùng "a" trước danh
từ chỉ số lượng : huống được nhắc danh từ chỉ từ bắt đầu bằng một
a great number of... đến lần đầu tiên nghề nghiệp phụ âm

Đứng trước một danh từ

mở đầu bằng "uni..."
(a university/ a uniform)

CÁCH DÙNG MẠO TỪ AN

Trước một danh từ bắt Những từ mở đầu Những danh từ bắt đầu
đầu bằng: bằng một chữ viết tắt bằng "h" câm an heir/
5 nguyên âm U, E, O, A, I (an S.O.S/ an M.P)
hour/ herbal (Adj: thảo
mộc)/ honor/ honest

Page 49
2. Definite article :THE Dùng trước 1 danh từ đã được xác định, hoặc nhắc đến
lần thứ 2
In the 1990s, in the summer, in the morning, the holiday

Vật duy nhất trong vũ trụ : The earth, the moon, the sun,
the sky, the sea, the stars, the equator

1. Dùng trước tên các đại dương, sông ngòi, biển, vịnh
và các hồ (ở sn)
Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the
Great Lakes, the Netherlands ( Hà Lan )

2. Trước tên các dãy núi

Ex: The Hoang Lien Son Mountains

3. Trước tên các nước có hai từ trở lên (ngoại trừ

Great Britain) Ex: The United States, The United
Kingdom
4. Trước tên các nước được coi là một quần đảo hoặc
một quần đảo
Ex: The Philipines, The Hawaii
CÓ THE
5. The + tên vùng nổi tiếng
Ex: The Sahara dessert

Nhạc cụ: play the piano , play the violin, on the radio

Các lực lượng: the army, the police

The + schools, the colleges, the universities + of +

danh từ riêng
Ex: The University of Florida

- So sánh nhất
- The + adj = Ns
- The + số thứ tự + N
Ex: The third chapter
- The + tên họ số nhiều
Ex: The Smiths

Page 50
 in 2000, in June, On Friday, at night, during Christmas

Trước các danh từ trừu tượng

Ex: freedom, happiness, independence, honesty

1. Trước tên một hồ :

Ex: Hoang Kiem lake

2. Trước tên một ngọn núi :

Ex: Mount Vesuvius

3.Trước tên các nước có 1 từ:

Ex: Laos, Vietnam

4.trước tên các nước bắt đầu bằng “New” hoặc chỉ
hướng
Ex: New Zealand, North Korean

KHÔNG 5. Trước tên hành tinh, chòm sao

THE Ex: Venus. Mars

6.Tỉnh, thành phố, quận , huyện

Môn thể thao: play football, play sports, play music

Trước tên các môn học: physics, maths

On foot, by bus, by car

- N đi với số đếm: chapter three

- bữa ăn , món ăn : breakfast, dinner, lunch, rice, fish.
- màu sắc, vật liệu
Ex: red, white, steel, iron
- Các loại bệnh : Cold
- Khi DT có tính từ hoặc đại từ sở hữu

Page 51
 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 1. John is most hard-working student I’ve ever known.
A. the B. Ø C. a D. an
Question 2. We moved to the countryside because we wanted to be close to nature.
A. a B. the C. an D. Ø
Question 3. The pace of life is much slower in the country than in the city.
A. an B. a C. Ø D. the
Question 4. I have left my book in kitchen and I would like you to get it for me.
A. the B. a C. Ø D. an
Question 5. Reports are coming in of a major oil spill in Mediterranean.
A. an B. Ø C. the D. a
Question 6. Is it acceptable to touch person on shoulder in a conversation?
A. a – the B. the – a C. the – the D. a - a
Question 7. I won’t be home for dinner this evening. I’m meeting some friends after
work and we’re going to cinema.
A. Ø – the - Ø B. The - Ø - Ø C. Ø - Ø - the D. Ø – the - the
Question 8. My brother hopes to travel around the world next summer.
A. a B. an C. the D. Ø
Question 9. Our planned visit to United Kingdom fell through because we were unable to
get the visas.
A. a B. an C. the D. Ø
Question 10. Of all the world’s major oceans, Arctic Ocean is the shallowest.
A. an B. the C. a D. Ø
Question 11. A recent survey has shown that increasing number of men are willing to
share the housework with their wives.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
Question 12. Housewives find it easier to do domestic chores thanks to invention of
labor- saving devices.
A. the B. a C. an D. some
Question 13. First our team should identify specific need in the community and then
carry out a project to address that need.
A. an B. Ø C. a D. the
Question 14. When I leave school, I plan to go to university.
A. a B. an C. the D. Ø
Question 15. -- tennis is my favorite sport. I play once or twice week if I can, but I’m
not very good player.
A. A – Ø - the B. Ø – a - the C. Ø – the - a D. Ø – a - a
Question 16. A dictionary is important tool in learning language.
A. the B. an C. a D. Ø
Question 17. Last night there was bird singing outside my house.
A. a B. Ø C. an D. the
Question 18. James visited State Hermitage Museum, famous tourist attraction
in St. Petersburg.
A. Ø - the B. Ø - a C. a - the D. the - a
Page 52
Question 19. One third of world’s population consumes two thirds of _______world’s
sources.
A. a - the B. the - Ø C. the - the D. the - a
Question 20. Human beings are greatest threat to the survival of endangered species.
A. Ø B. an C. the D. a
Question 21: We called an ambulance as soon as we realised that he seemed to be having _____heart
attack.
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
Question22: According to FAO, Vietnam is second largest
coffee producer in the world after Brazil.
A. an B. a C. the D. Ø
Question23: university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants
academic degrees.
A. A B. An C. The D. Some
Question 24: The excursion is unique opportunity to discover wild in its natural beauty.
A. an – Ø B. a – the C. the – the D. an – the
Question 25: colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary
education.
A. Ø - Ø B. The - Ø C. The – the D. Ø – the
Question 26: Africa has always had a large migratory population because of war and famine.
A. a B. an C. the D. Ø
Question 27: The man grew up in orphanage in United Kingdom.
A. the/ an B. an/ the C. an/ an D. the/ Ø
Question 28: “Did you have nice holiday?” – “Yes, it was best holiday I have ever had.”
A. a – the B. the – the C. the – a D. a – a
Question 29: She is a very talented girl. You should listen to her playing violin.
A. a B. the C. Ø D. an
Question 30: Being Life's only black photographer put him in unusual position
when Parks set out to cover the civil rights movement.
A. Ø/an B. the/ an C. Ø / the D. an/an
Question 31: There are two cars in the yard, a yellow car and a blue one. My car is yellow one.
A. a B. x C. an D. the
Question 32: Reports are coming in of a major oil spill in _ Mediterranean.
A. a B. the C. an D. Ø
Question 33: More and more investors are pouring money into food and beverage start- ups.
A. an B. the C. a D. Ø
Question 34: Whatever we expect from _ future, it is noted that progress has never
moved in straight lines.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
Question 35: Donald Trump is President of ________United States.
A. the/ the B. a/ 0 C. the/ 0 D. the/ an

Page 53
 MODULE 13: WORD FORMATION

A. CÁCH CẤU TẠO CỦA TỪ

I. Cách cấu tạo của danh từ
STT Quy tắc Ví dụ
1 V + ment → N develop (v) + ment = development (n): sự phát triển
entertain (v) + ment = entertainment (n): sự giải trí
2 V + ance → N attend (v) + ance = attendance (n): sự tham dự
perform (v) + ance = performance (n): sự thực hiện, sự biểu diễn
3 V + ion/ation → N invent (v) + ion = invention (n): sự phát minh
inform (v) + ion = information (n): thông tin
4 V + age → N marry (v) + age = marriage (n): hôn nhân
carry (v) + age = carriage (n): sự chuyên chở hàng hoá, xe ngựa
5 V + al → N survive (v) + al = survival (n): sự sống sót
arrive (v) + al = arrival (n): sự đến, tới
6 V + ing → N teach (v) + ing = teaching (n): công việc dạy học
train (v) + ing = training (n): công việc đào tạo
7 V + er ^ N work (v) + er = worker (n): công nhân
employ (v) + er = employer (n): ông chủ
8 V + or N act (v) + or = actor (n): diễn viên
9 V + ress → N act (v) + ress = actress (n): nữ diễn viên
wait (v) + ress = waitress (n): nữ bồi bàn
10 V + ant → N assist (v) + ant = assistant (n): trợ lí
depend (v) + ant = dependant (n): người phụ thuộc
11 V + ee → N employ (v)+ ee = employee (n): công nhân
interview (v) + ee = interviewee (n): người đi phỏng vấn
12 V + ledge → N know (v) + ledge = knowledge (n): sự hiểu biết, kiến thức
13 V + ist → N type (v) + ist = typist (n): người đánh máy
14 V + ar → N lie (v) + ar = liar (n): kẻ nói dối
15 V + ence → N depend (v) + ence = dependence (n): sự phụ thuộc
16 Adj + ness → N rich (a) + ness = richness (n): sự giàu có
polite (a) + ness = politeness (n): sự lịch sự
17 Adj + ity → N able (a) + ity = ability (n): khả năng, năng lực
responsible (a) + ity = responsibility (n): trách nhiệm
18 Adj + y → N honest (a) + y = honesty (n): sự thật thà
19 Adj + ty → N certain (a) + ty = certainty (n): sự chắc chắn
20 Adj + age → N short (a) + age = shortage (n): sự thiếu hụt
21 Adj + cy → N proficient (a) + cy = proficiency (n): sự giỏi, sự thành thạo
22 Adj + dom → N free (a) + doom = freedom (n): sự tự do
23 Adj + ism → N social (a) + ism = socialism (n): chủ nghĩa xã hội
N1 + ism → N2 terror (n) + ism = terrorism (n): chủ nghĩa khủng bố
24 Adj + th → N warm (a) + th = warmth (n): sự ấm áp, sự niềm nở
wide (a) + th = width (n): bề rộng, bề ngang

Page 54
25 N1 + hood → N2 child (n) + hood = childhood (n): thời thơ ấu
neighbor (n) + hood = neighborhood (n): vùng lân cận
26 N1 + ship → N2 friend (n) + ship = friendship (n): tình bạn
member (n) + ship = membership (n): tư cách hội viên, số hội viên
II. Cách cấu tạo của động từ
STT Quy tắc Ví dụ
1 Adj + en → V wide (a) + en = widen (v): mở rộng
short (a) + en = shorten (v): thu ngắn, rút ngắn
2 En + Adj → V en + rich (a) = enrich (v): làm giàu
en + large (a) = enlarge (v): tăng lên, phóng to
3 N + en → V length (n) + en = lengthen (v): làm dài ra, kéo dài ra
4 Adj + ise/ize → V social (a) + ise/ize = socialize (v): xã hội hoá, hoà nhập
industrial (a) + ise/ize = industrialize (v): công nghiệp hoá
5 N + fy → V beauty (n) + fy = beautify (v): làm đẹp
III. Cách cấu tạo của tính từ
STT Quy tắc Ví dụ

1 N + ly → Adj friend (n) + ly = friendly (adj): thân thiện

love (n) + ly = lovely (a): đáng yêu
2 N + fill → Adj care (n) + ful = careful (a): cẩn thận
success (n) + ful = successful (a): thành công
3 N + less → Adj home (n) + less = homeless (a): vô gia cư
hope (n) + less = hopeless (a): vô vọng
4 N + ic → Adj economy (n) + ic = economic (a): thuộc về kinh tế
history (n) + ic = historic (a): có tính chất lịch sử
5 N + able → Adj reason (n) + able = reasonable (a): có lí, hợp lí
comfort (n) + able = comfortable (a): thoải mái
6 N + ous → Adj danger (n) + ous = dangerous (a): nguy hiểm
industry (n) + ous = industrious (a): chăm chỉ
7 N + some → Adj trouble (n) + some = troublesome (a): gây rắc rối, khó chịu
hand (n) + some = handsome (a): đẹp trai
8 N + al → Adj nation (n) + al = national (a): thuộc quốc gia
nature (n) + al = natural (a): thuộc về tự nhiên
9 N + ing/ed → Adj interest (n) + ing/ed = interesting /interested (a): thú vị/thích thú
bore (n) + ing/ed = boring/ bored (a): tẻ nhạt/buồn chán
10 N + ern = Adj west (n) + ern = western (a): về phía tây, ở phía tây
south (n) + ern = southern (a): về phía nam, ở phía nam
11 N + y = Adj rain (n) + y = rainy (a): có mưa
sun (n) + y = sunny (a): có nhiều ánh nắng
12 N + ible = Adj response (n) + ible = responsible (a): có trách nhiệm
13 V + ent → Adj depend (v) + ent = dependent (a): phụ thuộc
14 V + ive → Adj impress (v) + ive = impressive (a): ấn tượng
N + ive → Adj invent (v) + ive = inventive (a): có tài phát minh, có óc sáng tạo
expense (n) + ive = expensive (a):.đắt
15 N + like → Adj child (n) + like = childlike (a): như trẻ con, ngây thơ, thật thà
god (n) + like = godlike (n): như thần, như thánh

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 16 N + ish → Adj fool (n) + ish = foolish (a): dại dột, ngu xuẩn
self (n) + ish = selfish (a): ích kỉ

IV. Cách cấu tạo của trạng từ

STT Quy tắc Ví dụ
1 Adj + ly → Adv slow (a) + ly = slowly (adv): một cách chậm chạp
rapid (a) + ly = rapidly (adv): một cách nhanh chóng

* Lưu ý:
STT Quy tắc Ví dụ
1 N + ly → Adj like + ly = likely (a)
Adj+ ly → Adv quick + ly = quickly (adv)
2 V + al = N arrive + al = arrival (n)
N + al = Adj nation + al = national (a)
3 V + ing = N teach + ing = teaching (n)
N + ing= Adj bore + ing = boring (a)
4 Adj + y = N honest + y = honesty (n)
N + y = Adj wind + y = windy (a)

- Fast vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ. Do đó, không có dạng "fastly".
- Hard (chăm chỉ, vất vả, cực nhọc) vừa là tính từ, vừa là trạng từ.
+ Hardly mang nghĩa là hiếm khi, hầu như không chứ không mang nghĩa là chăm chỉ, vất vả.
- Trạng từ của tính từ "good" là từ "well". Do đó, không có dạng "goodly".
Vị trí từ loại trong cấu trúc câu
1. Noun = N ( Danh từ ) 2 . Adj ( Tính từ )
- Sau Adj + N - Trước N
- Sau giới từ ( in, on.. from, at , with..) + N - Sau be / look / feel / seem / make / become / find/ get /
- Sau tính từ sở hữu ( my/ your/ their/ keep
his / her..) + N - Sau Trạng từ
- a / an + adj + N - Sau too (be + too + adj)
- The + N - Trước enough (be + adj + enough)
- This / That + Nit - Trong cấu trúc: be + so + adj + that
- These / Those + Ns - A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my,...
- One of ……+ N số nhiều + (Adj) + Noun .
- Trước V làm chủ từ trong câu Trong câu cảm thán:
- Sau enough (enough + N) - How + adj + S + V!
- What + (a/an) + adj + N!
3 . Verb = V ( Động từ ) 4. Adv ( Trạng từ )
- Sau Vthường ( S + V thường + Adv)
- Trước Adj
- S + V ( chia theo thì ) - Adv, S + V (Đầu câu hoặc trước dẩu phẩy)
- Be + adv + V3 / Ved
- S + trợ động từ + adv + V

✓ Xem phía sau khoảng trống nếu là N thì ta dùng Adj

✓ Be + adj
✓ V thường + Adv
✓ Áp dụng tiếp các trường hợp còn lại
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 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. He has been very interested in doing research on _______ since he was at high school.
a. biology b. biological c. biologist d. biologically
2. You are old enough to take _______ for what you have done.
a. responsible b. responsibility c. responsibly d. irresponsible
3. Many Vietnamese people ______ their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation
a. sacrifice b. sacrificed c. sacrificial d. sacrificially
4. They had a ______ candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage.
a. romance b. romantic c. romantically d. romanticize
5. She sent me a _______ letter thanking me for my invitation.
a. polite b. politely c. politeness d. impoliteness
6. As an _______, Mr. Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency.
a. educate b. education c. educator d. educative
7. He was the only _______ that was offered the job.
a. apply b. application c. applicant d. applying
8. Many people have objected to the use of animals in _____ experiments.
a. science b. scientist c. scientific d. scientifically
9. _______ is increasing, which results from economic crisis.
a. Employment b. Unemployment c. Employ d. Unemployed
10. _______! I have heard of your success in the new project.
a. Congratulate b. Congratulating c. Congratulation d. Congratulations
11. A / an _______ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.
a. dangerous b. endanger c. endangered d. endangerment
12. Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with ____.
a. extinct b. extinction c. extinctive d. extinctly
13. They are going to _______ the pool to 1.8 meter.
a. deep b. depth c. deepen d. deeply
14. The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a _______.
a. penalty b. penalize c. penal d. penalization
15. The referee's _______ is the most important in any sport competition.
a. decide b. decisive c. decision d. decider
16. Johnny used to be one of the most _______ athletes in my country.
a. succeed b. success c. successful d. successfully
17. The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _______ volunteers.
a. support b. supporter c. supportive d. supportively
18. He was so _______ that he could not even say a word.
a. nerve b. nerves c. nervous d. nervously
19. I am really _______ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves.
a. interest b. interested c. interesting d. interestingly
20. Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _______ activities.
a. society b. social c. socially d. socialize
21. Are there any between Vietnamese and American culture?
A. differences B. different C. differently D. differential
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22. Some people are concerned with physical when choosing a wife or husband.
A. attractive B. attraction C. attractiveness D. attractively
23. What could be more than a wedding on a tropical island?
A. romance B. romantic C. romanticize D. romanticism
24. In my hometown, many people still believe in marriage.
A. contract B. contractual C. contracts D. contracting
25. Though their performance was not perfect yet, the students held the audience's until the end.
A. attentive B. attention C. attentively D. attentional
26. Both Asian and Western students seem about how to answer the questionnaire of the
survey.
A. confusedly B. confused C. confusing D. confusion
27. She was unaware of the embarrassing situation due to her different cultural
background.
A. complete B. completed C. completing D. completely
28. They started, as gatherings but they have become increasingly formalized in the last few years.
A. informal B. informally C. informalize D. informality
29. Children who are isolated and lonely seem to have poor language and _______
A. communicate B. communication C. communicative D. communicator
30. There is a wide range of_________in the education system of the USA.
A. select B. selective C. selected D. selection
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.

1. He is not very________of his son’s passion for loud music.

A. tolerated B. tolerable C. tolerant D. tolerantly
2. Swimming produces both________and physical benefits.
A. psychology B. psychological C. psychologist D. psychologically
3. If you say you are using a word________, you mean you are choosing it after thinking about it very
carefully.
A. advisor B. advisedly C. advisory D. advice
4. Nguyen Thi Anh Vien is a Vietnamese Olympian and ________ record-holder for swimming.
A. nation B. international C. nationality D. national
5. In order to avoid boredom, the most important thing is to keep oneself________.
A. occupied B. occupation C. occupant D. occupational
6. According to present law, the authorities can give poachers a severe________.
A. punishing B. punish C. punishable D. punishment
7. The new song has________been selected for Euro 2016.
A. officially B. official C. office D. officer
8. Many species of plants and animals are in________of extinction.
A. dangerous B. endangered C. danger D. dangerously
9. The wedding day was________chosen by the parents of the groom.
A. careless B. careful C. carefully D. carelessly
10. To Americans, it is impolite to ask someone about age,________and salary.
A. many B. married C. marrying D. marriage
11. Despite the plan’s emphasis on agricultural________, the industrial sector received a larger share of
state investment.
A. developing B. developer C. development D. developed
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12. ________have announced that a major breakthrough in medicine has been made.
A. Research B. Researchers C. Researches D. Researching
13. The country’s economy relies heavily on the tourist________.
A. industry B. industrial C. industrialize D. industrious
14. Some people believe that books are ________ species, fighting for survival in competition with TV,
film, the Internet and CD.
A. danger B. dangerous C. endangered D. dangerously
15. These quick and easy________can be effective in the short term, but they have a cost.
A. solve B. solvable C. solutions D. solvability
16. The problem of________among young people is hard to solve.
A. employment B. employers C. employees D. unemployment
17. Our professor________said we should turn in the assignment on Friday.
A. specific B. specifically C. specifying D. specifyingly
18. In the past people believed that women’s________roles were as mothers and wives.
A. nature B. natural C. naturism D. naturalist
19. Although David was________after a day’s work in the office, he tried to help his wife the household
chores.
A. exhaustion B. exhausted C. exhausting D. exhaustive
20. This is very________! Can’t you practice your violin somewhere else?
A. convenient B. conveniently C. inconvenient D. convenience
21. How many means of________do you use on a regular basis?
A. communication B. communicating C. communicator D. communicative
22. If there are aliens out there, do you think they are much more________advanced than we are?
A. technological B. technologically C. technology D. technologies
23. The old astronomer patiently made his________and wrote down what he saw.
A. observation B. observatory C. observe D. observer
24. The more________you look, the better impression you will make on your interviewer.
A. confine B. confident C. confidently D. confidence
25. The choir stood in four rows according to their________heights.
A. respected B. respective C. respectable D. respectful
26. Many twelfth graders find it hard to________what university to apply to.
A. decide B. decision C. decisive D. decisively
27. I think mobile phones are________for people of all ages.
A. usage B. use C. usefully D. useful
28. Such characters as fairies or witches in Walt Disney animated cartoons are purely_______.
A. imaginary B. imaginative C. imagining D. imaginable
29. The firefighters’ single-minded devotion to the rescue of the victims of the fire was _______.
A. respecting B. respective C. respectful D. respectable
30. Since________has been so poor, the class has been closed.
A. attendance B. attendant C. attending D. attendee
31. Tom is getting ever keener on doing research on________.
A. biology B. biological C. biologist D. biologically
32. They are always________of what their children do.
A. support B. supporting C. supportive D. supportively
33. It is not always easy to make a good________at the last minute.

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A. decide B. decision C. decisive D. decisively
34. Cultural ______ can be found in such simple processes as giving or receiving a gift.
A. differences B. different C. differently D. Differ
35. Travelling to________countries in the world enables me to learn many interesting things.
A. differ B. difference C. differently D. different
36. The job market is constantly changing due to innovative technology and new________.
A. competition B. competitively C. competitive D. compete
37. In Vietnam, children begin their primary________at the age of six.
A. educational B. educationally C. educate D. education
38. Many librarians and teachers are now accepting graphic novels as proper literature for children as
they________young people and motivate them to read.
A. attract B. attractively C. attraction D. attractive
39. The success of the company in such a________market is remarkable.
A. compete B. competitively C. competitive D. competition
40. People tend to be unaware of the messages they are sending to others. So, it is________to consider
your own body language before dealing with people from other cultures.
A. usefully B. use C. usefulness D. useful
41. Project-based learning provides wonderful opportunities for students to develop their________.
A. creative B. creativity C. create D. creatively
42. Candidates are advised to dress formally to make a good________on job interviewers.
A. impress B. impressively C. impression D. impressive
43. It is believed that travelling is a good way to expand our________of the world
A. knowledgeable B. knowledgeably C. knowledge D. know
44. Susan has achieved great________in her career thanks to her hard work.
A. success B. succeed C. successful D. successfully
45. Participating in teamwork activities helps students develop their________skills.
A. social B. society C. socially D. socialize
46. You should turn off the lights before going out to save________.
A. electricity B. electrify C. electric D. electrically
47. The study also found that social networks allow US to have discussions with a much more diverse
set of people than in the real world, so we share knowledge with people from a wide________of
backgrounds.
A. vary B. variety C. various D. variously
48. Laura came to________me for taking care of her dog when she was away.
A. thank B. thankfully C. thankfulness D. thankful
49. The candidates took a________breath before he walked into the interview room.
A. deeply B. deep C. deepen D. depth
50. With his good sense of humour, Martin is quite________with the students.
A. popularly B. popular C. popularise D. popularity

Page 60
 MODULE 14:EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
• Thường nằm trong phần gap filling
Cách dùng MANY MUCH
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là - MANY = a large number of/a MUCH = a great deal of/a large amount
“NHIỀU” great many/ a majority of/ a wide of...
variety of/ a wide range of - Dùng với danh từ không đếm được.
- Dùng với danh từ đếm được.
MANY + MUCH = A lot of/lots of/plenty of/a (large) quantity of
(Dùng với cả danh từ cả đếm được và không đếm được).
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là A FEW A LITTLE
“MỘT ÍT” - Dùng với danh từ đếm được. - Dùng với danh từ không đếm được.
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là FEW LITTLE
“HẦU NHƯ KHÔNG/ RẤT - Dùng với danh từ đếm được. - Dùng với danh từ không đếm được.
ÍT”
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là SOME ANY
“MỘT VÀI” - Dùng trong câu khẳng định và - Dùng trong câu phủ định, nghi vấn và
trong câu nghi vấn khi mang ý dùng trong câu khẳng định khi nó mang ý
mời/đề nghị. nghĩa là “bất cứ”.
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là ALL BOTH
“TẤT CẢ” - Dùng để chỉ từ ba người/vật - Dùng để chỉ cả hai người/vật (cả hai).
(tất cả) trở lên.
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là NONE NEITHER/EITHER
“KHÔNG” - Dùng để chỉ từ ba người/vật - Dùng để chỉ cả hai người/vật đều không.
trở lên đều không. Trong đó:
+ Neither: dùng trong câu khẳng định.
+ Either: dùng trong câu phủ định.
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là MOST MOST OF
“HẦU HẾT” Most + N = most of + the/tính từ sở hữu + N
Most people
Most of the Vietnamese people
Lưu ý:
MOSTLY (chủ yếu là): dùng như một trạng từ
ALMOST (gần như): dùng như một trạng từ bổ trợ cho động từ, tính từ, danh
từ.

Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là EACH EVERY

“MỖl/MỌI” EACH/EVERY: dùng với danh từ đếm được số ít
- Dùng với danh từ số nhiều khi có số
lượng cụ thể.
Diễn đạt ý nghĩa là OTHER ANOTHER
“CÁI KHÁC/NGƯỜI - Other + danh từ không đếm - Another + danh từ số ít
KHÁC” được. - Another + one
- Other + danh từ số nhiều - Another + số đếm + danh từ số nhiều
- Other + ones - Another được sử dụng như đại từ
- Others được sử dụng như đại
Page 61
 từ.
Lưu ý:
Phân biệt “other” và “others”:
- Theo sau “other” thường là một
danh từ hoặc đại từ.
- Mặt khác “others”, bản thân nó
là một đại từ và theo sau nó
không có bất kì một danh từ nào
cả.
Sự khác nhau giữa THE OTHER
- THE OTHERS:
- The other: cái còn lại trong hai
cái, hoặc người còn lại trong hai
người,...
- The others: những cái còn lại
hoặc những người còn lại trong
một nhóm có nhiều thứ hoặc
nhiều người.

PRACTISES
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. I’m afraid we no longer sell that model of laptop because we had ________ a lot of complaints.
A. so B. such C. enough D. too
2. There was hardly ________ money left in the bank account.
A. no more B. some C. no D. any
3. Gardeners transplant bushes and flowers by moving them from one place to ________.
A. other B. others C. another D. each other
4. In developed world, there are not ________ jobs left which don’t use computers to carry out many
daily tasks.
A. some B. any C. none D. much.
5. She spent ________ her free time watching TV.
A. a few B. most of C. a lot D. most
6. Unfortunately, we've made ________
A. little progress B. a few progresses C. little progresses D. few progress
7. ________ students in our class is 45.
A. A large amount of B. A lot of C. A number of D. The number of
8. The two cars for sale were in poor condition, so I didn't buy ________
A. neither of them B. either of them C. each of them D. none of them
9. The pair of jeans I bought for my son didn't fit him, so I went to the store and asked for ________
A. the other ones B. others ones C. another pair D. another jeans
10. This winter wasn't ________ as difficult as last winter.
A. almost B. nearly C. closely D. just
11. If you book in advance you will ________ certainly have a better table at our restaurant.
A. mostly B. almost C. most D. the most
12. Our village had ________ money available for education that the schools had to close.

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 A. so little B. such little C. so much D. such much
13. I had a red pen but I seem to have lost it; I think I'd better buy ________ one.
A. the other B. another C. others D. the
14. ________ companies have announced economic losses recently.
A. A large number of B. A several of C. A great deal of D. Plenty of the
15. In life, ________ can make a mistake; we're all human.
A. anyone B. someone C. some people D. not anybody
16. Peter has been studying for almost three years and he will have this degree and return to his
country in ________ six months.
A. others B. the other C. other D. another
17. John contributed fifty dollars, but ho wishes he could contribute ________.
A. more fifty dollars B. one other fifty dollars
C. the same amount also D. another fifty
18. In the United States, ________ the states but Hawaii is an island.
A. all of B. neither of C. none of D. no of
19. ________ of transportation has given someone the idea for a new type of toy.
A Mostly forms B. Most every form C. Almost forms D. Almost every form
20. Joanne has only one eye, she lost ________
A. other B. other ones C. another one D. the other
21. ________ her fiction describes women in unhappy marriages.
A. Many of B. A large number of C. A great volume of D. Much of
22. Is there ________ at all I can help?
A. everything B. anything C. something D. one thing
23. John paid $2 for his meal, ________ he had thought it would cost.
A. not as much B. not so much as C. less as D. not so many as
24. He has ________ money in the bank.
A. a large number of B. lot of C. a lots of D. a lot of
25. Nuclear engines operate without air and consume ________ fuel than other engines do.
A. much less B. much fewer C. a lot higher D. far more
26. Only three of students in my class are girls, ________ are all boys.
A. the other B. others C. other student D. the others
27. Researchers have discovered 2,000 types of new plants but also say ________ are at risk.
A. many B. much C. the other D. variety
28. There is too ________ bad news on TV tonight.
A. many B. much C. a few D. a little
29. He bought three shirts; one for him and ________ for his children.
A. others B. the other C. another D. the others
30. ________ study hard before an examination.
A. Most the students B. Most of the students
C. Most of students D. Almost students

Page 63
 MODULE 15: PASSIVE VOICES
A. LÍ THUYẾT
Câu bị động là loại câu được sử dụng khi chúng ta muốn nhấn mạnh vào bản thân một hành động, chủ
thể thực hiện hành động hay tác nhân gây ra hành động dù là ai hay vật gì đó không quá quan trọng.
Điều kiện để có thể biến đổi một câu từ chủ động sang câu bị động là động từ trong câu chủ động phải
là ngoại động từ (Transitive Verb).
Ngoại động từ (Transitive Verb) là gì? Nội động từ (Intransitive Verb) là gì?
Ngoại động từ diễn tả hành động tác động trực Nội động từ diễn tả hành động dừng lại với
tiếp lên người hoặc vật, nó luôn được theo sau người nói hay người thực hiện nó. Nội động từ
bởi một tân ngữ. Nếu thiếu tân ngữ, câu sẽ không không cần có tân ngữ trực tiếp đi kèm theo. Nếu
hoàn chỉnh. có tân ngữ thì phải có giới từ đi trước; tân ngữ
Ví dụ:He bought a bunch of flowers. (Anh ta mua này được gọi là tân ngữ của giới từ
một bó hoa hồng.) (prepositional object), không phải là tân ngữ
(Ngoại động từ luôn cần thêm yếu tố bên ngoài là trực tiếp.
một danh từ hay đại từ theo sau để hoàn tất Ví dụ:He has just left. (Anh ta vừa đi rồi.)
nghĩa của câu. Trong câu trên, chúng ta không We were at home last night. (Chúng tôi ở nhà tối
thể nói "He bought” rồi ngừng lại. Danh từ đi qua.)
theo ngay sau ngoại động từ được gọi là tân
ngữ.)
Ngoại động từ có dạng: S + V + O…. Nội động từ có dạng : S + V/ S + V + A
1.Quy tắc chuyển đổi từ chủ động sang bị động:
Để chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động, cần nắm chắc các bước chuyển sau:
+ Bước 1: Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động (tân ngữ đứng sau động từ chính của câu).
+ Bước 2: Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động xuống làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động.
+ Bước 3: Động từ ở câu bị động chia giống thì với động từ ở câu chủ động, theo công thức (BE + VP2).
+ Bước 4: Đặt "by" trước chủ ngữ của câu chủ động rồi đặt chúng xuống cuối câu bị động hoặc trước
trạng từ thời gian.
S V O

S V(be + V3/ed) (by +O)

+ Nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là: people, everyone, someone, anyone, no one, ... thì được bỏ đi
trong câu bị động.
+ Nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là: I, you, we, they, he, she thì có thể bỏ đi trong câu bị động nếu ta
không muốn đề cập tới chủ thể gây ra hành động.
+ Nếu chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là người hoặc vật trực tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng "by" nhưng gián
tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng "with".

