GEOMETRY

CIRCLES
Terminology

a j or
m rc
a

er
ma
jo r

et

cle
radi
r us

am

r
chord to

ci
mi
ec

i-
di
r nor

se
s
m i n oc

m
g
me

se
ar nt tange
nt

Chord Theorems
¤ A line segment drawn from the A perpendicular from the centre
centre of a circle to the midpoint of a circle to a chord bisects the
of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
chord.

O  O

A
A
P
P B
B

i.e. AP  PB  OP  AB i.e. OP  AB  AP  PB
Reference: chord theorem either of these can be proven by joining OA and OB and using congruency.

Chord Theorem corollary

¤ The centre of a circle lies on the perpendicular bisector of the chords.

** e.g.1 Determine the value of x, with reasons (correct to 1 dec. pl. if necessary):
1. 2.
10
P T M S
x
O
O
4,5 x
B 3. 6 4. B
T C
A 12 9
R 2
N Q
G 3
x 8 A K x
O O
5
2 D 12
8
E 5

H D
 GEOMETRY

»Solutions
1. TB  AT  6 (chord thm) 4. B
OP  OB (radii) C
9
OB 2  4, 5 2  6 2 (Pythag. thm) 2 G
 56,25 3
A K x
OP  56, 25  7,5
O
H
2. OM  TS 12
NQ  4; MS  5 (chord thm) 8
OS  OQ  6 (radii)
OM  62  52 
 D
 3,317 
 (Pythag. thm) GB  6 
ON  62  42   (chord thm)
 HD  7 
 4, 472 
GK  9  6  3
MN  3,317  4,472  7,8
OG  HK  12  7  5
3. OD  GH (chord thm) x 2  GK 2  GO 2 (Pythag. thm)
OE  x (radii)  32  52  34
OD  x  2  x  34  5,8
OD 2  GD 2  OG 2 (Pythag. thm)
 ( x  2)2  25  x 2
 x 2  4 x  4  25  x 2
 x  7,3

§ Exercise 1

1. O is the centre of the circle; 2. O is the centre of the circle;

OM  PQ; OP  50 mm and OM  30 mm. SP  100 mm; OT  QP and OT  40 mm.
1.1 Calculate PM. Calculate the length of QP.
1.2 Give the length of PQ.

O
O

P
P
T
M Q
Q

3. O is the centre of the circle; M is the 4. AB  80 mm; MO  40 mm and AM  MB.

midpoint of AC; OM  20 mm and Calculate the diameter of the circle.
AC  40 mm. O is centre.
Calculate the length of AB.
B B
M
A
O
O
C
M
A
 GEOMETRY

5. O is the centre; AB  60 mm; OM  40 mm 8. CD  10 cm; AB  24 cm and the radius

and ON  30 mm. Calculate the radius of the circle is 13 cm. O is the centre.
of the circle and the length of CD. Find the distance between the parallel
A chords in each case.
M C D C D
B
A B
O
O O

C N D A B

9. Two concentric (same centre) circles

6. If AB  6 units and MC  1unit, and with centre O have radii 17 cm and 10 cm.
OM  AB, find the length of OM. If AD  30 cm, calculate the length of BC.
O is centre.
C
A B
M O

A B C D
O

10. Circle M passes through the centre of

circle N and circle N passes through the
7. PQ  60 mm; RS  80 mm and the radius centre of circle M. The circles inter-
sect at A and B. Determine the length
of the circle is 50 mm. O is the centre.
of the common chord AB in terms of
Find the distance between the parallel
the radius, r, of the circles.
chords in each case. A
7.1 Q
7.2 P
P Q
R S
O M N
O
R S

§ Exercise 2 Find the size of x and y :

20° 30°
1. 2. 40° 3.
x
x y
x
18° 26°
4.

48°
x O O centre
 GEOMETRY

Angle at centre

¤ The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is double the angle subtended by
the arc at any point on the remaining part of the circumference.

