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 Learning React
Functional Web Development
with React and Redux

Alex Banks and Eve Porcello

Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo

Learning React
by Alex Banks and Eve Porcello
Copyright © 2017 Alex Banks and Eve Porcello. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com/safari). For more information, contact our corporate/insti‐
tutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected].

Editor: Allyson MacDonald Indexer: WordCo Indexing Services

Production Editor: Melanie Yarbrough Interior Designer: David Futato
Copyeditor: Colleen Toporek Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Proofreader: Rachel Head Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest

May 2017: First Edition

Revision History for the First Edition

2017-04-26: First Release

See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491954621 for release details.

The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning React, the cover image, and
related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and
instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility
for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of
or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own
risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source
licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use
thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-491-95462-1
[LSI]
 Table of Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1. Welcome to React. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Obstacles and Roadblocks 1
React Is a Library 2
New ECMAScript Syntax 2
Popularity of Functional JavaScript 2
JavaScript Tooling Fatigue 2
Why React Doesn’t Have to Be Hard to Learn 3
React’s Future 3
Keeping Up with the Changes 4
Working with the Files 4
File Repository 4
React Developer Tools 5
Installing Node.js 6

2. Emerging JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Declaring Variables in ES6 10
const 10
let 10
Template Strings 12
Default Parameters 13
Arrow Functions 14
Transpiling ES6 17
ES6 Objects and Arrays 19
Destructuring Assignment 19
Object Literal Enhancement 20
The Spread Operator 22

iii
 Promises 24
Classes 25
ES6 Modules 27
CommonJS 28

3. Functional Programming with JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

What It Means to Be Functional 32
Imperative Versus Declarative 34
Functional Concepts 36
Immutability 36
Pure Functions 38
Data Transformations 41
Higher-Order Functions 48
Recursion 49
Composition 52
Putting It All Together 54

4. Pure React. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Page Setup 59
The Virtual DOM 60
React Elements 62
ReactDOM 64
Children 65
Constructing Elements with Data 67
React Components 68
React.createClass 69
React.Component 72
Stateless Functional Components 73
DOM Rendering 74
Factories 77

5. React with JSX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

React Elements as JSX 81
JSX Tips 82
Babel 84
Recipes as JSX 85
Intro to Webpack 93
Webpack Loaders 94
Recipes App with a Webpack Build 94

6. Props, State, and the Component Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Property Validation 109

iv | Table of Contents
 Validating Props with createClass 110
Default Props 114
Custom Property Validation 115
ES6 Classes and Stateless Functional Components 116
Refs 119
Inverse Data Flow 121
Refs in Stateless Functional Components 123
React State Management 123
Introducing Component State 124
Initializing State from Properties 128
State Within the Component Tree 130
Color Organizer App Overview 130
Passing Properties Down the Component Tree 131
Passing Data Back Up the Component Tree 134

7. Enhancing Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Component Lifecycles 141
Mounting Lifecycle 142
Updating Lifecycle 146
React.Children 157
JavaScript Library Integration 158
Making Requests with Fetch 159
Incorporating a D3 Timeline 160
Higher-Order Components 166
Managing State Outside of React 172
Rendering a Clock 173
Flux 174
Views 176
Actions and Action Creators 177
Dispatcher 177
Stores 178
Putting It All Together 179
Flux Implementations 180

8. Redux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
State 184
Actions 187
Action Payload Data 189
Reducers 190
The Color Reducer 193
The Colors Reducer 195
The Sort Reducer 197

Table of Contents | v
 The Store 198
Subscribing to Stores 201
Saving to localStorage 202
Action Creators 203
Middleware 206
Applying Middleware to the Store 207

9. React Redux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Explicitly Passing the Store 213
Passing the Store via Context 216
Presentational Versus Container Components 220
The React Redux Provider 223
React Redux connect 224

10. Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

ESLint 229
Testing Redux 233
Test-Driven Development 233
Testing Reducers 234
Testing the Store 242
Testing React Components 245
Setting Up the Jest Environment 245
Enzyme 247
Mocking Components 249
Snapshot Testing 258
Using Code Coverage 262

11. React Router. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Incorporating the Router 274
Router Properties 277
Nesting Routes 279
Using a Page Template 279
Subsections and Submenus 281
Router Parameters 286
Adding Color Details Page 286
Moving Color Sort State to Router 292

12. React and the Server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Isomorphism versus Universalism 297
Server Rendering React 301
Universal Color Organizer 306
Universal Redux 308

vi | Table of Contents
 Universal Routing 310
Communicating with the Server 318
Completing Actions on the Server 318
Actions with Redux Thunks 321

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Table of Contents | vii

 Preface

This book is for developers who want to learn the React library while learning the
latest techniques currently emerging in the JavaScript language. This is an exciting
time to be a JavaScript developer. The ecosystem is exploding with new tools, syntax,
and best practices that promise to solve many of our development problems. Our aim
with this book is to organize these techniques, so you can get to work with React right
away. We’ll get into Redux, React Router, and build tooling, so we promise not to
introduce only the basics and then throw you to the wolves.
This book does not assume any knowledge of React at all. We’ll introduce all of
React’s basics from scratch. Similarly, we won’t assume that you’ve worked with ES6
or any of the latest JavaScript syntax. This will be introduced in Chapter 2 as founda‐
tion for the rest of the chapters.
You’ll be better prepared for the contents of the book if you’re comfortable with
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It’s almost always best to be comfortable with these big
three before diving into a JavaScript library.
Along the way, check out the GitHub repository. All of the examples are there and
will allow you to practice with hands-on examples.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Italic
Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.
Constant width
Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program ele‐
ments such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment
variables, statements, and keywords.

ix
Constant width bold
Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.
Constant width italic
Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values deter‐
mined by context.

