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Introduction to
Course name: Sociology, Culture & Level: BS English
Society
Course Code: 9410 Semester: Spring 2023
Assignment: 1 Due Date: 30-08-2023
Total Assignment: 2 Late Date: 29-09-2023

‫یکےیلہ‬ ‫حتمناتیکایتر ہ‬
‫ااسٹنمنئاہو ہرا ہ‬
‫ہ‬ ‫عی‬ ‫ہبلط مہاریرسوس ہ‬
‫کذ ہر ہ‬ ‫نجہبلطیکویوینریٹسیک ب‬
‫اجنےساتکںیبںیہنآریہںیہ۔وہ ہ‬
‫ے‬ ‫ٹٹ‬ ‫ے‬
‫ادارککآرڈررکواتکسںیہ۔زیناہھتےسہ‬200 ‫زہچ ہ‬ ‫یک ببرھگےھٹیباحلصرکتکسںیہ۔بتکیک ڈ‬
‫رپنتمیقکالعوہمزیڈڈاکہخ ہ‬
‫ئم ٹ‬
03096696159‫ی‬ ‫رک ہ‬ ‫الیامیاسییکوسٹفااس نٹسآرڈررپدایتسب ہ‬
‫ںیہ۔رصفواسٹہانہرپراہطب ہ‬ ‫یھکلوہیئاور ہ‬
‫ٹ‬
03096696159‫ی‬
‫رک ہ‬
‫نرپراہطب ہ‬
‫یہ۔رصفواسٹا ہ‬
‫رک ہ‬
‫ےیلراہطب ہ‬
‫اسالکس ہکالخہصہنانانااسٹنمنئاحلصرکےنک ہ‬

Q.1 Define Sociology. Discuss the relationship of Sociology with other social
sciences. Also highlight the importance of sociology as a discipline.

Answer:

Pakistan, a country located in South Asia, is facing several major issues that are posing
major threats to the society and the nation. The country has been struggling with
various issues since its inception in 1947. These issues are socio-economic, political,
cultural, and religious in nature, and have been hindering the development of the
country.

Political Instability:

Pakistan has been facing political instability since its independence in 1947. The
country has witnessed several military coups, martial laws, and political crises. The
lack of stable and democratic governance has hindered the development of the
country. The frequent changes in government have caused instability in the country
and have discouraged foreign investment. Moreover, the political parties in the country
have failed to provide a proper platform for the representation of the people.
Corruption, nepotism, and favoritism in politics have further contributed to the
political instability in the country.

Terrorism:

Terrorism is a major issue that Pakistan has been facing for more than a decade. The
country has been a victim of terrorist attacks by various extremist groups, including
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the Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and the Islamic State. These terrorist groups have targeted
military installations, schools, mosques, and public places, killing thousands of people.
The government has been involved in military operations against these groups, but the
problem still persists. The situation has also caused a negative impact on tourism and
foreign investment in the country.

Poverty:

Poverty is a major issue that Pakistan has been facing for decades. The country has a
large population living below the poverty line. The poverty rate in the country is
around 24%, which is a significant number. The rural areas of the country are
particularly affected by poverty. The lack of basic amenities, including clean water,
electricity, and healthcare facilities, has exacerbated the poverty situation. Moreover,
the government has failed to provide proper employment opportunities to the people,
which has resulted in widespread unemployment.

Education:

Education is another major issue that Pakistan has been facing for years. The country
has a low literacy rate, which stands at around 62%. The education system in the
country is outdated and lacks modernization. The quality of education is also low, with
most schools lacking basic facilities and qualified teachers. The lack of education has
resulted in a lack of skill development, which has contributed to the high rate of
unemployment in the country. Moreover, the education system has failed to promote
critical thinking and creativity, resulting in a lack of innovation in the country.

Gender Inequality:

Gender inequality is a major issue that Pakistan has been facing for years. Women are
often subjected to discrimination and harassment in the country. The country has a low
female literacy rate, and women's participation in the workforce is also low. The lack
of education and job opportunities has resulted in women being dependent on men for
their livelihoods. Moreover, women are often subjected to violence, including
domestic violence and honor killings. The government has taken steps to address the
issue, including passing laws against violence and discrimination towards women, but
the implementation of these laws is weak.

Healthcare:

Healthcare is another major issue that Pakistan has been facing for years. The country
has a poor healthcare system, with a lack of basic facilities, including hospitals,
clinics, and medical equipment. The healthcare facilities in the country are
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concentrated in urban areas, leaving the rural areas with no access to proper healthcare
facilities. Moreover, the healthcare system lacks qualified medical professionals,
resulting in a poor quality of healthcare. The lack of basic facilities has resulted in the
spread of diseases, including hepatitis, tuberculosis, and malaria.