Reference:  at centre
 
i.e. O  2 P , O centre
P P
P

P A B
O O O O

B B B
A A A

P
Why?
12
ˆ  2  Pˆ and O
O ˆ  2  Pˆ
1 1 2 2
ˆ ˆ
 O1 2  2  P1 2
O
1 2

B
A

§ Exercise 3 O is the centre of the circle. Determine the sizes of the required angles,
giving reasons.
1. A 2. A 3. 4.
x x

O 244° O O
C
124° O 110°
C 70°
C x
B D x C
B B A y
y
D B
5. 6. C 7. C 8
12
x
B A B
50° 70°
O O
O 12 D A
xO z 3 30°
y x
2
2
10° B
40° 1
x A 50°
C A C
B
 GEOMETRY

§ Exercise 4 O is the centre of the circle. Determine the value of x, y and z.

1. A 2. A 3. 4.
70° B
A
x C
O O
O C
x O x 35° x
B
C C
B B
D

C C
5. 6. 7. C 8
120° x 12

B A
A 50° 70° B
O O 12 D O A
x xO z y3 30°
2 x
2
B 40° 1
A 50°
C
B
C C C
9. 10. x 11. 12.
115°
B B A
O x
x O
B O O
A A
x 2
25° 1
1
B
70° A
C D

Angle in semi-circle

As illustrated in no.10 in the last exercises, the angle subtended by a diameter is 90°.

¤ The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Reference:  in semi-circle

Why? P

ˆ  2  Pˆ and O
O ˆ  180
B
O
 P̂  90
A
 GEOMETRY

Angles in the same segment

§ Exercise 5 O is the centre of the circle. x

Determine the sizes of the required angles.
O
y z
70°

¤ The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

Reference:  's in same segment

Why? P Q

ˆ  2  Pˆ and O
O ˆ  2 Q
ˆ
O  P̂  Qˆ

A B

Angles in same segment corollary

A corollary, is a statement that follows readily from a previous statement/theorem.
¤ Angles subtended by equal chords are equal.

Reference:  's subt. by = chords

Hopefully obvious from

the previous theorem?
 GEOMETRY

Cyclic quadrilaterals
i.e. quadrilaterals with vertices on a circle.
¤ The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

Reference: opp.  's cyclic quad. A B A

    180°
i.e. A  C  180 ; B  D  180 C
D D
B
180°

Why? C
ˆ  2 A
O ˆ and O
ˆ  2  Cˆ
1 2

D 1 1 2
ˆ 
 O  O  2  A  Cˆ  360
ˆ ˆ 
O ˆ  Cˆ  180
2  A

A
B

¤ If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced the exterior angle formed is

equal to the interior opposite angle.

Reference: ext.  cyclic quad.

Why? C

ˆ B
D ˆ  180 and Bˆ B
ˆ  180
2 1 2
ˆ ˆ
 D  B1
D

A 2 1
B P
 GEOMETRY

Summary
Reference:  at centre
 
i.e. O  2 P , O centre

A B

Reference:  in semi-circle

Reference:  's in same segment

Reference:  's subt. by = chords

Reference: opp.  's cyclic quad.

180°
   
i.e. A  C  180 ; B  D  180 180°

Reference: ext.  cyclic quad.

 GEOMETRY
§ Exercise 6 Find the values of w, x, y and z, giving reasons.
D S
1. 100° 2. 3. S
z 80°
A z
y
P 70° xR
O
z
x
y
x
y
55° R T 120° Q
B P
C Q
P
4. 5. A 6. P
110°
y x S
L x N 61°
z
101° z B O

35° M
w J x
y D 35° z
C Q T
R
M
7. C P 8. F E
x A y
34°
x
B y O z
50° Q D
z
w
A C
R
B

§ Exercise 7 Calculate the value of x.