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2.Bảng công thức các thì ở thể bị động:
TENSES ACTIVE VOICES PASSIVE VOICES
1. Present simple tense S + Vs/es S + am/is/are + V3/ed
(hiện tại đơn)
2. Past simple tense S + Ved/2 S + was/were + V3/ed
(quá khứ đơn)
3. Present continuous tense S + am/is/are + V-ing S + am/is/are + being +
(hiện tại tiếp diễn) V3/ed
4. Past continuous tense S + was/were + V-ing S + was/were + being +
(quá khứ tiếp diễn) V3/ed
5. Present perfect tense S + have/has + V3/ed S + have/has + been + V3/ed
(hiện tại hoàn thành)
6. Past perfect tense S + had + V3/ed S+ had + been + V3/ed
(quá khứ hoàn thành)
7. Simple future tense S + Will + V(bare) S + will + be + V3/ed
(tương lai đơn)
8. near future tense S + am/is/are + going to + S + am/is/are + going to + be
(tương lai gần) V(bare) + V3/ed
9. Modal verbs S +modal verbs + V(bare) S +modal verbs + be + V3/ed
(động từ khuyết thiếu)

SPECIAL FORMS: (DẠNG ĐẶC BIỆT )

1. BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA CÂU HỎI
Để chuyển từ câu chủ động sarag câu bị động của câu hỏi, ta làm theo các bước sau:
- Bước 1: Chuyển từ câu hỏi sang câu khẳng định.
Ví dụ:Did you buy the shirt two days ago? → You bought the shirt two days ago.
- Bước 2: Chuyển câu khẳng định trên sang câu bị động.
Ví dụ:You bought the shirt two days ago. → The shirt was bought two days ago.
- Bước 3: Chuyển câu bị động trên về dạng nghi vấn bằng cách chuyển từ ngay sau chủ ngữ lên trước
chủ ngữ.
Ví dụ:The shirt was bought two days ago. → Was the shirt bought two days ago?
2.BỊ ĐỘNG KÉP VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ CHỈ QUAN ĐIỂM
Active( chủ động) Passive ( bị động)
S1 + V1 + (that) + S2 + V2 C1: It+be(thì của V1)+ V3/ed( V1)+ that+S2+ V2
C2:
(Know/think/Believe/report/say) To V ( cùng Thì)
S2+be(thì của V1)+V3/ed( V1)+
To + have + V3/ed (#thì)
Ex: They think that she is innocent
=> It is thought that she is innocent
=> She is thought to be innocent
Ex:The rumored he was living there
=> It was rumored thet he was living there
=> He was rumored to be living there

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Gợi ý các nhóm cùng bậc thì và khác bậc thì
Cùng Thì Khác thì
HTĐ-HTĐ HTĐ-QKĐ
HTĐ-HTTD HTĐ-HTHT
HTĐ-TLĐ QKĐ-QKHT
QKĐ-QKĐ QKĐ-QKTD
Hoặc hiểu cách chính xác hơn
-Nếu hành động ở mệnh đề 2 xảy ra trước hành động trong mệnh đề nhất ta dùng : to have + V3/ed
-Nếu hành động ở mệnh đề 2 xảy ra đồng thời với hành động trong mệnh đề nhất
Ta dùng : to + V1
-Nếu hành động ở mệnh đề 2 xảy ra sau hành động trong mệnh đề nhất
3.BỊ ĐỘNG VỚI TO-V/V-ING
Bị động của động từ TO V
a. S + V + TO + V + O
Câu chủ động: S+V + TO + V + O

Câu bị động: → S + V + TO BE + VP2

They began to plant rubber trees long ago.
→ Rubber trees began to be planted long ago.
b. S + V+O1 + TO + V + O2
* Nếu S = O2 thì ta có công thức sau:
Câu chủ động: S + V + O1 + TO + V + O2

Câu bị động: → S + V + TO BE + VP2 + BY + O1

He expected his family to pick him up at the airport.
→ He expected to be picked up at the airport by his family.
Nếu S  O2 thì ta có công thức sau:
Câu chủ động: S+V+O1 + TO + V + O2

Câu bị động: → S + V + O2+ TO BE + VP2 + BY + O1

He expected someone to repair his computer.
→ He expected his computer to be repaired.
Bị động của V-ING
a. Nếu S= O2 thì ta có công thức sau:
Câu chủ động: S + V + O1 + V-ING + O2

Câu bị động: → S + V + BEING + VP2 + BY + O1

He likes people speaking well of him.
→ He likes being spoken well of.
b. Nếu S  O2 thì ta có công thức sau:
Câu chủ động: S + V + O1 + V-ING + O2

Câu bị động: → S + V + O2+ BEING + VP2 + BY + O1

He hates non-professional people criticizing his work.
→ He hates his work being criticized by non-professional people.

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4.CAUSATIVE ( THỂ NHỜ BẢO )Have / has / had / Get / got
Khi diễn tả một hành động mà chúng ta không tự làm lấy, mà để người khác làm, chúng ta dùng cấu
trúc:
Dạng chủ động: S + HAVE + SB + V(bare) or S + GET + SB + TO V(bare)
Dạng bi đông: S + HAVE/GET + ST + VP2
- The painter finished my father's portrait yesterday.
→ My father had the painter finish his portrait yesterday.
→ My father had his portrait finished by the painter yesterday.
5.BỊ ĐỘNG CHỈ GIÁC QUAN( see/hear/smell/feel/taste/watch/notice/make/help….)
a. Dạng 1
Câu chủ động: S + V + O + V(bare)

Câu bị động: → S + be + Vp2 + to + V(bare)

I saw him pass my house. → He was seen to pass my house.
b. Dạng 2
Câu chủ động: S + V + O + V -ing

Câu bị động: → S + be + Vp2 + V -ing

I saw him passing my house. → He was seen passing my house.
6.BỊ ĐỘNG 2 TÂN NGỮ
Active : S + V + O1 + O2 Ex:The student gave me a book
Passive : S + be + V3/ed + O2 + (by O) => I was given a book by the student
Passive : S + be + V3/ed + to/for + O1 + ( by O) => A book was given to me by the student
Notes:Các động từ thường đi với giới từ
“to”give/hand/lend/offer/send/show/pay/promise/read/throw/wish/owe………
“for” : buy/do/get/leave/make/order/save/spare………….
7. CÂU MỆNH LỆNH
Câu chủ động: V/DONT’T + V + O

Câu bị động: → S + SHOULD/ MUST + (NOT) + BE + VP2

LET/DONT’T LET + O + BE + VP2

8.MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC BỊ ĐỘNG
a. Bị động với cấu trúc câu "It's one's duty to V" (bổn phận là)
Câu chủ động: IT'S + ONE'S DUTY + TO + V

Câu bị động: → S + BE + SUPPOSED + TO + V

Ví dụ:It's everyone's duty to keep the environment clean.
→ Everyone is supposed to keep the environment dean.
b. Bị động với cấu trúc câu 'It's (im)possible to V' (không/có thể làm gì)
Câu chủ động: IT + IS / WAS + (IM)POSSIBLE + TO + V + O

Câu bị động: → S + CAN/COULD + (NOT) + BE + VP2

Ví dụ:It is possible to type the letter now.

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 → The letter can be typed now.
It was impossible to start the machine by electricity then.
→ The machine couldn't be started by electricity then
c. Bị động với 7 động từ đặc biệt
Các động từ: suggest, require, request, order, demand, insist(on), recommend.

Công thức:
Câu chủ động:S + suggest/ recommend/ order/ require... + that + S + V(bare) + O
Câu bị động:It +(be) + suggested/ recommended/ ordered/ required…+that+O+should+be +Vp2
Ví dụ:He suggested that we organize a warm party.
→ It was suggested that a warm party should be organized.
d. Bị động của động từ NEED
Công thức:
Câu chủ động: Sb + need + to V
Câu bị động: St + need + V-ing = St + need + to be + Vp2
Ví dụ:She needs to type the report
→ The report needs typing/to be typed.

PRACTISES

1. Someone has just cleaned the floor.

A. The floor has just been cleaned B. The floor has been just cleaned
C. The floor is said to be cleaned. D. All are correct.
2. It is believed that the man escaped in a stolen car.
A. The man is believed to be escaped in a stolen car.
B. The man is believed to have escaped in a stolen car.
C. The man was believed to have escaped in a stolen car.
D. They believed that the man escaped in a stolen car.
3. “It was thought that the building had been destroyed” means _____.
A. The building was thought had been destroyed. B. The building was thought to have been
destroyed.
C. The building thought to be destroyed. D. They have destroyed the building.
4. People say that he killed his wife
A. he is said that he killed his wife C. he said that he killed his wife
B. people are said that he killed his wife D. he is said to have killed his wife
5. They didn’t invite me to the party.
A. I wasn’t invite to the party. C. I didn’t invited to the party.
B. I wasn’t invited to the party. D. I was invited to the party.
6. They are painting the kitchen now.
A-The kitchen is being painted now. B-The kitchen is painting now.
C-The kitchen is painted now. D-The kitchen being painted now.
7. Tom bought that book yesterday.
A. That book was bought by Tom yesterday. B. That book was bought yesterday by Tom.
C. That book yesterday was bought by Tom D. That book was bought yesterday.
8. People don’t use this road very often.

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 A. This road is not used very often. B. Not very often this road is not used.
C. This road very often is not used. D. This road not very often is used.
9. Mr. Pike is repairing the refrigerator at the moment
A. The refrigerator is being repaired at the moment by Mr. Pike
B. The refrigerator repaired by Mr. Pike at the moment
C. The refrigerator is being repaired by Mr. Pike at the moment
D. The refrigerator is being repairing by Mr. Pike at the moment
10. People have discovered a new source of energy
A. A new source of energy has discovered B. A new source of energy was discovered
C. A new source of energy has been discovered D. A new source of energy has be discovered
11. “They are going to build a supermarket in this area” can be written as: …………………..
A. A supermarket is going to be built in this area B. A supermarket are built in this area
C. A supermarket in this area is going to be built. D. This area is going to build a supermarket
in
12. They have changed the date of the meeting.
A. The date of the meeting has been changed. B. The date of the meeting has been
changed by them.
C. The meeting has been changed the date. D. The date of the meeting has changed.
13. Somebody will call Mr. Watson tonight.
A. Mr. Watson will call somebody tonight. B. Mr. Watson will be call tonight.
C. Mr. Watson tonight will call somebody. D. Mr. Watson will be called tonight.
14. People think that Steve stole the money.
A. Steve is thought to have stolen the money. B. It was thought that Steve stole the money.
C. People are thought that Steve stole the money. D. People think that the money is stolen.
15. We are going to _____________________.
A. have our house be decorated B. get our house being redecorated
C. have our house redecorated D. have our house to be decorated
16. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
A. It was believed that 13 is an unlucky number. C. 13 is believed an unlucky number.
B. That 13 is an unlucky number is believed. D. It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number
17. It is believed that the man escaped in a stolen car.
A. The man is believed to escaped in a stolen car. B. The man is believed to have escaped in a
stolen car.
C. The man is believed to escaped in a stolen car. D. They believed that the man stole the car.
18. People have translated this book into many languages .
a. This book have translated into many languages .
b. This book has been translate by people into many languages .
c. This book was translated into many languages .
d. This book has been translated into many languages .
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1.I'll have the boys______ the chairs.
a. paint b. to paint c. painted d. painting
2.Have these flowers______ to her office, please.
a. taken b. taking c. take d. to take

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3.Lisa had the roof______ yesterday.
a. repair b. repaired c. to repair d. repairing
4.The students got the librarian______ books for them.
a. buy b. to buy c. bought d. buying
5.He had a portrait _____ as a birthday present for his daughter.
A. painting B. paint C. painted D. to be painted
6.Her watch needs _______.
A. repairing B. to be repaired C. repaired D. A and B
7.His car needs _________
A. be fixed B. fixing C. to be fixing D. fixed
8.We got our mail ______ yesterday.
A. been delivered B. delivered C. delivering D. to deliver
9.Your house needs _________.
A. redecorated B. redecorating C. being redecorated D. to redecorate
10.I’ll get Minh _________ this for you.
A. do B. done C. did D. to do
11.That book _________ by a famous author.
A. wrote B. was written C. is writing D. has written
12.Food______________ direct to the market by trucks.
A. delivered B. deliver C. can be delivered D. delivers
13.The house has_______________ after the fire.
A. to rebuild B. to be rebuilt C. to be rebuild D. rebuilt
14. All the homework_____________ at home.
A. should do B. should done C. should be done D. should be doing
15. The application form______________ to the university before May 31st.
A. must send B. sent C. must be send D. must be sent
16. Traffic rules____________ strictly.
A. followed B. must followed C. must be followed D. must follow
17. Today, many serious childhood diseases_________by early immunization.
A. are preventing B. can prevent C. prevent D. can be prevented
18. We're late. The film_________by the time we get to the cinema.
A. will already start B. will be already started
C. will already have started D. will be starting
19. I still can not believe it. My bicycle _________ some minutes ago.
A. was stolen B. was stealing C. stolen D. stole
20. Many U.S automobiles _________ in Detroit, Michigan.
A. manufacture B. have manufactured C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing
21. Dynamite _________ by Alfred Bernard Nobel.
A. have been invented B. invented C. was invented D. was being invented
22. It_________that the strike will end soon.
A. is expected B. expected C. are expected D. was expected
23. My shirt _________by my sister on my last birthday.
A. gave B. was given C. had been given D. was being given
24. The castle_________in the 16th century.
A. built B. has built C. was built D. had built
25. A lot of pesticide residue can_______ unwashed produce.
A. find B. found C. be finding D. be found
26. This tree _________ by our grandfather over 40 years ago.

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 A. grew B. has grown C. is grown D. was grown
27. The story I’ve just read______Agatha Christie.
A. was written B. was written by C. was written from D. wrote by
28. Gold________ in California in the 19th century.
A. was discovered B. has been discovered C. was discover D. they discover
29. Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony ________ next weekend
A. is going to be performed B. has been performed C. will be performing D. will have
perform
30. ___________ yet?
A. Have the letters been typed B. Have been the letters typed C. Have the letters typed D.
Had the letters typed
31. The windows _______yesterday.
A. were cleaned B. was cleaned C. cleaned D. had cleaned
32. The house ____six decades ago.
A. was built B. was building C. will be built D. was to be built
33. It is _________ that many people are homeless after the floods.
A. was reported B. reports C. reported D. reporting
34. He was said _________ this building.
A. designing B. to have designed C. to design D. designed
35. Some film stars_________ difficult to work with.
A. are said be B. are said to be C. say to be D. said to be
36. It _________ that learning English is easy.
A. are said B. said C. is said D. is sayed
37. John ........a respectful and obedient student.
a. said to be b. is said c. is said being d. is said to be
38. It ..........it is parents’ responsibility to take good care of their children.
a. commonly says that b. commonly to be said that
c. is commonly said that d. is commonly saying
39. More than ten victims ......... missing in the storm last week
a. are reported to be b. are reported to have been
c. are reporting to have been d. are reporting to be
40. It .......... that learning a foreign language ............ a lot of time.
a. says/ is take b. is saying / has been taken
c. is said/ takes d. was said/ was taken

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 MODULE 16: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHS

A.TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

If + S + V-hiện tại đơn,S + will/can + ( not) + V1

(is/am/are/V/Vs/es)
LOẠI 1

Đảo ngữ
(not đặt sau chủ từ)
Should + S + V, S + will/can + ( not) + V1

If + S + V-quá khứ đơn),S +would/could +(not) + V1

(were/V2/ed)

LOẠI 2
Đảo ngữ
Were + S, S +would/could +(not) + V1
(not đặt sau chủ từ)
Were + S + to V1, S +would/could +(not) + V1
CÁC LOẠI
CÂU ĐIỀU
KIỆN

If + S + had (not) + V3/ed,S + would/could + have +V3/ed

LOẠI 3
Đảo ngữ

Had + S + V3/ed,S + would/could + have +V3/ed

If + S +had (not) + V3/ed,S + would/could + V1

LOẠI HỔN HỢP

If + S + V ( quá khứ đơn ),S + would/could + have + Vp2

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 B.MỘT SỐ CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÁC
1. OTHERWISE: NẾU KHÔNG THÌ
Ex: My teacher helped me. Otherwise, I wouldn’t have passed the exam. ( L3 )

2. Without : Nếu không

Ex: Without the sun, life on Earth wouldn’t exit ( L2 ).

3 . BUT FOR = WITHOUT

Ex: But for the sun, life on Earth wouldn’t exit ( L2 ).

4. UNLESS = IF…… NOT = TRỪ KHI, NẾU KHÔNG

Ex: Don’t call me unless you need help.( L1 )

5 . Provided that/ supposing that = if (I, II)= Nếu như, cho rằng là.

6 . As long as/ So long as: miễn là, với điều kiện là

7. Or / or else= nếu không thì...

Ex: Hurry up! Or/Or else you’ll be late for school.

8. In case + clause: phòng khi Ex: Bring umbrella in case it rains

In case of + Noun: trong trường hợp Ex: In case of emergency, call 115.

Các trường hợp sau viết câu luôn viết bằng câu điều kiện loại 1
1/Câu mệnh lệnh + “or” + mệnh đề => “or” = “ not”
V1 + O …………….or + S + will + V1 => If you + don’t + V1 ,S + will + V1
Ex: Keep silent or you will go aways => If you don’t keep silent,you will go aways
2/Câu mệnh lệnh + “and” + mệnh đề => If you + V1 ,S + will not + V1
Ex: Crash my car and I will never forgive you=> If you crash my car ,I will never forgive you

WISH = IF ONLY
TYPE FORM SIGNALS
1/Future wish(điều S + wish + S + would / could + V Tomorrow, next ,in the future
ước ở tương lai) Ex: I wish I would go with you
tomorrow.
2/Present wish(điều S + wish + S + V2/ Ved/were Now, right now, at present, at the
ước không có thật ở moment, at once, today
hiện tại ) Ex: I wish I were on the beach now
3/Past wish (điều ước S + wish + S + had + V3/ed Yesterday/last/in the past
không có thật ở quá khứ Ex: He wish Lan had invited him to
her party

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 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. If you fail the GCSE examination, you ____not be allowed to take the entrance examination to the
university.
A. will B. would C. did D. are
2. If you_____5 minutes late, you won’t be able to get into the examination room.
A. will be B. were C. are D. would be
3. If you _____ the application form after deadline, you will not be able to take the entrance exam.
A. send B. will send C. would send D. sent
4. _____ he passes the final exam, he will apply for the Ho Chi Minh Technology University.
A. Unless B. If C. As long as D. Both B and C
5. If she spoke English well, she _____ that job.
A. will offer B. will be offered C. would offer D. would be
offered
6. He would get mark 10 if he _____again the paper. He made one mistake in it.
A. read B. is reading C. reads D. will read
7. If I _____ get a car sick, I would go there with you.
A. won’t B. don’t C. didn’t D. wouldn’t
8. I _____ you a letter if I had known your address.
A. would have sent B. would send C. will send D. sent
9. If you _____ the front door carefully, the thieves wouldn’t have broken into your house.
A. have locked B. locked C. would lock D. had locked
10. If I_____by her, I would have come to see her while I was in Dalat.
A. had invited B. had been invited C. were invited D. have invited
11, If you _____ told us about the bad service, we would have eaten there.
A. hadn’t B. don’t C. didn’t D. wouldn’t have
12, If I _____ you were sick. I would have called sooner.
A. knew B. had known C. know D. would have
known
13) If there _____ a row, I’m going to keep out of it.
A. will be B. is C. were D. had been
14) If I _____ you, I’d call and apologise.
A. am B. were C. would be D. was
15) Jack will win the election if he __________ harder.
A. will campaign B. would campaign C. campaigned D.
campaigns
16) If that hat costs much, I_____ a small one.
A. would have bought B. will buy C. bought D. would buy
17) If you_____ more carefully, you wouldn’t have had so many accidents.
A. drive B. drove C. had driven D. driven
18) If I_____ that mistake again, my teacher will get angry with me.

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 A. make B. makes C. made D. had made
19) If I spoke English, my job_____ a lot easier.
A. was B. were C. will be D. would be
20) If he_____ to London yesterday, _____ his old friend.
A. went/would meet B. go/would mee tC. had gone / would have met D. went / would
have met
21) I will lend them some money if they_____ me.
A. ask B. will ask C. asked D. had asked
22) If we had known who he was, we_____ him to speak at our meeting.
A. would have invited B. have invited C. will invite D. would invite
23) My dog will bark if it_____ any strange sound.
A. hear B. hears C. heard D. had heard
24) If I_____ enough money, I would buy a house.
A. had B. had had C. will have D. have
25) They_____ you in if you come late.
A. won’t let B. not let C. wouldn’t let D. hadn’t let
26) If you_____ away, I’ll send for a policeman.
A. not go B. don’t go C. hadn’t gone D. didn’t go
27) If I_____ in your place, I would accept Mr. Anderson’s invitation.
A. were B. am C. be D. was
28) If I_____ a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job.
A. win B. had won C. won D. winning
29) If I_____ you, I would tell the truth.
A. is B. am C. was D. were
30) I was busy. If I_____ free time, I_____ to the cinema with you.
A. have / would go B. had / will go C. had had / would have goneD. have had / go
31) Why didn’t you attend the meeting?- Oh, I did not know. If I_____, I_____ there.
A. know / would come B. had known / would have come
C. had known / will come D. known / had come
32) What_____ we do if they do not come tomorrow?
A. would B. will C. did D. had
33) If I had enough time now, I_____ to my parents.
A. would write B. write C. will write D. wrote
34) It’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she_____ here, she_____ what to do.
A. is / will know B. was / knows C. were / would know D. are / would have known
35) If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I_____ hungry during class.
A. will get B. got C. would get D. had got
36) If she_____ late again, she’ll lose her job.
A. come B. comes C. came D. had come
37) I’ll let you know if I_____ out what’s happening.
A. find B. finds C. found D. had found
38) If we_____ in a town, life would be better.
A. live B. lived C. would live D. had lived
39) I’m sure he wouldn’t mind if we_____ early.
A. arrive B. arriving C. arrived D. had arrived

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40) If I won the lottery, I_____ you half the money.
A. gave B. had given C. will give D. would give
41) The kitchen will look better if we_____ red curtains.
A. have B. had C. had had D. would have
42) If I knew his address, I_____ round and see him.
A. go B. will go C. would go D. went
43) If you_____ so busy, I would have shown you how to play.
A. hadn’t been B. weren’t C. aren’t D. wouldn’t be
44) It_____ quicker if you use a computer.
A. will be B. would be C. were D. been
45) If we have some eggs, I_____ you a cake.
A. made B. makes C. will make D. would make
46) If he comes, __________
A. we would go to lunch. B. we will go to lunch. C. we went to lunch.
47. I wish I ________ a trip to London last year.
A. took B. will take C. take D. had taken
48. She wishes she __________ a lot of money now.
A. will have B. had C. had had D. has
49. The weather was terrible. I wish it _____ warmer.
A. has been B. was C. were D. had been
50. I would have visited you before if there _____ quite a lot of people in your house.
A. hadn't B. hadn't been C. wouldn't be D. wasn't
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
1. Without transportation, our modern society would not exist.
A. Our modern society will not exist without having traffic.
B. Our modern society does not exist if there is no transportation.
C. If transportation no longer exists, our modern society will not either.
D. If there were no transportation, our modern society would not exist.
2. Work hard or you will fail the exam.
A. You will fail the exam if you work hard. B. If you work hard, you won’t pass the exam.
C. You won't fail the exam if you don't work hard. D. If you don’t work hard, you will fail the exam.
3. I can’t understand him because he speaks so quickly.
A. If he spoke so quickly, I’d understand him. B. If he speaks so quickly, I can understand him.
C. If he didn’t speak so quickly, I’d understand him. D. If he didn’t speak so quickly, I understood him.
4. He didn’t hurry so he missed the plane.
A. If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane. B. He didn’t miss the plane because his hurried.
C. If he had hurried, he might catch the plane. D. If he hurried, he wouldn’t miss the plane.
5. I regret going to bed so late last night.
A. I wish I hadn’t gone to bed so late last night.
B. I wish I had gone to bed so late last night.
C. I wish I went to bed so late last night.
D. I wish I didn’t go to bed so late last night.
6. We did not visit the museum because we had no time.
A. If we have time, we will visit the museum.

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B. If we had time, we would visit the museum.
C. If we had had time, we would have visited the museum.
D. If we had had time, we will visit the museum.
7. It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this.
A. I wish you told us about this. B. I wish you would tell us about this.
C. I wish you had told us about this. D. I wish you have told us about this.
8. Julia couldn’t pass the driving test because she was so nervous.
A. Julia could pass the driving test if she hadn’t been so nervous.
B. Julia could pass the driving test if she wasn’t very nervous.
C. Julia could have passed the driving test if she hadn’t been so nervous.
D. Julia will pass the driving test if she wasn’t so nervous.
9. She is too busy to come to the party.
A. If she was not so busy she must come to the party.
B. If she was not so busy she could come to the party.
C. If she was not so busy she needs to come to the party.
D. If she was not so busy she should come to the party.
10. She was careless. A fire broke out in the kitchen.
A. If she were careless, a fire broke out in the kitchen.
B. If she had been careful, a fire broke out in the kitchen.
C. If she had been careless, a fire would have broken out in the kitchen.
D. If she had been careful, a fire would not have broken out in the kitchen.
11. Men can’t fly because they don’t have wings .
A. If men have wings, they will fly . B. If men could fly , they would have wings .
C. Men couldn’t fly unless they had wings . D. Men could fly if they had wings .
12. She didn't do the test because it was too difficult.
A. If the test had been too difficult, she could have done it.
B. If the test hadn't been too difficult, she could have done it.
C. If the test were not too difficult, she could do it.
D. If the test hadn't been too difficult, she couldn't have done it.
13. Peter doesn't read a lot. He can't find the time.
A. If Peter hadn't got the time, he would read a lot. B. If Peter has the time, he will read a lot.
C. If Peter had had the time, he would have read a lot. D. If Peter had the time, he would read a lot.
14. She didn’t stop her car because she didn’t see the signal.
A. If she saw the signal, she would stop her car.
B. If she had seen the signal, she would stop her car.
C. If she had seen the signal, she would have stopped her car.
D. If she saw the signal, she would have stopped her car.
15. I did not understand what the lecturer was saying because I had not read hisbook.
A. What the lecturer wrote and said was too difficult for me tounderstand.
B. The lecturer's book which I had not read was difficult tounderstand.
C. I found it very difficult to understand what the lecturer said in hisbook.
D. I would have understood what the lecturer was saying if I had read hisbook.
16. John is fat because he eats so many chips.
A. If John doesn’t eat so many chips, he will not be fat.
B. If John didn’t eat so many chips, he would not be fat.

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C. John is fat though he eats so many chips.
D. being fat, John eats so many chips.
17. Susan regretted not buying that villa.
A. Susan wished she had bought that villa. B. Susan wished she bought that villa.
C. Susan wished she could buy that villa. D. Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa.
18. You drink too much coffee, that's why you can't sleep.
A. If you drank less coffee, you would be able to sleep. B. You drink much coffee and you can
sleep.
C. You would sleep well if you didn't drink any coffee. D. You can sleep better without
coffee.
19. If you don't have his number, you can't phone him.
A. You can phone him unless you have his number.
B. You can't phone him unless you don't have his number.
C. You can phone him unless you don't have his number.
D. You can't phone him unless you have his number.
20.She took the train last night, so he wasn’t late.
A. If she had taken the train last night, she would have been late.
B.Unless she hadn’t taken the train last night, she would be late.
C. If she took the train last night, she would be late.
D. Unless she had taken the train last night, she would have been late.
21. I didn’t have an umbrella with me, so I got wet
A. If I had had an umbrella, I wouldn’t get wet B. If I had had an umbrella, I would get wet
C. If I had had an umbrella, I wouldn’t have got wet D. If I had had an umbrella, I would have got
wet
22. His laziness prevents him from becoming a good worker.
A. If he weren’t lazy, he would become a good worker.
B. If he hadn’t been lazy, he would have become a good worker.
C. Despite his laziness, he becomes a good worker.
D. It was his laziness that prevented him from becoming a good worker.
23/ It rains so we can’t go to school.
A. If it rains, we could go to school B. If didn’t rain, we could go to school
C. If it not rain, we could go to school D. If it rains, we can go to school
24: My sister is often sick because she doesn’t do physical exercise.
A. If my sister does physical exercise, she won’t often be sick.
B. If my sister isn’t physical exercise, she does sick.
C. If my sister did physical exercise, she wouldn’t often be sick.
D. If my sister wasn’t physical exercise, she would do sick.
25: He was driving very fast because he didn’t know the road was icy.
A. If he knew the road was icy, he wouldn’t drive so fast.
B. If he had known the road was icy, he wouldn’t have driven so fast.
C. He wasn’t driving very fast if he would know the road was icy.
D. He hadn’t been driving he would have known the road was icy.