Conclusion:

Pakistan is facing several issues that are hindering its development and progress.
These issues are socio-economic, political, cultural, and religious in nature. The
political instability, terrorism, poverty, gender inequality, education, and healthcare are
some of the major issues that the country is facing. The government needs to take
urgent measures to address these issues and provide solutions for the sustainable
development of the country and its people. The international community should also
support Pakistan in its efforts to address these issues.

Q.2 Briefly describe the contribution of early thinkers to Sociology.

Answer:

Sociology as a discipline is relatively new, with its roots tracing back to the 19th
century. However, its concepts and ideas can be traced back to early philosophers and
thinkers who have contributed to the development of the field.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a French philosopher and father of sociology. He is

best known for his theory of positivism, which emphasizes the use of scientific
methods in explaining social phenomena. According to Comte, society could be
studied in the same way that the natural sciences studied the physical world. He
believed that by using positivism, social scientists could discover the laws that govern
social behavior.

Comte argued that society passes through three stages: the theological stage, the
metaphysical stage, and the positive stage. The theological stage is characterized by
the belief in supernatural forces and explanations for natural phenomena. The
metaphysical stage is characterized by the search for abstract principles and universal
truths that explain the world. The positive stage, which is the final stage, is
characterized by the use of empirical observation, measurement, and experimentation
to understand social phenomena.

Comte's contributions to sociology include the development of the positivist

philosophy, which is still used in sociology today, and the concept of social statics and
social dynamics. Social statics refers to the study of the structures and organization of
society, while social dynamics refers to the study of the processes of social change.
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Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and sociologist who is best known
for his theory of communism. Marx's theory emphasized the role of economic factors
in shaping and determining social behavior. He believed that capitalism, with its
emphasis on profit and private property, was the root cause of social inequality and
conflict.

Marx's contributions to sociology include his theory of social class and his analysis of
social change. According to Marx, society is divided into two classes: the bourgeoisie
(the capitalists who own the means of production) and the proletariat (the workers who
sell their labor to the bourgeoisie). The conflict between these two classes leads to
social inequality and eventually to a revolution that will result in the overthrow of the
bourgeoisie and the establishment of a communist society.

Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist and philosopher who is best
known for his theory of bureaucracy and his concept of the Protestant work ethic.
Weber believed that modern society was characterized by the rationalization of social
behavior. He argued that the most efficient way to organize society was through a
bureaucratic system of rules, regulations, and procedures.

Weber's contributions to sociology include his analysis of social action and his theory
of social stratification. According to Weber, social action is behavior that is motivated
by the meaning that individuals attach to it. Social stratification is the unequal
distribution of social resources, such as wealth, power, and status, among members of
society.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French sociologist who is best known for his
theory of social integration and his concept of collective consciousness. Durkheim
believed that social integration was necessary for social stability and that individuals
were bound together by a collective consciousness that was greater than their
individual desires.

Durkheim's contributions to sociology include his theory of social solidarity and his
analysis of suicide. According to Durkheim, social solidarity is the degree to which
individuals in a society are integrated into the social structure. Suicide, on the other
hand, is an individual act that reflects the breakdown of social integration.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) was a British sociologist who is best known for her
work on gender and social inequality. Martineau was an advocate for women's rights
and argued that women were oppressed and excluded from many areas of social life.
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Martineau's contributions to sociology include her analysis of social inequality and her
advocacy for women's rights. She argued that social inequality was not just the result
of economic factors but also the result of gender, race, and other social factors.

W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963) was an African American sociologist who is best

known for his analysis of race and social inequality. Du Bois argued that racism and
discrimination were not just individual acts of prejudice but were also institutionalized
in society.

Du Bois's contributions to sociology include his theory of double consciousness and

his concept of the color line. Double consciousness is the experience of individuals
who are aware of both their individual identity and their identity as members of a
larger group. The color line is the arbitrary division of society into racial groups,
which serves to maintain social inequality.

In conclusion, sociology as a discipline owes much to the contributions of early

thinkers. Auguste Comte emphasized the use of positivism in explaining social
phenomena, Karl Marx emphasized the role of economic factors in shaping social
behavior, Max Weber emphasized the rationalization of social behavior, Emile
Durkheim emphasized the importance of social integration and collective
consciousness, Harriet Martineau analyzed social inequality and advocated for
women's rights, and W. E. B. Du Bois analyzed race and social inequality. The ideas
and concepts developed by these early thinkers continue to shape sociology as a
discipline today.

Q.3 Discuss the under mentioned concepts in brief.

(a) Cultural Integration.

Answer:

Cultural integration is the process in which different cultures assimilate and come
together to form a more unified and diversified society. It can result from either
positive or negative factors and can be achieved through various means, such as
intermarriage, foreign language instruction, and cultural exchange programs.