C D C
1. 2. x 3.
A x
30° E B B
D C 80°
O O E O
x 75°
E D
A
A B

A E
4. 5. A 6.
C
B
70°
x 120°
O D
O C O
120° A
D E 35°
x D x B
C B
 GEOMETRY

7. C
8. E 9.
C
x 70°
C

D
30°
A
x D O
O O x
A
55°
B E A
B E
10. 11. D
12. B
70°
C D A
A 120°
x
C
x
O C O D O
70° x
B A

B
E
13. 14. E 15. E
D
70°

A
C
x D D
O 65° A O
O x
25° x
C B 30° 75° A
C B
B
16. 17. C 18.
110°
C D D
C
D 25°
110° F
O O 70°O
x xA
B
E B
x B
A A

Concyclic points
A
Points are concyclic if they lie on a circle. B

In the figure A, B, C and D are concyclic.

D
It means the same to say that ABCD is a
cyclic quadrilateral. C
 GEOMETRY

¤ If the line segment joining two points i.e.

subtends equal angles at two other points
on the same side of it, then the four points 
are concylic.
Reference: conv. 's in same segm.

¤ If one pair of opposite angles of a quad- i.e. x x

rilateral is supplementary then the quad-
rilateral is cyclic. 
180°-x 180°-x
Reference: conv. opp. 's cyclic quad.

¤ If one side of a quadrilateral is produced i.e.

and the exterior angle formed is equal to
the interior opposite angle, then the quad- 
rilateral is cyclic.
Reference: conv. ext.  cyclic quad.

§ Exercise 8

1. Prove that PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral in the following examples, giving reasons:
1.1 T 1.2 Q P
50°
35°
S
M 110°
75°
1
2
P
R S
120°
40°
R Q

2. BDAC; AEBC; AE intersects BD at O. 3. APC and BPD are straight lines, BP  AP,

Name two cyclic quadrilaterals in this figure, AB//CD, B  50 . Prove, with reasons,
giving reasons for your answers. that A, B, C and D are concyclic.
A A
D
1 2

1 D 1 2
2
P
O
1
2
B 2 1
50°
E C C
B
 GEOMETRY
K
4. Prove, with reasons, that B, C, F and K are concyclic.

B1 1 F
C 2
65°

1 2
E
A D

Proofs of some theorems You will need to know these:

Chord Theorems
A line segment drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular
to the chord.
Given O centre
R.T.P OP  AB
Const. OA, OB
Proof In Δ’s OAP, OBP
1. OA  OB (radii)
O
2. AP  PB (given)
3. OP common
 ΔOAP  ΔOBP (SSS)
  A
 P1  P2 (  Δ’s proven) 1 2
  P
But P1  P2  180 (adj.  's st. line) B
 
 P1  P2  90

A perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

 You should be able to complete this proof yourself.

Given
R.T.P.
Const.
Proof O

A 1 2
P
B
 GEOMETRY

The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is double the angle subtended by
the arc at any point on the remaining part of the circumference.
P
Given O centre
 
R.T.P. O  2P 12

Const. Join PO, produce to N

  
Proof O1  A  P1 (ext.  Δ)
OA  OP (radii) O O P
  1 2 N 2 1
2
 A  P1 (isos Δ)
  1
 O1  2 P1
  B
Sim’ly O2  2 P2 A A
N B
   
 in : O1  O 2  2P1  2P2
    
in : O1  O 2  2P1  2P2 
O ˆ  2Pˆ

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

   
R.T.P. A  C  180 ; B  D  180
A
Const. O centre
Join BO, DO
 
Proof O1  2 A ( at centre)
  D
O2  2C ( at centre) B
  2
O1  O2  360 ( 's at a pt) O1
 
 2 A  2C  360
 
 A  C  180
Sim’ly, by joining AO, CO, it can be proven that
 
B  D  180 
C
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
A
Given A ˆ C ˆ  180 P P
A 1 1
R.T.P. ABCD is a cyclic quad 1
Assume that ABCD is not cyclic. B 1 B 1
Const. Let the circle thro’ B, C and D
meet BA, or BA produced, at P. D D
Join PD.
Proof A ˆ C ˆ  180 (given)
ˆ  180
P̂1  C (opp.  's cyclic quad.) C C
A ˆ  Pˆ  
1
But this is impossible, since, This is a method known as
in , Aˆ  Pˆ  D
ˆ (ext.   ) “reduction ad absurdum”
1 1

in , Pˆ  A ˆ D
ˆ (ext.   ) (reduction to the absurd)
1 1
i.e. proof by contradiction
 the original assumption is false
 ABCD is a cyclic quad.
 GEOMETRY