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 MODULE 17: REPORTED SPEECH
ĐTNX ( S) O ( sau V ) TTSH + N
I me my
We us our
You you your
They them their
He him his
She her her
It it its
* Câu tường thuật là câu thuật lại ý của người nói
* Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ, để đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu tường thuật => ta dùng
động từ giới thiệu là “ said” hoặc “told” và đổi BA yếu tố chính là : THÌ, NGÔI , TRẠNG NGỮ
I. THÌ ( lùi xuống 1 thì )
CÂU TRỰC TIẾP CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
1. Hiện tại đơn => Quá khứ đơn
V/ Vs/ Ves / am / is / are / don’t + V1 / doesn’t V1 V2 / Ved / was / were / didn’t + V
2. Hiện tại tiếp diễn => Quá khứ tiếp diễn
am / is / are + V-ing Was / were + V-ing
3. Hiện tại hoàn thành => Quá khứ hoàn thành
Have / has + V3/ed Had + V3/ed
4. Quá khứ đơn => Quá khứ hoàn thành
Was / were / V2 / Ved Had + V3/ed
5. Quá khứ tiếp diễn => QKHTTD
Was / were + V-ing Had + been + V-ing
4. Tương lai đơn => Tương lai trong quá khứ
will + V would + V
5. can => could
6. may => might
7. must / need => had to
 Thì QKHT , ought to, could , should, might, used to, would rather, had better… => giữ nguyên
II.NGÔI
- Đổi Ngôi thứ nhất (I,We, me , us , my , our , mine , ours ) phù hợp với CHỦ NGỮ trong mđ chính
- Đổi Ngôi thứ hai ( you , your , your ) phù hợp với TÂN NGỮ trong mệnh đề chính
- Ngôi thứ BA ( he, she , it , him, her , his, they, them, their ) => không đổi
❖ Note! ( Đổi ngôi thứ nhất số ít và số nhiều sang câu gián tiếp )
TRỰC TƯỜNG THUẬT TRỰC TƯỜNG TRỰC TƯỜNG THUẬT
TIẾP TIẾP THUẬT TIẾP
I  He ( nam)/She(nữ) We  they You  I/he/she/we
me  him / her us  them You  Me/him/her/us
my  his / her our  their Your  My/his/her/our
mine  his / hers ours  theirs
myself  himself / herself ourselves  themselves

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III. TRẠNG TỪ
TRỰC TIẾP TƯỜNG THUẬT
1. This => That
2. These => Those
3. Now => Then
4. Here => There
5. Today => That day
6. Tonight => That night
7. ago => before
8. yesterday => the previous day / the day before
9. tomorrow => the following day / the day after
10. last…. => the previous…..
11. next….. => the following
IV. CÁC MẪU CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT

CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT

CÂU PHÁT BIỂU

S + said/ said to O/ told O+ that + S
+ V ( lùi xuống 1 thì ) + adv

CÂU HỎI
S + asked + ( O) / wondered/ wanted to know +( if /
whether) or (Wh- ) + S+ V ( lùi thì )

CÂU MỆNH LỆNH

Cám ơn: S + thanked + O + for V-ing

Xin lỗi: S + apologized ( to O ) + for V-ing
Buộc tội: S + accused + O + of V-ing
Chúc mừng : S + congratulated + O + on V-ing
Yêu cầu : asked + O + to-V Cảnh báo: S + warned + O + against + V-ing
Mời : invited + O + To-V Ngăn ngừa: S + stopped / prevented + O + from
Khuyên: advised + O + To-V V-ing
Nhắc nhở: reminded + O + To-V Đề nghị: S + suggested + V-ing
Ra lệnh : ordred + O + To-V S + suggested that + S + ( should ) + V
Đồng ý: agreed + To-V Khăng khăng: S + insisted + on/upon + V-ing
Hứa:promised + To-V Phủ nhận : S + denied + V-ing
Khuyến khích:encouraged + O + To-V Thừa nhận : admitted + Ving
Cảnh báo:warned + O + To-V admitted + having + V3/ed
Muốn : wanted + O + To-V Đổ lỗi :Blamed + O + for V-ing
Từ chối:refused + to V Hối hận: regreted + Ving
Mong đợi: hoped + to V Mơ về: dreamed of + Ving
Yêu cầu :demaded + to V Phản đối : objected to + Ving
Quyết định:decided + to V Than phiền : complained about + Ving
Đe dọa:threatened + to V Nghĩ về : thought of + V3/ed
Xung phong:offered + To V Mong mỏi đến :looking forward to + Ving
Mệnh lệnh: commanded + O + To V Thú nhận : confessed to + Ving
Giới thiệu:Recommended + O + to V Chỉ trích ai đó : criticized/reproach + O + for +
Chỉ dẩn: instructed + O + To V Ving
Thuyết phục: persuded + O + To V Tha Thứ cho ai :forgive + O + for + Ving

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V.NO CHANGES IN VERBS IN REPORTED SPEECH ( KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI THÌ )

Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại hoặc tương lai ( say,
tell, have told, will say...)

Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ ,cũng không thay
đổi thì trong các trường hợp sau

CÁC TRƯỜNG
HỢP KHÔNG Khi tường
Khi động từ thuật
THAY ĐỔI THÌ Diễn tả 1 Khi động từ
trong câu mệnh đề
KHI CHUYỂN chân lý, sự trong câu trực
trực tiếp có ước muốn
TỪ TRỰC thật hiển tiếp có used
các thì :quá với “ wish”
TIẾP SANG nhiên,câu to,should,would,
khứ tiếp diễn và “ if only
GIÁN TIẾP điều kiện could,might,
kết hợp với “
loại 2 và 3 ought to,had
quá khứ
better,would
đơn,quá khứ
rather
đơn với quá
khứ hoàn
thành ,quá
khứ đơn đi
kèm thời gian
cụ thể

➢ Lưu ý: không dùng dấu ngoặc kép, dấu chấm hỏi, dấu chấm than, dấu hai chấm trong lời nói
tường thuật

PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. He asked them --------------.
A. help him B. should help him C. to help him D. help to him
2. She said that she -------------- there the year before.
A. went B. had gone C. would go D. goes
3. Peter asked Jane why -------------- the film on T.V the previous night.
A. didn’t she watch B. hadn’t she watched
C. she doesn’t watch D. she hadn’t watched
4. They said they -------------- us if we needed.
A. help B. helped C. would help D. had helped
5. He advised them -------------- in class.
A. to not talk B. not to talk C. to talk not D. don’t talk

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6. She said to us “Don’t be late again”.
A. She said us not to be late again. B. She told us to be not late again.
C. She told to us not to be late again. D. She told us not to be late again.
7. John said “You had better not lend them any money, Daisy”.
A. John said Daisy not to lend them any money.
B. John advised Daisy should not lend any money.
C. John said to Daisy not lend them any money.
D. John advised Daisy not to lend them any money.
8. “I’m sorry I have to leave so early’, he said.
A. He apologized for having to leave early. B. He apologized to have to leave early.
C. He apologized that he has to leave early D. He apologized to have left early.
9. “Can I borrow your pen please, Sam?”, said Gillian.
A. Gillian asked Sam if she can borrow his pen.
B. Gillian asked Sam if she could borrow his pen.
C. Gillian asked Sam she can borrow his pen.
D. Gillian asked Sam she could borrow his pen.
10. “Where did you go last night, Nam?”, said Hoa
A. Hoa said to Nam where had he gone the night before.
B. Hoa said to Nam where he had gone the night before.
C. Hoa told Nam where he had gone last night.
D. Hoa asked Nam where he had gone the night before.
11. “What were you doing last night, Mr. John?” The police asked.
A. The police asked what were you doing last night, Mr. John.
B. The police asked Mr. John what he had been doing the night before.
C. The police asked Mr. John what had he been done the night before.
D. The police asked Mr. John what he had done the night before.
12. He said he would do it --------------.
A. yesterday B. the following day C. the previous day D. the day before
13. He proved that the earth -------------- round the Sun.
A. had gone B. was going C. goes D. would go
14. I told you -------------- the computer, didn’t it?
A. to switch off B. don’t switch off C. not switch off D. switch off
15. Mr. Hawk told me that he would give me his answer the_________ day
A. previous B. following C. before D. last
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
16. “Are you fond of watching television?”, Miss Ngân said to Mr. Bình.
A. Miss Ngân told Mr. Bình if he is fond of watching television.
B. Miss Ngân asked Mr. Bình if he was fond of watching television.
C. Miss Ngân invited Mr. Bình to be fond of watching television.
D. Miss Ngân suggested Mr. Bình to watching television
17. “Will Mary be here for five days?, Tom asked Thư.
A. Tom asked Thư will Mary be here for five days. B. Tom asked Thư how long would
Mary be there.
C. Tom asked Thư whether Mary would be there for five days or not. D. Tom asked Thư how long
Mary would be there.
18. “Where are you going Nam?”, Lan asked.
A. Lan asked Nam where he was going. B. Lan asked Nam where he is going.

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 C. Lan asked Nam where to go. D. Lan asked Nam where you were going.
19. “Where does your father work?”, the teacher asked me.
A. The teacher asked me where your father worked. B. The teacher asked me where my
father worked.
C. The teacher asked me where did my father work. D. The teacher asked me where did my
father work.
20. “How far is it from Hồ Chí Minh City to Vũng Tàu?”, a tourist asked.
A. A tourist asked how far is it from Hồ Chí Minh City to Vũng Tàu.
B. A tourist asked how far it is from Hồ Chí Minh City to Vũng Tàu.
C. A tourist asked how far was it from Hồ Chí Minh City to Vũng Tàu.
D. A tourist asked how far it was from Hồ Chí Minh City to Vũng Tàu.
21. “How many people are there in your family?”, he asked Lan.
A. He asked Lan how many people are there in my family. B. He asked Lan how many people there
are in my family.
C. He asked Lan how many people there were in her family. D. He asked Lan how many people were
there in her family.
22. “How long will you stay in England?”, Tâm’s friends asked him.
A. Tâm’s friends asked him how long will he stay in England.
B. Tâm’s friends asked him how long he will stay in England.
C. Tâm’s friends asked him how long he would stay in England.
D. Tâm’s friends asked him how long would he stay in England.
23. “We are very tired. ”, they said.
A. They said we were very tired. B. They said they were very tired.
C. They said we are very tired. D. They said they are very tired.
24. They wanted to know ..................... in the area.
A . how long would he stay B . If he would stay how long
C . how long he will stay D . how long he would stay
25. “His sister said, “I don’t buy this book. ”
A. His sister said I don’t buy this book. B. His sister said she didn’t buy this book.
C. His sister said I didn’t buy that book. D. His sister said she didn’t buy that book.
26. They said, “We have to try our best to win the match. ”
A. They said we have to try our best to win the match. B. They said we have to try their best
to win the match.
C. They said they had to try their best to win the match. D. They said they had to try our best
to win the match.
27. She said to Nam: “Come into my office, please. ”
A. She told Nam to come into her office. B. She told Nam to come into my office.
C. She said Nam come into her office, please. D. She said Nam come into my office, please.
28. The traffic policeman said, “Show me your driving license, please. ”
A. The traffic policeman asked to show me your driving license, please.
B. The traffic policeman suggested to show him your driving license.
C. The traffic policeman suggested showing him my driving license.
D. The traffic policeman asked to show me his driving license.
29. Mrs. Jackson said to Alice, “Could you give me a hand, please”
A. Mrs. Jackson said Alice if she could give her a hand. B. Mrs. Jackson told Alice to give her a
hand.

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 C. Mrs. Jackson asked to Alice to give her a hand. D. Mrs. Jackson cursed Alice if she could
give her a hand.
30. Nam said to the taxi driver, “Please turn left at the first traffic light. ”
A. Nam asked the taxi driver please turn left at the first traffic light.
B. Nam said the taxi driver to turn left at the first traffic light.
C. Nam asked the taxi driver turning left at the first traffic light.
D. Nam told the taxi driver to turn left at the first traffic light.
31. The police said, “Don’t touch anything in the room. ”
A. The police commanded us not to touch anything in the room. B. The police advised to not touch
anything in the room.
C. The police said not touch anything in the room. D. The police asked not touching
anything in the room.
32. “Would you like to have dinner with me?”, Miss Hoa said to me
A. Miss Hoa asked me if would I like to have dinner with her?
B. Miss Hoa suggested me if I would like to have dinner with her or not.
C. Miss Hoa told me to like to have dinner with her or not. D. Miss Hoa invited me to have
dinner with her.
33. “You should stay in bed”, I said to him.
A. I said him he should stay in bed. B. I advised him to stay in bed.
C. I prayed him to stay in bed. D. I ordered him you should stay in bed.
34. My mother told me “You should visit your grandmother tomorrow”
A. My mother told me I should visit your grandmother tomorrow.
B. My mother invited me to visit my grandmother tomorrow.
C. My mother advised me to visit my grandmother the day after.
D. My mother urged me visiting my grandmother the next day.
35. “I will expect to see you next Wednesday”, said Mary to her boy friend.
A. Mary sai to her boy friend she would expect to see you the following Wednesday.
B. Mary promised her boy friend that she would expect to see you the following Wednesday.
C. Mary expected to see her boy friend the following Wednesday.
D. Mary told boy her friend that she would expect to see him the next Wednesday.

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 MODULE 18 : RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. CÁCH SỬ DỤNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ
1. 4 trường hợp sử dụng MĐQH có dấu phẩy
Danh từ riêng ( Viết hoa ) : Mary, Peter
this, that, these, those + N(s) : This book ...
Tính từ sỡ hữu + N : my, his, her, our, their, its, your + N
Sỡ hữu cách ( N’s N ) : Hoa’s book
2. Cách sử dụng đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề không dấu “,”
N chỉ người + who / that +V
N chỉ người + whom / who / that +S+V
N chì người và vật + that +S+V
N chỉ vật + which / that +V/SV
N chỉ người / vật + whose +N+SV
Thời gian + when = in, on , at + which + S V
Nơi chốn + where= in,on,at + which + S V
Lý do + why = for which +SV
 THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MÐQH không dấu phẩy
3. Các trường hợp dùng “ That”
❖ hình thức so sánh nhất ( the most , the adj-est )
❖ đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
❖ danh từ chỉ người và vật
❖ sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, something,
somebody, all, some, any, little, none.
B. BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM VỀ “ WHO / WHOM / WHICH/ WHOSE....)
- N chỉ người thường tận cùng bằng gốc “ or, er, ist, ian
- N chỉ vật thường tận cùng bằng gốc “ ion, ment, ..
- Phía sau là N thường dùng “ Whose” -> 1 số N thường gặp như: car, son, daughter, outlook,
book, houses, mother, father, brother, parents
- Nơi chốn dùng “ where” , thời gian dùng “ when”, lý do = “ why”
- So sánh nhất ( the most ..., the + adj-est) dùng “ That”
C. NỐI 2 CÂU DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ (Đầu câu là Người dùng Who giữa và cuối
dùng Whom)
Ex: Mary, is a good teacher. I saw her last B1: Xác định 2 từ giống ở câu 1 và câu 2
week Câu 1 : Xác định từ giống
Xem có dùng dấu “,” không
Câu 2: Thay từ giống bằng “who / whom = người”/
“which = vật” , “ where= nơi chốn” , “ when= t.gian”
“whose = sở hữu”
Mary is a good teacher. Whom I saw last week B2: Đem “ Who/ which..” ra đầu câu 2

Mary, whom I saw last week, is a good teacher B3. Đem ca câu 2 đặt sau từ giống ở câu 1 và ghi
phần còn lại câu 1 ( nếu có )

RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOLLWED BY A PREPOSITION

Trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có Ex1: She is the woman about whom I told you

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2 vị trí đứng: She is the woman who/whom/ that I told you
- Giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ hoặc giới từ about.
đứng sau động từ.
- Lưu ý: Giới từ không đứng trước đại từ quan Ex2:Did you find the world which you were looking
hệ “ who và that” up ?
- Khi giới từ là thành phần của cụm động từ thì (NOT : _____the world up which you were looking ? )
không thể đem giới từ ra trước “whom, which, Ex3: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane
whose” ( NOT : The woman whom can’t live without is Jane )
- Giới từ “ WITHOUT”không được đặt sau động từ
mà phải đặt trước đại từ quan hệ.
REDUCTION RELATIVE CLAUSES
Khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động E.g: That man,who is standing over
+ am/is/are/was/were + V-ing there,is my best friend.
+V1/Vs/es => That man,standing over there,is my
+V2/ed best friend
+has/have + V3/ed
=> Bỏ ĐTQH,Bỏ trợ động từ nếu có,Động từ chính => V-ing
Khi động từ trong ,mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động E.g: The boy who was injured in the
+am/is/are/was/were + V3/ed accident was taken to the hospital
+have/has + been + V3/ed =>The boy injured in the accident was
=> Bỏ ĐTQH, Bỏ trợ động từ nếu có,Động từ chính => V-3/ED taken to the hospital
Khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ đứng sau E.g: He was the last man who left the
“first/last/second/only/next/one/dạng so sánh nhất hoặc burning building.
để chỉ much đích,sự cho phép => Bỏ ĐTQH, Bỏ trợ động từ => He was the last man to leave the
nếu có burning building.
Động từ chính => To-V( chủ động) E.g This is the second person who was
Động từ chính => to be V3/ed ( bị động) killed in that way
=> This is the second person to be killed
in that way

Rút gọn mệnh đề bằng cụm danh từ có dạng: S + Be + N E.g: Football,which is a popular sport,ivery
/cụm N/cụm giới từ good for health.
=> Bỏ ĐTQH, Bỏ be => Football, a popular sport,ivery good for
health.
Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa tobe và tính từ/cụm tính từ E.g:My grandmother,who is old and
=> Bỏ ĐTQH, Bỏ be giữ nguyên tính từ phía sau sick,never goes out of the house.
=> My grandmother, old and sick,never goes
out of the house.

PRACTISES
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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. The young man was released after the court was found innocent of all the charges
against him.
A. who B. who he C. which D. whose
2. Is that the same film we watched last year?
A. when B. which C. why D. who
3. The girl I borrowed the dictionary asked me to use it carefully.
A. whose B. from whom C. from whose D. whom
4. The first television picture John Logie Baird transmitted on 25 November, 1905 was a
boy worked in the office next to Baird's workroom in London.
A. which; whom B. who; which C. that; whose D. that; who
5. Joyce Bews, was born and grew up in Portsmouth on the south coast of England, she still
A. that; in which B. who; where C. that; where D. who; that
6. The pollution they were talking is getting worse.
A. that B. about which C. which D. whom
7. Robert Riva, an Italian player used to play for Cremonese, now coaches the Reigate
under 11’s football team.
A. when B. which C. where D. who
8. When I was at school, there was a girl in my class skin was so sensitive that she
couldn't expose her skin to the sun even with cream on.
A. where B. whose C. whom D. that
9. Unfortunately, the friend with I intended to go on holiday to Side is ill, so I'll have to
cancel my trip.
A. who B. whom C. where D. that
10. The new stadium, will be completed next year, will seat 30,000 spectators.
A. what B. where C. when D. which
11. Blenheim Palace, Churchill was born, is now open to the public.
A. when B. where C. which D. whose
12. The man I introduced you to last night may be the next president of the university.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. why
13. Cathy is trustworthy. She's a person upon you can always depend.
A. who B. whom C. that D. ∅
14. Your career should focus on a field in you are genuinely interested.
A. which B. what C. that D. ∅
15. People outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. which
16. The girl dress you admire has been working for an export company since she left school.
A. who B. what C. whose D. whom
17. One of the people arrested was Mary Arundel, is a member of the local council.
A. that B. who C. whom D. ∅
18. The Titanic, Gsank in 1922, was supposed to be unsinkable.
A. whose B. that C. which D. who
19. The Newspaper is owned by the Mearson Group, _________chairman is Sir James Bex.
A. which B. that C. who D. whose
20. Genghis Khan, name means "very mighty ruler", was a Mongol emperor in the
Middle Ages.

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 A. whom B. whose C. who D. how
21. She has two brothers, are engineer.
A. whom both B. both who C. both of whom D. both whom
22. Extinction means a situation a plant, an animal or a way of life stops existing.
A. to which B. for which C. on which D. in which
23. The party, I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable.
A. at that B. at which C. to that D. to which
24. Ann has a lot of books, she has never read.
A. most of that B. most of these C. most of which D. which most of them
25. We have just visited disadvantaged children in an orphanage in Bac Ninh Province.
A. located B. locating C. which locates D. to locate
26. An endangered species is a species population is so small that it is in danger of
becoming extinct.
A. whose B. which C. what D. who
27. Pumpkin seeds, protein and iron, are a popular snack.
A. that B. provide C. which D. which provide
28. He lives in a small town
A. Where is called Taunton B. which is called Taunton
C. is called Taunton D. that called Taunton
29. The scientists on this project try to find the solutions to air pollution.
A. working B. worked C. are working D. who working
30. The girl ______ is our neighbor.
A. talks to the lady over there C. was talking to the lady over there
B. is talking to the lady over there D. talking to the lady over there
31. She didn’t tell me the reason _______ she came late.
A. when B. for which C. for why D. both B and C
32. This is the best play ________ I have ever seen.
A. which B. what C. whom D. that
33. Taj Mahal, _____ by Shah Janhan for his wife, is thought to be one of the great architectural
wonders of the world.
A. building B. to build C. built D. to be built
34. Mr.Jones, ______I was working, was generous about overtime payments.
A. he B. for whom C. for him D. whom
35. Is this the address to ____________ you want the package sent ?
A. where B. which C. that D. whom
36. He was the last man _________ the ship.
A. who leave B. to leave C. leaving D. left
37. The nurse_________from Japan can speaking English well.
A. which comes B. who come C. coming D. came
38. More than a mile of roadway has been blocked with trees, stones and other debris, ____the
explosion.
A. causing B. caused by C. which caused by D. which caused
39. I have a message for people __________ by the traffic chaos.
A. to delay B. who delay C. delayed D. who delaying
40. Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex is the 8th World Heritage in Viet Nam ____ by UNESCO.
A. to be recognised B. to recognise C. recognising D. recognised
41. Tom was the last ______the classroom yesterday.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
42. The palace _____ many centuries ago remains practically intact.

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 A. building B. to build C. built D. people build
43. Many of the pictures ________ from outer space are presently on display in the public library
A. sending B. sent C. which sent D. which is sending
44. The house ______ in the storm has now been rebuilt .
A. destroyed B. destroying C. which destroyed D. that is destroyed
45. The man ______ at the blackboard is our teacher .
A. stood B. stands C. standing D. to stand
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions. ( Reduction Relative Clauses )
Question 1. Half the people _____said they would pay more for environmentally friendly food.

A. polled B. polling C. who polled D. to poll

Question 2. the door, I saw a luxurious car.

A. Opened B. I opened C. Opening D. Upon opened

Question 3. I come from a city _ located in the southern part of the country.

A. locate B. which located C. locating D. located

Question 4. When in a proper way, the Internet is a great way to obtain
useful information.

A. use B. using C. used D. to use

Question 5. She’s much into a novel by Han Mac Tu.

A. write B. written C. writing D. which written

Question 6. He is the only student in the class _ the tricky question.

A. answer B. answered C. who answer D. to answer

Question 7. The two men _ by the police were released today.

A. arrested B. arresting C. arrest D. to arrest

Question 8. The house _ in red is where John lives.

A. paint B. painted C. to paint D. painting

Question 9. Although about work, he refused the idea of giving up.

A. stress B. stressing C. stressed D. which was stressed

Question 10. The house in the storm has now been rebuilt.

A. destroyed B. destroying C. which destroyed D. that is destroyed

Question 11. Once into different languages, the novel will gain special attention
from potential readers.

A. translate B. translated C. being translate D. to translate

Question 12. After breakfast with her children, she started to prepare for lunch.

A. being had B. having had C. have D. had

Question 13. I have a message for people by the traffic chaos.

A. to delay B. who delay C. delayed D. delaying
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Question 14. Melanie was the only person a letter of thanks.
A. wrote B. written C. to write D. writing
Question 15. If _ to the zoo, our children will be very happy.

A. take B. to take C. taking D. taken

Question 16. The drug from the bark of the cinchona tree, is native to South America.

A. derived B. to derive C. deriving D. which derived

Question 17. Front-line workers ______________ their life to treating the Covid-19 patients need to be
given much more attention from the public.

A. devote B. devoting C. devoted D. who is devoted

Question 18. If _ during the pandemic, schools need to be fully prepared for
online courses.

A. close B. closed C. closing D. is closed

Question 19. The online conference to the reinvestment of profit was disrupted
by the system crash.

A. relating B. related C. to relate D. which relate

Question 20. The contraction in China is the starkest economic sign of the damage by the pandemic.

A. caused B. causing C. to cause D. which caused

Question 21. Those in taking this online course should contact me at 555-4573.

A. interesting B. who is interested C. who interested D. interested

Question 34. The virus from Wuhan (China) killed millions of people in the world just
in five months.

A. emerged B. emerge C. which emerging D. emerging

Question 35. Toxic chemicals _ into the seas pose a risk to the public health.

A. release B. released C. to release D. which released

MODULE 19: PHRASE & CLAUSE

I. CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ( ALTHOUGH/ IN SPITE OF )

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1. Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ (Phrases of 1. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ
concession) (Adverbial clauses of Concession)
In spite of / Despite + Danh từ Although / Even though / Though + S + V
Ngữ danh từ Despite the fact that
V-ing In spite of the fact that
Ex: - Despite his laziness, he passed the exam. Ex: - Although he was lazy, he passed the exam.
II. CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ LÝ DO ( BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF….) : BỞI VÌ
1. Cụm từ chỉ lý do (Phrases of reason) 2. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do (Adverbial
Because of + Danh từ clauses of reason)
Due to Ngữ danh từ Because / As / Since + S + V , S + V
Owing to V-ing due to the fact that
owng to the fact that
III. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH)
1. Cụm từ chỉ mục đích (Phrases of purpese) 2. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích (Adverbial
(not) clauses of purpose)
in order (not) + to + V1 (để mà/ để mà ko)
so as (not) so that will /would
S + V in order that + S + can / could + V1
may / might
Lưu ý :Nếu chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề chỉ mục đích khác nhau ta không được dùng cụm
từ chỉ mục đích (phrase of purpose).
IV. CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ
1. Cụm từ chỉ kết quả (phrases of result)
a) too….to: quá …không thể b) enough : đủ….để
S + V + too + adj / adv + To-V S + be + adj + enough + ( for O ) + to V1

S + V + too + adj / adv + for O + To-V S + V + enough + N + ( for O ) + to V1

2. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả (Adverbial
clauses off result)
a) so….that b) such…that
S + V + so + adj / adv + that + S + V S + V + such + a / an + adj + Nít + that + S + V

S + V + so + adj + a + Nít + that + S+ V S + V + such + adj + N nhiều + that + S + V

S + V + so + many /few + Nnhiều + that + S+ V S + V + such + adj + N kđđ + that + S + V

S + V + so + much / little + N kđđ + that +S + V

No matter + who/ what/ when/ where/ why/ how (adj, adv) + S + V Whatever (+ N) + S + V

Adj / adv + as / though + S + V

However + Adj / Adv + S + V
Despite = in spite of + NP
Although / though / eventhough + Clause

CLAUSES OF MANNER WITH (MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ THỂ CÁCH)

➢ AS (như là), AS IF & AS THOUGH(như thể là)
1. Điều không có thật ở hiện tại Ex1: She dresses as if she was/were an actress.
S + V + as if/ as though + S + V2/Ved Ex2: He talks as though he knew where she was.
Lưu ý: “were” có thể dùng cho tất cả các chủ từ ở

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 MĐ giả định.
2. Điều không có thật ở quá khứ Ex: He talked about New York as though he had
S + Vqk + as if/ as though + S + had + V3/ved been there before.
➢ Would rather
1. Giả thiết ở HT hoặc TL: Ex1: Mary’s husband doesn’t work in the same
office as she does.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + V2/ed => Mary would rather that her husband worked in
the same office as she does.
2. Giả thiết ở Quá Khứ:
Ex2: Her husband didn’t go to the office yesterday.
=> She would rather that her husband had gone to
S1 + would rather that + S2 + had + V3/V-ed the office yesterday.