This element signifies a tip or suggestion.

This element signifies a general note.

This element indicates a warning or caution.

Using Code Examples

Supplemental material (code examples, exercises, etc.) is available for download at
https://github.com/moonhighway/learning-react.
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered
with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not
need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of
the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this
book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples
from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this
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cant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does
require permission.
We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the
title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Learning React by Alex Banks and
Eve Porcello (O’Reilly). Copyright 2017 Alex Banks, Eve Porcello,
978-1-491-95462-1.”

x | Preface
If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given
above, feel free to contact us at [email protected].

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Preface | xi
Acknowledgments
Our journey with React wouldn’t have started without some good old fashioned luck.
We used YUI when we created the training materials for the full stack JavaScript pro‐
gram that we taught internally at Yahoo. Then in August 2014, development on YUI
ended. We had to change all of our course files, but to what? What were we supposed
to use on the front end now? The answer: React. We didn’t fall in love with React
immediately, it took us couple of hours to get hooked. It looked like React could
potentially change everything. We got in early and got really lucky.
This book would not have been possible without the support of Ally MacDonald who
helped us every step of the way and was monumentally patient with us through sev‐
eral library updates. We’re grateful to Melanie Yarbrough, Colleen Toporek, and
Rachel Head for their amazing attention to detail. Thanks to Sarah Ronau for proof‐
reading this book well before it was ready for human eyes and to Bonnie Eisenman
for her great advice and overall delightfulness. Thanks also to Stoyan Stefanov, who
was nice enough to provide a technical review even though he’s really busy building
cool stuff at Facebook.
There’s also no way this book could have existed without the Sharon Adams and
Marilyn Messineo. They conspired to purchase Alex’s first computer, a Tandy TRS 80
Color Computer. It also wouldn’t have made it to book form without the love, sup‐
port, and encouragement of Jim and Lorri Porcello, and Mike and Sharon Adams.
We’d also like to acknowledge Coffee Connexion in Tahoe City, California for giving
us the coffee we needed to finish this book, and its owner, Robin, who gave us the
timeless advice: “A book on programming? Sounds boring!”

xii | Preface
 CHAPTER 1
Welcome to React

React is a popular library used to create user interfaces. It was built at Facebook to
address some of the challenges associated with large-scale, data-driven websites.
When React was released in 2013, the project was initially viewed with some skepti‐
cism because the conventions of React are quite unique.
In an attempt to not intimidate new users, the core React team wrote an article called
“Why React?” that recommended that you “Give It [React] Five Minutes.” They
wanted to encourage people to work with React first before thinking that their
approach was too crazy.
Yes, React is a small library that doesn’t come with everything you might need out of
the box to build your application. Give it five minutes.
Yes, in React, you write code that looks like HTML right in your JavaScript. And yes,
those tags require preprocessing to run in a browser. And you’ll probably need a
build tool like webpack for that. Give it five minutes.
If you read that article—as we did—you may have been dazzled by the promise of a
new JavaScript library—a library that would solve all of our problems with the DOM;
a library that would always be easy to work with and would never hurt us.
Then the questions start to arise: how do I convert this JSX? How do I load data?
Where does the CSS go? What is declarative programming? Every path leads to more
questions about how to incorporate this library in your actual day to day work. Every
conversation introduces new terminology, new techniques, and more questions.

Obstacles and Roadblocks

By taking a few minutes to learn about React components, you’ve opened a door to a
different way of thinking about and approaching web development. However, there

1
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Book of
the Thousand Nights and a Night — Volume 03
[Supplement]
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night — Volume

03 [Supplement]

Translator: Sir Richard Francis Burton

Release date: December 11, 2019 [eBook #60889]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Richard Tonsing, Richard Hulse, and the

Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
(This
file was produced from images generously made
available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF

THE THOUSAND NIGHTS AND A NIGHT — VOLUME 03
[SUPPLEMENT] ***
 “TO THE PURE ALL THINGS ARE PURE.”
(Puris omnia pura)

—Arab Proverb.

“Niuna corrotta mente intese mai sanamente parole.”

—“Decameron”—conclusion.
“Erubuit, posuitque meum Lucretia librum
Sed coram Bruto. Brute! recede, leget.”

—Martial.
“Mieulx est de ris que de larmes escripre,
Pour ce que rire est le propre des hommes.”