Geometric riders (proofs)

When required to prove a geometric fact it is always good to have a thought strategy .
The most important overriding factor to any strategies ... know your theorems.
One useful strategy:
 If required to prove something about lines or shapes (e.g. prove ACB is a straight line ...
prove AB//CD ... prove ABCD is a parallelogram ... prove ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
... prove that AB  CD), ask “What if this is so?” This will usually lead on to another fact
which may be easier to prove first (as long as the converse is true!).
 If required to prove two angles equal (and sometimes two sides), take one and ask “What
is this angle (or side) equal to?” and then see if the other angle can be proven equal to the
same angle.
 If required to prove two angles equal and the previous strategy does not work, try angle
combinations (e.g.  sum  )

**e.g.2 Prove that AB//CD. Thought strategy:

A C What if AB//CD?
R.T.P AB//CD  
  ... A  D
 
Proof A  B (isos  ) P
 Prove A  D.
 
B  D ('s in same segm.) To do this:
  D 
A  D What is A  to?
 AB//CD (alt.  's  ) ... B
B  
 first prove B  D.

**e.g.3 Prove that BCFK is a cyclic quadrilateral. K

Thought strategy:
R.T.P BCFK cyclic What if BCFK is
 
Proof D 2  F1 (ext. cyclic quad.) cyclic?
   
B2  D2 (ext. cyclic quad.) B F ... B2  F1
 
1 1
C
  2 2
 Prove B2  F1.
 B2  F1
To do this:
 BCFK cyclic 
(conv. ext. cyclic quad.) What is B2  to?

... D 2
 
1 2
E
A D  first prove F1  D2 .
  C
**e.g.4 Prove that B1  C .
  Thought strategy:

R.T.P B1  C
  What is B1  to?
Proof A  B1  90 (ext.  ) ... ???
  
A  C  90 ( sum  ) What does B1 combine with?
  D
 B1  C ( sum  ) 1
...  sum  .

1
A B
 GEOMETRY

§ Exercise 9
1. A 2. D 3. A
2 1 A 12 3
C
1
2 C
21

2
E 1
C
21 2 B
1
D P
B
B
  Q
AB AD  AB AB  AC

Prove: 1.1 CD//AB Prove that AC bisects C. AP//BQ
1.2 EC  ED Prove that AQ//CP
4. P 5. P 6. F
1 2
3 Q 1
2
Z
O
B 1 2
D
G P
A M A B
Q

PM  AB; PQ is a diameter. AP and PD are diameters. FP is a diameter, QF//BP.

 
Prove that P1  P3 . Prove that A, G and D are Prove that QB is a diameter.
A collinear.
7. 8. A B C D
1 Q 1 2 1 2
1
P 2
2 3
3

1 2 1 2

P Q R S
1

2
B 1
ABCD and PQRS are straight lines.
 
2
C
B1  C1 Prove: 8.1 AP//CR
 
Prove that Q1  ABC 8.2 APSD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
§ Exercise 10
1. Prove that GCBD is a cyclic quadrilateral. 2. Prove that AODC is a cyclic quadrilateral.
G C

1
F D 1 1 B
2
2 2
3

C A
12
3
1
4
2
1 D
2 3

E 1
O
12
2
1
B E A
 GEOMETRY

3. Prove that A, B, C and F are concyclic. 4. Calculate the value of x, with reasons.
E A
F D
1 2
A

O
O
1
2
C
1 2
B
D C B

5. Find the relationship between x and y, 6. Calculate the value of p  q  r .

with reasons.
A
C
x q
D
B

1 1
B 2 y D p r
A E

Tangents to circles A tangent touches the circle.

¤ The angle between a tangent to a circle and the radius drawn from the point of
contact is a right angle.

Reference: rad. tan.

