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Atoms Elements Compounds Notes-2

Atoms bond to achieve a stable arrangement of outer-shell electrons, typically aiming for 8 electrons. Sodium and chlorine illustrate this process through ionic bonding, where sodium loses an electron to become Na+ and chlorine gains one to become Cl-. Ionic compounds have distinct properties such as high melting points and electrical conductivity when dissolved, while covalent compounds are characterized by shared electron pairs and generally lower melting points.

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Syed Masoom Kazmi
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19 views14 pages

Atoms Elements Compounds Notes-2

Atoms bond to achieve a stable arrangement of outer-shell electrons, typically aiming for 8 electrons. Sodium and chlorine illustrate this process through ionic bonding, where sodium loses an electron to become Na+ and chlorine gains one to become Cl-. Ionic compounds have distinct properties such as high melting points and electrical conductivity when dissolved, while covalent compounds are characterized by shared electron pairs and generally lower melting points.

Uploaded by

Syed Masoom Kazmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER-3 ATOMS COMBINING

Why do atoms form bonds?


Atoms bond with each other in order to gain a stable arrangement of
outer-shell electrons, like the atoms of Group 0.

In other words, they bond in order to gain 8 electrons in their outer


shell (or 2, if they have only one shell).

Why the noble gases form bonds?


Because the atoms have a very stable arrangement of electrons in
the outer shell. This makes the noble gases unreactive.

How sodium atoms gain a stable outer shell?


Sodium atom has just 1 electron in its outer shell. To obtain a stable
outer shell of 8 electrons, it loses this electron to another atom. It
becomes a sodium ion:
Sodium ion has 11 protons but only 10 electrons, so it has a charge of
1+, as we can see from the panel on the right.

The symbol for sodium is Na, so the symbol for the sodium ion is Na+.
The + means . Na+ is a positive ion.

How chlorine atoms gain a stable outer shell?


Chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer shell. It can reach 8
electrons by accepting 1 electron from another atom. It becomes a
chloride ion:

The chloride ion has a charge of 1-, so it is a negative ion. Its symbol is
Cl2.
Ions:
An atom becomes an ion when it loses or gains electrons
Two types of ions: Cations, Anions
Cations  Positively charged ions
Anions  Negatively charged ions
An ion is a charged particle. It is charged because it has an unequal
number of protons and electrons.

Ionic bond: An ionic bond is formed when one or more electrons is


transferred from one atom of a metal to an atom of a non-metal.
Ionic compounds are made up of ions.
For example: Sodium Chloride
How sodium and chlorine atoms bond together?
.
Sodium is a metal. Chlorine is a non-metal. They react together to
form an ionic compound. The two ions have opposite charges, so
they attract each other. The force of attraction between them is
strong. It is called an ionic bond.

The ionic bond is the bond that forms between ions of opposite
charge.
The charges in the structure add up to zero:
The charge on each sodium ion is 1+
The charge on each chloride ion is 1-
total charge= 0
So the compound has no overall charge.

Other ionic compounds: A metal reacts with a non-metal to form


an ionic compound. The metal atoms lose electrons. The non-metal
atoms gain them. The ions form a lattice. The compound has no
overall charge.

Magnesium oxide:
A magnesium atom has 2 outer electrons and an oxygen atom has 6.
When magnesium burns in oxygen, each magnesium atom loses its
2 outer electrons to an oxygen atom. Magnesium and oxide ions are
formed:

The charge on magnesium oxide


Charge on a magnesium ion 2+
Charge on an oxide ion 2-
total charge 0
Magnesium chloride:

How to write the names and formulae of ionic compounds?


The names: To name an ionic compound, just put the names of the
ions together, metals lose electrons and form positive ions. The ions
have the same names as the atoms. Non-metals form negative ions,
with names ending in -ide.

The formulae:
1. Write down the name of the ionic compound.
2. Write down the symbols for its ions.
3. The compound must have no overall charge, so balance the ions
until the positive and negative charges add up to zero.
4. Write down the formula without the charges.
Some metals form more than one type of ion

Compound ion: Ions formed from a group of bonded atoms. These


are called compound ions.
The properties of ionic compounds

1. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.


2. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water but insoluble in other
solvents.
3. Ionic compounds conduct electricity, when melted or dissolved in
water as the ions are free to move and carry electric current.
4. They are brittle.

Giant Ionic lattice/Giant Ionic structure

Regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions in an


ionic crystals gives strong interionic forces.
E.g. Sodium Chloride Lattice

The covalent bond: Covalent bond is formed by sharing a pair


of electron between two atoms. (Non-metals) Covalent
compounds are made up of molecules.

Example: Hydrogen

A hydrogen atom has only one shell, with one electron. The shell can
hold two electrons. When two hydrogen atoms get close enough,
their shells overlap and then they can share electrons.
So each has gained a full shell of two electrons, like helium atoms.

The bond between the atoms

Each hydrogen atom has a positive nucleus. Both nuclei attract the
shared electrons – and this strong force of attraction holds the two
atoms together. This force of attraction is called a covalent bond.

A single covalent bond is formed when atoms share two electrons.


Many other non-metals are also molecular.

For example:
Iodine, I2 Oxygen, O2 Nitrogen, N2 Chlorine, Cl2 Sulfur, S8
Phosphorus,P4
Elements made up of molecules containing two atoms are called
diatomic.

Chlorine

Only one pair of electrons is shared, the bond between the atoms is
called a single covalent bond, or single bond. Cl-Cl.

Oxygen
Oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons, the bond between them
is called a double bond.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons, the bond between


them is called a triple bond.

More examples of covalent compounds


a. The molecule of ammonia is shaped like a pyramid.
b. The molecule carbon dioxide is shaped like a pyramid.

The properties of covalent compounds

1. Molecular covalent compounds have low melting and boiling


points.
2. Covalent compounds tend to be insoluble in water.
3. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity.
4. Most covalent compounds are gases, liquids and gases
5. They are made up of molecules and don’t contain ions.

Comparing ionic and covalent compounds:


Giant covalent structures/Macromolecules
Allotropes: Two different atoms of the same element are called
allotropes. There are three allotropes of carbon they are: Diamond,
Graphite, Fullerene.

Properties of diamond
1. It is very hard, because each atom is held in place by four strong
covalent bonds. In fact it is the hardest substance on Earth.
2. It has a very high melting point, 3550oC.
3. It can’t conduct electricity because there are no ions or free
electrons to carry the charge.

Properties of graphite:
1. It is soft and slippery. Because the sheets can slide over each other
easily.
2. It is a good conductor of electricity. Because each carbon atom has
four outer electrons, but forms only three bonds. So the fourth
electron is free to move through the graphite, carrying charge.
3. They have high melting points.

Making use of these giant structures:

The bonding in metals:

The metallic bond is the attraction between metal ions and free
electrons.

It is the same with all metals. The ions sit in a lattice, held together by
their strong attraction to the free electrons. And because the ions are
in a regular pattern, metals are crystalline.
Properties of metals:

1. Metals usually have high melting points. That is because it takes


a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice, with its strong
metallic bonds. Copper melts at 1083oC, and nickel at 1455oC.
2. Metals are malleable and ductile. Malleable means they can be
bent and pressed into shape. Ductile means they can be drawn
out into wires. This is because the layers can slide over each
other.
3. Metals are good conductors of heat. That is because the free
electrons take in heat energy, which makes them move faster.
They quickly transfer the heat through the metal structure.
4. Metals are good conductors of electricity. That is because the
free electrons can move through the lattice carrying charge,
when a voltage is applied across the metal.

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