—Rabelais.
“The pleasure we derive from perusing the Thousand-and-One
Stories makes us regret that we possess only a comparatively small
part of these truly enchanting fictions.”
—Crichton’s “History of Arabia.”
 upplemental TO THE
BOOK OF THE ights
Thousand Nights and a Night
WITH NOTES ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND
EXPLANATORY
VOLUME III.

BY

RICHARD F. BURTON

PRINTED BY THE BURTON CLUB FOR PRIVATE SUBSCRIBERS ONLY

 Shammar Edition

Limited to one thousand numbered sets, of which this is

Number ____

Printed in U. S. A.
 TO

HENRY EDWARD JOHN, LORD STANLEY OF ALDERLEY,

THIS

THE MOST INNOCENT VOLUME OF THE NIGHTS

IS INSCRIBED BY HIS OLD COMPANION,

THE AUTHOR.
 FOREWORD.

The peculiar proceedings of the Curators, Bodleian Library, Oxford,

of which full particulars shall be given in due time, have dislocated
the order of my volumes. The Prospectus had promised that Tome
III. should contain detached extracts from the MS. known as the
Wortley-Montague, and that No. IV. and part of No. V. should
comprise a reproduction of the ten Tales (or eleven, including “The
Princess of Daryábár”), which have so long been generally attributed
to Professor Galland. Circumstances, however, wholly beyond my
control have now compelled me to devote the whole of this volume
to the Frenchman’s stories.
It will hardly be doubted that for a complete receuil of The Nights a
retranslation of the Gallandian histoires is necessary. The learned
Professor Gustav Weil introduced them all, Germanised literally from
the French, into the Dritter Band of his well-known version—Tausend
und eine Nacht; and not a few readers of Mr. John Payne’s admirable
translation (the Villon) complained that they had bought it in order
to see Ali Baba, Aladdin, and others translated into classical English
and that they much regretted the absence of their old favourites.
But the modus operandi was my prime difficulty. I disliked the idea
of an unartistic break or change in the style, ever
“Tâchant de rendre mien cet air d’antiquité,”