Why While there is a rigorous (formal)

? proof for this theorem, the easiest way
to see it is in terms of the shortest
distance from a point to a line, the
perpendicular. The radius is
obviously the shortest distance from
the centre to the tangent ...  90 

¤ If a tangent is drawn to a circle and a chord is drawn from the point of contact, then the
angles between the tangent and chord are equal to the angles in the alternate segment.

Reference: tan.chord (or alt. segm. thm or  in the alt. segm.)

i.e.
 GEOMETRY

Why With the diameter drawn in from

? the point of contact, we have two
right angles, one by rad. tan. and
the other by in semicircle.

Now,  =  by ’s in same
segm., leaving the remainder of
the right angles, , equal.

¤ Tangents from a common point to a circle are equal.

Reference: tans from common pt

Why
?
 =  =  by tan. chord,
meaning that the tangents
are equal, by isos Δ.

§ Exercise 11
Find x, y and z, giving reasons:
D
1. B 2. 3.
C
Y x
P z O
67° x
x C B y S
z

y
50° 1
70° 50° A
K T O is centre.
A

4. M 5. 6.
yx F P
P
x
40° G 30°
L 72°
1 S 2
y A 1 B
2 1

N x y
64° z
F G
G E T
T
 GEOMETRY
A B
7. Q 8. R
9.
P 25° A 80°
x 4 3 2 1 A
z
J x
1
110° 3
T U x 2
40° D
1 2 1
y3 S
y
y C
w
R 70°
z
80° B BA is a tangent.
B 1 2
D T C
10. S D
11. P
D Q
1 3
1 x x2
z
C
120°

P 42° y
O O
1
2
1 B
T y
O is centre.
O is centre; PS, PT are tangents. A
§ Exercise 12 Calculate the values of x and y, with reasons.
1. B
2. 3.
55° B
A
C x
O x O
x
O 1 1
2 A

1
76° 2 1 35°
C B C
A
4. A 5. 6.
A
x C
D B
1 x
40° C 66°
O x
2
1 2 1
O O

B 40°
C
B A

7. 8. 9.
P A
130° A
C B
C 1
x
2 1
O
O C
O x
62° B
y
D 1 2
D
x 50° C
A
B
 GEOMETRY
A
10. A P 11. y B 12.
2
C
1
C
50° A 80°
54° 1
2
1
x B
C O y
O O y E
1 2
x 1
x
B D
Q D

¤ Converse to alternate segment theorem

Reference: conv.tan.chord

ˆ D
B ˆ  AB is a tangent to circle BCD.
C C

D  D

A A

B B

§ Exercise 13 E
1 2
1. Two circles intersect at A and D G
1
B. Line DE is a tangent to 2
1
2

circle DABC and line BD is a 3 A

tangent to circle BAGF.
Prove that: 2

1 F
1.1 CF//DE
1.2 ED is a tangent to circle
2
EAG. 1
3

2. TD is a tangent to the circle D T

1
ABCD, AD//BC, DC and AB 3 2
2
1
produced meet at W, and TBS
is a straight line.
C
WBTˆ  CBD.ˆ 2
1

Prove that:
2.1 BWTD is a cyclic
4 1
quadrilateral. 2
3
5 2

2.2 TBS is a tangent to circle W

A 1
B
ABCD.
S
 GEOMETRY
B
3. PAQ is a tangent to the circle,
ˆ  y and APD ˆ  x. C
with PAD 2

1
3.1 Express all the numbered
angles in the figure in
terms of x and/or y.
3.2 What is the relationship
between x and y if AB is
the diameter? D
4

y
P x
3

A Q

4. Two circles intersect at P and

Q. Chord PA is a tangent to
the smaller circle, chord PB is a P
tangent to the larger circle, and 1
2
3

AB intersects the circles at

points D and C.
A
Prove that PD  PC. 1 2 2 1
D C
B
Q

A
5. PA and PB are tangents to the 1 2
circle. PQRS, a straight line, is
parallel to chord BT; AB and P Q 1 R
AR are drawn. 2
3
4

5.1 If T̂  x, name four other

angles each equal to x.
Give reasons for your 2

answers. 1 3

5.2 Prove that PARB is a B T

cyclic quadrilateral.
5.3 Deduce that RB  RT.