PRACTISES
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. He didn’t pass the exam _________ he made many mistakes in his writing.
A. in spite of B. because of C. because D. although
2. Our visit to Japan was delayed _______my wife’s illness.
A. because B. because of C. in spite of D. although
3. ______ he had enough money, he bought a new car.
A. In spite of B. Although C. Because of D. Because
4. __________ she was very hard working, she hardly earned enough to support her family.
A. In spite of B. Because C. Because of D. Although
5. ___________ her absence from the school yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson.
A. Despite B. Because C. Because of D. As
6. ___________ his lack of time, he watches football every night.
A. Although B. Because of C. In spite of D. Because
7. __________ I told the absolaute truth, no one would believe me.
A. Even though B. In spite of C. Since D. As
8. My mother is always complaining __________ the untidiness of my room.
A. because B. because of C. since D. as
9. I didn’t get the job ____________ I had all the necessary qualifications
A. because B. because of C. although D. despite
10. Mrs. Harrions is ___________ he owns many places.
A. so a rich man that B. such an rich man that C. such a rich man that D. that so rich a man
11. He had to explain the lesson very clearly________________.
A. in order that his student to understand it B. so that his students could understand it
C. so as his students to understand it D. so that his students to understand it
12. We have to start early______________we won’t be late
A. so that B. so as to C. because D. although
13. The schoolboys are in hurry________they will not be late for school
A. so as to B. to C. in order that D. for
14. We set off early___________we wouldn’t get stuck in the traffic
A. although B. so that C. because D. in case
15. Many people don’t want to live in big cities ________ big cities are often heavily polluted
A. but B. because C. and D. though
16. Polar bears are in danger of going extinct ______ climate change.
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 A. because of B. although C. because D. despite
17. __________ his poor English, he managed to communicate his problem very clearly.
A. Because B. Even though C. Because of D. In spite of
18. The second-hand car Patrick bought was almost new ________ it was made in the 1995s.
A. or B. because C. although D. however
19. ________ my father is old, he still goes jogging.
A. although B. Since C. Despite D. In spite of
20. _________ the rain, we postpone our picnic.
A. because B. because of C. although D. In spite of
21. ________ it was raining heavily, he went out without a raincoat.
A. in spite B. in spite of C. However D. although
22. ________ the wet weather, the football match went ahead.
A. In spite of B. Although C. Though D. However
23. We can not see the road ________ the fog.
A. because B. although C. because of D. in spite of
24. These boys were punished ______ they went to school late.
A. because B. because of C. even though D. in spite of
25. I can’t ride my bicycle ______ there isn’t any air in one of the tires.
A. despite B. because C. although D. but

A. LÍ THUYẾT MODULE 20:INVERSION

Đảo ngữ là hình thức đảo ngược vị trí thông thường của chủ từ và động từ trong một câu, được dùng
để nhấn mạnh một thành phần hay ý nào đó trong câu

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Các dạng đảo ngữ:
0 Dạng Công thức Ví dụ
đảo ngữ
No/Not + N + Trợ động từ + S + Động từ Not a tear did she shed when the story
ended in a tragedy.
At no time = Never = Under/In no At no time did he suspect that his
circumstances girlfriend was an enemy spy.
(không bao giờ)
By no means By no means is she poor. She only
(hoàn toàn không) pretends to be.
For no reason For no reason will we surrender.
(không vì lí do gì)
In no way In no way could I believe in a
Các cụm (không sao có thể) ridiculous story.
1 từ có NO On no condition = On no account + On no account should you be late for
Trợ động từ + S + Động từ the exam.
(dù bất cứ lí do gì cũng không)
No longer (không còn nữa) No longer does he make mistakes.
No where + Trợ động từ + S + Động từ No where can the keys be found.
(không nơi nào, không ở đâu)
Đảo ngữ Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly, Little did he know the truth.
với các Scarcely, Barely,... Never in my life have I been in such an
2 trạng từ embarrassing situation.
phủ định
Only after + S + V + Trợ động từ + S + V Only after I had left home did I realize
(chỉ sau khi) how important my family played a role
in my life.
Only after + N + Trợ động từ + S + V Only after his father's retirement did
Đảo ngữ (chỉ sau khi) he take over the company.
3 với ONLY Only by + V-ing + Trợ động từ + S + V Only by studying hard can you pass the
(chỉ bằng cách) exam.
Only if + S + V + Trợ động từ + S + V Only if you promise to keep secret will I
(chỉ nếu) tell you about it.
Only when + S + V + Trợ động từ + S + V Only when you grow up can you
(chỉ khi) understand this matter.
Only with + N + trợ động từ + S + V (chỉ Only with your help can we manage.
với)
Only once/ Only later/ Only in this Only once have I met her.
way/ Only then + Trợ động từ + Chủ ngữ Only later did I realize I was wrong.
+ Động từ
Hardly/barely/scarcely + had + S + Hardly had I gone to bed when the
Vp2 + when + S + V (quá khứ đơn) telephone rang.
4 Hardly = No sooner + had + S + Vp2+ than + S + V = No sooner had I gone to bed than
No sooner (quá khứ đơn) the telephone rang.
(Ngay khi/vừa mới... thì)
Not only Not only + Trợ động từ + Chủ ngữ + Not only does she sing beautifully but
5 … but Động từ + but also + Chủ ngữ + Động từ also she learns well.
also (không những... mà còn)

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 So + Tính từ + V + chủ ngữ + that + clause So beautiful is she that many boys run
Such + be + N + that + clause/ N + be + after her.
So/Such ... such + that + clause Her anger was such that she broke the
6 that (quá... đến nỗi mà) vase.
= Such was her anger that she broke
the vase.
Not until/till + Time/Time clause + Trợ Not until/till midnight did he come
Not until/ động từ + Chủ ngữ + Động từ home.
7 Not till (mãi đến khi) Not until/till I was 8 did I know how
to ride a bike.
8 Neither Neither + Trợ động từ + Chủ ngữ + Động Neither is there excitement nor
từ entertainment in this small town.
Câu điều kiện loại 1: Should he come, please tell him to see
Should + S+V, V + O /S + will, can... + V me.
Câu điêu kiện loại 2: Were I you, I would apply for that job.
Đảo ngữ Were + S + (to V) + ..., S + would/could + V Were I to have enough money, I would
9 với câu buy that car.
điều kiện Câu điều kiện loại 3: Had the car in the front not stopped so
Had + S + Vp2, S + would/could + have + suddenly, the accidents wouldn't have
Vp2 happened.
Although/even though/though + S + V, Although the exercise is difficult, the
S +V boys can solve it.
10 Although = Much as + S + V, S + V = Much as the exercise is difficult, the
= No matter what + S + V, S + V hoặc No boys can solve it.
matter how + adj/adv + S + V, S + V = No matter how difficult the exercise
= However + adj/adv + S + V = Adj/adv + is, the boys can solve it.
as/though + S + V, S + V = However difficult the exercise is, the
boys can solve it.
= Difficult as the exercise is, the boys can
solve it.
11 NOR Nor + Trợ động từ + Chủ ngữ + Động từ He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink.
Đảo ngữ So/Neither + Trợ động từ + Chủ ngữ I can't sing well, neither can my sister.
12 có SO/ He loves football, so do I.
NEITHER
Đảo ngữ Adv of place + V + S Near my house is a bus stop.
với các
trạng từ
13 chỉ
phương
hướng/
nơi chốn
Đảo ngữ Cụm phân từ (V-ing/Vp2) + V + S Situated in the central mountains of
14 với cụm Alaska is a peak named Denali.
phân từ Coming first in the race was my sister.

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 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. Not only ________ to determine the depth of the ocean floor, but it is also used to locate oil.
A. seismology is used B. using seismology C. is seismology used D. to use seismology
2. ________ advised on what and how to prepare for the interview, he might have got the job.
A. Had he been B. If he had C. Unless he had been D. Were he to be
3. Not until 1856 ________ across the Mississippi River.
A. the first bridge was built B. was the first bridge built
C. the first bridge built D. did the first bridge build
4. Only when you grow up, ________ the truth.
A. you will know B. you know C. do you know D. will you know
5. ________ Mozart was an accomplished compose while still a child.
A. Remarkable as it seems B. As it seems remarkable
C. No matter remarkable it seems D. Remarkable however it seem
6. Out ________ for a walk after she finished doing her homework.
A. did Mary go B. Mary went C. Mary did go D. went Mary
7. ________ she could not say anything.
A. So upset was she that B. So upset was she
C. However upset was she that D. Therefore upset was she that
8. _______ with my previous job, I would have won a higher promotion and I _______in this unfortunate
position now.
A. Unless I had stayed / am not B. If I stayed / would not be
C. If had I stayed / will not be D. Had I stayed / would not be
9. Not only ________ to speak to him, but she also vowed never to see him again.
A. she refused B. did she refuse C. she did refuse D. when she refused
10. ________ an emergency arise, call 911.
A. Should B. If C. Will D. Were
11. Nowhere in the northern section of the United States ________ for growing citrus crops.
A. is there suitability of the climate B. where the climate is suitable
C. the climate is suitable D. is the climate suitable
12. Only after she had finished the course did she realize she ________ a wrong choice.
A. had made B. has made C. had been making D. was making
13. Never ________ him stand on the deserted station platform.
A. will I forget to see B. I will forget to see
C. will I forget seeing D. I will forget seeing
14. The instructor blew his whistle and ________
A. off the runners were running B. off ran the runners
C. off were running the runners D. the runners runs off
15. Seldom ________ far enough north to disturb South Pacific shipping lanes.
A. Antarctic icebergs will move B. will Antarctic icebergs move
C. will move Antarctic icebergs D. move Antarctic icebergs will

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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
1. Olga handed in her exam paper. She then realised that she had missed one question.
A. Having realised that she had missed one question, Olga handed in her exam paper.
B. Not until Olga had handed in her exam paper did she realise that she had missed one question.
C. Had Olga realised that she had missed one question, she wouldn’t hand in her exam paper.
D. Only after Olga realised that she had missed one question did she hand in her exam paper.
2. He badly suffered cyberbullying himself He realized the true dangers of social media only then.
A. Not until he had badly suffered cyberbullying himself did he realize the true dangers of social
media
B. Such was his suffering of cyberbullying that he didn’t realize the true dangers of social media.
C. Only when he had realized the true dangers of social media did he badly suffer cyberbullying
himself.
D. But for his terrible suffering of cyberbullying, he wouldn’t realize the true dangers of social
media.
3. The coach changed his tactics in the second half. His football team won the match.
A. But for the coach’s change of tactics in the second half, his football team could have won the
match.
B. Not until his football team had won the match did the coach change his tactics in the second
half.
C. Only if the coach had changed the tactics in the second half could his football team have won
the match.
D. Had it not been for the coach’s change of tactics in the second half, the football team wouldn’t
have won the match.
4. The green campaign was strongly supported by the local people. The neighborhood looks fresh and
clean now.
A. Had the local people not strongly supported the green campaign, the neighborhood wouldn’t
look fresh and clean now.
B. sacredly had the green campaign been strongly supported by the local people when the
neighborhood looked fresh and clean.
C. Only if the local people had strongly supported the green campaign would the neighborhood
look fresh and clean now.
D. But for the strong support of the local people for the green campaign, the neighborhood would
look fresh and clean now.
5. Smartphones are becoming reasonably priced. New applications make them more appealing.
A. Whatever new applications smartphones have, they are becoming more appealing with
reasonable prices.
B. No matter how reasonable the prices OS smartphones are, they are not so appealing with new
applications.
C. Appealing though smartphones are with new applications, they are becoming less affordably
priced.
D. Not only are smartphones becoming more affordable but, with new applications, they are also
more appealing.

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6. She tried very hard to pass the driving test. She could hardly pass it.
A. Although she didn’t try hard to pass the driving test, she could pass it.
B. Despite being able to pass the driving test, she didn’t pass it.
C. No matter how hard she tried, she could hardly pass the driving test.
D. She tried very hard, so she passed the driving test satisfactorily.
7. Mary left home to start an independent life. She realised how much her family meant to her.
A. Only when Mary realised how much her family meant to her did she leave home to start an
independent life.
B. To realise how much her family meant to her, Mary decided to leave home to start an
independent life.
C. Not until Mary had left home to start an independent life did she realise how much her family
meant to her.
D. Mary left home to start an independent life with a view to realising how much her family meant
to her.
8. Laura practised playing the instrument a lot. She could hardly improve her performance.
A. Hardly had Laura practised playing the instrument a lot when she could improve her
performance.
B. Had Laura practised playing the instrument a lot, she could have performed much better.
C. However much Laura practised playing die instrument, she could hardly perform any better.
D. As soon as Laura practised playing the instrument a lot, she could perform much better.
9. His friends supported and encouraged him. He did really well in the competition.
A. If his friends had given him support and encouragement, he could have done really well in the
competition.
B. No matter how much his friends supported and encouraged him, he couldn’t do well in the
competition.
C. Such were his friends’ support and encouragement that he couldn’t do really well in the
competition.
D. Had it not been for his friends’ support and encouragement, he couldn’t have done so well in
the competition.
10. She gave a great performance at the festival. We now know she has artistic talent.
A. Amazing as her artistic talent is, we don’t know about her great performance at the festival.
B. Hardly had we known about her artistic talent when she gave a great performance at the
festival.
C. Although she gave a great performance at the festival, now we still don’t know she has artistic
talent.
D. But for her great performance at the festival, we wouldn’t know about her artistic talent now.
11. Peter told US about his leaving the school. He did it on his arrival at the meeting.
A. Only after his leaving the school did Peter inform US of his arrival at the meeting.
B. Not until Peter told US that he would leave the school did he arrive at the meeting.
C. Hardly had Peter informed US about his leaving the school when he arrived at the meeting.
D. No sooner had Peter arrived at the meeting than he told US about his leaving the school.
12. Mike became a father. He felt a strong sense of responsibility towards his parents.

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 A. Were Mike to become a father himself, he would feel a strong sense of responsibility towards
his parents.
B. Only after Mike had become a father himself did he feel a strong sense of responsibility
towards his parents.
C. Had Mike become a father himself, he would have felt a strong sense of responsibility towards
his parents.
D. Not until he felt a strong sense of responsibility towards his parents did Mike become a father
himself.
13. He had hardly left the office when the phone rang.
A. No sooner had he left the office than the phone rang.
B. No sooner he had left the office than the phone rang.
C. No sooner he had left the office when the phone rang.
D. No sooner he did left the office than the phone rang.
14. No matter how hard Fred tried to start the car, he didn’t succeed.
A. Fred tried very hard to start the car, and succeeded.
B. However hard Fred tried, he couldn’t start the car.
C. It’s hard for Fred to start the car because he never succeeded.
D. Fred tried hard to start the car, and with success
15. Although he was very tired, he agreed to help his child with his homework.
A. Despite of his tiredness, he was eager to help his child with his homework.
B. Tired as he was, he agreed to help his child with his homework.
C. Even if feeling very tired, he agreed to help his child with his homework.
D. He would have helped his child with his homework if he hadn’t been tired.
16. The noise next door did not stop until after midnight.
A. It was not until after midnight that the noise next door stopped.
B. It was midnight that the noise next door stopped.
C. Not until after midnight did the noise next door stopped
D. The noise next door stopped at midnight.
17. Exhaustion prevented any of the runners from finishing the race.
A. The runners can’t finish the race as a result of their exhaustion.
B. The runners are so exhausted that they can’t finish the race,
C. The runners were not exhausted enough to finish the race.
D. So exhausted were the runners that none of them finished the race.
18. He started computer programming as soon as he left school.
A. No sooner had he started computer programming than he left school.
B. Hardly had he started computer programming when he left school.
C. No sooner had he left school than he started computer programming.
D. After he left school, he had started computer programming.
19. We stayed in that hotel despite the noise.
A. Despite the hotel is noisy, we stayed here.
B. We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it.
C. No matter how noisy the hotel was, we stayed there.
D. Because of the noise, we stayed in the hotel.

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20. Friendly though he may seem, he’s not very trusted.
A. However he seems friendly, he’s not to be trusted.
B. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted.
C. He may have friends, but he’s not to be trusted.
D. He’s too friendly to be trusted.
21. Despite his early retirement, he found no peace in life.
A. Although he retired early, but he found no peace in life.
B. His early retirement has brought him peace in life.
C. He found no peace in life because he retired early.
D. Early as he retired, he found no peace in life.
22. It wasn’t clear to US at the time how serious the problem was.
A. We were not sure about how serious the problem was at the time.
B. That the problem was serious was not made clear to US.
C. Little did we know anything about the seriousness of the problem.
D. Little did we realise at the time how serious the problem was.
23. If you want to save your eyesight, you must operate immediately.
A. Unless you want to save your eyesight, you mustn’t operate immediately.
B. Only by operating immediately can you save your eyesight.
C. Provided that you must operate immediately, you can save your eyesight.
D. If you did operate immediately, you couldn’t save your eyesight.
24. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later.
A. Only after I had realized what I had missed did they tell me about it later.
B. As soon as they told me about it I realized what I had missed.
C. Only when they told me about it later did I realize what I had missed.
D. They told me about it and I realized what I had missed.
25. The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book immediately.
A. So great was the demand that they had to reprint the book immediately.
B. So great the demand was that they had to reprint the book immediately.
A. Such great was the demand that they had to reprint the book immediately.
C. Such was the demand great that they had to reprint the book immediately.
26. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs Jones.
A. Mrs Jones is the most dedicated worker you won’t find anywhere.
B. Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs Jones.
C. Nowhere will not you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs Jones.
D. Mrs Jones can’t be found in nowhere.
27. The outcome of the election was never in doubt.
A. At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt.
B. At no time the outcome of the election was in doubt.
C. Never in doubt was the outcome of the election.
D. By no means was the outcome of the election been suspected.
28. The only way to eliminate world terrorism is by united opposition.
A. Only with united opposition could we eliminate terrorism.
B. Only by united opposition can we eliminate terrorism.

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 C. Only in this way can world terrorism be eliminated.
D. Only then can we eliminate terrorism.
29. He forgot about the gun until he got home.
A. Not until he got home did he forget about the gun.
B. Not until he got home did he remember about the gun.
C. Not until he had got home did he remember about the gun.
D. Not until he had got home did he forget about the gun.
30. The truth only came out on the publication of the general’s personal diaries.
A. Only by publishing the general’s personal diaries, did the truth come out.
B. Not until the general’s personal diaries published did the truth come out.
C. Hardly were the general’s personal diaries published than the truth came out.
D. Only when the general’s personal diaries were published did the truth come out.

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 MODULE 21: CONJUNCTIONS
A. LÍ THUYẾT
I. Định nghĩa và phân loại liên từ
Liên từ là từ vựng sử dụng để liên kết hai từ, cụm từ, mệnh đề hoặc câu lại với nhau. Liên từ được chia
thành ba loại

CÁC LOẠI LIÊN

TỪ

LIÊN TỪ LIÊN TỪ
KẾT HỢP TƯƠNG QUAN LIÊN TỪ PHỤ THUỘC

for, and, nor,

but, or, yet, so both... and... (vừa... vừa...) not after (sau khi), as/when (khi), as soon as
only... but also... (không (ngay khi), before (trước khi),just as (vừa
những... mà còn...), either... or lúc), once (một khi), since (từ khi), until/till
(hoặc ...hoặc...), neither... nor (cho đến khi), while (trong khi),
(không... cũng không...), because/now that/ since/as/seeing that
whether... or (dù... hay...), (vì), so (vì vậy),
as/so... as (như là, bằng/ therefore/thus/hence/consequently (do đó,
không bằng, không như) no do vậy), so that/in order that để mà), for
sooner... than... hoặc fear that/lest (vì e rằng), although/even
hardly/scarcely/barely... when though/though (mặc dù),
(vừa mới... thì...), so/such... however/nevertheless/ nonetheless (tuy
that (đến mức... đến nỗi) nhiên), whereas/on the contrary/in
contrast/on the other hand (trái lại, trái
với), in other words (nói cách khác), as long
as/so long as/providing that/provided that
(với điều kiện là, miễn là), or else/otherwise
(hoặc là), in the event that/in case (phòng
khi), suppose/supposing that (giả sử), if
(nếu như), unless (trừ khi), even if (kể cả
khi), as if/as though (như thể là), …

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II. Cách sử dụng của liên từ
STT LIÊN TỪ CÁCH DÙNG VÍ DỤ
1 AND Thêm, bổ sung thông tin She is rich and famous.
2 NOR Bổ sung thêm một ý phủ định I don't want to call him nor intend to
vào một ý phủ định được nêu apologize to him.
trước đó.
3 BUT Diễn tả sự đối lập, ngược nghĩa She is beautiful but arrogant.
4 OR Nêu thêm sự lựa chọn (hoặc là, Hurry up or else you will miss the last
= OR ELSE hay là) bus.
= OTHERWISE
5 YET Đưa ra một ý ngược lại so They are ugly and expensive, yet
với ý trước đó (vậy mà, thế mà) people buy them.

6 SO Nêu kết quả của hành động + He was ill, so he didn't go to school
(THEREFORE = (vì vậy, do đó, do vậy) yesterday.
THUS + The car in the front stopped so
= HENCE suddenly. Therefore, the accident
=CONSEQUENTLY happened.
= AS A RESULT)
7 RATHER THAN Diễn tả lựa chọn (hơn là) I think you should choose to become
a teacher rather than a doctor.
8 WHETHER... OR Diễn tả sự thay thế I don't know whether he will come or
(hay là) not.
9 AS ... AS So sánh ngang/không ngang + She is as tall as me.
SO ... AS bằng (bằng/không... bằng) + She isn't as/so tall as me.
10 BARELY ... WHEN Diễn tả quan hệ thời gian (ngay Hardly had he gone to bed when the
HARDLY ... WHEN khi ... thì, vừa mới ... thì) telephone rang.
SCARCELY... (Ngay khi anh ấy đi ngủ thì điện
WHEN NO SOONER thoại
...THAN kêu.)

11 AFTER Diễn tả hành động xảy ra sau After he had finished his work, he
một hành động khác (sau khi) went out for a drink.
12 BEFORE Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước He had finished his work before he
một hành động khác went out for a drink.
13 AS SOON AS Chỉ một hành động xảy ra liền As soon as she went home, she had a
ngay sau một hành động khác bath.
(ngay khi)
14 JUST AS Diễn tả hai hành động xảy ra He left the meeting just as we
gần như cùng thời điểm (ngay arrived. (Anh ta rời khỏi cuộc họp
khi, vừa lúc) vừa lúc chúng tôi tới đó.)
15 ONCE Nói về một thời điểm mà ở đó Once you have well-prepared for it,
một hành động đã xảy ra you will certainly be successful.
16 UNTIL/TILL Chỉ hành động xảy ra/ không I wil I will wait for you until it’s
xảy ra cho tới một thời điểm possible.
nào đó (cho tới khi.)
17 IN OTHER WORDS Để giải thích rõ nghĩa hơn He was economical with the truth -
(nói cách khác) in other words, he lied.
18 WHEN Liên kết hai hành động có mối When she came, I was cooking
quan hệ về thời gian (khi) dinner.
19 WHILE Chỉ các hành động diễn ra cùng While I was doing my homework, my
= MEANWHILE một lúc (trong khi) mother was cleaning the floor.

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 20 SO THAT Nêu mục đích hoặc kết quả của I’m trying my best to study English
= IN ORDER THAT hành động có dự tính (để mà) well so that I can find a better job.
21 FOR FEAR THAT Chỉ mục đích phủ định (vì e He wore dark glasses lest he could be
= LEST rằng, sợ rằng) recognized.
22 WHEREAS Diễn tả sự ngược nghĩa giữa He loves foreign holidays whereas his
= ON THE hai mệnh đề (trong khi) wife prefers to stay at home.
CONTRARY
= IN CONTRAST
= ON THE OTHER
23 AS/SO LONG AS Diễn tả điều kiện (với điều kiện You can use my bike providing that
= PROVIDING là, miễn là) you promise to give it back
(THAT) tomorrow.
= PROVIDED
(THAT)
24 IN THE EVENT Diễn tả giả định về một hành Take an umbrella in case it rains.
THAT động có thể xảy ra trong tương (Mang theo ô phòng khi trời mưa.)
= IN CASE lai (trong trường hợp, phòng
khi)
25 SUPPOSE Dùng để thay thế cho "if" trong Supposing he hates you, what will
SUPPOSING mệnh đề phụ [giả sử you do?
(THAT)
26 AS IF/THOUGH Dùng trong giả định (như thể He looked frightened as if he had
là) seen a ghost.
27 BESIDES Dùng để bổ sung thêm ý/ thông I can't go now, I'm too busy. Besides,
MOREOVER tin my passport is out of date.
FURTHERMORE IN (Ngoài ra/hơn nữa/thêm vào
ADDITION đó)
28 FOR EXAMPLE Ví dụ, chẳng hạn như There are many interesting places to
= FOR INSTANCE visit in the city. The art museum, for
instance, has an excellent collection
of modern paintings.
29 INDEED Được dùng để nhấn mạnh/xác I am happy, indeed proud, to be a
= IN FACT nhận thông tin trước đó member of your team.
(thực sự, quả thật)
30 INSTEAD Thay vì, thay vào We didn't go on holiday. We stayed
at home, instead.
Both + S1 + and + S2 +V(plural) Cả hai Both Tom and Ann were late
Either + S1 + or + S2 +V(S2) Hoặc…..hoặc Either he or I am wrong
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 +V(S2) Không…..không I am neither rich nor poor
Not only+ S1 +but also + S2 +V(S2) Không chỉ …..mà còn Robert is not only talented but also
helpful

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 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. _________ of the committee, I'd like to thank you for your generous donation.
A. Instead B. On behalf C. According D. In spite
2. _________, I decided to stop trading with them.
A. Despite of the fact that they were the biggest dealer
B. Though being the biggest dealer
C. Being the biggest dealer
D. Even though they were the biggest dealer
3. I think it's _________ to take a few more pictures.
A. enough light B. lightly enough C. light enough D. enough as light
4. _________ I heard the phone ring, I didn't answer it.
A. because B. Only if C. Even though D. Provided that
5. Determining the mineral content of soil samples is an exacting process; _________, experts must
perform detail tests to analyze soil specimens.
A. therefore B. afterward C. so that D. however
6. Businesses will not survive _________ they satisfy their customers.
A. or else B. in case C. unless D. if
7. This investigation is not only one that is continuing and worldwide _________ we expect to continue
for quite some time.
A. but one also that B. but one that also
C. but also one that D. but that also one
8. A few natural elements exist in _________ that they are rarely seen in their natural environments.
A. such small quantities B. so small quantities
C. very small quantities D. small quantity
9. He decided to quit the job _________ the high salary he got.
A. although B. in spite
C. despite D. much as
10. I will stand here and wait for you _________ you come back.
A. because B. though C. so D. until
11. My sister won't go to the party tonight and _________.
A. so will I B. I will too
C. neither will I D. I will neither
12. When he came to the counter of pay he found that he had _________ cash _________ his credit card
with him.
A. either/or B. neither/nor C. both/and D. not/neither
13. _________ we understand his reasons, we cannot accept his behaviour.
A. As if B. What if C. Even if D. Only if
14. _________ his poor English, he managed to communicate his problem very clearly.
A. Because B. Even though C. Because of D. In spite of
15. Neither the students nor their lecturer _________ English in the classroom.
A. have used B. use C. are using D. uses
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16. _________ the price is high, we can't afford to buy a new car.
A. Now that B. Although C. Whereas D. As long as
17. He hurried _________ he wouldn't be late for class.
A. since B. as if C. unless D. so that
18. I'm sorry you've decided not to go with us on the river trip, but _________ you change your mind,
there will still be enough room on the boat for you.
A. even B. nevertheless C. in the event that D. provided that
19. _________ you read the instructions carefully, you will understand what to do.
A. as well as B. as far as C. as soon as D. provided that
20. My father is getting old and forgetful _________ he is experienced and helpful.
A. Be that as it may B. Regardless C. Lest D. Consequently
21. We've had _________ problems with our new computer that we had to send it back to the shop.
A. so B. such C. enough D. too
22. The baby can't even sit up yet, _________ stand and walk!
A. but for B. let alone C. all but D. rather than
23. All the candidates for the scholarship will be equally treated _________ of their sex, age, or
nationality.
A. regardless B. regard C. regarding D. regards
24. Don't be late for the interview, _________ people will think you are a disorganized person.
A. Unless B. lest C. so D. otherwise
25. You should take regular exercise _________ sitting in front of the television all day.
A. in spite of B. instead of C. without D. even
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
1. I didn't want to disturb the meeting. I left without saying goodbye.
A. Rather than disturb the meeting, I left without saying goodbye.
B. I disturbed the meeting because I said goodbye.
C. I would rather disturb the meeting than leaving without saying goodbye.
D. The meeting was disturbed as I left saying goodbye.
2. Having spent all his money, Daniel couldn't afford a new watch.
A. As Daniel had bought a new watch, he spent all his money.
B. Daniel didn't buy a new watch although he had a lot of money.
C. Because he had spent all the money, Daniel couldn't afford a new watch.
D. Daniel couldn't get a new watch because he didn't have much money.
3. She doesn't want to go to their party. We don't want to go either.
A. Either we or she wants to go to their party.
B. Neither we nor she want to go to their party.
C. Neither we nor she wants to go to their party.
D. Neither she nor we don't want to go to their party.
4. Noisy as the hotel was, they stayed there.
A. Much as the hotel was noisy, they stayed there.
B. In spite of the noisy hotel and they liked it.
C. Despite the hotel was noisy, they stayed there.
D. Although the noisy hotel, they stayed there.

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5. She was so busy that she couldn't answer the phone.
A. She was very busy that she couldn't answer the phone.
B. She was too busy to answer the phone.
C. She was too busy not to answer the phone.
D. She was very busy so that she couldn't answer the phone.
6. Tim graduated with a good degree. He joined the ranks of the unemployed.
A. Tim joined the ranks of the unemployed because he graduated with a good degree.
B. If Tim graduated with a good degree, he would join the ranks of the unemployed.
C. Though Tim graduated with a good degree, he joined the ranks of the unemployed.
D. That Tim graduated with a good degree helped him join the ranks of the unemployed.
7. In spite of his poverty, he led a devoted life to the revolutionary cause.
A. He could not devote his life to the revolutionary cause because of his poverty.
B. Although he was poor, he led a devoted life to the revolutionary cause.
C. If he had not been so poor, he could have devoted his life to the revolutionary cause.
D. He led a devoted life to the revolutionary cause, but he was so poor.
8. She tried very hard to pass the driving test. She could hardly pass it.
A. Although she didn't try hard to pass the driving test, she could pass it.
B. She tried very hard, so she passed the driving test satisfactorily.
C. No matter how hard she tried, she could hardly pass the driving test.
D. Despite being able to pass the driving test, she didn't pass it.
9. Smallpox is a dangerous disease. Malaria is a dangerous disease.
A. Smallpox is a dangerous disease, and so is malaria.
B. Malaria is a dangerous disease, but smallpox is not.
C. Neither smallpox nor malaria is a dangerous disease.
D. Either smallpox or malaria is a dangerous disease.
10. Transportation has been made much easier thanks to the invention of car. However, cars are the
greatest contributor of air pollution.
A. The invention of cars has made transportation much easier, but cars are among the greatest
contributors of air pollution.
B. However easier the invention of cars has made transportation, it is cars that among the greatest
contributors of air pollution.
C. Although the invention of cars has made transportation much easier, cars are the greatest
contributor of air pollution of air.
D. Although the invention of cars has made transportation much easier, people use cars to
contribute to the pollution of air.