and I aimed at offering to my readers a homogeneous sequel. My

first thought for securing uniformity of treatment was to render the
French text into Arabic, and then to retranslate it into English. This
process, however, when tried was found wanting; so I made
inquiries in all directions for versions of the Gallandian histories
which might have been published in Persian, Turkish, or Hindustani.
Though assisted by the Prince of London Bibliopoles, Bernard
Quaritch, I long failed to find my want: the vernaculars in Persian
and Turkish are translated direct from the Arabic texts, and all ignore
the French stories. At last a friend, Cameron MacDowell, himself well
known to the world of letters, sent me from Bombay a quaint
lithograph with quainter illustrations which contained all I required.
This was a version of Totárám Sháyán (No. III.), which introduced
the whole of the Gallandian Tales: better still, these were sufficiently
orientalised and divested of their inordinate Gallicism, especially their
longsome dialogue, by being converted into Hindustani, the Urdú
Zabán (camp or court language) of Upper India and the Lingua
Franca of the whole Peninsula.
During one of my sundry visits to the British Museum, I was
introduced by Mr. Alexander G. Ellis to Mr. James F. Blumhardt, of
Cambridge, who pointed out to me two other independent versions,
one partly rhymed and partly in prose.
Thus far my work was done for me. Mr. Blumhardt, a practical
orientalist and teacher of the modern Prakrit tongues, kindly
undertook, at my request to english the Hindustani, collating, at the
same time, the rival versions; and thus, at a moment when my
health was at its worst, he saved me all trouble and labour except
that of impressing the manner with my own sign manual, and of
illustrating the text, where required, with notes anthropological and
other.
Meanwhile, part of my plan was modified by a visit to Paris in early
1887. At the Bibliothèque Nationale I had the pleasure of meeting M.
Hermann Zotenberg, keeper of Eastern manuscripts, an Orientalist of
high and varied talents, and especially famous for his admirable
Chronique de Tabari. Happily for me, he had lately purchased for the
National Library, from a vendor who was utterly ignorant of its
history, a MS. copy of The Nights, containing the Arabic originals of
Zayn al-Asnam and Alaeddin. The two volumes folio are numbered
and docketed “Supplément Arabe, Nos. 2522–23;” they measure 31
cent. by 20; Vol. i. contains 411 folios (822 pages) and Vol. ii. 402
(pp. 804); each page numbers fifteen lines, and each folio has its
catchword. The paper is French, English and Dutch, with four to five
different marks, such as G. Gautier; D. and C. Blaew; Pro Patriâ and
others. The highly characteristic writing, which is the same
throughout the two folios, is easily recognised as that of Michel
(Mikhaíl) Sabbágh, the Syrian, author of the Colombe Messagère,
published in Paris A.D. 1805, and accompanied by a translation by
the celebrated Silvestre de Sacy (Chrestomathie iii. 365). This scribe
also copied, about 1810, for the same Orientalist, the Ikhwán al-
Safá.
I need say nothing more concerning this MS., which M. Zotenberg
purposes to describe bibliographically in volume xxviii. of Notices et
extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale publiés par
l’Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres. And there will be a
tirage à part of 200–300 copies entitled Histoire d’ ‘Alá al-Dîn ou La
Lampe Merveilleuse, Texte Arabe, publié par H. Zotenberg; Paris,
Imprimerie Nationale, 1888; including a most important contribution:
—Sur quelques Manuscrits des Mille et une Nuits et la traduction de
Galland.[1]
The learned and genial author has favoured me with proof sheets of
his labours: it would be unfair to disclose the discoveries, such as
the Manuscript Journals in the Bibliothèque Nationale (Nos. 15277 to
15280), which the illustrious Galland kept regularly till the end of his
life, and his conversations with “M. Hanna, Maronite d’Halep,” alias
Jean Dipi (Dippy, a corruption of Diab): suffice it to say that they
cast a clear and wholly original light upon the provenance of eight of
the Gallandian histories. I can, however, promise to all “Aladdinists”
a rich harvest of facts which wholly displace those hitherto assumed
to be factual. But for the satisfaction of my readers I am compelled
to quote the colophon of M. Zotenberg’s great “find” (vol. ii.), as it
bears upon a highly important question.
“And the finishing thereof was during the first decade of Jamádi the Second, of the
one thousand and one hundred and fifteenth year of the Hegirah (= A.D. 1703) by
the transcription of the neediest of His slaves unto Almighty Allah, Ahmad bin
Mohammed al-Tarádí, in Baghdad City: he was a Sháfi’í of school, and a Mosuli by
birth, and a Baghdadi by residence, and he wrote it for his own use, and upon it
he imprinted his signet. So Allah save our lord Mohammed and his Kin and
Companions and assain them! Kabíkaj.”[2]
Now as this date corresponds with A.D. 1703, whereas Galland did
not begin publishing until 1704–1705, the original MS. of Ahmad al-
Tarádí could not have been translated or adapted from the French;
and although the transcription by Mikhail Sabbagh, writing in 1805–
10, may have introduced modifications borrowed from Galland, yet
the scrupulous fidelity of his copy, shown by sundry marginal and
other notes, lays the suspicion that changes of importance have
been introduced by him. Remains now only to find the original codex
of Al-Tarádí.
I have noticed in my translation sundry passages which appear to
betray the Christian hand; but these are mostly of scanty
consequence in no wise affecting the genuineness of the text.
The history of Zayn al-Asnam was copied from the Sabbágh MS. and
sent to me by M. Houdas, Professeur d’Arabe vulgaire a l’École des
langues orientales vivantes; an Arabist, whose name is favourably
quoted in the French Colonies of Northern Africa. M. Zotenberg
kindly lent me his own transcription of Alaeddin before sending it to
print; and I can only regret that the dilatory proceedings of the
Imprimerie Nationale, an establishment supported by the State, and
therefore ignoring the trammels of private industry, have prevented
my revising the version now submitted to the public. This volume
then begins with the two Gallandian Tales, “Zeyn Alasnam” and
“Aladdin,” whose Arabic original was discovered by M. Zotenberg
during the last year: although separated in the French version, I
have brought them together for the sake of uniformity. The other
eight (or nine, including the Princess of Daryabar), entitled
History of Khudadad and his Brothers, and the Princess of Daryabar;
History of the Blind Man, Baba Abdullah;
History of Sidi Nu’uman;
History of Khwajah Hasan al-Habbal;
History of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves;
History of Ali Khwajah and the Merchant of Baghdad;
History of Prince Ahmad and the Fairy Peri-banu;
History of the two Sisters who envied their Cadette;

are borrowed mainly from the Indian version of Totárám Sháyán.