§ Exercise 14
1. PCT is a tangent to the circle at C. 2. EAT is a tangent at A and AD  AB.
AB//PT. Prove: C
Prove that AC  BC. 2.1 DB//EAT 1 2

A 2.2 Aˆ  Eˆ
B 3
ˆ
2.3 C  C ˆ D 1 2
B
1 2 2 1

23
E 1 4
T
2 A
P 1 3
C T
 GEOMETRY

3. QT and RS are parallel chords; 6. PA and PC are tangents to the circle at A and C. AD//PC,
TS is produced to U. and PD cuts the circle at B. CB is produced to meet AP at
Prove: F. AB, AC and DC are drawn. P
A F
3.1 Sˆ 1  Pˆ Prove: 4 2 1
1
2
1 2 3
6.1 AC bisects PADˆ
3.2 Q ˆ  Tˆ 3 4
B
2
6.2 Bˆ Bˆ 2
1
1 3
P 6.3 APCˆ  ABDˆ
6.4 Aˆ  Pˆ 1
4 2 2
D 21
1 3
Q T
2 C

3
2
R 1 S 7. MN is a diameter, and PQ  MN.
U Prove:
7.1 TSRN is a cyclic quadrilateral.
7.2 Sˆ 1  N
ˆ
1
4. ECF is a tangent to the circle at C,
7.3 MP is a tangent to the circle
and AB//EF. Prove:
through PTN.
4.1 AC  BC
P
4.2 Ê  C ˆ
3 1 2

ˆ ˆ
4.3 A  C  Fˆ 1 4
D T
M 1 1 4 2
2 23 1
N
1 2 12
S 3

A 3
Q R
3
2 2
B
1 1
8. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with
the tangent at A parallel to BD.
2 3
E 1 4
F Prove:
C 8.1 AB  AD
8.2 AC bisects BCD ˆ
5. BP and AP are tangents, and BP  AD. 8.3 AB is a tangent to circle BCE.
Prove:
5.1 BDP  ADP
5.2 C ˆ  Cˆ
1 2 A 4
5.3 BE  EA 1 2 3

5.4 BA  CP
1
D
B T 2
1 E
2
3 4 2
1
C
2
1
2
E1 2 2 1 2
C 4 3 3 4
D 1
P B
1

2 3 4
1
A
 GEOMETRY

9. O is the centre of the circle. 10. AB and CD are two chords that
AC and EC intersect the circle at B intersect at T. AK  CD and DL  AB.
and D respectively, and AC  EC. 10.1 Prove:
Prove that AODC is a cyclic 10.1.1 AKLD is a cyclic
quadrilateral. quadrilateral.
A 10.1.2 KL//CB
2 10.2 If AK and DL produced cut CB
1
B at M and N respectively, prove that
1
2 AMND is a cyclic quadrilateral.
O D
C
1 2
2 3
1
D

E A 1
2 T
K
1 2 2 1 L
4 3 34
1 2 1 2
C M N B
 GEOMETRY

Proofs of theorems You will need to know these:

¤ If a tangent is drawn to a circle and a chord is drawn from the point of contact, then the
angles between the tangent and chord are equal to the angles in the alternate segment.
Reference: tan.chord (or alt. segm. thm or  in the alt. segm.)
    B
R.T.P. A1  C1 , A 2  D T
Const. Diameter AT
Join TC 2 O P
1
Proof In fig.1: C
A1  A2  90 (rad.tan.) 2 1
  A
C1  C2  90 ( in semi-circle)
  fig.1
But A 2  C2 ('s in same segm.) B
 
 A1  C1
In fig.2: P
  C
D
C  D  180 (opp.'s cyclic quad.)
 
A1  A 2  180 (adj.'s st line) 1
2

 A2  D A
fig.2

¤ A line which forms an angle with a chord of a circle, at its point of contact with the circle,
equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment is a tangent to the circle.