Positive factors that lead to cultural integration can include economic development,
globalization, and international trade. Economic development can create new business
opportunities and attract foreign investment, which can lead to exposure to different
cultures and ways of thinking. Globalization and international trade can also increase
cultural exchange and create opportunities for cross-cultural interaction.
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Negative factors that can lead to cultural integration can include colonization,
migration, and assimilation policies. Colonization often involves the forced imposition
of one culture on another, leading to the suppression of the dominated culture.
Migration can also lead to cultural integration as people from different cultures interact
and assimilate with each other. Assimilation policies, such as the ones implemented by
the United States during the 19th century, are designed to force one culture to
assimilate to another, usually with the intent of erasing the culture of the minority
group.

Cultural integration not only affects the cultures involved, but also the larger society as
a whole. It can result in a more peaceful and tolerant society, but it can also lead to
cultural disparities and conflicts if not managed properly.

(b) Cultural Variations & its aspects.

Answer:

Cultural variations refer to the differences in customs and traditions among various
cultures around the world. These variations can be observed in different aspects of
culture, such as language, religion, food, clothing, music, and art.

Language is an essential aspect of culture and is the primary means of communication

within a community. Different languages can convey different values and beliefs, and
the way people express themselves can vary greatly depending on the language they
speak. For example, certain languages may have multiple words that express different
levels of respect, indicating the level of hierarchy or social proximity.

Religion is another important aspect of culture that can vary greatly from one culture
to another. Religious beliefs and practices can influence personal behavior patterns,
social norms, and cultural values. These beliefs can be influenced by various factors,
such as geography, history, and culture. For example, the Hindu culture in India is
characterized by its rituals, beliefs in karma and reincarnation, and the practice of
vegetarianism.

Food is another aspect of culture that can vary greatly. Different cultures have distinct
styles of cooking, ingredients, and spices that are unique to their region. These
differences can be influenced by climate, geography, and history. For example, the
cuisine of Japan is known for its sushi, noodles, and seafood dishes, while the cuisine
of India is known for its curries, spices, and vegetarian dishes.

Clothing is another aspect of culture that can vary greatly from one culture to another.
Clothing styles can communicate cultural values and beliefs, and can also be
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influenced by climate, geography, and social status. For example, traditional African
clothing is often brightly colored and features elaborate patterns, while traditional
Japanese clothing is characterized by its minimalism and elegant designs.

Music and art are also essential aspects of culture that can vary greatly. These forms of
expression can reflect cultural values and beliefs and can also be influenced by
geography, history, and tradition. For example, traditional African music often features
complex rhythms, while traditional Chinese music features a pentatonic scale.

(c) Cultural Universals.

Answer:

Cultural universals refer to the common patterns and practices that exist across all
cultures worldwide. These patterns and practices are often the result of human biology
and the need for survival, as well as social and cultural evolution.

Examples of cultural universals include language, social organization, marriage and

family, art, music, and religion. Language is perhaps the most significant cultural
universal, as it is essential for communication and social interaction. All cultures have
some form of language, whether it be spoken, written, or sign language.

Social organization is another cultural universal that refers to the way that people
organize themselves into groups and hierarchies. All cultures have some form of social
organization, whether it be based on kinship, social class, or political affiliations.

Marriage and family are also cultural universals that exist in all cultures. While the
specific practices and customs surrounding marriage and family can vary greatly from
one culture to another, the basic principles of forming relationships and raising
children are universal.

Art and music are also cultural universals that exist in all cultures. These forms of
expression are often used to communicate cultural values and beliefs, and can also be
used for entertainment and leisure.

Religion is another cultural universal that exists in all cultures. While the specific
beliefs and practices can vary greatly from one culture to another, the basic principles
of spirituality and belief in a higher power are universal.

Cultural universals are important because they demonstrate the similarities that exist
between cultures around the world. Understanding these common patterns and
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practices can help to promote cross-cultural understanding and empathy, and can also
provide insights into the evolution of human culture over time.

Q.4 Write down the characteristics of different types of society. Also write a
detailed note on postindustrial societies.

Answer:

The characteristics of different types of society can vary widely depending on their
organization, economic system, and cultural values. Generally, societies can be
categorized into several main types, including traditional societies, agrarian societies,
industrial societies, and postindustrial societies.

Traditional societies are characterized by their reliance on subsistence farming and the
communal sharing of resources. These societies are often organized around extended
family units and have few permanent settlements, instead relying on nomadic
lifestyles. Traditional societies tend to have strict social hierarchies and gender roles,
with little social mobility.

Agrarian societies are characterized by their reliance on large-scale agriculture and the
emergence of permanent settlements. These societies tend to have complex social
hierarchies and often feature the emergence of specialized professions such as priests,
merchants, and soldiers. Agrarian societies tend to be more technologically advanced
than traditional societies, although they still rely heavily on manual labor.