And here I must quote the bibliographical notices concerning the
sundry versions into Urdu or Hindustani which have been drawn up
with great diligence by Mr. Blumhardt.
“The earliest attempt to translate the Arabian Nights was made by Munshi Shams
al-Dín Ahmad Shirwáni. A prose version of the first two hundred Nights made by
him ‘for the use of the College at Fort St. George’ was lithographed at Madras in
the year A.H. 1252 (A.D. 1836) and published in 8vo volumes (pp. 517, 426) under
the title ‘Hikayat ool jaleelah’[3] (Hikáyát al-Jalílah). The translation was made from
an Arabic original but it does not appear what edition was made use of. The
translator had intended to bring out a version of the entire work, but states in his
preface that, being unable to procure the Arabic of the other Nights, he could not
proceed with the translation, and had to be content to publish only two hundred
nights. This version does not appear to have become popular, for no other edition
seems to have been published. And the author must not be confounded with
Shaykh Ahmad Shirwáni, who, in A.D. 1814, printed an Arabic edition of the
Arabian Nights Entertainments (Calcutta, Pereira) which also stopped at No. CC.”
“The next translation was made by Munshi ’Abd al-Karím, likewise in prose. From
the preface and colophon to this work it appears that ’Abd al-Karím obtained a
copy of Edward Foster’s English version of the Arabian Nights, and after two years’
labour completed a translation of the whole work in A.H. 1258 (A.D. 1842). It was
lithographed at the Mustafai Press at Kánpúi (Cawnpore) in the year A.H. 1263
(A.D. 1847) and published in four vols., in two royal 8vos, lithographed; each
containing two Jilds (or parts, pp. 276, 274; 214 and 195).”
“A second edition appeared from the same press in A.H. 1270 (A.D. 1853) also in
two vols. 8vo of two Jilds each (pp. 249, 245; 192, 176). Since then several other
editions have been published at Cawnpore, at Lakhnau[4] and also at Bombay. This
translation is written in an easy fluent style, omitting all coarseness of expression
or objectionable passages, in language easily understood, and at the same time in
good and elegant Hindustani. It is therefore extremely popular, and selections
from the 4th Jild have been taken as text books for the Indian Civil Service
examinations. A Romanized Urdu version of the first two Jilds according to Duncan
Forbes’ system of transliteration, was made ‘under the superintendence of T. W. H.
Tolbort,’ and published under the editorship of F. Pincott in London, by W. H. Allen
and Co. in 1882.[5] There has been no attempt to divide this translation into
Nights: there are headings to the several tales and nothing more. To supply this
want, and also to furnish the public with a translation closer to the original, and
one more intelligible to Eastern readers, and in accordance with oriental thought
and feeling, a third translation was taken in hand by Totárám Sháyán, at the
instance of Nawal Kishore, the well-known bookseller and publisher of Lucknow.
The first edition of this translation was lithographed at Lucknow in the year A.H.
1284 (A.D. 1868) and published in a 4to vol. of 1,080 pages under the title of
Hazár Dastán.[6] Totárám Sháyán has followed ’Abd al-Karim’s arrangement of the
whole work into four Jilds, each of which has a separate pagination (pp. 304, 320,
232, and 224). The third Jild has 251 Nights: the other three 250 each. The
translation is virtually in prose, but it abounds in snatches of poetry, songs and
couplets taken from the writings of Persian poets, and here and there a verse-
rendering of bits of the story. This translation, though substantially agreeing in the
main with that of ’Abd al-Karim, yet differs widely from it in the treatment. It is full
of flowery metaphors and is written in a rich ornate style, full of Persian and Arabic
words and idioms, which renders it far less easy to understand than the simple
language of ’Abd al-Karim. Some passages have been considerably enlarged and
sometimes contain quite different reading from that of ’Abd al-Karim, with
occasional additional matter. In other places descriptions have been much
curtailed so that although the thread of the story may be the same in both
translations it is hard to believe that the two translators worked from the same
version. Unfortunately Totárám Sháyán makes no mention at all of the source
whence he made his translation whether English or Arabic. This translation
reached its fourth edition in 1883, and has been published with the addition of
several badly executed full-page illustrations evidently taken from English prints.”
“Yet another translation of The Nights has been made into Hindustani, and this a
versified paraphrase, the work of three authors whose takhallus or noms de
plume, were as follows, “Nasím” (Muhammad Asghar Ali Khán), translator of the
first Jild, “Sháyán” (Totárám Sháyán), who undertook the second and third Jilds,
and “Chaman” (Shádí Lál) by whom the fourth and last Jild was translated. The
work is complete in 1,244 pages 4to, and was lithographed at Lucknow; Jilds i.-iii.
in A.H. 1278 (A.D. 1862) and Jild iv. in 1285 (A.D. 1869). This translation is also
divided into Nights, differing slightly from the prose translation of Totárám Sháyán,
as the first Jild has 251 Nights and the others 250 each.”
And now I have only to end this necessarily diffuse Foreword with
my sincerest thanks to Mr. E. J. W. Gibb who permitted me to print
his version of the Turkish Zayn al-Asnam; to Mr. Clouston, the
Storiologist, who has brought his wide experience of Folk-lore to
bear upon the tales included in my Third Supplemental Volume; and
to Dr. Steingass, who during my absence from England kindly passed
my proofs through the press.
RICHARD F. BURTON.

Sauerbrunn-Rohitsch, Styria.
Sept. 15, ’87.
 CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME.

PAGE

1. THE TALE OF ZAYN AL-ASNAM 1

a. The Turkish Version by E. J. W. Gibb 39

2. ALAEDDIN; OR, THE WONDERFUL LAMP 49

a. The English Translation of Galland 193

3. ADVENTURES OF KHUDADAD AND HIS BROTHERS 267

a. History of the Princess of Daryabar 281

4. HISTORY OF THE CALIPH’S NIGHT ADVENTURE 307

a. Story of the Blind Man, Baba Abdullah 311

b. History of Sidi Nu’uman 325

c. History of Khwajah Hasan al-Habbal 341

5. STORY OF ALI BABA AND THE FORTY THIEVES 369

6. STORY OF ALI KHWAJAH AND THE MERCHANT OF BAGHDAD 405

7. ADVENTURES OF PRINCE AHMAD AND THE FAIRY PERIBANU 419

8. TALE OF THE TWO SISTERS WHO ENVIED THEIR CADETTE 491

APPENDIX: VARIANTS AND ANALOGUES

OF THE TALES IN THE SUPPLEMENTAL NIGHTS, VOL. III.