Reference: conv. tan.chord (or conv. alt. segm. thm or conv.  in the alt. segm.)
Given PAB ˆ C ˆ
R.T.P. PA is a tangent to circle ABC.
Assume that PA is not a tangent
Const. This means that tangent QA can be B
drawn
Proof QAB  C (rad. tan.)
But PAB  C (given) P
C
Q
But this is impossible as they share a
Common arm AB, on the same side of
AB. A
 the original supposition is false
 PA is tangent to circle ABC
 ANSWERS
Exercise 1
1. 40 mm; 80 mm
2. 60 mm 3. 40 2 mm 4. 80 2 mm
5. 50 mm; 80 mm 6. 4 units 7. 7.1 10 mm 7.2 70 mm
8. 17 cm ; 7 cm 9. 12 cm 10. 3r
Exercise 2
1. 40° 2. 80°; 60° 3. 88° 4. 96°
Exercise 3
1. x  62 ( at centre) 
5. O  x (alt.'s; AO//CB) 8. x  20 (isos Δ; radii)
2. y  122 ( at centre)  y  40 ( at centre)
 B  10 (alt.'s; AO//CB)
Reflex O  116 ('s at a pt) x  20 ( at centre) z  60 (ext.  Δ)
 
x  58 ( at centre) 9. C1  110 (adj. 's st line)
 6. A1  40 (isos Δ; radii) 
3. Reflex O  250 ('s at a pt)  Reflex O  220 ( at centre)
O  100 ( sum Δ)
x  125 ( at centre) x  140 ('s at a pt)
 x  50 ( at centre) 
4. C  35 ( at centre) 7. C1  50; C 2  70 (isos Δ; radii) 10. AOB  180 (st line)
x  35 (alt.'s; AO//BC) x  240 ( at centre) x  90 ( at centre)
y  70 (alt.'s; AO//BC)
Exercise 4
1. 140° 2. 45° 3. 70° 4. 180° 5. 240° 6. 50° 7. 240°
8. 20°, 40°, 60° 9. 140° 10. 90° 11. 130° 12. 25°
Exercise 5
x  35  ; y  35 ; z  35
Exercise 6
1. x  100 (ext. cyclic quad.) 2. x  30 ( sum  )
y  90 (opp.'s cyclic quad.) y  100 (opp.'s cyclic quad.)
z  80 (adj.'s st line) z  25 ( sum  )
3. x  120 (ext. cyclic quad.) 4. x  35 (isos ;  sum  )
y  90 ( in semi-circle) y  70 (opp.'s cyclic quad.)
z  30 (ext.  ) z  55 (isos ;  sum  )
w  55 ('s in same segm.)
5. x  35 ('s in same segm.) 6. x  29 ('s in same segm.)

y  66 (ext.  ) SPR  35 ('s in same segm.)
z  65 ('s in same segm.) z  64 (ext. cyclic quad.)
7. x  50 ('s in same segm.) 8. x  34 ('s subt. by  chords)
y  130 (opp.'s cyclic quad.) w  25 ('s in same segm.)

z  25 (isos ;  sum  ) FCD  68 (ext. cyclic quad.)
y  112 (opp.'s cyclic quad.)

AFC  90 ( in semi-circle)
z  90 (ext. cyclic quad.)
Exercise 7
1. 30° 2. 75° 3. 40° 4. 40° 5. 30° 6. 25° 7. 60°
8. 20° 9. 145° 10. 70° 11. 110° 12. 30° 13. 140° 14. 90°
15. 75° 16. 110° 17. 110° 18. 100°
Exercise 8
 
1. 1.1 P1  40 (ext.   ) 3. A  50 (isos  )
   
 R  P1 C  50  B (alt.'s; AB//DC)
 PQRS cyclic (conv. ext. cyclic quad.)  ABCD cyclic (conv.'s in same segm.)
 