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 MODULE 22: PREPOSITIONS
A. LÍ THUYẾT
I. Định nghĩa giới từ
Giới từ là từ hay cụm từ thường được dùng với danh từ, tính từ, đại từ để chỉ mối liên hệ giữa các từ này
với các thành phần khác trong câu.
II. Vị trí của giới từ
Giới từ có vị trí đứng riêng của mình trong câu, sau đây là vị trí của một số giới từ cơ bản trong tiếng Anh:
1. Trước danh từ
Ví dụ:+ at the cinema: ở rạp chiếu phim
+ in 2000: vào năm 2000
2. Sau động từ
Có thể liền sau động từ, có thể bị một từ khác xen giữa động từ và giới từ.
Ví dụ:+ I arrived at the airport on time. (Tôi đến sân bay đúng giờ.)
+ Please turn the radio down! (Làm ơn vặn nhỏ đài chút!)
3. Sau tính từ
Ví dụ:+ Viet Nam is rich in natural resources. (Việt Nam giàu tài nguyên thiên nhiên.)
+ He is very friendly with me. (Anh ấy rất thân thiện với tôi.)
III. Các loại giới từ
1. Giới từ chỉ thời gian
Giới từ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ
ON - Thứ trong tuần + We have English lessons on Monday and Friday.
- Ngày trong tháng/năm + I was born on May 5th 1987.
- Trong một số cụm từ:
+ on holiday: đi nghỉ + She went on holiday with her family.
+ on vacation: nghỉ việc + He doesn’t have anything to do because he has
been on vacation.
+ on business: đi công tác + The manager and the secretary are on business.
+ on duty: đang làm nhiệm vụ + I'm sorry but I am on duty, so I can't join you.
+ on an excursion: trong một chuyên du + Last week, my class was on an excursion to
ngoạn Halong Bay.
+ on purpose: có chủ định + I think they did it on purpose.
+ on time: đúng giờ + He is always on time. You can rely on him
….
IN - Tháng/năm/mùa + In March/In 2017/In summer
- Buổi trong ngày + In the morning/afternoon/evening
- Trong một số cụm từ:
+ in the future: trong tương lai + I wish to be a doctor in the future.
+ in the past: trong quá khứ + My village was very poor in the past.
+ in (good) time for: kịp giờ + Luckily, we are in good time for the meeting.
+ in eood/bad mood: tâm trạng tốt/tệ + Today, I'm in bad mood. I don't want to do

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 + in the end: cuối cùng anything.
+ in the beginning: lúc đầu + In the end, we get married though we hated
each other in the beginning.
AT - Trước các ngày lễ + at Christmas: vào giáng sinh
- Cho cuối tuần + at weekend
- Trước giờ + at 7 o'clock
- Cho một mốc thòi gian nhất định:
+ at night: vào ban đêm
+ at noon: vào buổi trưa + It's cooler at night and hotter at noon.
+ at lunch time: vào giờ ăn trưa + I often read newspapers at lunch time.
+ at midday: vào giữa ngày + At midday everyone would go down to Reg’s
+ at the moment/ at present: bây giờ Café.
+ at times: thỉnh thoảng + I am busy at the moment.
+ at dawn: khi bình minh + At times, we go out for lunch.
+ at dusk: khi hoàng hôn + Mv parents work hard from at dawn to dusk.
+ at the same time: cùng lúc
+ The phone rang at the same time you knocked
the door.
SINCE Từ khoảng thời gian nhất định trong I have lived here since 1997.
quá khứ đến hiện tại
FOR Một khoảng thời gian nhất định tính từ She has been waiting for you for 3 hours.
quá khứ đến hiện tại
BEFORE Trước khoảng thời gian I got up before 6am.
AFTER sau khoảng thời gian Don't come back home after 10pm.
FROM.. TO Từ... đến I worked for the company from 2000 to 2007.
TILL/ Đến, cho đến I will wait here until you come back.
UNTIL
BY Vào, tính tới • By last month, they had published more than 30
reference books.
BETWEEN.. Giữa... và He promised to turn up between 8 am and 10 am.
AND
DURING Trong suốt During the lesson, all of us kept silent.

2. Giới từ chỉ vị trí

Giới từ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ
IN - Dùng trong một khu vực, khoảng + in the bedroom: trong phòng ngủ
không (mang nghĩa là trong) + in hospital: trong bệnh viện
- Dùng truớc cách địa danh như thị trấn, + in the rain: trong cơn mưa
thành phố, quốc gia + in a town
- Dùng truớc các danh từ chỉ phương

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 huớng + in Hanoi
- Dùng trong một số cụm từ + in Vietnam
+ in the west/east/north/south...
+ in the middle of: ở giữa
+ in front of: ở trước
+ in the back of: ở phía sau
AT - Dùng trước các địa điểm cụ thể (ở/tại) + at the airport, at the part, at the cinema, at the
- Dùng trong một số cụm từ: station, at the bus stop, at the meeting, at home...
+ at the end of: cuối của
+ at the beginning of: đầu của
+ at the top of: đỉnh của
+ at the bottom of: đáy của
+ at the age of: ở độ tuổi
+ at the center of: giữa của
ON - Chỉ vị trí trên một bề mặt (trên/ở trên) + on the table
- Chỉ vị trí trên các tầng nhà + on the wall
- Dùng trong một số cụm từ: + on the beach
+ on the second floor
+ on the left/right (of): bên trái/phải (của)
BY/NEXT Dùng với nghĩa là gần/bên cạnh My house is next to/beside/by a school.
TO/BESIDE
UNDER Dùng với nghĩa là bên dưới The children are playing under the trees.
BELOW Thấp hơn cái khác nhưng cao hơn mặt The fish are below the surface.
đất
OVER Dùng với nghĩa:
- bị bao phủ bởi cái khác put a jacket over your shirt
- nhiều hơn over 16 years of age
ABOVE - Dùng với ý nghĩa: vị trí cao hơn một cái a path above the lake
gì đó
AMONG - Dùng với nghĩa là: ở giữa She is among the crowd of fans.
(hơn 2 người/ 2 vật)
BETWEEN Dùng với ý nghĩa: ở giữa He is sitting between his girlfriend and his sister.
(2 người/ 2 vật)
BEHIND Dùng với nghĩa là: ở phía sau Behind my house is a river.
OPPOSITE Dùng với nghĩa là: đối diện My school is opposite a hotel

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3. Giới từ chỉ sự chuyển động
Giới từ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ
ACROSS Dùng với ý nghĩa: băng qua, băng qua về The blind man is trying to walk across
phía bên kia
INTO Dùng với nghĩa là: vào trong A strange man came into the building this
morning.
TOWARDS Dùng với nghĩa là: di chuyển về hướng He went 5 steps towards the house.
ALONG Dùng với nghĩa là: dọc theo She was walking along the beach.
BY Dùng với nghĩa là: ngang qua I usually walk by the park.
OVER Dùng với nghĩa: vượt qua một cái gì đó + He walked over the bridge.
+ The thief climbed over the wall.
FROM ...TO Dùng với nghĩa: từ ... đến It takes me 30 minutes to travel from my house to
school.
ROUND Dùng với nghĩa: quanh If you are free, I will show you round the city.
AROUND
THROUGH Dùng với nghĩa: xuyên qua He walked through the forests.
OUT OF Dùng với nghĩa: ra khỏi Please get out of my room.
UP><DOWN Dùng với nghĩa: lên >< xuống He often runs up the stairs for exercise

4. Giới từ chỉ thể cách

Giới từ Nghĩa Ví dụ
WITH với I'm shopping with my brother.
WITHOUT không, không có If you come late, we will go without you.
ACCORDING TO theo như According to the archives, he was born in Paris.
IN SPITE OF mặc dù In spite of the rain, he turned up on time.
INSTEAD OF thay vì I'll have coffee instead of tea.
LIKE giống như He walked like an old man.

IV. Những cấu trúc giới từ thông dụng

Giới từ Cấu trúc Nghĩa

ABOUT - To be sorry about St + lấy làm tiếc, hối tiếc về cái gì
- To be curious about St + tò mò về cái gì
- To be careful about St + cẩn thận về cái gì
- To be careless about St + bất cẩn về cái gì
- To be confused about St + nhầm lẫn về cái gì

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 - To be doubtful about St + hoài nghi về cái gì
- To be excited about St + hứng thú về cái gì
- To be enthusiastic about St + nhiệt tình, hào hứng về cái gì
- To be sad about St + buồn về cái gì
- To be serious about + nghiêm túc về
- To be reluctant about St (or to] St + ngần ngại, hững hờ với cái gì
- To be uneasy about St + không thoải mái
- To be worried about St + lo lắng về cái gì
AT - To be amazed at St + kinh ngạc, sửng sốt vì cái gì
- To be amused at St + thích thú với cái gì
- To be angry at sb + tức giận với ai
- To be annoyed at sb + bực mình với ai
- To be bad at st + yếu kém về cái gì
- To be brilliant at + thông minh, có tài
- To be good/clever at st + giỏi/sắc sảo về cái gì
- To be efficient at st + có năng lực về cái gì
- To be expert at st + thành thạo về cái gì
- To be mad at sb + tức điên lên với ai
- To be present at + có mặt
- To be skillful at st + khéo léo cái gì
- To be surprised at st + ngạc nhiên với
- To be quick at st + bén về cái gì/nhanh chóng làm gì
FOR - To be available for sth + có sẵn (cái gì)
- To be bad for + xấu cho
- To be good for + tốt cho
- To be convenient for + thuận lợi cho...
- To be difficult for + khó...
- To be dangerous for + nguy hiểm...
- To be eager for + háo hức cho
- To be eligible for + đủ tư cách cho
- To be late for + trễ...
- To be liable for sth + có trách nhiệm về pháp lí
- To leave for + rời khỏi đâu
- To be famous/well-known for + nổi tiếng
- lo be fit for + thích hợp với
- To be greedy for + tham lam...
- To be grateful for sth + biết ơn về việc...
- To be helpful/useful for + có ích/có lợi
- To be necessary for + cần thiết
- To be perfect for + hoàn hảo

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 - To prepare for + chuẩn bị cho
- To be qualified for + có phẩm chất
- To be ready for sth + sẵn sàng cho việc gì
- To be responsible for sth + có trách nhiệm về việc gì
- To be suitable for + thích hợp
- To be sorry for + xin lỗi/lấy làm tiếc cho
- To apologize for st/doing St + xin lỗi vì cái gì/vì đã làm gì
- To thank sb for st/doing St + cảm ơn ai vì cái gì
- To be useful for + có ích, hữu dụng
FROM - To borrow st from sb/st + vay mượn của ai/cái gì
- To demand st from sb + đòi hỏi cái gì ở ai
- To draw st from St + rút cái gì
- To emerge from St + nhú lên cái gì
- To escape from + thoát ra từ cái gì
- To be free from + không bị, không phải
- To prevent st from + ngăn cản ai cái gì
- To protect sb/st from + bảo vệ ai/bảo vệ cái gì
- To prohibit sb from doing St + cấm ai làm việc gì
- To separate st/sb from st/sb + tách cái gì ra khỏi cái gì/tách ai ra khỏi ai
- To suffer from + chịu đựng đau khổ
- To be away from st/sb + xa cách cái gì/ai
- To be different from St + khác về cái gì
- To be far from sb/st + xa cách ai/cái gì
- To be safe from St + an toàn trong cái gì
- To save sb/st from + cứu ai/cái gì khỏi
- To be resulting from St + do cái gì có kết quả
IN - To be absorbed in + say mê, say sưa
- To believe in st/sb + tin tưởng cái gì/vào ai
- To delight in st + hồ hởi về cái gì
- To be engaged in st + tham dự, lao vào cuộc
- To be experienced in st + có kinh nghiệm về cái gì
- To include st in st + gộp cái gì vào cái gì
- To indulge in st + chìm đắm trong cái gì
- To be interested in st/doing St + quan tâm cái gì/việc gì
- To invest st in st + đầu tư cái gì vào cái gì
- To involved in st + dính líu vào cái gì
- To persist in st + kiên trì trong cái gì
- To be deficient in st + thiếu hụt cái gì
- To be fortunate in st + may mắn trong cái gì
- To be rich in st + dồi dào, phong phú

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 - To be successful/succeed in + thành công
OF + To be ashamed of + xấu hổ về …
+ To be afraid of + sợ, e ngại…
+ To be ahead of + trước
+ To be aware of + nhận thức
+ To be capable of + có khả năng
+ To be confident of + tự tin
+ To be certain of + chắc chắn về
+ To be doubtful of + nghi ngờ
+ To be fond of + thích
+ To be full of + đầy
+ To be hopeful of + hi vọng
+ To be independent of + độc lập
+ To be proud of + tự hào
+ To be jealous of + ganh tị với
+ To be guilty of + phạm tội về, có tội
+ To be innocent of + vô tội
+ To remind sb of + gợi cho ai nhớ tới
+ To be sick of + chán nản về
+ To be scare of + sợ hãi
+ To be short of + thiếu
+ To be suspicious of + nghi ngờ về
+ To be joyful of + vui mừng về
+ To be typical of + tiêu biểu, điển hình
+ To be tired of + mệt mỏi
+ To be terrified of + khiếp sợ về
ON + To be dependent/ depend on st/sb + lệ thuộc vào cái gì/ vào ai
+To be keen on st + mê cái gì
+To be based on st + dựa trên, dựa vào
TO - To be grateful to sb + biết ơn ai
- To be harmful to sb/st + có hại cho ai (cho cái gì)
- To be important to + quan trọng
- To be indifferent to + bàng quan, thờ ơ
- To be identical to + giống hệt
- To be kind to sb + tốt với ai
To be kind of sb + lòng tốt của ai
- To be likely to + có thể
- To be lucky to + may mắn
- To be loyal to + chung thuỷ với
- To be necessary to sth/sb + cần thiết cho việc gì / cho ai

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 - To be next to + kế bên
- To be open to + cởi mở
- To be opposed to + phản đối
- To be pleasant to + hài lòng
- To be preferable to + đáng thích hơn
- To be profitable to + có lợi
- To be responsible to sb + có trách nhiệm với ai
- To be rude to + thô lỗ, cộc cằn
- To be similar to + giống, tương tự
- To be useful to sb + có ích cho ai
- To be willing to + sẵn lòng
WITH - To be acquainted with + quen biết, quen thân
- To be angry with sb + tức giận với ai
- To be busy with st/doing St + bận với cái gì/làm việc gì
- To be bored with = to be fed up with + chán ngán, chán ngấy
- To be consistent with St + kiên trì chung thuỷ với cái gì
- To be content with St = to be satisfied with + hài lòng với
- To be crowded with + đầy, đông đúc
- To be covered with + bao phủ với
- To cope with + đương đầu với
- To deal with + xử lí, giải quyết với
- To be disappointed with + thất vọng với
- To be patient with St + kiên trì với cái gì
- To be impressed with/by + có ấn tượng/xúc động với
- To be popular with + phổ biến, quen thuộc với
- To be wrong with + có vấn đề với

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 PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. This organization is quick ________ sending relief goods to the flooded areas.
A. with B. at c. for D. about
2. When are you leaving ________ Singapore? This week or next week?
A. for B. in C. to D„ at
3. Can you help me, please? I can't see the differences ________ these words.
A. from B. in C. between D. about
4. That house reminds me ________ the one where I used to live.
A. of B. for C. about D. with
5. It was very kind ________ you to lend me the money I needed.
A. for B. of C. to D. with
6. We have to apply effective measures to save many plant and animal species ________ extinction.
A. from B. in C. for D. on
7. Clearing forests for timber has resulted ________ the loss of biodiversity.
A. with B. at C. in D. for
8. She is looking ________ a new place to live because she does not want to depend ________ her parents
any more.
A. for / on B. after / with C. up / forward D. at / into
9. Due to industrialization, we have to cope ________ the fact that many species are ________ danger
________ extinction.
A. over / at / for B. at / upon / over C. for / on / with D. with / in / of
10. Boys! Put your toys ________. It is time to go to bed. Don't stay ________ late.
A. off / on B. away / up C. down / off D. around / for
11. She intended to quit her job to stay ________ home and look ________ her sick mother.
A. in / at B. at / after C. for / over D. up / on
12. He is very worried ________ his new job because he is not quite prepared ________ working.
A. on / over B. to / off C. about / for D. in / at
13. Instead ________ petrol, cars will only run ________ solar energy and electricity.
A. of / on B. for / by C. in / over D. from/ upon
14. She has a promising future ahead ________ her.
A. for B. from C. on D. of
15. If you have ever watched television, you have seen plenty ________ drug advertisements.
A. with B. of C. for D. about
16. According ________ Bill, there's something wrong ________ my computer.
A. after / for B. on / about C. to / with D. upon / at
17. I'm terrified ________ breaking down on a motorway at night.
A. from B. with C. for D. of
18. As an adult, I am independent ________ my parents financially.
A. of B. with C. out D. on
19. Today, women are increasingly involved ________ the politics.
A. of B. in C. with D. from
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20. Do you have any objections ________ this new road scheme?
A. at B. with C. to D. for
21. As I was ________ of the change in the program, I arrived half an hour late for the rehearsal.
A. unaware B. unconscious C. unable D. unreasonable
22. May I introduce you ________ Mrs Brown?
A. with B. for C. to D. of
23. She likes reading books ________ the library.
A. in B. at C. on D. from
24. Many students aren't keen ________ their study at school.
A. about B. for C. with D. on
25. Please write your answers ________ ink.
A. in B. with C. of D. by
26. Bread is usually made ________ wheat.
A. from B. of C. with D. by
27. Education in many countries is compulsory ________ the age of 16.
A. for B. when C. until D. forwards
28. Lack ________ food had stunted his growth.
A. of B. in C. for D. on
29. Family members who live apart try to get together ________ Tet.
A. in B. at C. on D. during
30. On Christmas Eve children go to bed full ________ excitement.
A. of B. with C. up D. in

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 MODULE 23: PHRASAL VERBS
I. Định nghĩa
Cụm động từ (Phrasal verbs) là sự kết hợp giữa một động từ và một từ nhỏ (particle). Từ nhỏ, particle(s),
này có thể là một trạng từ (adverb), hay là một giới từ (preposition), hoặc là cả hai:
Ví dụ: My father gave up smoking 3 years ago. (Bố tôi bỏ thuốc lá 3 năm trước.)
II. Cách dùng
PHRASAL VERBS CÓ THỂ ĐÓNG VAI TRÒ LÀ:
- Ngoại động từ (transitive): theo sau là một danh từ hoặc là một cụm danh từ với chức năng là túc từ
(object) của động từ.
- Nội động từ (intransitive): không có túc từ theo sau.
• NỘI ĐỘNG TỪ: Intransitive phrasal verbs
- Không có túc từ - động từ cùng particle (thường là trạng từ - adverb) luôn đi sát nhau:
Ví dụ:When she was having dinner, the fire broke out.
(Khi cô ấy đang ăn tối thì hoả hoạn xảy ra.)
Our car broke down and had to be towed to a garage.
(Xe chúng tôi bị hư và phải kéo về chỗ sửa.)
• NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ: Transitive phrasal verbs
Được chia làm hai nhóm, tuỳ theo vị trí của túc từ:
- Nhóm 1: có thể ở giữa động từ và "particle" hoặc đi sau "particle":
Ví dụ:I took my shoes off. / I took off my shoes. (Tôi cởi giày ra.)
Ví dụ:He admitted he'd made up the whole thing/ He admitted he'd made the whole thing up.
(Anh ta thú nhận rằng đã bịa ra mọi chuyện.)
- Nhóm 2: Nhưng khi túc từ là những chữ như this, that, it, them, me, her và him thì chúng sẽ đứng ở
giữa động từ và 'particle':
Ví dụ:I took them off. (Not I took off them.)
He admitted he'd made it up. (Not He admitted he'd made up it.)
• NGOẠI LỆ:
Có nhiều phrasal verbs vừa có thể là transitive hoặc intransitive. Ngữ cảnh sẽ cho chúng ta biết chức năng
cùng với nghĩa của chúng:
Ví dụ: The plane took off at seven o'clock, (intransitive)
(Máy bay cất cánh lúc 7 giờ.)
The man took off the shoes and came into the room, (transitive)
(Người đàn ông cởi giày và đi vào phòng.)
III. Những cụm động từ thường gặp
STT Cụm động từ Nghĩa
1 Account for = explain giải thích
2 Ask about hỏi về
Ask after hỏi thăm
Ask for xin
Ask sb out mời ai đó đi ăn/đi chơi
3 Break away trốn thoát, thoát khỏi

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 Break down hỏng hóc, sụp đổ, ngất xỉu
Break in xông vào, ngắt lời, cắt ngang câu chuyện
Break off with sb cắt đứt quan hệ với ai, tuyệt giao với ai
Break out bùng nổ, bùng phát
Break up chia lìa, chia li, chia tay
Break into đột nhập vào
4 Bring about làm xảy ra, dẫn đến, gây ra
Bring back đem trả lại, mang trả lại, gợi nhớ
Bring down hạ xuống, làm tụt xuống
Bring forward đưa ra, nêu ra, đề ra
Bring in đưa vào, mang vào
Bring off cứu
Bring on dẫn đến, gây ra, làm cho phải bàn cãi
Bring out đưa ra, làm nổi bật
Bring over thuyết phục, làm cho thay đổi suy nghĩ
Bring round làm cho tỉnh lại
Bring round to làm cho thay đổi ý kiến theo
Bring through giúp vượt qua khó khăn, hiểm nghèo
5 Blow about lan truyền, tung ra
Blow down thổi ngã, làm đổ rạp xuống
Blow in thổi vào, đến bất chợt, đến thình lình
Blow off thổi bay đi, làm xì hơi ra, tiêu phí, phung phí
Blow out thổi tắt
Blow over bỏ qua, quên đi
Blow up bơm căng lên
6 Catch on nổi tiếng, trở thành mốt, được ưa chuộng
Catch out bất chợt bắt được ai đang làm gì
Catch up đuổi kịp, bắt kịp
7 Call out gọi to
Call on/upon kêu gọi, yêu cầu, tạt qua thăm
Call for gọi, tìm đến ai để lấy cái gì
Call at dừng lại, đỗ lại, ghé thăm
Call in mời đến, triệu đến
Call off hoãn lại, đình lại
Call up gọi tên, gọi điện, gọi dậy, gọi nhập ngũ
8 Come about xảy ra, xảy đến
Come across tình cờ gặp
Come after theo sau, nối dõi, nối nghiệp, kế tục
Come against đụng phải, va phải
Come apart tách lìa ra, bung ra
Come at nắm được, xông vào
Come away đi xa, đi khỏi
Come back quay trở lại
Come between can thiệp vào, xen vào
Come by đi qua, kiếm được, vớ được
Come down sa sút, xuống dốc
Come down on/upon mắng nhiếc, xỉ vả, trừng phạt
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 Come down with xuất tiền, trả, chi
Come in đi vào
Come in for có phần, nhận lấy
Come into được hưởng, thừa kế
Come off được thực hiện, được hoàn thành
Come on đi tiếp, đi tới, tiến lên
9 Cut away cắt, chặt đi
Cut back tỉa bớt, cắt bớt
Cut down chặt, đốn
Cut in nói xen vào, chen ngang
Cut off cắt, cúp, ngừng hoạt động
Cut out cắt ra, bớt ra
Cut up chỉ trích gay gắt, phê bình nghiêm khắc
Cut down on cắt giảm
10 Carry away mang đi, cuốn đi, bị làm cho mê say
Carry off chiếm đoạt, làm cho chấp nhận được, làm cho thông qua được
tiếp tục
Carry on thực hiện, tiến hành
Carry out mang sang bên kia
Carry over hoàn thành, vượt qua
Carry through
11 Drop across tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên gặp
Drop off lần lượt bỏ đi
Drop in tạt vào thăm, nhân tiện đi qua ghé vào thăm
Drop on mắng nhiếc, sỉ vả, trừng phạt
Drop out bỏ cuộc, bỏ giữa chừng
12 Die of chết vì bệnh gì
Die for hi sinh cho cái gì
Die down chêt dần, chêt mòn
Die off chết lần lượt
Die out tuyệt chủng
13 Do away with bãi bỏ, thủ tiêu
Do by xử sự, đối xử
Do over làm lại, bắt đầu lại
Do up trang trí, sửa lại
14 Fall out of rơi ra khỏi
Fall back ngã ngửa, rút lui
Fall back on phải cần đến, phải dùng đến
Fall behind thụt lùi, tụt lại
Fall down rơi xuống, thất bại
Fall for mê tít, bị bịp, chơi xỏ
Fall in with tán đồng theo quan điểm của ai
Fall off giảm sút, suy đồi
Fall on tấn công
Fall out cãi nhau, bất hoà, xoã tóc
Fall over ngã lộn nhào
Fall through hỏng, dang dở, không đi đến kết quả nào
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 Fall to bắt đầu
Fall under được liệt vào, chịu ảnh hưởng của
15 Fill in điền đầy đủ thông tin
Fill out làm căng ra, làm to ra, mập ra
Fill up đổ đày, lấp đầy
16 Get across giải thích rõ ràng
Get around đi vòng qua
Get at nắm được
Get away đi khỏi, đi xa
Get back lùi lại, trở lại.
Get behind with St chưa hoàn thành một việc gì đó
Get behind ủng hộ
Get by xoay sở để sống/làm một việc gì đó
Get down đi xuống
Get on đi lên, tiến bộ, lên xe
Get off xuống xe
Get off with sb làm thân, ve vãn ai
Get out đi ra ngoài
Get over vượt qua, khắc phục, khỏi
Get round bình phục, khỏi
Get through hoàn thành, làm xong
Get up thức dậy
Get down to V-ing bắt đầu nghiêm túc làm gì
17 Give away cho, trao, phát
Give back hoàn lại, trả lại
Give in nhượng bộ, chịu thua
Give off toả ra, phát ra
Give out chia, phân phối, cạn kiệt
Give over thôi, chấm dứt, trao tay
Give up từ bỏ
18 Go across đi qua, băng qua
Go after theo sau, tán tỉnh
Go against làm trái ý muốn của ai
Go ahead tiến lên, thăng tiến
Go along tiến triển, tiếp tục
Go along with đi cùng
Go away đi xa
Go back trở về
Go by đi qua, trôi qua
Go in for tham gia, ham, mê
Go into xem xét, nghiên cứu
Go off đổ chuông, nổ tung, thiu thối
Go on tiếp tục
Go out mất điện, ra ngoài, đi chơi
Go over ôn lại, xem lại, soát lại
Go through xong, thành công, qua
Go up tăng lên
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 Go down giảm xuống
Go with đi với
19 Hold back ngăn lại
Hold down giữ
Hold forth đưa ra, nêu ra
Hold in nén lại, kìm lại
Hold off giữ không cho lại gần, nán lại
Hold on nắm chặt, giữ chặt
Hold out đưa ra
Hold over đình lại, hoãn lại
Hold up tắc nghẽn
20 Hang about đi lang thang, đi la cà, sắp đến
Hang back do dự, lưỡng lự
Hang behind tụt lại đằng sau
Hang down rủ xuống, xoã xuống
Hang on dựa vào, bám vào
Hang out đi lang thang, la cà
Hang up treo lên
21 Keep away để ra xa, cất đi
Keep back giữ lại, cản lại, cầm lại
Keep down nén lại
Keep from nhịn, kiêng
Keep in with thân thiện với ai
Keep up with theo kịp, đuổi kịp
Keep off tránh ra
Keep on tiếp tục
Keep under đè nén, thống trị
Keep up giữ vững, giữ không cho đổ
22 Look about đợi chờ
Look after chăm sóc
Look at ngắm nhìn
Look away quay đi
Look back quay lại, ngoái cổ lại
Look back upon nhìn lại cái gì đã qua
Look down nhìn xuống
Look down on coi thường
Look up to kính trọng
Look for tìm kiếm
Look forward to mong đợi
Look in nhìn vào, ghé qua thăm
Look into xem xét kĩ, nghiên cứu
Look on đứng xem
Look out để ý, coi chừng
Look out for St trông chừng cái gì
Look over xem xét, kiểm tra, tha thứ, bỏ qua
Look round nhìn quanh
Look through lờ đi, xem lướt qua
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 Look up nhìn lên, tra cứu
23 Lay aside gác sang một bên, không nghĩ tới
Lay down để xuống, xác lập, đề ra
Lay for nằm đợi
Lay in dự trữ, để dành
Lay sb off cho ai nghỉ việc
Lay on đánh, giáng đòn
Lay out sắp đặt, bố trí, đưa ra
Lay over trải lên, phủ lên
24 Let by để cho đi qua
Let down làm cho ai đó thất vọng
Let in cho vào
Let off tha thứ
Let on để lộ, tiết lộ
Let out để cho đi ra, để cho chạy thoát
Let up dịu, ngớt
25 Make after theo đuổi
Make against bất lợi, có hại cho
Make at tiến tới, tấn công ai
Make away vội vàng ra đi
Make away with huỷ hoại, thủ tiêu, giết
Make off chuồn, cuốn gói
Make off with ăn cắp
Make out hiểu
Make over chuyển, nhượng
Make up trang điểm, bịa đặt, quyết định, làm hoà
Make for tiến về hướng
Make up of bao gồm
Make use of lợi dụng
Make up for bù lại
26 Pass away qua đời
Pass sb/st by lờ đi, làm ngơ
Pass for được coi là, có tiếng là
Pass off mất đi, biến mất (cảm giác)
Pass on truyền lại
Pass out mê man, bất tỉnh
Pass over băng qua
Pass round chuyền tay, chuyền theo vòn
Pass through trải qua, kinh qua
Pass up từ bỏ, khước từ
27 Pick at chế nhạo, chế giễu, rầy la
Pick off nhổ đi
Pick up nhặt, đón
28 Put aside để dành, gạt sang một bên
Put back để lại (chỗ cũ)
Put by lảng tránh
Put down đặt xuống
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 Put in đệ đơn
Put in for đòi, yêu sách
Put off hoãn
Put on mặc (quần áo), đội (mũ), đi (giày)...
Put out dập tắt
Put through hoàn thành, xong xuôi
Put up dựng lên
Put sb up cho ai đó ở nhờ
Put up with chịu đựng
29 Take after = look like giống
Take along mang theo, đem theo
Take away mang đi, lấy đi
Take back lấy lại, mang về
Take down tháo xuống, hạ xuống
Take in hiểu, lừa gạt
Take off cởi, cất cánh
Take on đảm nhiệm, thuê mướn
Take out nhổ (cây, răng), đổ (rác)
Take over tiếp quản, kế tục
Take to thích
Take up tiếp tục một công việc bỏ dở
30 Turn away ngoảnh mặt đi
Turn back quay lại
Turn down vặn nhỏ, từ chối
Turn into biến thành
Turn off tắt đi
Turn on bật lên
Turn out hoá ra
Turn over lật, dở
Turn up = show up = đến, xuất hiện
arrive
31 Try on thử đồ
Try out = test kiểm tra xem có hoạt động được hay không
32 Tell against nói điều chống lại
Tell off rầy, la mắng
Tell on mách
Tell over đếm
Tell sb/st apart: phân biệt ai/cái gì
33 See about đảm đương
See after săn sóc, để ý tới
See off tiễn
34 Set against so sánh, đối chiếu
Set apart dành riêng ra
Set back vặn chậm lại
Set down ghi lại, chép lại
Set off/out khởi hành
Set up thành lập
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35 Stay away không đến, vắng mặt
Stay in không ra ngoài
Stay out ở ngoài, không về nhà
Stay on ở lâu hơn dự định
Stay up thức
36 Stand by đứng cạnh
Stand for viết tắt, tượng trưng cho
Stand in đại diện cho
Stand in with vào hùa, cấu kết với
Stand off tránh xa, lảng xa
Stand on giữ đúng, khăng khăng đòi
Stand out nổi bật
Stand over bị hoãn lại
Stand up đứng dậy
Stand up for về phe, ủng hộ
Stand up to dũng cảm đương đầu
Stand in for thay thế chỗ của ai
37 Ren after theo đuổi ai
Run against đi ngược lại, chống đối, phản đối
Run along rời đi, tránh ra xa
Run down hao mòn, tiền tuỵ
Run out cạn kiệt
Run out of hết sạch cái gì
Run on chạy bằng cái gì
Run over cán lên, đè lên
Run through tiêu xài phung phí
38 Watch after dõi theo, nhìn theo
Watch for chờ, đợi
Watch out đề phòng, coi chừng
Watch over trông nom, canh gác
39 Wear away làm mòn dần, làm mất dần
Wear down làm kiệt sức dần
Wear off làm mòn mất
Wear out làm rách, làm sờn, làm mệt lử
40 Wipe at quật, giáng cho một đòn
Wipe away tẩy, lau sạch
Wipe out xoá sạch

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 PRACTISES
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. It was the third time in six months that the bank had been held ________
A. over B. down c. up Đ. out
2. I always run ________ of money before the end of the month.
A. out B. back c. up D. down
3. I've just spent two weeks looking ________ an aunt of mine who's been ill.
A. at B. for c. out for D. after
4. I've always got ________ well with old people.
A. off B. on c. in D. through
5. It's very cold in here. Do you mind if I turn ________ the heating?
A. down B. away c. off D. on
6. They've ________ a new tower where that old building used to be.
A. put up B. put down c. pushed up D. pushed down
7. Stephen always wanted to be an actor when he ________ up.
A. came B. grew C. brought D. settled
8. The bus only stops here to ________ passengers.
A. put down B. get on C. get off D. pick up
9. If anything urgent comes ________, you can contact me at this number.
A. across B. by C. up D. round
10. Your daughter's just started work, hasn't she? How’s she getting ________?
A. by B. on C. out D. in
11. We had to turn ________ their invitation to lunch as we had a previous appointment.
A. over B. out C. up D. down
12. He died ________ heart disease.
A. from B. because C. of D. in
13. The elevator is not running today. It is ________ order.
A. to B. out C. out of D. in
14. I explained ________ him what it meant.
A. to B. about C. over D. from
15. Who will ________ the children while you go out to work?
A. look for B. look up C. look after D. look at
16. If you want to join this club, you must ________ this application form.
A. make up B. write down C. do up D. fill in
17. The water company will have to ________ off water supplies while repairs to the pipes are carried
________
A. take/ in B. cut/ out C. set/ up D. break/ to
18. They were 30 minutes later because their car ________ down.
A. got B. put C. cut D. broke
19. That problem is ________ them. We can't make ________ our mind yet.
A. out off/ on B. up to/ up C. away from/ for D. on for/ off
20.Do you want to stop in this town, or shall we ________?