By W. A. CLOUSTON.

PAGE

THE TALE OF ZAYN AL-ASNAM 553

ALADDIN; OR, THE WONDERFUL LAMP 564

KHUDADAD AND HIS BROTHERS 576

THE STORY OF THE BLIND MAN, BABA ABDULLAH 582

HISTORY OF SIDI NU’UMAN 585

HISTORY OF KHWAJAH HASAN AL-HABBAL 587

ALI BABA AND THE FORTY THIEVES 590

ALI KHWAJAH AND THE MERCHANT OF BAGHDAD 596

PRINCE ADMAD AND THE PERI BANU 600

THE TWO SISTERS WHO ENVIED THEIR CADETTE 617

ADDITIONAL NOTES:—
The Tale of Zayn Al-Asnam 649
Aladdin; or the Wonderful Lamp 650
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves 650
The Tale of Prince Ahmad 652
 THE TALE OF ZAYN AL-ASNAM.
(ARABIC.)

Now when it was the Four Hundred and

Ninety-seventh Night,
[7]

Quoth Dunyázád, “O sister mine, an thou be other than sleepy, tell

us one of thy fair tales, so therewith we may cut short the waking
hours of this our night;” and quoth the King, “Let it be
 THE TALE OF ZAYN AL-ASNAM.”[8]
Shahrázád replied:——With love and good will! It hath reached me,
O King of the Age, that in Bassorah-city[9] reigned a puissant Sultan,
who was opulent exceedingly and who owned all the goods of life;
but he lacked a child which might inherit his wealth and dominion.
So, being sorely sorrowful on this account, he arose and fell to doing
abundant alms-deeds to Fakírs and the common poor, to the Hallows
and other holy men and prayed their recourse to Allah Almighty, in
order that the Lord (to whom belong Might and Majesty!) might of
His grace bless him with issue. And the Compassionate accepted his
prayer for his alms to the Religious and deigned grant his petition;
and one night of the nights after he lay with the Queen she went
away from him with child. Now as soon as the Sultan heard of the
conception he rejoiced with exceeding great joyance, and when the
days of delivery near drew he gathered together all the astrologers
and sages who strike the sand-board,[10] and said to them, “’Tis our
desire that ye disclose and acquaint us anent the birth which is to be
born during the present month whether it shall be male or female,
and what shall befal it from the shifts of Time, and what shall
proceed from it.” Thereupon the geomantists struck their sand-
boards and the astrophils ascertained their ascendants and they
drew the horoscope of the babe unborn, and said to the sovran, “O
King of the Age and Lord of the Time and the Tide, verily the child to
which the Queen shall presently give birth will be a boy and ’twill be
right for thee to name him Zayn al-Asnám—Zayn of the Images.”
Then spake the geomantists, saying, “Know then, Ho thou the King,
that this little one shall approve him when grown to man’s estate
valiant and intelligent; but his days shall happen upon sundry
troubles and travails, and yet if he doughtily fight against all
occurrence he shall become the most opulent of the Kings of the
World.” Exclaimed the Sultan, “An the child approve himself valorous,
as ye have announced, then the toil and moil which shall be his lot
may be held for naught, inasmuch as calamities but train and
strengthen the sons of the Kings.”[11] Shortly after this the Queen
gave birth to a man-child, and Glory be to Him who fashioned the
babe with such peerless beauty and loveliness! The King named his
son Zayn al-Asnam, and presently he became even as the poets
sang of one of his fellows in semblance:—
He showed; and they cried, “Be Allah blest!” ✿ And who made him and formed
him His might attest!
This be surely the lord of all loveliness; ✿ And all others his lieges and thralls be
confest.

Then Zayn al-Asnam grew up and increased until his age attained its
fifteenth year, when his sire the Sultan appointed for him an
experienced governor, one versed in all the sciences and
philosophies;[12] who fell to instructing him till such times as he
waxed familiar with every branch of knowledge, and in due season
he became an adult. Thereupon the Sultan bade summon his son
and heir to the presence together with the Lords of his land and the
Notables of his lieges and addressed him before them with excellent
counsel saying, “O my son, O Zayn al-Asnam, seeing that I be
shotten in years and at the present time sick of a sickness which
haply shall end my days in this world and which anon shall seat thee
in my stead, therefore, I bequeath unto thee the following charge.
Beware, O my son, lest thou wrong any man, and incline not to
cause the poor complain; but do justice to the injured after the
measure of thy might. Furthermore, have a care lest thou trust to
every word spoken to thee by the Great; but rather lend thou ever
an ear unto the voice of the general; for that thy Grandees will
betray thee as they seek only whatso suiteth them, not that which
suiteth thy subjects.” A few days after this time the old Sultan’s
distemper increased and his life-term was fulfilled and he died;
whereupon his son, Zayn al-Asnam, arose and donned mourning-
dress for his father during six days; and on the seventh he went
forth to the Divan and took seat upon the throne of his Sultanate.
He also held a levée wherein were assembled all the defenders of
the realm, and the Ministers and the Lords of the land came forward
and condoled with him for the loss of his parent and wished him all
good fortune and gave him joy of his kingship and dominion and
prayed for his endurance in honour and his permanence in
prosperity.——And Shahrazad was surprised by the dawn of day and
ceased to say her permitted say.