Industrial societies emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries with the development of the
factory system and the rise of mass production. These societies are characterized by
their reliance on machines and technology to drive economic growth. Industrial
societies tend to be highly urbanized, with large cities serving as centers of commerce
and culture. The emergence of industrial societies also led to the development of new
social and political ideologies such as liberalism and socialism.

Postindustrial societies are those that have moved beyond industrialism and into a new
era characterized by the dominance of service-based industries and the growth of
information technology. These societies tend to be highly specialized, with individuals
pursuing careers in fields such as finance, healthcare, and education. Postindustrial
societies also tend to be highly educated, with widespread access to information and
communication technologies. These characteristics have led to significant changes in
how people work, communicate, and interact with one another.

Postindustrial societies are also characterized by the emergence of new social and
political movements, including environmentalism, feminism, and multiculturalism.
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These movements reflect a growing awareness of the interconnectedness of social,

economic, and environmental issues and a desire to create more equitable and
sustainable societies.

One of the key features of postindustrial societies is the emergence of a new form of
capitalism known as neoliberalism. Neoliberalism emphasizes free-market principles
and the privatization of public services, leading to the deregulation of industries and
the erosion of social safety nets. This has led to growing inequality and social unrest in
many postindustrial societies, as well as a backlash against globalization and the
growing power of multinational corporations.

Despite these challenges, postindustrial societies also offer many opportunities for
innovation and social progress. The growth of information technology and the
increasing importance of knowledge-based industries offer new possibilities for
economic growth and social development. Postindustrial societies also tend to be
highly diverse and multicultural, providing opportunities for cross-cultural exchange
and the emergence of new forms of cultural expression.

Overall, the characteristics of different types of society reflect the complex interplay
between economic, social, and cultural factors. While these societies may differ in
their organization and values, they all share a common history of human development
and the ongoing struggle to create more equitable and sustainable communities.

Q.5 Discuss in detail some major issues faced by Pakistani society.

Answer:

Pakistani society is a complex and diverse entity that is faced with a range of
challenges. These challenges include social, economic, and political issues that have a
profound impact on the lives of the people living in the country.

Poverty is one of the most significant challenges that Pakistani society faces. In 2020,
the poverty rate in Pakistan was reported to be 24.3%, which means that over 50
million people are living below the poverty line. Poverty is particularly prevalent in
rural areas, where 64% of the population is classified as poor. The main causes of
poverty in Pakistan are low levels of economic growth, inadequate social safety nets,
high inflation, and unemployment. Poverty has profound implications for the lives of
those who are affected, including poor health outcomes, lack of access to education,
and limited opportunities for economic and social mobility.

Illiteracy is another major issue faced by Pakistani society. According to the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Pakistan has
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the second-highest number of out-of-school children in the world, with an estimated

22.8 million children not attending school. Illiteracy is especially pronounced among
girls, with only 45% of the female population able to read and write. The lack of
access to education has significant implications for the development of the country, as
a skilled and educated workforce is essential for economic growth.

Political instability is another major issue faced by Pakistani society. The country has a
long history of political turmoil, with frequent military coups and democratic
transitions. The instability has had a profound impact on the country's progress, with
economic growth being stunted due to the lack of policy continuity and consistency. In
addition, the political instability has led to a lack of trust in government institutions,
which has contributed to a range of other issues, including corruption and low levels of
foreign investment.

Terrorism is another major issue that has had a profound impact on Pakistani society.
The country has been targeted by a range of extremist groups, including the Taliban
and Al Qaeda. The attacks have led to the loss of many lives and have had a negative
impact on the country's tourism industry and foreign investment. The government has
responded to the threat of terrorism by launching military operations in the affected
areas, but the issue remains unresolved.

Corruption is another significant challenge that Pakistani society faces. The country
ranks 124th out of 180 countries in Transparency International's Corruption
Perceptions Index. Corruption is prevalent in all aspects of society, from the police
force to the judiciary, and has a significant impact on the country's development. It
leads to reduced economic growth, a lack of investment, and widespread poverty and
inequality.

Gender inequality is another significant challenge faced by Pakistani society. Women

in Pakistan face significant barriers to access education, healthcare, and employment
opportunities. Violence against women is also prevalent, with the country ranking
sixth in the world for gender-based violence. These issues are exacerbated by social
and cultural norms that limit women's participation in public life and restrict their
freedoms.

In conclusion, Pakistani society is faced with a range of challenges that have a

significant impact on the lives of the people living in the country. These challenges
include poverty, illiteracy, political instability, terrorism, corruption, and gender
inequality. Addressing these issues requires a concerted effort from the government,
civil society, and the private sector to promote economic growth, social development,
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and political stability. Only by addressing these issues can we hope to create a
prosperous and equitable society that benefits all its citizens.