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 A. turn on B. turn off C. go on D. look after
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. Please ________ the light, it's getting dark here.
A. turn on B. turn off C. turn over D. turn into
2. The nurse has to ________ the patients at the midnight.
A. look after B. look up C. look at D. look for
3. There is an inflation. The prices ________
A. are going on B. are going down C. are going over D. are going up
4. Remember to ________ your shoes when you are in a Japanese house.
A. take care B. take on C. take over D. take off
5. You can ________ the new words in the dictionary.
A. look for B. look after C. look up D. look at
6. It's cold outside ________ your coat.
A. Put on B. Put down C. Put off D. Put into
7. If you want to be healthy, you should ________ your bad habits in your lifestyles.
A. give up B. call off C. break down D. get over
8. Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
A. do B. let C. delay D. leave
9. My father still hasn't really recovered from the death of my mother.
A. looked after B. taken after C. gone off D. got over
10. The bomb exploded with a loud bang which could be heard all over the town.
A. went on B. went out C. went off D. went away
11. John, could you look after my handbag while I go out for a minute.
A. take part in B. take over C. take place D. take care of
12. Why do they ________ talking about money all the time?
A. keep on B. give up C. take after D. stop by
13. My father gave up smoking two years ago.
A. liked B. continued C. stopped D. enjoyed
14. The government hopes to________ its plans for introducing cable TV.
A. turn out B. carry out C. carry on D. keep on
15. When the tenants failed to pay their bill, the authorities decided to ________ the gas supply to the
flat.
A. cut down B. cut out C. cut off D. cut up
16. You go on ahead and then I'll catch ________ you.
A. along with B. forward to C. up with D. on to
17. Both Ann and her sister look like her mother.
A. take after B. take place C. take away D. take on
18. I'll be back in a minute, Jane. I just want to try out my new tape recorder.
A. resemble B. test C. arrive D. buy
19. The national curriculum is made ________ of the following subjects: English, Maths, Chemistry and
so on....
A. from B. on C. up D. in
20. Shy people often find it difficult to ________ group discussions.
A. take place in B. take part in C. get on with D. get in touch with

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 MODULE 24: IDIOMS
A. MỘT SỐ THÀNH NGỮ THÔNG DỤNG
I. Thành ngữ có chứa màu sắc
STT Thành ngữ Nghĩa
1 The black sheep nghịch tử, phá gia chi tử
2 Blue in the face mãi mãi, lâu đến vô vọng
3 Red-letter day ngày đáng nhớ vì có chuyện tốt lành, ngày vui
4 White as a ghost/sheet trắng bệch, nhợt nhạt
5 With flying colors xuất sắc
6 Once in a blue moon năm thì mười hoạ, hiếm khi
7 Black and white rõ ràng
8 Catch sb red-handed bắt tại trận
9 Have a yellow streak có tính nhát gan
10 Get/give the green light bật đèn xanh
11 Out of the blue hoàn toàn bất ngờ
12 Paint the town red ăn mừng
13 Red tape nạn quan liêu
14 In the pink = in good health sức khoẻ tốt
15 Lend color to St chứng minh cái gì

II. Thành ngữ có chứa các danh từ bộ phận

STT Thành ngữ Nghĩa
1 Break a leg Good luck! (thường dùng để chúc may mắn)
2 Scratch someone's back giúp đỡ người khác với hi vọng họ sẽ giúp lại
=Help someone out with the assumption mình
that they will return the favor in the future
3 Hit the nail/ on the head nói chính xác, làm chính xác
= Do or say something exactly right
4 Splitting headache = A severe headache đau đầu như búa bổ
5 Make someone's blood boil làm ai sôi máu, giận dữ
6 Pay through the nose trả giá quá đắt
= To pay too much for something
7 By the skin of one's teeth sát sao, rất sát
8 Pull someone's leg chọc ai
9 Fight tooth and claw/nail đánh nhau dữ dội, cấu xé nhau
10 Not bat an eye không tỏ ra ngạc nhiên hay sốc
= To not show any shock or surprise
11 Cost an arm and a leg rất là đắt đỏ
12 Go to one's head khiến ai kiêu ngạo
13 Get/have cold feet mất hết can đảm, chùn bước
14 Led somebody by the nose nắm đầu, dắt mũi ai
= To control someone and make them do
exactly what you want them to do
15 Off one's head điên, loạn trí
16 Put one's foot in it gây nhầm lẫn, bối rối, phạm một sai lầm gây bối
rối
17 Stay/keep/be on one's toe cảnh giác, thận trọng
18 Have in mind đang suy tính, cân nhắc

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19 At heart thực chất, cơ bản (basically, fundamentally)
20 Face the music chịu trận
21 Like the back of one's hand rõ như lòng bàn tay
22 The twinkling of an eye trong nháy mắt
23 On the tip of tongue dùng khi muốn diễn tả ai đó không thể nhớ ra
được điều gì mặc dù đã chắc chắn biết về nó
24 Put one's foot in one's mouth nói một điều ngu ngốc làm xúc phạm đến người
khác
25 Stick one's nose into one's business chúi mũi vào việc của người khác
26 Feel St in one's bones cảm nhận rõ rệt
27 A real pain in the neck sốc, nghiêm trọng
28 Face to face trực tiếp
29 See eye to eye with sb = totally agree đồng tình
30 Keep one's head above the water xoay xở
31 Have egg on one’s face xấu hổ
32 Word of mouth đồn đại, truyền miệng
33 Heart to heart chân thành
34 Body and soul hết lòng, hết dạ
35 Flesh and blood người có máu mủ ruột thịt
36 Skin and bones tiều tuỵ thảm thương, chỉ còn da bọc xương
37 Lend an ear to sb/st iắng nghe một cách chân thành
38 Trip over one's big feet tự vấp ngã
39 In one's capable hands trong quyền giải quyết
40 Up to your eyes rất bận
41 Have a head for st giỏi về cái gì
42 A sweet tooth người thích ăn đồ ăn ngọt
43 Have st at one's fingertips nhận được thông tin/ kiến thức cần thiết một
= To have the information, knowledge, etc. cách
That is needed in a particular situation dễ dàng và nhanh chóng
and be able to find it easily and use it
quickly

III.Thành ngữ có chứa các con động vật

STT Thành ngữ Nghĩa
1 Take the mickey out of sb = make fun of sb chế nhạo, châm chọc ai
2 Get butterflies in one's stomach cảm thấy bồn chồn
3 Have a bee in one's bonnet about St ám ảnh về điều gì
4 When pigs fly = something will never điều vô tưởng, không thể xảy ra
happen
5 Teacher's pets học sinh cưng
6 Let the cat out of the bag tiết lộ bí mật
7 Huddle into a pen lại gần nhau, túm tụm lại
8 Kill two birds with one stone một mũi tên trúng hai đích
9 A big fish in a small pond thằng chột làm vua xử mù
10 Rain cats and dogs mưa rất to
11 Like a fish out of water như cá ra khỏi nước (bơ vơ, xa lạ, ngớ ngẩn)
12 Like water off a duck’s back nước đổ đầu vịt
13 Don't count yours the chicken before they đừng vội làm gì khi chưa chắc chắc
hatch
14 Catch the worms nắm bắt cơ hội

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15 Be in the doghouse nếu bạn đang "in the doghouse", tức là ai đó
đang
khó chịu với bạn vì điều bạn đã làm
16 Don't look a gift horse in the mouth đừng đòi hỏi về giá trị khi nhận được một
món quà
17 Cock- and –bull bịa đặt, vẽ vời ra
18 Change horse in midstream thay ngựa giữa dòng (ý nói thay đổi giữa
chừng)
IV.Thành ngữ về cuộc sống
STT Thành ngữ Nghĩa
1 To be in deep water rơi vào tình huống khó khăn
2 To be in hot water gặp rắc rối
3 Better safe than sorry cẩn tắc vô áy náy
4 Money is the good servant but a bad master khôn lấy của che thân, dại lấy thân che của
5 The grass are always green on the other đứng núi này trông núi nọ
side of the fence
6 One bitten, twice shy chim phải đạn sợ cành cong
7 In Rome do as the Romans do nhập gia tuỳ tục
8 Honesty is the best policy thật thà là thượng sách
9 A woman gives and forgives, a man gets đàn bà cho và tha thứ, đàn ông nhận và quên
and forgets
10 No roses without a thorn hồng nào mà chẳng có gai, việc nào mà chẳng có
vài khó khăn!
11 Save for the rainy day làm khi lành để dành khi đau
12 It's an ill bird that fouls its own nest vạch áo cho người xem lưng / Tốt đẹp phô ra
xấu xa đậy lại
13 Don't trouble trouble till trouble troubles sinh sự sự sinh
you
14 Still water run deep tẩm ngẩm tầm ngầm mà đấm chết voi
15 Men make house, women make home đàn ông xây nhà, đàn bà xây tổ ấm
16 Penny wise pound foolish tham bát bỏ mâm
17 Make the mare go có tiền mua tiên cũng được
18 Like father, like son con nhà tông không giống lông thì cũng giống
cánh
19 The die is cast bút sa gà chết
20 Two can play that game ăn miếng trả miếng
21 Practice makes perfect có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim
22 Ignorance is bliss không biết thì dựa cột mà nghe
23 No pain, no gain có làm thì mới có ăn
24 A bad beginning makes a bad ending đầu xuôi đuôi lọt
25 A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast giấy rách phải giữ lấy lề
26 Beauty is but skin-deep cái nết đánh chết cái đẹp
27 Calamity is man's true touchstone lửa thử vàng, gian nan thử sức.
28 Diamond cut diamond vỏ quýt dày có móng tay nhọn
29 Diligence is the mother of success có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim
30 Don't put off until tomorrow what you can việc hôm nay chớ để ngày mai
do today
31 A hot potato = something that is difficult or vấn đề nan giải
dangerous to deal with
32 A lost cause hết hi vọng, không thay đổi được gì

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33 It never rains but it pours = good or bad hoạ vô đơn chí
things do not just happen a few at a time,
but in large numbers all at once
V.Thành ngữ là các cụm danh từ khác
STT Thành ngữ Nghĩa
1 A blind date cuộc hẹn giữa hai người chưa hề quen biết
2 Golden handshake món tiền hậu hĩnh dành cho người sắp nghỉ
việc
3 One's cup of tea thứ mà ai đó thích
4 Odds and ends linh tinh, vụn vặt
5 Leaps and bounds nhảy vọt, vượt trội
6 Between two stools = on the horns of a tiến thoái lưỡng nan
dilemma = when someone finds it difficult
to choose between two alternatives
7 On the house không phải trả tiền
8 Off the peg hàng may sẵn
9 Off the record không chính thức, không được công bố
10 Part and parcel thiết yếu, quan trọng
11 A shadow of a doubt sự nghi ngờ
12 Beyond the shadow of a doubt không hề nghi ngờ
13 The last straw = a nail in one's coffin giọt nước tràn ly
14 The apple of one's eye bảo bối của ai
15 Good egg người có nhân cách, đáng tin cậy
16 Close shave = narrow escape thoát chết trong gang tấc
17 Wet blanket người phá đám
18 A kick in the pants một bài học để ứng xử tốt hơn
19 An open-and-shut case vấn đề dễ giải quyết
20 A shot in the dark một câu đố
21 A big cheese nhân vật tai to mặt lớn, người có vai vế, quyền
lực
22 Ups and downs lúc thăng lúc trầm
23 Ins and outs những đặc tính và sự phức tạp
24 The tip of the iceberg phần nhìn thấy
25 Compulsive liar kẻ nói dối chuyên nghiệp
VI.Thành ngữ là các cụm động từ khác
STT Thành ngữ Nghĩa
1 To pour cold water on something dội nước lạnh vào...
2 To blow something out of the water đánh bại, vượt
3 To sell/go like hot cakes đắt đỏ, đắt như tôm tươi
4 To get in hot water = be in trouble/ have gặp khó khăn
difficulty
5 To hit the books = to study học
6 To hit the roof = to hit the ceiling = to giận dữ
suddenly become angry
7 To hit it off tâm đầu ý hợp
8 To make good time di chuyển nhanh, đi nhanh
9 To chip in góp tiền
10 To run an errand làm việc vặt
11 To fly off the handle dễ nổi giận, phát cáu
12 To cut it fine đến sát giờ
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13 To jump the traffic lights vượt đèn đỏ
14 To put on an act giả bộ, làm bộ
15 To come to light được biết đến, được phát hiện, được đưa ra ánh
sáng.
16 To pull one's weight nỗ lực, làm tròn trách nhiệm
17 To make ends meet xoay xở để kiếm sống
18 To get the hold of the wrong end of the hiểu nhầm ai đó
stick
19 To cut and dried cuối cùng, không thể thay đổi, rõ ràng, dễ hiểu
20 To know by sight nhận ra
21 To take pains làm việc cẩn thận và tận tâm
22 To drop sb a line/note viết thư cho ai
23 To turn over a new leaf bắt đầu thay đổi hành vi của mình
24 To weigh up the pros and cons cân nhắc điều hay lẽ thiệt
25 To burn the midnight oil = to stay up thức khuya làm việc, học bài
working, especially studying late at night
26 To put sb/st at one's disposal cho ai tuỳ ý sử dụng
27 To bring down the house làm cho cả khán phòng vỗ tay nhiệt liệt
28 To beat about the bush vòng vo tam quốc
29 To find fault with chỉ trích, kiếm chuyện, bắt lỗi
30 To take it amiss = to understand as wrong hiểu lầm
or insulting, or misunderstand
31 To break the news thông báo
32 To drop a brick lỡ lời, lỡ miệng
33 To take st for granted coi là hiển nhiên
34 To break the ice Thành ngữ này thường dùng để diễn tả làm một
việc gì đó để giúp mọi người thư giãn và thoải
mái, đặc biệt khi mới gặp
35 To blow one's own trumpet khoe khoang, khoác lác
36 To miss the boat lỡ mất cơ hội
37 To put one's card on the table thẳng thắn
38 To call it a day = stop working nghỉ, giải lao
39 To hear a pin drop im lặng, tĩnh lặng
40 To blow hot and cold hay thay đổi ý kiến, dao động
41 To call the shots chỉ huy, quyết định về những việc cần làm
42 To draws the line đặt giới hạn cho việc gì; phân biệt giữa hai thứ
tương tự nhau
43 To foot the bill thanh toán tiền
44 To carry the can chịu trách nhiệm, chịu sự chỉ trích
45 To throw the baby out with the bathwater vứt bỏ những thứ đáng giá cùng lúc với rũ bỏ
với thứ gì không còn cần
46 To go with the flow làm theo mọi người
47 To keep his shirt on bình tĩnh
48 To let off steam xả hơi

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VII.Thành ngữ là cụm tính từ/ trạng
STT Thành ngữ Nghĩa
1 At the drop of a hat = immediately, ngay lập tức
instantly
2 Off and on/ on and off không đều đặn, thỉnh thoảng
3 High and low = here and there = đó đây, khắp mọi nơi
everywhere
= far and wide
4 Spick and span ngăn nắp, gọn gàng
5 On the spot = immediately ngay lập tức
6 At the eleventh hour vào phút chót
7 On the top of the world = walking on the air vui sướng, hạnh phúc
= over the moon= like a dog with two tails
= happy
8 In vain vô ích
9 A piece of cake dễ như ăn cháo
10 Down the drain công cốc, đổ ra sông ra biển
11 Under the weather = off color không được khoẻ
12 The end of the world đáng để bận tâm
13 As fit as a fiddle khoẻ như vâm
14 On probation trong thời gian quản chế, tập sự (công việc)
15 Home and dry = with flying colors thành công
16 Apples and oranges = chalk and cheese rất khác nhau, khác một trời một vực
17 As long as your arm rất dài
18 As high as a kite quá phấn khích, thường là do bị ảnh hưởng bởi
đồ uống có cồn hoặc ma tuý
19 In the same boat ở trong cùng một hoàn cảnh
20 Hot under the collar điên tiết, cáu tiết
21 As red as a beetroot đỏ như củ cải đường/ngượng
22 For good = permanently = forever mãi mãi
23 Now and then = once in a while = thỉnh thoảng
sometimes
= every so often = occasionally
24 Full of beans hăng hái, sôi nổi, đầy năng lượng
25 At a loose end = free rảnh rỗi
26 A tall story = unbelievable khó tin
27 As cool as cucumber bình tĩnh, không nao núng
28 Peace and quiet bình yên và tĩnh lặng
29 Behind closed doors kín, không công khai
30 High and dry = in a difficult situation, trong tình huống khó khăn
without help or money
31 Prim and proper = always behaving in a kĩ lưỡng (quá mức), có chút bảo thủ
14 Still water run deep tẩm ngẩm tầm ngầm mà đấm chết voi
15 Men make house, women make home đàn ông xây nhà, đàn bà xây tổ ấm
16 Penny wise pound foolish tham bát bỏ mâm
17 Make the mare go có tiền mua tiên cũng được
18 Like father, like son con nhà tông không giống lông thì cũng giống
cánh
19 The die is cast bút sa gà chết
20 Two can play that game ăn miếng trả miếng

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 21 Practice makes perfect có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim
22 Ignorance is bliss không biết thì dựa cột mà nghe
23 No pain, no gain có làm thì mới có ăn
24 A bad beginning makes a bad ending đầu xuôi đuôi lọt
25 A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast giấy rách phải giữ lấy lề
26 Beauty is but skin-deep cái nết đánh chết cái đẹp
27 Calamity is man's true touchstone lửa thử vàng, gian nan thử sức.
28 Diamond cut diamond vỏ quýt dày có móng tay nhọn
29 Diligence is the mother of success có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim
30 Don't put off until tomorrow what you can việc hôm nay chớ để ngày mai
do today
31 A hot potato = something that is difficult or vấn đề nan giải
dangerous to deal with
32 A lost cause hết hi vọng, không thay đổi được gì
33 It never rains but it pours = good or bad hoạ vô đơn chí
things do not just happen a few at a time,
but in large numbers all at once

PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. Jose had a hard time comparing the iPhone to the Samsung phone because to him they were apples
and oranges.
A. containing too many technical details B. very similar
C. completely different D. very complicated
2. Peter is the black sheep of the family, so he is never welcomed there.
A. a beloved member B. a bad and embarrassing member
C. the only child D. the eldest child
3. There's a list of repairs as long as ________
A. your arm B. a pole C. your arms D. a mile
4. I tried to talk to her, but she was as high as a ________
A. kite B. house C. sky D. wall
5. We're over the ________! Who wouldn't be? We've just won £1 million!
A. planet B. clouds C. stars D. moon
6. I've never really enjoyed going to the ballet or the opera; they're not really my ________
A. piece of cake B. sweets and candy C. biscuit D. cup of tea
7. You never really know where you are with her as she just blows hot and cold.
A. keeps going B. keeps taking things
C. keeps changing her mood D. keeps testing
8. "Edwards seems like a dog with two tails this morning." - "Haven't vou hear the news? His wife gave
birth a baby boy early this morning."
A. extremely happy B. extremely disappointed
C. exhausted D. very proud
9. Thomas knows Paris like the back of his ________. He used to be a taxi driver there for 2 years.

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 A. head B. mind C. hand D. life
10. Josh may get into hot water when driving at full speed after drinking.
A. get into trouble B. stay safe C. fall into disuse D. remain calm
11. You have to be on your toes if you want to beat her.
A. pay all your attention to what you are doing
B. upset her in what she is doing
C. get involved in what she is doing
D. make her comply with your orders
12. By appearing on the soap powder commercials, she became a ________ name.
A. housekeeper B. housewife C. household D. house
13. When his parents are away, his oldest brother ________
A. knocks it off B. calls the shots C. draws the line D. is in the same boat
14. Hearing about people who mistreat animals makes me go hot under the________
A. chin B. collar C. sleeves D. vest
15. I know you are upset about breaking up with Tom, but there are plenty more ________
A. horses in the stable B. cows in the shed C. tigers in the jungle D. fish in the sea
16. I'll have to go to the funeral of Ms. Jane, a ________ of mine.
A. heart to heart B. body and soul C. flesh and blood D. skin and bones
17. When the kids asked him about his girlfriend, he'd go as red as a ________
A. tomato B. chili C. strawberry D. beetroot
18. What I've got to say to you now is strictly ________ the record and most certainly not for publication,
said the government official to the reporter.
A. off B. on C. in D. at
19. I can't give you the answer on the________; I'll have to think about it for a few days.
A. place B. minute C. scene D. spot
20. Someone is going to have to take responsibility for this disaster. Who is going to________?
A. foot the bill B. carry the can C. hatch the chicken D. catch the worms
21. I am sure your sister will lend you a sympathetic ________ when you explain the situation to her.
A. eye B. ear C. arm D. finger
22. Unfortunately, the injury may keep him out of football ________. He may never play again.
A. for good B. now and then C. once in a while D. every so often
23. The children were full of beans today, looking forward to their field trip.
A. eating a lot B. hyperactive C. melancholy D. lively and in high spirits
24. John: "Oh, I forgot my girlfriend's birthday last week." - Anne: “________”
A. Not on your life B. So I guess you are in the doghouse again.
C. Sure, knock on wood. D. You really should get a life.
25. Sometimes in a bad situation, there may still be some good things. Try not to "throw out the
________ with the bathwater".
A. fish B. duck C. baby D. child

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 MODULE 25:COLLOCATIONS
Cụm từ cố định (collocation) là những cụm gồm hai hay nhiều từ thường hay đi cùng với nhau và theo
một trật tự nhất định. Chúng không có quỵ tắc hay một công thức cụ thể.
Collocation có thể dưới các dạng sau:
I. Một số cụm từ cố định (collocations) thường gặp:
0 Cụm từ cố định Nghĩa
1 Let one's hair down thư giãn, xả hơi
2 Drop-dead gorgeous thể chất, cơ thể tuyệt đẹp
3 The length and breadth of sth ngang dọc khắp cái gì
4 Make headlines trở thành tin tức quan trọng, được lan
truyền rộng rãi
5 Take measures to V thực hiện các biện pháp để làm gì
6 It is the height of stupidity = It is no use thật vô nghĩa khi...
7 Pave the way for chuẩn bị cho, mở đường cho
8 Speak highly of something đề cao điều gì
9 Tight with money thắt chặt tiền bạc
10 In a good mood trong một tâm trạng tốt, vui vẻ
11 On the whole = In general nhìn chung, nói chung
12 Peace of mind yên tâm
13 Give sb a lift/ride cho ai đó đi nhờ
14 Make no difference không tạo ra sự khác biệt
15 On purpose cố ý
16 By accident = by chance = by mistake = by tình cờ
coincide
17 In terms of về mặt
18 By means of bằng cách
19 With a view to V-ing để làm gì
20 In view of theo quan điểm của
21 Breathe/ say a word nói/ tiết lộ cho ai đó biết về điều gì đó
22 Get straight to the point đi thẳng đến vấn đề
23 Be there for sb ở đó bên cạnh ai
24 Take it for granted cho nó là đúng, cho là hiển nhiên
25 Do the household chores Do làm việc nhà
homework làm bài tập về nhà
Do assignment làm công việc được giao
26 On one's own = by one's self tự thân một mình
27 Make up one’s mind on smt = make a quyết định về cái gì
decision on smt
28 Give a thought about suy nghĩ về
29 Pay attention to chú ý tới
30 Prepare a plan for chuẩn bị cho
31 Sit for thi lại
32 A good run for your money có một quãng thời gian dài hạnh phúc và
vui vẻ (vì tiền bạc tiêu ra mang lại giá trị
tốt đẹp)
33 Keep/catch up with sb/st bắt kịp, theo kịp với ai/cái gì
34 Have (stand) a chance to do St có cơ hội làm gì

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35 Hold good còn hiệu lực
36 Cause the damage gây thiệt hại
37 For a while/moment một chút, một lát
38 See eye to eye đồng ý, đồng tình
39 Pay sb a visit = visit sb thăm ai đó
40 Put a stop to St = put an end to St chấm dứt cái gì
41 To be out of habit mất thói quen, không còn là thói quen
42 Pick one's brain hỏi, xin ý kiến ai về điều gì
43 Probe into dò xét, thăm dò
44 To the verge of đến bên bờ vực của
45 Lay claim to St tuyên bố là có quyền sở hữu thứ gì
(thường là tiền, tài sản)
46 Pour scorn on somebody dè bỉu/chê bai ai đó
47 A second helping phần ăn thứ hai
48 Break new ground khám phá ra, làm ra điều chưa từng được
làm trước đó
49 Make a fool (out) of sb/yourself khiến ai đó trông như kẻ ngốc
50 Be rushed off your feet bận rộn
51 Be/come under fire bị chỉ trích mạnh mẽ vì đã làm gì
52 Be at a loss bối rối, lúng túng
53 Take to flight chạy đi
54 Do an impression of sb bắt chước ai, nhại điệu bộ của ai
55 Have a (good] head for St có khả năng làm điều gì đó thật tốt
56 Reduce sb to tears = make sb cry làm ai khóc
57 Take a fancy to bắt đầu thích cái gì
58 Keep an eye on để ý, quan tâm, chăm sóc đến cái gì
59 Get a kick out of thích cái gì, cảm thấy cái gì thú vị (= to
like, be interested in...)
60 Kick up a fuss about giận dữ, phàn nàn về cái gì
61 Come what may dù khó khăn đến mấy/dù có rắc rối gì đi
nữa
62 By the by = By the way tiện thể, nhân tiện
63 What is more thêm nữa là (thêm một điều gì đó có tính
quan trọng hơn)
64 Be that as it may cho dù như thế
65 Put all the blame on sb đổ tất cả trách nhiệm cho ai
66 Take out insurance on St = buy an insurance mua bảo hiểm cho cái gì
policy for St
67 Make a go of St thành công trong việc gì
68 Make effort to do St = try/attempt to do St = cố gắng làm gì
in an attempt to do St
69 Put effort into St bỏ bao nhiêu nỗ lực vào cái gì

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70 Out of reach ngoài tầm với
Out of the condition Out of touch không vừa (về cơ thể)
Out of the question Out of stock mất liên lạc với, không có tin tức về
Out of practice Out of work Out of date Out of không thể được, điều không thể hết hàng
order Out of fashion Out of season không thể thực thi
Out of control thất nghiệp
lạc hậu, lỗi thời hỏng hóc
lỗi mốt
trái mùa
ngoài tầm kiểm soát
71 Rise to the occasion tỏ ra có khả năng đối phó với tình thế khó
khăn bất ngờ
72 Put somebody off something làm ai hết hứng thú với điều gì
73 Cross one's mind chợt nảy ra trong trí óc
74 Have full advantage có đủ lợi thế
75 Establish somebody/something/your-self (in giữ vững vị trí
something) (as something)
76 You can say that again hoàn toàn đồng ý
77 Word has it that có tin tức rằng
78 At the expense of St trả giá bằng cái gì
79 Tobe gripped with a fever bị cơn sốt đeo bám
80 Make full use of tận dụng tối đa
81 Make a fortune Make a guess Make an trở nên giàu có dự đoán gây ấn tượng
impression
82 The brink of collapse bờ vực phá sản
83 Come down with something bị (một bệnh gì đó)
84 Make up for something đền bù, bù vào
85 Get through to somebody làm cho ai hiểu được mình
86 Face up to something đủ can đảm để chấp nhận
87 An authority on St có chuyên môn về lĩnh vực gì
88 Meet the demand for... đáp ứng nhu cầu cho ...
89 Pat yourself on the back = praise yourself khen ngợi chính mình
90 Take/have priority over something ưu tiên, đặt hàng đầu
91 Shows a desire to do St = desire to do st khao khát, mong muốn làm gì
92 By virtue of + N/V-ing bởi vì
93 With regard to + N/V-ing về mặt, về vấn đề, có liên quan tới
94 In recognition of + N/V-ing được công nhận về
95 Put up with chịu đựng
96 Get on with = get along with= keep/ be on good thân thiện (với ai), ăn ý (với ai), hoà
terms with = have a good relationship with thuận với ai, có quan hệ tốt với ai
97 Deal with giải quyết cái gì
98 Do the washing up rửa bát đĩa
Do the shopping mua sắm
Do the cleaning dọn dẹp
Do the gaderning làm vườn
99 Attract attention thu hút sự chú ý
100 Focus (attention) on something = devote tập trung sự chú ý vào
attention to something
101 Draw attention to hướng sự thu hút tới
102 Make ends meet đáp ứng nhu cầu/ đủ sống

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 103 Commit something to memory = to learn học kĩ để nhớ chính xác
something well enough to remember it exactly
104 Have an influence on có ảnh hưởng đến...
105 Under the influence of chịu ảnh hưởng của, do ảnh hưởng của
106 Come to nothing không đi đến đâu, không được gì, ...
107 A wide range of something một loạt các...
108 Tip the scale in one’s favor Thiên về, nghiên về có lợi cho ai đó
109 Stand in with Vào hùa với, cấu kết với
110 Take sb for a ride Lừa dối ai
111 Bumper crop Vụ mùa bội thu

PRACTISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. After congratulating his team, the coach left, allowing the players to let their ________ down for a
while.
A. hearts B. hair C. souls D. heads
2. Alice said: "That guy is ________ gorgeous. I wish he would ask me out."
A. dead-centre B. drop shot C. jumped-up D. drop-dead
3. The party leader travelled the length and ________ of the country in an attempt to spread his message.
A. width B. distance C. diameter D. breadth
4. Vietnam U23 made not only Asia but also Europe keep a close eye on them. They ________
internationally.
A. have made headlines B. had made headlines C. have done headlines D. did headlines
5. If we didn't ________ any measures to protect whales, they would disappear forever.
A. use B. make C. take D. do
6. People who take on a second job inevitably ________ themselves to greater stress.
A. offer B. subject C. field D„ place
7. It is the ________ of stupidity to go walking in the mountains in this weather.
A. height B. depth C. source D. matter
8. The works of such men as the English philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes helped pave the
way for academic freedom in the modern sense.
A. terminate B. prevented C. enhanced D. incorporated
9. Both universities speak ________ of the programme of student exchange and hope to cooperate more
in the future.
A. highly B. largely C. strongly D. widely
10. My neighbors are really tight with money. They hate throwing away food, don't eat at restaurant,
and always try to find the best price.
A. to spend money too easily B. to not like spending money
C. to not know the value of money D. to save as much money as possible
11. We were all in a ________ mood because the weather was good and we were going on holiday the
next day.
A. bad B. well C. excellent D. good
12. On the whole, the rescue mission was well executed.