Now when it was the Four Hundred and

Ninety-eighth Night,
Quoth Dunyazad, “O sister mine, an thou be other than sleepy, tell
us one of thy fair tales, so therewith we may cut short the waking
hours of this our night;” and quoth Shahrazad:——It hath reached
me, O King of the Age, that Zayn al-Asnam seeing himself in this
high honour and opulence[13] and he young in years and void of
experience, straightway inclined unto lavish expenditure and
commerce with the younglings, who were like him and fell to
wasting immense wealth upon his pleasures; and neglected his
government, nor paid aught of regard to his subjects.[14] Thereupon
the Queen-mother began to counsel him, and forbid him from such
ill courses, advising him to abandon his perverse inclinations and
apply his mind to rule and commandment, and to further the policy
of his kingdom, lest the lieges repudiate him and rise up against him
and depose him. But he would on no wise hearken to a single of her
words and persisted in his ignorant folly; whereat the folk
murmured, inasmuch as the Lords of the land had put forth their
hands to tyranny and oppression when they saw the King lacking in
regard for his Ryots. And presently the commons rose up against
Zayn al-Asnam and would have dealt harshly with him had not his
mother been a woman of wits and wisdom and contrivance, dearly
loved of the general. So she directed the malcontents aright and
promised them every good: then she summoned her son Zayn al-
Asnam and said to him, “Behold, O my child, that which I foretold
for thee, to wit that thou wastest thy realm and lavishest thy life to
boot by persevering in what ignorance thou art; for that thou hast
placed the governance of thy Kingdom in the hands of inexperienced
youth and hast neglected the elders and hast dissipated thy moneys
and the moneys of the monarchy, and thou hast lavished all thy
treasure upon wilfulness and carnal pleasuring.” Zayn al-Asnam,
awaking from the slumber of negligence, forthright accepted his
mother’s counsel and, faring forth at once to the Díwán,[15] he
entrusted the management of the monarchy to certain old officers,
men of intelligence and experience. But he acted on this wise only
after Bassorah-town was ruined, inasmuch as he had not turned
away from his ignorant folly before he had wasted and spoiled all the
wealth of the Sultanate, and he had become utterly impoverished.
Thereupon the Prince fell to repenting and regretting that which had
been done by him, until the repose of sleep was destroyed for him
and he shunned meat and drink; nor did this cease until one night of
the nights which had sped in such grief and thoughtfulness and vain
regret until dawn drew nigh and his eyelids closed for a little while.
Then an old and venerable Shaykh appeared to him in vision[16] and
said to him, “O Zayn al-Asnam, sorrow not; for after sorrow however
sore cometh naught but joyance; and, would’st thou win free of this
woe, up and hie thee to Egypt where thou shalt find hoards of
wealth which shall replace whatso thou hast wasted and will double
it more than twofold.” Now when the Prince was aroused from his
sleep he recounted to his mother all he had seen in his dream; but
his parent began to laugh at him, and he said to her, “Mock me not:
there is no help but that I wend Egypt-wards.” Rejoined she, “O my
son, believe not in swevens which be mere imbroglios of sleep and
lying phantasies;” and he retorted saying, “In very sooth my vision is
true and the man whom I saw therein is of the Saints of Allah and
his words are veridical.” Then on a night of the nights mounting
horse alone and privily, he abandoned his Kingdom and took the
highway to Egypt; and he rode day and night until he reached Cairo-
city. He entered it and saw it to be a mighty fine capital; then,
tethering his steed he found shelter in one of its Cathedral-mosques,
and he worn out by weariness; however, when he had rested a little
he fared forth and bought himself somewhat of food. After eating,
his excessive fatigue caused him fall asleep in the mosque; nor had
he slept long ere the Shaykh[17] appeared to him a second time in
vision and said to him, “O Zayn al-Asnam,”——And Shahrazad was
surprised by the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.

