UNIT 1

WHAT IS IOT?
HISTORY
HOW IOT WORKS?
 Characterstics
• Interconnectivity
• Things related services
• Heterogeneity
• Dynamic changes
• Enormous scale
• Safety
• connectivity
IOT architectural view
• IOT architectural view-IoT architecture consists of different layers of
technologies supporting IoT.
• It serves to illustrate how various technologies relate to each other and to
communicate the scalability, modularity and configuration of IoT
deployments in different scenarios.
• Smart device / sensor layer: The lowest layer is made up of smart objects
integrated with sensors. The sensors enable the interconnection of the
physical and digital worlds allowing real-time information to be collected
and processed. There are various types of sensors for different purposes.
The sensors have the capacity to take measurements such as temperature,
air quality, speed, humidity, pressure, flow, movement and electricity etc.
In some cases, they may also have a degree of memory, enabling them to
record a certain number of measurements. A sensor can measure the
physical property and convert it into signal that can be understood by an
instrument. Sensors are grouped according to their unique purpose such
as environmental sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and
vehicle telemetric sensors, etc
• Gateways and Networks-Massive volume of data will be produced by these
tiny sensors and this requires a robust and high performance wired or
wireless network infrastructure as a transport medium. With demand needed
to serve a wider range of IoT services and applications such as high speed
transactional services, context- aware applications, etc, multiple networks
with various technologies and access protocols are needed to work with each
other in a heterogeneous configuration. These networks can be in the form of
a private, public or hybrid models and are built to support the
communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security. Various
gateways (microcontroller, microprocessor) & gateway networks (WI-FI, GSM,
GPRS).
• • Management Service Layer-The management service renders the
processing of information possible through analytics, security controls,
process modeling and management of devices. One of the important
features of the management service layer is the business and process rule
engines. IoT brings connection and interaction of objects and systems
together providing information in the form of events or contextual data
such as temperature of goods, current location and traffic data. Some of
these events require filtering or routing to post-processing systems such as
capturing of periodic sensory data, while others require response to the
immediate situations such as reacting to emergencies on patient’s health
conditions. The rule engines support the formulation of decision logics and
trigger interactive and automated processes to enable a more responsive
IoT system.
• • Application Layer-The IoT application covers “smart”
environments/spaces in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City,
Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare,
User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.
 IOT conceptual view
• 1. Connectivity Layer- This layer includes all the physical devices involved in the
framework and the interconnection among them.
• This layer also involves assigning of low range networking devices like sensors,
actuators, RFID tags etc and resource management checks the availability of
physical resources of all the devices and networks involved in the underlying
infrastructure
• 2. Access Layer- • Context Data will be reached to internet via IoT Gateway as
captured by short range devices in form of raw data. Access layer comprises
topology definition, network initiation, creation of domains etc
• • Feature filter helps to reduce irrelevant data transmission, increases the data
transfer rate of useful data and reduce energy and CPU consumption too.
• 3. Abstraction Layer- • One of the most important characteristics of
OpenFlow is to add virtual layers with the preset layers, leaving the
established infrastructure unchanged. A virtual link can be created among
different networks and a common platform can be developed for various
communication systems. The system is fully a centralized system from
physical layer viewpoint but a distribution of service (flow visor could be
utilized) could be maintained. One central system can monitor, control all
sorts of traffics. It can help to achieve better band-width, reliability, robust
routing, etc. which will lead to a better Quality of Services (QoS).
• 4. Service Layer -It allows access data effectively,integrating data to
enhance service intelligence and increase the storage efficiency.
 M2M Communication
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication
is a form of data communication that involves
one or more entities that do not necessarily
require human interaction or intervention in
the process of communication.
 Applications of M2M
• Security : Surveillances, Alarm systems, Access
• control, Car/driver security

• Tracking & Tracing : Fleet Management, Order

• Management, Pay as you drive, Asset Tracking,
• Navigation, Traffic information, Road tolling,
• Traffic optimization/steering

• Payment : Point of sales, Vending machines,

• Gaming machines

• Health : Monitoring vital signs, Supporting the

• aged or handicapped, Web Access Telemedicine
• points, Remote diagnostics
• Remote Maintenance/Control : Sensors,
• Lighting, Pumps, Valves, Elevator control,
• Vending machine control, Vehicle diagnostics

• Metering : Power, Gas, Water, Heating, Grid

• control, Industrial metering g. Manufacturing :
• Production chain monitoring and automation
• h. Facility Management : Home / building /
• campus automation
Architecture and components of M2M
• M2M Device: Device capable of replying to
request for data contained within those
devices or capable of transmitting data
autonomously.
• M2M Area Network (Device Domain): Provide
connectivity between M2M Devices and M2M
Gateways, e.g. personal area network.
Architecture and components of M2M
• M2M Gateway : Equipment that uses M2M
capabilities to ensure M2M Devices
inter-working and interconnection to the
communication network.
• M2M Communication Networks (Network
Domain): It covers the communications
between the M2M Gateway(s) and M2M
application(s), e.g. xDSL, LTE, WiMAX, and
WLAN.
Architecture and components of M2M
• M2M Applications: It contains the middleware
layer where data goes through various ap
Architecture and components of M2M
M2M system with examples of various
components and applications.
IOT VS WOT