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 A. In fact B. In particular C. At once D. In general
13. With this type of insurance, you're buying ________ of mind.
A. peace B. satisfaction C. calmness D. contentment
14. Could you ________ me a lift into town?
A. give B. get C. do D. make
15. The players' protests ________ no difference to the referee's decision at all.
A. did B. made C. caused D. created
16. In a formal interview, it is essential to maintain good eye ________ with the interviewers.
A. link B. connection C. touch D. contact
17. It was no accident that he broke my glasses. He did it ________ purpose.
A. with B. on C. by D. about
18. I read the contract again and again ________ avoiding making spelling mistakes.
A. in terms of B. by means of C. with a view to D. in view of
19. Please don't ________ a word of this to anyone else, it's highly confidential.
A. speak B. pass C. mutter D. breathe
20. My advice is that you get straight to the point in the next report.
A. If I were you, I would go straight to the bush in the next report.
B. If I were you, I would have the next report got started.
C. If I were you, I would not beat around the bush in the next report.
D. If I were you, I would not point out the next report.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. I am glad I was able to be there for my friend when her mom died.
A. to offer support in time of need for B. to cry with
C. to travel with D. to visit
2. She simply took it for granted that the check was good and did not ask him any questions about it.
A. permitted it B. accepted it without investigation
C. objected to it D. looked it over
3.When you consider all the advantages you've gained I think you'll admit you had a good ________ for
your money.
A. run B. way C. earn D. drive
4. In a modern family the husband is expected to join hands with his wife to ________ the household
chores.
A. do B. make C. run D. take
5. While everyone else in this class prefers working in groups, Alice likes working ________
A. on her own B. of her own C. on herself D. in herself
6. Reaching 35 and obviously aging, Jane has to make up her mind on her future very soon.
A. give a thought about B. pay attention to C. prepare a plan for D. make a decision on
7. Foreign students who are ________ a decision about which school to attend may not know exactly
where the choices are located.
A. doing B. making C. taking D. having
8. Since he failed his exam, he had to ________ for it again.
A. pass B. make C. take D. sit
9. It is very important for a film or a company to keep ________ the changes in the market.
A. pace of B. track about C. touch with D. up with

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10. My brother left his job last week because he did not have any ________ to travel.
A. position B. chance C. ability D. location
11. I haven't read any medical books or articles on the subject for a long time, so I'm ________ with
recent developments.
A. out of reach B. out of the condition C. out of touch D. out of the question
12. Laws on military service since 1960 still hold good.
A. remain for good B. are still in good condition
C. stand in life D. remain in effect
13. I get quite depressed when I think about the damage we are ________ to the environment.
A. having B. taking C. making D. causing
14. I stayed there with her for a while before I left.
A. in the difficult time B. whenever she needed me
C. for relaxation D. for a short period of time
15. I am glad that we see eye to eye on the matter of the conference location.
A. dislike B. agree c. disagree D. approve
16. Make sure you ________ us a visit when you are in town again.
A. pay B. have c. give D. do
17. I used to run a mile before breakfast but now I am ________
A. not used to it B. no longer practice it C. out of practice D. out of the habit
18. The government is determined to ________ terrorism.
A. put the stop to B„ put stop to C. put stops to D. put a stop to
19. Can I ________ our brain for a moment? I can't do this crossword by myself.
A. use B. have C. mind D. pick
20. We are going to build a fence around the field with ________ to breeding sheep and cattle.
A. a goal B. an outlook C. a reason D. a view

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 OTHERS STRUCTURES
Cấu trúc Nghĩa
STT
1 Khi hai mệnh đề đồng chủ ngữ, ta có thể bỏ + Diễn tả hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau
chủ ngữ của vế đầu và thay bằng: + Diễn tả một hành động đã hoàn thành trước
- V-ing +..., S + V + O một hành động khác xảy ra trong quá khứ
- Having + Vp2, S + V + O + Khi câu mang nghĩa bị động
- Vp2 +..., S+ V + 0
2 - Have sb + V (bare) + Nhờ ai làm gì
= get sb to + V [bare]
- Have/get St + Vp2 + Có cái gì được làm bởi ai
3 Pay sb compliment (n) on sth Khen ngợi ai về việc gì
= Compliment (v)sb on sth
4 - Out of breath + Thở không ra hơi
- Out of date + Lạc hậu, lỗi thời
- Out of order + Hỏng hóc
- Out of work + Thất nghiệp
- Out of stock + Hết, không có sẵn
- Out of question + Không thể
- Out of season + Trái mùa
5 Sau số thứ tự (the first/ the second/the Đầu tiên/thứ hai/thứ ba/ cuối cùng...
third... the last) + to V(bare) làm cái gì đó
6 It was not until + time/time clause + that + S + Phải mãi cho tới tận khi … thì
V (quá khứ đơn)
(Mệnh để sau that luôn ở thể khẳng định)
7 - In the end = finally = eventually = at last + Cuối cùng
- At the end of + N/V-ing + Cuối của cái gì
8 Have (no) difficulty (in) + V-ing Có (không có) khó khăn (trong việc) làm gì
9 Decrease/increase by + ...% Giảm/tăng ...% (so với trước)
10 Find it + adj + to V (bare) Thấy như nào để làm gì
11 - Used to + V (bare) + Thường làm gì (trong quá khứ)
- Tobe/get used to + V-ing + Thường làm gì (ở hiện tại)
- Tobe used to + V (bare) + Được dung để làm gì
= Tobe used for + V-ing
12 Congratulate + sb + on + V-ing Chúc mừng ai vì đã làm gì
13 To be acquainted with sb/st Làm quen với, biết với ai/cái gì
14 To be responsible to sb for st/doing st Chịu trách nhiệm trước ai vì cái gì/ vì đã làm gì
15 Accuse sb of doing st Buộc tội ai làm gì
16 - Make sb/st + adj + Làm cho ai đó/cái gì đó như thế nào
- Make sb + V (bare) + Bắt ai đó làm gì
17 - Love/like/enjoy + V-ing + Thích làm gì
- Hate/dislike/resent + V-ing + Ghét làm gì
18 - Let sb + V (bare) + Cho phép ai đó làm gì
= Allow/permit sb + to V (bare)
- Allow/permit + V-ing + Cho phép làm gì
19 So that = in order that + clause Để mà
= so as to/ in order to/ to + V (bare)
20 - Advise sb to + V (bare) + Khuyên ai đó làm gì
- Advise + V-ing + Khuyên làm gì

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21 - Suggest + that + S + (should) + V (bare) + Gợi ý ai đó nên làm gì
- Suggest + V-ing + Gợi ý làm gì
22 Các cấu trúc câu ước:
- S + wish + S would+ V + Ước một điều trong tương lai
- S + wish + S + V (quá khứ đơn) + Ước một điều ở hiện tại
- S + wish + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành) + Ước một điều trong quá khứ
23 Prevent sb from doing st Ngăn cản ai đó làm gì
24 - Remind sb to + V (bare) + Nhắc nhở ai làm gì
- Remind sb of sb/st + Gợi cho ai nhớ tới ai/cái gì
25 Encourage sb + to + V (bare) Khuyến khích ai làm gì
26 Tell/ask + sb + to + V (bare) Bảo ai đó làm gì
27 - Sb+ need + to V + Ai đó cần phải làm gì
- St + need + V-ing = St + need + to be + Vp2 + Cái gì cần thiết được làm
28 No good/use + V-ing Không có ích khi làm gì
= No point in + V-ing
29 To be worth + V-ing Đáng làm gì
30 Appreciate + V-ing Đánh giá cao khi làm việc gì
31 (That/what + S + V) + V (số ít) Mệnh đề danh từ
32 Reproach sb for doing St (v) Trách mắng ai vì làm gì
33 Be on the verge of + V-ing Đang định làm gì
= Be about to V
34 Why not + V = Let's + V Hãy làm..., tại sao không...
35 Postpone + V-ing Hoãn làm gì
36 - Remember + to V + Nhớ để làm gì (trong tương lai)
- Remember + V-ing + Nhớ đã làm gì (trong quá khứ)
37 Object to + V-ing/ N Phản đối điều gì
38 Can't stand/help/bear + V-ing Không thể chịu/nhịn được
39 To be interested in = to be fond of Thích/quan tâm
= to be keen on
40 Deny + V-ing Phủ nhận làm gì
41 Admit + V-ing Thừa nhận làm gì
42 Promise + to V Hứa làm gì
43 Refuse + to V Từ chối làm gì
44 - V (tri giác) + O + V + Khi chứng kiến từ đầu tới cuối
- V (tri giác) + O + V-ing + Khi chứng kiến một phần của sự việc
45 Committed to something Tận tâm với cái gì
46 Lend/give somebody a hand = help sb Giúp một tay
47 - Confess that + mệnh đề Để nói "thú nhận việc gì"
Confess (to) something
Confess to doing something
48 Mind + V-ing Ngại, phiền làm gì
49 Practise + V-ing Thực hành, luyện tập làm việc gì
50 S + indicate + that + S + V Chỉ ra rằng
51 Agree + to V Đồng ý làm gì
52 No matter what + S + V ~ Whatever + S + V..., a Dù có ... đi chăng nữa … thì...
clause = No matter how + adj/adv + S + V
~ However + adj / adv + S + V, a clause
53 As well as + V-ing Không chỉ/ không những
54 Instead of + V-ing Thay vì làm gì đó

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55 Attempt + to V = try + to V Nỗ lực, cố gắng làm gì
= make an effort + to V
56 Lose one's (own) life in + sth/ V-ing Mất mạng/ chết khi làm gì đó
57 So + trợ động từ/ to be + S Dùng sau một phát biểu khẳng định để diễn
đạt sự đồng tình
58 Neither + trợ đồng từ/to be + S = S + trợ đồng Dùng sau một phát biểu phủ định để diễn tả sự
tự/ to be (phủ định) + either đồng tình
59 Provide sb with sth ~ provide sth for sb Cung cấp cho ai cái gì/ cung cấp cái gì Cho ai
60 Many a + N (số ít) + V (số ít) = many + N (số Nhiều
nhiều) + V (số nhiều)
61 To be irrelevant to sb/st Không thích hợp, không tương thích, không
thích đáng
62 Irrespective of = regardless of Bất kể, bất chấp
63 Limit yourself/sb (to doing sth/to sth) = to Giới hạn, giảm cái gì
restrict or reduce the amount of sth that you
or sb can have or use
64 Seem to V (inf) Dường như
=> bị động: seem to be + Vp2
65 Cấu trúc nhấn mạnh as + adj + a/an + N + as Đưa tính từ lên trước một danh từ số ít để
nhấn mạnh danh từ
66 Without + V-ing Mà không làm gì
67 With a view to doing something Với ý định/hi vọng làm gì
68 - Keep in touch with sb = have contact with sb + Giữ liên lạc với ai
- Lose contact with sb + Mất liên lạc với ai
69 - Similar to somebody / something Tương tự như
- Just like + N/Pronoun + Giống y như
- Such as + Theo sau bởi danh từ, mang tính liệt kê
- As well as + Mang nghĩa như not only... but also
70 Belong to sb/sth Thuộc về ai/cái gì
71 S + V + the same (Noun) as + N / Pronoun Giống như
72 - Insist on something/somebody doing + Khăng khăng, yêu cầu hoặc đòi hỏi ai làm gì
something
- Insist on + V-ing + Khăng khăng làm gì
- Insist + that + S + V [bare]
73 What + (a/an) + adj + Noun! = How + adj/ adv + Cấu trúc câu cảm thán
S + V!
74 - Begin/ start + to V + Bắt đầu làm việc gì
- Finish + V-ing + Kết thúc làm gì
75 Charge sb with sth = accusse sb of St Buộc tội cho ai về việc gì
76 Get down to + V-ing = start + V-ing Bắt đầu nghiêm túc làm gì
77 Refresh sb's memory Nhớ lại
78 Do somebody good Có lợi, tốt cho ai
79 Tobe accustomed to something Quen với cái gì
= Tobe/ get used to st/ V-ing
80 It takes sb + time + to V Mất bao lâu cho ai để làm gì
= S + spend + time + V-ing

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 CLEFT SENTENCES
Subject focus: nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ
Object focus : nhấn mạnh tân ngữ
Adverbial focus : nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ
=> Cleft sentences là cách dùng “ It + is / was + từ gạch chân + That……………”
Nếu S chỉ người ta dùng “ who / that”
Nếu các S khác ta dùng “ that”
1. Subject focus: nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ
Ex1: Mary gave me this book
=> It was Mary that / who gave me this book
Ex2: The TV program gives me a headache
=> It is the TV program that gives me a headache
Ex3: Sarah’s husband died on Friday
=> It was Sarah’s husband that died on Friday

2. Object focus : nhấn mạnh tân ngữ

Ex1: The boy hit the dog in the garden
=> It was the dog that the boy hit in the garden
Ex2: I’m studying English grammar
=> It is English grammar that I’m studying
3. Adverbial focus : nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ
Ex1: Sarah’s husband died on Friday
=> It was on Friday that Sarah’s husband died
Ex2 : The boy hit the dog in the garden
=> It was in the garden that the boy hit the dog
It was not until………. : mãi cho đến khi
It was not until + thời gian + that + S + Ved / V2”
Ex: I didn’t go to school until yesterday -> It was not until yesterday that I went to school
➢ Note!
Khi viết lại cấu trúc này cần lưu ý những điều sau:
- Luôn bắt đầu bằng cụm từ “ It was not until” những gì phía sau “ until”của câu đề ta ghi lại hết, sau đó
qua mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng chữ “ that”
- Mệnh đề sau “that” luôn ở thì quá khứ đơn và luôn luôn ở thể khẳng định
- Nếu đề cho “ didn’t” thì sau mệnh đề that ta bỏ từ didn’t, nếu đề cho couldn’t thì ta bỏ đi từ not, nếu
đề cho thể bị động “ wasn’t + V3/ Ved” ta chỉ bỏ not sau mệnh đề that

Page 145
 CORRECT THE MISTAKES

CÁC LỖI SAI THƯỜNG GẶP

LỖI SAI NGỮ PHÁP LỖI DÙNG TỪ LỖI CHÍNH TẢ

Thì động từ,sự phối thì, 1.TỪ LOẠI

sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ động 2.NGHĨA CỦA TỪ
từ,khiếm khuyết,cụm động 3.TỪ CÙNG
từ,thức giả định,danh động TRƯỜNG NGHĨA
từ,động từ nguyên thể có
TO hoặc không có,mạo từ,bị
động,câu điều kiện,tường
thuật,đảo ngữ,mệnh đề
quan hệ,cụm và câu…

PHƯƠNG PHÁP XÁC ĐỊNH LỖI Bước 1: Đọc lướt qua 1 lượt từ đầu đến
SAI cuối câu. Đọc kĩ phần gạch chân

Bước 2: Xét tính đúng đắn của các

phương án gạch chân về mặt ngữ pháp

Bước 3: Xét về nghĩa của câu và cách

dùng từ ở các phần gạch chân

Tìm ra lỗi sai

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 COMMUNICATIONS
1. MẪU CÂU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP: (Making request)
Trả lời
Đề nghị
Đồng ý Không đồng ý
- V-inf…! - Certainly. - I’m sorry. I can’t. I’m busy. (I have
- V-inf…., please! - Of course. something else to do.)
- Please + V-inf …! - Sure - I’m sorry. I don’t know how to do it.
- Can you + V-inf…? - No problem.
- Could you + V-inf…? - What can I do for you?
- Would you please + V-inf…? - How can I help you?
- Will you + V-inf…? - By all means.
- I wonder if you’d/could + V-inf …? - Yes, with pleasure
* Riêng với mẫu: - No, I don’t mind.
- Would/Do you mind + V-ing…? - No, of course not.
- Not at all.
2. MẪU CÂU ĐỀ NGHỊ GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC: (Making offer)
Đề nghị Trả lời
- Can I help you? - Yes/No. Thank you
- Shall I + V-inf…? - That’s very kind of you.
- What can I do for you? - Don’t worry! I’ll do it.
- May I help you? - That would be great.
- Do you need any help? - Oh, would you really? Thanks a lot.
- Let me help you - Well, that’s very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks.
- No, thank you. I can manage.
3. MẪU CÂU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC: (Asking for permission)
- May I + V-inf …?
- Can I + V-inf …?
- Would you mind if I + V (chia quá khứ đơn)?
- Do you mind if I + V (chia hiện tại đơn)?
Xin phép
- Excuse-me! May I + V-inf…?
- Do you think I could + V-inf…?
- I wonder if I could + V-inf…?
- Is it all right if I could/can + V-inf …?
- Certainly.
- Of course.
Đồng ý - Please do.
- Please go ahead.
Trả lời - Sure.
- I'd rather you didn't.
Không - I'd prefer you didn't.
đồng ý - No, I'm afraid you can't.
- I'm sorry, but you can't.

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4. MẪU CÂU "RỦ"/GỢI Ý: (Making suggestion)
Câu "rủ"/gợi ý Trả lời
- Let's + V-inf …?
- Why don't we + V-inf …?
- Shall we + V-inf …? - Yes, let's.
- How about + V-ing…? - No, let's not.
- What about + V-ing…? - That's a good idea.
- I think we should + V-inf… - Yes, definitely.
- I suggest that we + V-inf… - Sure, why not?
- It might be a good idea if we + V-inf… - By all means.
- I think the best way of dealing with this situation would - That's probably the best option.
be + to V-inf…
- If you ask me, I think we should/could + V-inf…
5. MẪU CÂU CẢM ƠN: (Saying thanks)
Câu cảm ơn Trả lời
- Thank you. - You're welcome.
- Thank you very much. - That's all right.
- Thanks a lot. - Not at all.
- Thanks a lot for (N/V-ing). - It's my pleasure.
- It's very kind of you. - Don't mention it.
6. MẪU CÂU XÁC ĐỊNH LẠI THÔNG TIN: (Confirming information)
- Pardon (me)!
- Please say that again!
- Excuse-me! What did you say?
- Could you repeat that?
7. MẪU CÂU MỜI: (Making invitation)
Câu mời Trả lời
- Would you like + món ăn/uống? - Yes, please.
Mời ăn uống
- No, thanks.
- Would you like + to V-inf…? - Yes, I'd love to. (Thanks)
- Do you fancy + V-ing…? - That's very kind of you, thanks.
- Do you feel like + V-ing…? - That sounds lovely (interesting).
Mời đi
- That's a good idea. Thanks.
đâu/làm gì
- That would be great. Thanks.
- I'm sorry. I'm afraid I can't.
- That's very kind of you, but…
8. MẪU CÂU CHÚC MỪNG: (Congratulating others)
Câu kể Trả lời (câu chúc mừng)
- You did a great job!
- I've passed the entrance exam.
- Congratulations!
- I've got a driving licence.
- Excellent!
- ………………….
- Well done!
9. MẪU CÂU XIN LỖI:
Câu xin lỗi Trả lời
- I'm very/extremely/awfully/terribly + sorry. - That's all right, ok.
- Sorry. It's/was my fault. - Not too worried!
- I do apologise. - No need to apologize.
- Please accept my apologies. - Don't worry about it!
- I'm sorry for + N/V-ing - Never mind!

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10. MẪU CÂU THỂ HIỆN LỜI KHEN: (Compliments)
Câu thể hiện lời khen Trả lời
- You really have + positive adjective + Noun.
- It's very kind of you to say so, thank you!
- I've never seen such a perfect thing on you.
- Thank you. That's a nice compliment.
- Your + noun + is/was + positive adjective +
- Thanks. I think I've finally found (the color, the style,
complement
the way…) that + Verb…
- You are a/an + positive adjective + complement
- I'm glad you like it, thanks.
- What (a/an) + positive adjective + Noun!
- You've got to be kidding./You must be kidding. I
- How + positive adjective/adverb + subject +
thought it was terrible,
Verb!
11. MẪU CÂU THỂ HIỆN Ý PHỤ HỌA: (Expressing the same idea)
- Mệnh đề ở dạng khẳng định: "so + V-aux + subject".
"…, subject + V-aux, too".
- Mệnh đề ở dạnh phủ định: "neither + V-aux + subject".
"…, subject + V-aux + not, either".
12. CÁC MẪU CÂU HỎI THÔNG DỤNG:
Đôi khi đề thi cũng đưa ra các câu hỏi này. Phần này được cung cấp nhằm giúp học sinh ôn lại các câu hỏi
thường gặp.

Câu hỏi Trả lời

- What (gì) Dùng các danh từ chỉ vật
- Who (ai) Dùng các danh từ chỉ người
- What time (mấy giờ) Dùng các danh từ chỉ giờ
Dùng các cụm: to V-inf, in order to, so as to, so that,
- What…for? (để làm gì)
in order that…
- Where (ở đâu) Dùng các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn
- Why (tại sao) Dùng các từ chỉ lý do (because, as, due to…)
- Which (chọn lựa trong tập hợp biết trước) Dùng các từ chỉ đối tượng cần chọn
- When (khi nào) Dùng các từ chỉ thời gian
- How (phương tiện di chuyển) Dùng các từ chỉ phương tiện
Dùng tính từ, trạng từ
- How (thế nào)
Dùng các trạng từ tần suất (sometimes, never…), số
lần (once, twice, times…)
- How often (tần suất, bao lâu 1 lần)

- How + tính từ: mang nghĩa…như thế nào

(how far, how fast, how tall, how old…) Xem tính từ sau "how" hỏi gì thì trả lời cái đó

- How many (bao nhiêu) (đi với danh từ đếm

được, số nhiều)
Dùng các từ chỉ số lượng, giá tiền.
- How much (bao nhiêu) (đi với danh từ không
đếm được, số ít hoặc giá tiền)

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 PRACTISES
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes
each of the following exchanges
1. David is talking to Lucy about her painting.
- David: “What a beautiful painting!”
- Lucy: “____________”
A. No problem B. It’s on the wall
C. I’m glad you like it D. You’re welcome.
2. Peter and Dane are talking about environmental protection.
- Peter: “We should limit the use of plastic bags.”
- Dane: “____________. We can use paper bags instead.”
A. I completely agree. B. It’s not true.
C. I don’t quite agree D. You’re wrong.
3. David is apologising to his teacher for being late.
- David: “Sorry I’m late! The traffic is so heavy.”
- Teacher: “____________. Come in and sit down.”
A. You’re so kind B. It’s alright C. Me neither D. Thank you
4. Peter and Mary are talking about social networks.
- Peter: “Using social networks may have negative effects on students.”
- Mary: “____________. It distracts them from their studies.”
A. I’m not sure about that B. I don’t quite agree
C. You’re wrong D. That’s quite true
5. Linda and Peter are talking about safe driving.
- Linda: “I think drink-driving should be severely punished.”
- Peter: “____________. It may cause accidents or even deaths.”
A. You must be kidding B. I don’t think so
C. I don’t understand what you mean D. I absolutely agree with you
6. A porter is talking to Mary in the hotel lobby.
- Porter: “May I help you with your suitcase?”
- Mary: “____________”
A. What a shame B. Me too C. You’re welcome D. Yes, please
7. John is having dinner at Linda’s house.
- John: “This roast beef is so delicious.”
- Linda:”____________”
A. sure. I’d love to B. I’m glad you like it.
C. No, don’t worry. D. I don’t either.
8. Joana and David, two lectures, are talking about library skills.
- Joana: “I think we should teach our students how to use the library.”
- David:”____________
A. You’re absolutely wrong B. You must be kidding
C. I couldn’t agree with you more D. That’s not a good idea
9. A shop assistant is talking to a customer.
- Shop assistant: “Do you need anything else?”

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- Customer:”____________”
A. That’s all. Thanks B. Good job! C. With pleasure D. You’re welcome
10. Ann and Peter are talking about housework.
- Ann: “ I think children should be paid for doing the housework.”
- Peter: “____________. It’s their duty in the family.”
A. That’s what I think B. You’re exactly right
C. There’s no doubt about it D. I don’t think so
11. Ken and Tom are high-school students. They are discussing where their study group will meet.
- Ken: “Where is our study group going to meet next weekend?”
- Tom: “____________.”
A. Studying in a group is great fun. B. We are too busy on weekdays.
C. Why don’t you look at the atlas? D. The library would be best.
12. Mike and Lane are university students. They are talking about Lane’s upcoming high-school
reunion.
- Mike: “So, you have your fifth high-school reunion coming up?”
- Lane: “
A. Oh, the school reunion was wonderful. B. No. You’re in no mood for the event.
C. The food at the reunion was excellent. D. Yeah. I’m really looking forward to it.
13. A waiter in a restaurant is talking to a customer who has just finished his meal there.
- Waiter: “Here’s your bill, sir.”
- Customer: “____________”
A. Don’t mention it. B. Can I pay by credit card?
C. What do you have? D. You’re welcome.
14. Two close friends Tom and Kyle are talking about Kyle’s upcoming birthday.
- Tom: “Can I bring a friend to your birthday party?”
- Kyle: “____________”
A. It’s my honour. B. Let’s do it then. C. The more the merrier. D. That’s right.
15. Two friends Diana and Anne are talking about Anne’s new blouse.
- Diana: “That blouse suits you perfectly, Anne.”
- Anne: “____________’’.
A. Never mind. B. Don’t mention it. C. Thank you. D. You’re welcome.
16. Mary is talking to a porter in the hotel lobby.
- Porter: “Shall I help you with your suitcase?”
- Mary: “____________”
A. Not a chance. B. That’s very kind of you.
C. I can’t agree more. D. What a pity!
17. Susan accidentally stepped on Denise’s foot.
- Susan: “Oops! I’m sorry, Denise.”
- Denise: “____________”
A. You shouldn’t do that. B. It’s alright.
C. You are welcome. D. It’s nonsense.
18. Hana and Jenifer are talking about a book they have just read.
- Hana: “The book is really interesting and educational.”
- Jenifer: “____________”
A. I’d love it. B. That’s nice of you to say so.

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C. I couldn’t agree more. D. Don’t mention it.
19. Jolie and Tom are meeting at the supermarket.
- Jolie: “Hi, Tom. How are you doing?”
- Tom: “____________. How about you?”
A. I’m waiting for my sister B. I’m shopping for food
C. I’m doing nothing D. I’m doing well
20. Maria and Alex are talking about the environment.
- Maria: “Our environment is getting more and more polluted. Do you think so?”
- Alex: “____________. It’s really worrying.”
A. I’ll think about that B. I don’t agree
C. I don’t think so D. I can’t agree more
21. Liz is telling Andrew about her first novel.
- Liz: “Guess what? My first novel has just been published.”
- Andrew: “____________”
A. It’s my pleasure. B. Congratulations!
C. Better luck next time! D. It’s very kind of you.
22. Jenny and her teacher are meeting at the bus stop.
- Jenny: “Good afternoon, Miss. How are you?”
- Teacher: “____________. And you?”
A. I’m going home B. I’m leaving now C. I’m thirty years old D. Fine, thank you
23. Linda is thanking Daniel for his birthday present.
- Linda: “Thanks for the book. I’ve been looking for it for months.”
- Daniel: “____________”
A. You can say that again B. Thank you for looking for it
C. I like reading books D. I’m glad you like it
24. David and his teacher are meeting at the school gate.
- David: “Good morning, Mr Deakin. How are you?”
- Mr Deakin:”____________. And you?”
A. I’m busy now B. I’m fine. Thank you
C. I’m going home D. I’m having a class now
25. Mrs Smith and her students are visiting the zoo.
- Mike: “Can I feed the gorilla, Mrs Smith?”
- Mrs Smith: “____________. The sign says ‘No feeding the animals’.”
A. Of course you can B. I don’t think it works
C. I’m sure about that D. I’m afraid not
26. Andrew is talking to a waiter in a restaurant.
- Andrew: “Can I have the bill, please?”
- Waiter: “____________”
A. You are very kind B. Just a minute, please
C. My pleasure D. You’re exactly right
27. Silas is talking to his roommate, Salah, about the Olympic Games.
- Silas: “Do you think our country can host the Olympic Games some day in the future?
- Salah:”____________. We can’t afford such a big event.”
A. You can say that again B. I can’t agree with you more
C. Yes, you’re right D. No, I don’t think so

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28. Laura is telling Bob about her exam results.
- Laura: “____________”
- Bob: “That’s great. Congratulations!”
A. I hope I’ll pass the exam tomorrow. B. I’ve passed the exam with an A.
C. I’ll get the exam results tomorrow. D. I didn’t do well in the exam.
29. Nancy and James are talking about their school days.
- Nancy: “I think school days are the best time of our lives.”
- James: “____________. We had sweet memories together then.”
A. I’m afraid so B. Absolutely. C. That’s nonsense D. I doubt it
30. John and Mike are talking about Mike’s new car.
- John: “____________”
- Mike: “Thanks. I’m glad to hear that.”
A. Where did you buy your car? B. What a nice car!
C. Your car is new, isn’t it? D. My car is very expensive.
31. Two students are talking about the school curriculum.
- Ted: “Swimming should be made part of the school curriculum.”
- Kate: “____________. It is an essential life skill.”
A. Oh, that’s a problem. B. I can’t agree with you more.
C. Not at all D. You can make it.
32. Jane is talking to Mike, who has just helped her with her luggage.
- Jane: “____________”
- Mike: “It’s my pleasure.
A. It’s too heavy. B. It’s not my duty.
C. Thanks a lot, indeed. D. Welcome back.
33. Adam and Janet are at the school canteen.
- Adam: “____________”
- Janet: “Yes, please.”
A. Do you mind if I sit here? B. Can you pass me the salt, please?
C. It’s a bit hot in here, isn’t it? D. Would you like a cup of coffee?
34. Jenny and Jimmy are talking about university education.
- Jenny: “I think having a university degree is the only way to succeed in life.”
- Jimmy: “____________. There are successful people without a degree.”
A. That’s life B. That’s all right
C. I don’t quite agree D. I can’t agree more
35. John was in Hanoi and wanted to send a parcel to his parents. He asked a local passer- by the way
to the post-office.
- John: “Can you show me the way to the nearest post office, please?”
- Passer-by: “____________”
A. Not way, sorry. B. Just round the corner over there.
C. Look it up in a dictionary! D. There’s no traffic near here.