Now when it was the Five Hundred and

Ninety-ninth Night,
Quoth Dunyazad, “O sister mine, an thou be other than sleepy, tell
us one of thy fair tales, so therewith we may cut short the waking
hours of this our night,” and quoth Shahrazad:——It hath reached
me, O King of the Age, that the Shaykh again appeared to the Prince
in a vision and said to him, “O Zayn al-Asnam, thou hast obeyed me
in whatso I bade thee and I only made trial of thee to test an thou
be valiant or a craven. But now I wot thy worth, inasmuch as thou
hast accepted my words and thou hast acted upon my advice: so do
thou return straightway to thy capital and I will make thee a wealthy
ruler, such an one that neither before thee was any king like unto
thee nor shall any like unto thee come after thee.” Hereat Zayn al-
Asnam awoke and cried, “Bismillah,—in the name of Allah, the
Compassionating, the Compassionate—what be this Shaykh who
verily persecuted me until I travelled to Cairo; and I having faith in
him and holding that he was either the Apostle (whom Allah save
and assain!) or one of the righteous Hallows of God; and there is no
Majesty and there is no Might save in Allah, the Glorious, the Great!
By the Lord, but I did right well in not relating my dream to any save
to my mother and in warning none of my departure. I had full faith
in this oldster; but now, meseemeth, the man is not of those who
know the Truth (be He extolled and exalted!); so by Allah I will cast
off all confidence in this Shaykh and his doings.” With this resolve
the Prince slept that night in the Mosque and on the morrow took
horse and after a few days of strenuous travel arrived at his capital
Bassorah. Herein he entered by night, and forthright went in to his
mother who asked him, “Say me, hast thou won aught of whatso the
Shaykh promised thee?” and he answered her by acquainting her
with all his adventure. Then she applied her to consoling and
comforting him, saying, “Grieve not, O my son; if Almighty Allah
have apportioned unto thee aught thou shalt obtain it without toil
and travail.[18] But I would see thee wax sensible and wise,
abandoning all these courses which have landed thee in poverty, O
my son; and shunning songstresses and commune with the
inexperienced and the society of loose livers, male and female. All
such pleasures as these are for the sons of the ne’er-do-well, not for
the scions of the Kings thy peers.” Herewith Zayn al-Asnam sware an
oath to bear in mind all she might say to him, never to gainsay her
commandments, nor deviate from them a single hair’s breadth; to
abandon all she should forbid him, and to fix his thoughts upon rule
and governance. Then he addrest himself to sleep, and as he
slumbered, the Shaykh appeared to him a third time in vision, and
said, “O Zayn al-Asnam, O thou valorous Prince; this very day, as
soon as thou shalt have shaken off thy drowsiness, I will fulfil my
covenant with thee. So take with thee a pickaxe, and hie to such a
palace of thy sire, and turn up the ground, searching it well in such a
place where thou wilt find that which shall enrich thee.” As soon as
the Prince awoke, he hastened to his mother in huge joy and told
her his tale; but she fell again to laughing at him, and saying, “O my
child, indeed this old man maketh mock of thee and naught else; so
get thyself clear of him.” But Zayn al-Asnam replied, “O mother
mine, verily this Shaykh is soothfast and no liar: for the first time he
but tried me and now he proposeth to perform his promise.”
Whereto his mother, “At all events, the work is not wearisome; so do
thou whatso thou willest even as he bade thee. Make the trial and
Inshallah—God willing—return to me rejoicing; yet sore I fear lest
thou come back to me and say:—Sooth thou hast spoken in thy
speech, O my mother!” However Zayn al-Asnam took up a pickaxe
and, descending to that part of the palace where his sire lay
entombed, began to dig and to delve; nor had he worked a long
while[19] ere, lo and behold! there appeared to him a ring bedded in
a marble slab. He removed the stone and saw a ladder-like flight of
steps whereby he descended until he found a huge souterrain all
pillar’d and propped with columns of marble and alabaster. And
when he entered the inner recesses he saw within the cave-like
souterrain a pavilion which bewildered his wits, and inside the same
stood eight jars[20] of green jasper. So he said in his mind, “What
may be these jars and what may be stored therein?”——And
Shahrazad was surprised by the dawn of day and ceased to say her
permitted say.

Now when it was the full Five Hundredth

Night,
Quoth Dunyazad, “O sister mine, an thou be other than sleepy, tell
us one of thy fair tales, so therewith we may cut short the waking
hours of this our night,” and quoth Shahrazad:——It hath reached
me, O King of the Age, that when Zayn al-Asnam saw the jars, he
came forwards and unlidding them found each and every full of
antique[21] golden pieces; so he hent a few in hand and going to his
mother gave of them to her saying, “Hast thou seen, O my mother?”
She marvelled at the matter and made answer, “Beware, O my son,
of wasting this wealth as thou dissipatest other aforetime;”
whereupon her son sware to her an oath saying, “Have no care, O
my mother, nor be thy heart other than good before me; and I
desire that thou also find satisfaction in mine actions.” Presently she
arose and went forth with him, and the twain descended into the
cavern-like souterrain and entered the pavilion, where the Queen
saw that which wildereth the wits; and she made sure with her own
eyes that the jars were full of gold. But while they enjoyed the
spectacle of the treasure behold, they caught sight of a smaller jar
wondrously wrought in green jasper; so Zayn al-Asnam opened it
and found therein a golden key; whereupon quoth the Queen-
mother, “O my son, needs must this key have some door which it
unlocketh.” Accordingly they sought all about the souterrain and the
pavilion to find if there be a door or aught like thereto, and
presently, seeing a wooden lock fast barred, they knew wherefor the
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