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 COMMON FAMILY WORD

NO VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERD MEANING

1 enable (in) ability (un) able có khả năng
2 absence absent vắng mặt
3 acquaint acquaintance acquainted Làm quen
4 accept acceptance acceptable chấp nhận
5 access accessible phương tiện
6 accomplish accomplishment accomplished thực hiện
7 accuracy accurate accurately chính xác
8 achieve achievement achievable thành tựu
9 act action, actor (in) active (in) actively hành động
10 add addition additional cộng, thêm vào
11 advertise advertising quảng cáo
advertisement
12 advise advice / adviser advisable: nên khuyên
13 (dis) agree (dis) agreement (dis) agreeable (dis) agreely đồng ý
14 agriculture agricultural nông nghiệp
15 amuse amusement amusing / amused làm buồn cười
16 anger angry angrily sự giận dữ
17 (dis) appear (dis)appearance apparent apparently xuất hiện
18 anxiety anxious sự lo lắng
19 apply application, xin việc,
applicant ứng viên
20 argue argument (argumentative) cãi nhau
21 approve approval khẳng định
22 arrive arrival tới, đến
23 art, artist (artistic), artful (artistically) mỹ thuật
24 assist assistance, giúp đỡ,
assistant trợ lý
25 astonish astonishment astonished, làm cho ngạc nhiên
astonishing
26 attend attendance: sự attendant attendantly tham dự
có mặt
attendant: người
tham dự
27 attention attentive attentively sự chú ý
28 attract attraction attractive attractively thu hút
29 (automate) automation automtic automtically tự động hóa
30 awareness aware sự nhận thức
31 base basic basically nền tảng
32 bear birth sinh ra
33 beautify beauty beautiful beautifully làm cho đẹp
34 behave behaviour behavioural cư xử / đối xử
35 believe (un)belief (un)believable (un)believable tin tưởng
(un)believer
36 bleed blood bloody chảy máu
37 bore boredom boring / bored làm buồn

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38 break break, breakage (un) breakable vở / bể
39 breathe breath breathless breathlessly thở, hít
40 broaden broadness, broad broadly mở rộng,
broadth nới rộng
41 calculate calculation, calculating tính toán
calculator
42 calmness calm calmly bình tĩnh,
êm đềm
43 capacity capable khả năng,
năng lực
44 care (for) care (of) careful cẩn thận
carefulness carelessly
carelessness
45 cause:gây ra cause nguyên nhân
46 center, centre central trung tâm
47 certainty certain certainly sự chắc chắn
48 change change (un)changeable thay đổi
49 chemistry hóa học
chemical chất hóa học
chemist nhà hóa học
50 child childish-childlike trẻ con
childless
51 choose choice chọn lựa
52 clean cleanliness clean cleanly lau chùi, sạch
53 clothe cloth, clothes, mặc quần áo
clothing
54 cloud cloudy, cloudless mây
55 collect collection, collective collectively sưu tầm,
collector hợp tác
56 colour coloured, colourful màu sắc
57 common common commonly phổ biến, chung chung
58 compare comparison comparative so sánh
59 compete competition, thi đua, người thi đấu
competitor
60 combine combination kết hợp
61 comfort comfort (un) comfortable (un)comfortab làm thoải mái
ly
62 common commonly thông thường
63 communicat communication communicative giao tiếp
e
64 complain complaint than phiền
65 complete completion (in) complete (in) completely hoàn tất
66 concentrate concentration tập trung
67 conclude conclusion conclusive conclusively kết luận
68 condition conditional điều kiện
69 confidence confident confidently sự tự tin
70 conserve conservation bảo tồn
71 continent continental đại lục
72 continue continuation continuous continuously tiếp tục
73 cook cook - cooker - nấu ăn

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 cookery
74 count (un) countable đếm
countless
75 culture cultural văn hóa
76 custom customary (customarily) thói quen
77 danger dangerous dangerously sự nguy hiểm
78 darken dark, darkness dark làm đen
79 day daily ngày
80 deafen the deaf, deaf điếc
deafness làm điếc
81 decide decision (in) decisive (in) decisively quyết định
82 decorate decoration decorative trang hoàng
83 deepen depth deep deep, deeply làm sâu hơn
84 defend defence bảo vệ
85 (deficiency) (deficient) sự giảm thiểu
86 delicacy delicate delicately duyên dáng
87 deliver delivery, giao,phân phát
deliverer
88 delight delight delightful delightfully Làm vui sướng
89 depend (on) (in) dependence (in) dependent (in) phụ thuộc
dependently
90 destroy destruction destructive destructively phá hủy
91 develop development developing phát triển
92 determine determination determined quyết tâm
93 dictate dictatation đọc chính tả
94 die death dead chết
95 differ difference different differently làm khác
96 difficulty difficult sự khó khăn
97 direct direction, (in) direct (in) directly chỉ, bảo, thẳng, gởi
director
98 dirty dirt dirty dirtily sự dơ bẩn
99 disappoint disappointment disappointed, disappointedly làm thất vọng
disappointing sự thất vọng
100 discover discovery khám phá
101 discuss discussion thảo luận
102 distance distant distantly khoảng cách
102 distribute distribution distributive phân phối
103 divide division (in) divisible phân chia
104 drain drainage rút nước
105 dust dusty bụi
106 earth earthy trái đất
107 ease easy easily dễ dàng
108 economy economical economically kinh tế
109 educate education educational, educationally giáo dục
(un) educated
110 affect effect (in) effective (in) effectively ảnh hưởng
111 electrify electricity electric,electrical điện
112 embarrass embarrassment embarrassed, làm bối rối
embarrassing
113 emit emisssion thoát ra

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114 employ (un) employment (un) employed thuê mướn
employer,
employee
115 encourage encouragement encouraged khuyến khích

116 end end endless kết thúc

117 energy energetic energerically năng lượng
118 enjoy enjoyment enjoyable enjoyably thích
119 enrich enrichment rich richly làm giàu
120 enter entrance bước vào
121 environment environmental môi trường
122 equip equipment trang bị
123 erode erosion làm xói mòn
124 establish establishment thiết lập
125 examine examination khám xét
126 expect expectation expectant, mong đợi
expecting,
(un) expected
127 experience experience (in) experienced kinh nghiệm
128 experiment experiment experimental experimentally thử nghiệm
129 explain explanation explanatory giải thích
130 explode explosion, explosive explosively nổ,
explosive bùng nổ
131 explore exploration, thám hiểm
explorer (nhà)
132 extinctive extinct sự tiệt chủng
133 extremity, extreme extremely điểm tột cùng, cực kỳ
extreme
134 fact factual sự kiện
135 fail failure thất bại
136 faith (un) faithful (un) faithfully trung thành
137 familiarize (un) familiarity (un) familiar (un)familiarly làm cho (ai) quen việc
gì
138 fashion fashionable fashionably thời trang
139 favour favour favourable favourably bao ơn
140 fear fear fearful, fearless fearfully, lo sợ,
fearlessly ghê sợ
141 feel feeling cảm thấy
142 fertilize fertilizer làm màu mỡ
143 fill fill full (of) làm đầy
filled (with) lắp đầy
144 fluency fluent fluently lưu loát
145 fly flight bay, chuyến bay
146 fool, foolishness foolish foolishly người ngốc
147 foolball, bóng đá,
footballer cầu thủ
148 forget forgetfulness (un) forgettable, forgetfully quên,
forgetful quên lãng
149 form form, formation hình thức
150 fortune (un) fortunate (un) may mắn

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 fortunately
151 found foundation, fundamental thành lập,
founder sáng lập
152 freshness fresh tươi
153 frighten fright frightened, sợ hãi,
frightening lo sợ
154 friend, friendship friendly, bạn bè,
friendliness friendless tình bạn
155 generalize generalization general nói chung
156 generosity generous generously rộng lượng
157 geography geographical địa lý, (học)
158 goodness good lòng tốt, tốt
159 govern government thống trị,
cai quản
160 graduate graduation, tốt nghiệp,
graduate học xong
161 grow growth mọc lên
162 guide guidance, guide hướng dẫn
163 habit habitual habitually thói quen
164 happiness happy happily hạnh phúc
165 harm harm harmful, harmless hư hại,
tệ hại
166 harden hardeness hard hard, hardly cứng rắn,
siêng năng
167 hate hateful hatefully căm ghét
168 health (un) healthy (un) healthily sức khỏe
169 heart hearty, heartless trái tim
170 heat heat, hotness hot nóng
171 height high high, highly chiều cao
172 help help, helpfulness helpful, helpless helpfully, sự giúp đỡ,
helplessly giúp đỡ
173 history historical, historic historically lịch sử
174 (dis) honesty (dis) honest (dis) honestly trung thực
175 hope hope hopeful, hopeless hopefully, hy vọng,
hopelessly niềm hy vọng
176 horrify horror horrible horribly kinh ngạc
177 hour hourly giờ
178 hunger hungry hungrily đói
179 hurry hury hurried hurriedly vội vàng
180 ignore ignorance ignorant ignorantly phớt lờ
181 illness ill bệnh
182 illiteracy iliterate nạn mù chữ
183 illustrate illustration illustrative minh họa
184 imagine imagination imaginary tưởng tượng
185 immediate immediately ngay lập tức
186 importance important quan trọng
187 improve improvement cải thiện
188 include inclusion inclusive inclusively bao gồm
189 industrialize industry industrial công nghiệp,
industrious cần cù

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190 influence influence sự ảnh hưởng
191 inform information informative thông tin
192 instruct instruction instructive instructively chỉ dẫn
193 intelligence intelligent intelligently thông minh
194 intend intention intentional intentionally ý định
195 intensify intensify intense intensely tăng cường
196 interview interview, phỏng vấn,
interviewer (cuộc) phỏng
197 intimacy intimate intimately sự thân mật
198 introduce introduction introductory giới thiệu
199 invent invention, phát minh,
inventor nhà phátminh
200 invite invitation mời, lời mời
201 irrigate irrigation làm thủy lợi
202 jealousy jealous jealouly ghen tuông
203 job jobless công viêc
204 rejoyce joy joyful, joyess joyfully, vui mừng
joyessly
205 justify justice just justly chứng minh
206 keenness keen (on) keenly hăng hái
207 kindness kind kindly tử tế
208 land landing hạ cánh
209 know knowledge knowledgeable knowingly biết,
(un) known kiến thức
210 enlarge enlargement large mở rộng
211 lateness late late, trễ,
lately (gần muộn
đây)
212 laugh laughter laughable cười, vui cười
213 law (un) lawful, (un) lawfully pháp luật,
(il) legal (il) legally hợp pháp
214 laziness lazy lazily lười biếng
215 lead leader, lãnh đạo,
leadership nhà lãnh đạo
216 lie lie nói dối
217 light light, lighting đốt, thấp
218 limit (un) limited giới hạn
219 live life alive, live, lively sinh sống
220 lock, unlock lock (un) lock khóa
221 logic (il) logical (il) logically tư duy logíc
222 loss, loser lost mất, thất lạc
223 love, loveliness lovely yêu, ưu thích
224 luck (un) lucky (un) luckily vận may
225 magic, magical magically yêu thuật,
magican nhà ảo thuật
226 main mainly chính
227 majority major đa số
228 man human, manly đàn ông
229 manage management, quản lý,
manager nhà quản lý

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230 manufacture manufacture, manufactural sản xuất,
manufacturer nhà sản xuất
231 marry marriage (un) married kết hôn
232 material material nguyên liệu
233 mathematics, mathematical toán học,
mathematician nhà toán học
234 (im) maturity (im) mature sự trưởng thành
235 mechanize mechanic mechanical mechanically cơ khí hóa
236 mean meaning meaningful, có nghĩa là
meaningless
237 medicate medicine medical medically y học, thuốc
238 meet meeting gặp
239 memorize memory ghi nhớ
240 mentality mental tinh thần
241 militarize military military quân sự hóa
242 mind mind mindful, mindless trí óc,
tư tưởng
243 mine, mineral mineral khoáng
244 miracle miraculous miraculously kỳ diệu
245 mistake mistake mistaken mistakenly hiểu lầm
246 mix mixture trộn lẫn
247 money monetary tiền tệ
248 month monthly tháng
249 moon lunar, moonless mặt trăng
250 mother motherly mẹ
251 mountain mountainous núi
252 move movement movable di dời
253 multiphy multiphlication nhân
254 music, musician musical musically âm nhạc, nhạc sĩ
255 nation, national nationally quốc gia,
nationality quốc tịch
256 nature natural naturally tự nhiên
257 need need, necessity necessary, needful necessarily cần,
cần thiết
258 nerve nervous nervously dây thần kinh
259 noise noisy noisily ồn ào
260 notice notice noticeable noticeably chú ý
261 novel, novelist tiểu thuyết
262 (dis) obey (dis) obedience (dis) obedient (dis) tuân theo
obediently
263 occasion occasional occasionally dịp, cơ hội
264 occupy occupation occupational, chiếm giữ
occupied (with)
265 odour odourless mùi thơm
266 offend offense offensive offensively xúc phạm
267 offer offer cho
268 omit omission bỏ đi
269 operate operatation, operatative hoạt động
operator
270 organize organization organized tổ chức

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271 own owner, sở hữu
ownership
272 pain painful painfully sự đau đớn
273 parents parental ba mẹ
274 part partial partially phần, một số
275 particular particularly đặc biệt
276 (im) patience (im) patient (im) patiently Kiên nhẫn
277 pay pay, payment trả, chi trả
278 peace peaceful peacefully hòa bình
279 perceive perception nắm, hiểu
280 permit permission cho phép
281 person personal personally người
282 persuade persuasion thuyết phục
283 pharmacy, pharmaceutical dược sĩ, bào chế thuốc
pharmacist
284 pity pitiful pitifully đáng tiếc
285 please pleasure (un) pleasant (un) vui lòng
pleasantly
286 poison poison poisonous poisonously bỏ thuốc độc
287 (im) politeness (im) polite (im) politely lịch sự
288 politics, political chính trị,
politician nhà chính trị
289 pollute pollution, polluted làm ô nhiễm
pollutant sự ô nhiễm
290 possess possession possessive sở hữu
291 potential potential potentially tiềm năng
292 poverty poor nghèo
293 power powerful powerfully quyền lực
294 practise practice (im) practical (im) thực hành
practically
295 prefer preference preferential preferentially thích…. hơn
296 prepare preparation preparatory chuẩn bị
297 present presentation trình bày
298 preserve preservation preservable bảo quản
299 prevent prevention preventive ngăn cản
300 pride proud proudly tự hào
301 privacy private privately riêng tư
302 provide provision cung cấp
303 prove proof provable chứng minh
304 public public publicly công cộng
305 race racial sắc tộc
306 rain rain rainy mưa
307 react reaction phản ứng
308 reality (un) real really thực tế
309 realize realization nhận thức
310 reason reason (un) reasonable (un) lý do
reasonably
311 receive reception nhận
312 recognize recognition (un) recognizable nhận biết
313 recover recovery hồi phục

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314 reduce reduction giảm xuống
315 refuse refusal từ chối
316 relate relation, relative relatively liên quan,
relationship họ hàng
317 religion religious tôn giáo
318 rely reliance reliable reliably lệ thuộc
319 remove removal di dời
320 repeat repetition lặp lại
321 research research nghiên cứu
322 respond response phúc đáp
323 responsibility responsible trách nhiệm
324 restrict restriction restrictive restrictively hạn chế
325 retire retirement retired Nghỉ hưu
326 enrich enrichment, rich rich làm giàu,
richness giàu có
327 rotate rotation rotatory luân chuyển
328 sadden sadness sad sadly làm buồn
329 safeguard safeguard che chở
330 (un) safety (un) safe (un) safely an toàn
331 sell sale(s) bán
332 salt salty muối
333 sand sandy cát
334 satisfy satisfaction (un) satisfactory, (un) thỏa mãn,
(un) satisfying, satisfactorily sự thỏa mãn
(un) satisfied hài lòng
335 save saving để dành,
cứu sống
336 science, scientist scientific scientifically khoa học
337 search search tìm kiếm
338 secret secret bí mật
339 see sight nhìn, xem
340 select selection lựa chọn
341 self, selfishness selfish selfishly ích kỷ
342 sense sensible sensibly giác quan
343 shame shameful, shamefully, xấu hổ,
shameless, shamelessly hổ thẹn,
shamed sự hổ thẹn
344 shock shock shocked, shocking bị sốc,
cú sốc
345 shorten shortage short shortly = soon rút gọn,
ngắn gọn
346 skill skillful skillfully kỹ năng
347 sickness sick ốm, bệnh
348 sign signature ký tên
349 signature significant significantly đầy ý nghĩa
350 silence silence silent silently im lặng
351 similarity similar similarly tương tự
352 sing song, singer hát, bài hát
353 sit seat seated chỗ ngồi
354 sleep sleep, sleepness sleepy, asleep, sleepily ngủ, ngủ mê

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 sleepless giấc ngủ
355 snow snow snowy tuyết
356 society social socially xã hội
357 solidify solid solid làm cứng
358 solve solution giải quyết
359 specialize specialist special specially, chuyên môn hóa, đặc
especially biệt
360 speak speech, speaker nói
361 spirit spiritual tinh thần
362 state statement phát biểu
363 storm stormy cơn bão
364 strenghthen strenghth strong strongly mạnh mẽ
365 succeed success (un) successful (un) thành công
successfully
366 suggest suggestion đề nghị
367 supply supply cung cấp
368 support support ủng hộ
369 surgery surgical surgically phẩu thuật
370 surprise surprise surprised, surprisingly làm cho (ai) ngạc nhiên
surprising
371 suspect suspicion,suspect nghi ngờ
372 sympathize sympathy sympathetic sympatheticall thông cảm
y
373 talent talented tài năng
374 teach teaching, teacher dạy học
375 technician, technical technically kỹ thuật,
technique kỹ thuật viên
376 technology, technological công nghệ
technologist
377 tend tendency tendentious có khuynh hướng
378 test test kiểm tra
379 think thought thoughtful, thoughtfully, suy nghĩ,
thoughtless thoughtlessly ý nghĩ
380 thirst thirsty thirstily khát
381 threaten threat threatening threateningly đe dọa
382 tire tiredness tired, tiring làm cho mệt
383 tolerate tolerance tolerable, tolerant tolerably khoan dung,
tha thứ
384 total total totally tổng cộng
385 transform transformation thay đổi
386 translate translation, phiên dịch,
translator dịch sang
387 transmit transmission transmissible truyền tải
388 transport transport, vận chuyển,
transportation chuyên chở
389 treat treatment (un) treatable đối xử, xử trí
390 tree treeless cây
391 tropic tropical nhiệt đới
392 trouble trouble troublesome làm phiền
393 truth true, truthful truly, sự thật

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 truthfully
394 understant understanting understanable hiểu
395 urgency urgent khẩn cấp
396 use use, uselessness useful, useless usefully, sử dụng,
usage, usefulness uselessly có ích, vô ích
397 (un) usual usually thườngthường
398 value value, valuation valuable, định giá,
invaluable, đánh giá,
valueless giá trị
399 vaporize vapour vaporous bốc hơi
400 warm warmth warm warmly ấm ấp, sưởi
401 waste waste wasteful wastefully lãng phí
402 watch watchfulness watchful watchfully trông coi
403 weaken weakness weak weakly làm yếu
404 weigh weight, weightless cân nặng
weightlessness trọng lượng
405 widen width wide widely mở rộng
406 wind windy gió
407 wisdom wise wisely thông minh
408 women womanly phụ nữ
409 wonder wonder wonderful wonderfully tuyệt vời
410 wood wooden gỗ
411 work work, worker working làm việc
412 world worldly thế giới
413 worry worry worried, worrying worriedly, lo lắng,
worryingly lo âu
414 worth worth, worthless giá trị

415 year yearly = annual năm

416 youth young, youthful youthfully thanh niên

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 IRREGULAR VERBS
STT Động từ nguyên thể Thể quá khứ Quá khứ phân từ Nghĩa
1 abide abode/abided abode / abided lưu trú, lưu lại
2 arise arose arisen phát sinh
3 awake awoke awoken đánh thức, thức
4 be was/were been thì, là, bị. ở
5 bear bore borne mang, chịu dựng
6 become became become trở nên
7 befall befell befallen xảy đến
8 begin began begun bắt đầu
9 behold beheld beheld ngắm nhìn
10 bend bent bent bẻ cong
11 beset beset beset bao quanh
12 bespeak bespoke bespoken chứng tỏ
13 bid bid bid trả giá
14 bind bound bound buộc, trói
15 bleed bled bled chảy máu
16 blow blew blown thổi
17 break broke broken đập vỡ
18 breed bred bred nuôi, dạy dỗ
19 bring brought brought mang đến
20 broadcast broadcast broadcast phát thanh
21 build built built xây dựng
22 burn burnt/burned burnt/burned đốt, cháy
23 buy bought bought mua
24 cast cast cast ném, tung
25 catch caught caught bắt, chụp
26 chide chid/ chided chid/ chidden/ chided mắng chửi
27 choose chose chosen chọn, lựa
28 cleave clove/ cleft/ cleaved cloven/ cleft/ cleaved chẻ, tách hai
29 cleave clave cleaved dính chặt
30 come came come đến, đi đến
31 cost cost cost có giá là
32 crow crew/crewed crowed gáy (gà)
33 cut cut cut cắt, chặt
34 deal dealt dealt giao thiệp

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35 dig dug dug dào
36 dive dove/ dived dived lặn; lao xuống
37 drew drew drawn vẽ; kéo
38 dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed mơ thấy
39 drink drank drunk uống
40 drive drove driven lái xe
41 dwell dwelt dwelt trú ngụ, ở
42 eat ate eaten ăn
43 fall fell fallen ngã; rơi
44 feed fed fed cho ăn; ăn; nuôi;
45 feel felt felt cảm thấy
46 fight fought fought chiến đấu
47 find found found tìm thấy; thấy
48 flee fled fled chạy trốn
49 fling flung flung tung; quang
50 fly flew flown bay
51 forbear forbore forborne nhịn
52 forbid forbade/ forbad forbidden cấm đoán; cấm
53 forecast forecast/ forecasted forecast/ forecasted tiên đoán
54 foresee foresaw forseen thấy trước
55 foretell foretold foretold đoán trước
56 forget forgot forgotten quên
57 forgive forgave forgiven tha thứ
58 forsake forsook forsaken ruồng bỏ
59 freeze froze frozen (làm) đông lại
60 get got got/ gotten có được
61 gild gilt/ gilded gilt/ gilded mạ vàng
62 gird girt/ girded girt/ girded đeo vào
63 give gave given cho
64 go went gone đi
65 grind ground ground nghiền; xay
66 grow grew grown mọc; trồng
67 hang hung hung móc lên; treo lên
68 hear heard heard nghe
69 heave hove/ heaved hove/ heaved trục lên
70 hide hid hidden giấu; trốn; nấp
71 hit hit hit đụng

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72 hurt hurt hurt làm đau
73 inlay inlaid inlaid cẩn; khảm
74 input input input đưa vào (máy điện toán)
75 inset inset inset dát; ghép
76 keep kept kept giữ
77 kneel knelt/ kneeled knelt/ kneeled quỳ
78 knit knit/ knitted knit/ knitted đan
79 know knew known biết; quen biết
80 lay laid laid đặt; để
81 lead led led dẫn dắt; lãnh đạo
82 leap leapt leapt nhảy; nhảy qua
83 learn learnt/ learned learnt/ learned học; được biết
84 leave left left ra đi; để lại
85 lend lent lent cho mượn (vay)
86 let let let cho phép; để cho
87 lie lay lain nằm
88 light lit/ lighted lit/ lighted thắp sáng
89 lose lost lost làm mất; mất
90 make made made chế tạo; sản xuất
91 mean meant meant có nghĩa là
92 meet met met gặp mặt
93 mislay mislaid mislaid để lạc mất
94 misread misread misread đọc sai
95 misspell misspelt misspelt viết sai chính tả
96 mistake mistook mistaken phạm lỗi, lầm lẫn
97 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood hiểu lầm
98 mow mowed mown/ mowed cắt cỏ
99 outbid outbid outbid trả hơn giá
100 outdo outdid outdone làm giỏi hơn
outgrow outgrew outgrown lớn nhanh hơn
output output output cho ra (dữ kiện)
outrun outran outrun chạy nhanh hơn; vượt quá
outsell outsold outsold bán nhanh hơn
overcome overcame overcome khắc phục
overeat overate overeaten ăn quá nhiều
overfly overflew overflown bay qua
overhang overhung overhung nhô lên trên, treo lơ lửng

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overhear overheard overheard nghe trộm
overlay overlaid overlaid phủ lên
overpay overpaid overpaid trả quá tiền
overrun overran overrun tràn ngập
oversee oversaw overseen trông nom
overshoot overshot overshot đi quá đích
oversleep overslept overslept ngủ quên
overtake overtook overtaken đuổi bắt kịp
overthrow overthrew overthrown lật đổ
pay paid paid trả (tiền)
prove proved proven/proved chứng minh(tỏ)
put put put đặt; để
read read read đọc
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt xây dựng lại
redo redid redone làm lại
remake remade remade làm lại; chế tạo lại
rend rent rent toạc ra; xé
repay repaid repaid hoàn tiền lại
resell retold retold bán lại
retake retook retaken chiếm lại; tái chiếm
rewrite rewrote rewritten viết lại
ride rode ridden cưỡi
ring rang rung rung chuông
rise rose risen đứng dậy; mọc
run ran run chạy
saw sawed sawn cưa
say said said nói
see saw seen nhìn thấy
seek sought sought tìm kiếm
sell sold sold bán
send sent sent gửi
sew sewed sewn/sewed may
shake shook shaken lay; lắc
shear sheared shorn xén lông cừu
shed shed shed rơi; rụng
shine shone shone chiếu sáng
shoot shot shot bắn

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show showed shown/ showed cho xem
shrink shrank shrunk co rút
shut shut shut đóng lại
sing sang sung ca hát
sink sank sunk chìm; lặn
sit sat sat ngồi
slay slew slain sát hại; giết hại
sleep slept slept ngủ
slide slid slid trượt; lướt
sling slung slung ném mạnh
slink slunk slunk lẻn đi
smell smelt smelt ngửi
smite smote smitten đập mạnh
sow sowed sown/ sewed gieo; rải
speak spoke spoken nói
speed sped/ speeded sped/ speeded chạy vụt
spell spelt/ spelled spelt/ spelled đánh vần
spend spent spent tiêu sài
spill spilt/ spilled spilt/ spilled tràn đổ ra
spin spun/ span spun quay sợi
spit spat spat khạc nhổ
spoil spoilt/ spoiled spoilt/ spoiled làm hỏng
spread spread spread lan truyền
spring sprang sprung nhảy
stand stood stood đứng
stave stove/ staved stove/ staved đâm thủng
steal stole stolen đánh cắp
stick stuck stuck ghim vào; đính
sting stung stung châm ; chích; đốt
stink stunk/ stank stunk bốc muìi hôi
strew strewed strewn/ strewed rắc , rải
stride strode stridden bước sải
strike struck struck đánh đập
string strung strung gắn dây vào
strive strove striven cố sức
swear swore sworn tuyên thệ
sweep swept swept quét

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swell swelled swollen/ swelled phồng ; sưng
swim swam swum bơi; lội
swing swung swung đong đưa
take took taken cầm ; lấy
teach taught taught dạy ; giảng dạy
tear tore torn xé; rách
tell told told kể ; bảo
think thought thought suy nghĩ
throw threw thrown ném ; liệng
thrust thrust thrust thọc ;nhấn
tread trod trodden/ trod giẫm ; đạp
unbend unbent unbent làm thẳng lại
undercut undercut undercut ra giá rẻ hơn
undergo underwent undergone kinh qua
underlie underlay underlain nằm dưới
underpay undercut undercut trả lương thấp
undersell undersold undersold bán rẻ hơn
understand understood understood hiểu
undertake undertook undertaken đảm nhận
underwrite underwrote underwritten bảo hiểm
undo undid undone tháo ra
unfreeze unfroze unfrozen làm tan đông
unwind unwound unwound tháo ra
uphold upheld upheld ủng hộ
upset upset upset đánh đổ; lật đổ
wake woke/ waked woken/ waked thức giấc
waylay waylaid waylaid mai phục
wear wore worn mặc
weave wove/ weaved woven/ weaved dệt
wed wed/ wedded wed/ wedded kết hôn
weep wept wept khóc
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted làm ướt
win won won thắng ; chiến thắng
wind wound wound quấn
work wrought / worked wrought / worked rèn (sắt)
wring wrung wrung vặn ; siết chặt
write wrote written viết

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