1.2 MRS  60 (adj.'s st line) 4. D 2  65 (ext. cyclic quad)
 
S  50 (ext.  ) F1  65 (ext. cyclic quad)
   
P  S  D 2  F1
 PQRS cyclic (conv.'s in same segm.)  BCFK cyclic (conv. ext. cyclic quad.)
 
2. D1  E 2  90 (given)
 ABED cyclic (conv.'s in same segm.)
 
D1  E1  90 (given)
 CDOE cyclic (conv. ext. cyclic quad.)
Exercise 9
   
1. 1.1 C1  B (ext. cyclic quad.) 5. G1  90  G 2 ( in semi-circle)
   
B  A (given)  G1  G 2  180
 
 C1  A  A, G, D collinear (con. adj.'s st line)

 CD//AB (corres.'s ) 6. B  90 ( in sem-circle)
   
1.2 D1  A (ext. cyclic quad.) F1  B  90 (alt.'s; QF//BP)
 
 C1  D1  QB diameter (conv. in semi-circle)
 
 CD  CE (isos  ) 7. B1  C1 (given)
 
2. D1  B2 (isos  )  CBPQ cyclic (conv.'s in same segm.)
   
D1  C1   Q1  ABC (ext. cyclic quad.)
   ('s in same segm.) 8. 8.1 P  B2 (ext.cyclic quad.)
B2  C 2   
  B2  R 2 (ext.cyclic quad.)
 C1  C2  
P  R2
3. P  Q (s subtended by  chords)
Q  A 2 (alt.'s; BQ//AP)  AP//CR (corres.'s )
 
 P  A2 8.2 R 2  D  180 (opp.'s cyclic quad.)
 AQ//CP (alt.'s )  P  D  180
  APSD cyclic (conv. opp.'s cyclic quad.)
4. PBQ  90 ( in semi-circle)
 
 P3  Q  90 ( sum  )
 
But P1  A  90 (ext.  )
 
and A  Q ('s in same segm.)
 
 P1  P3 3. Cˆ 2  Eˆ  90 (ext.  cyclic quad)
 Cˆ 2  Aˆ  180
Exercise 10  ABCF cyclic (conv. opp. 's cyclic quad.)
1. Cˆ 1  Aˆ
2 ('s in same segm.) 4. A1  54  2 x ('s in same segm.)
Aˆ D ˆ (ext.  cyclic quad.) 54  2 x  3x  28  90 (ext.   )
2 1 2
ˆ ˆ  x  8
 C1  D1 2
5. C  180  2 y (isos.  ;  sum  )
 GCBD cyclic (conv. ext.  cyclic quad.)
A  C  180 (opp. 's cyclic quad.)
2. D ˆ  Eˆ (corres. 's; DB//EA)  x  180  2 y  180  x  2 y
1
ˆ
D̂1  A1 2 (ext.  cyclic quad.) 6. (Join BE)
Ê  A ˆ ˆ  90
1 2 ABE ( in semicircle)
Oˆ  2Eˆ ( at centre) ˆ
1  p  BEA  90 ( sum  )
ˆ ˆ
 O1  E  A1 2 ˆ ˆ  180 (opp. 's cyclic quad)
q  BED
Cˆ  Eˆ  A ˆ
1 2  180 ( sum  )  p  (BEAˆ  BED)
ˆ  q  270
ˆ ˆ
 C  O  180
1  p  r  q  270
 AODC cyclic (conv. opp. 's cyclic quad.)
Exercise 11
1. x  70 (tan.chord) 7. x  85 (ext.  )
y  50 (tan.chord) y  25 ('s in same segm.)
2. x  67 (alt.'s; AC//BD) z  30 (tan.chord)

z  67 (tan.chord) 8. S3  50 (isos ; tans from a
y  67 (alt.'s; AC//BD) common pt;  sum 
3. x  50 (isos ; tans from a common pt) x  50 (tan.chord)
y  50 (tan.chord) sim’ly y  55; z  50; w  30

T1  90( in semi-circle) 9. x  40 (tan.chord)

z  40 ( sum  ) A1  70 (isos ;  sum  )
4. x  70 (isos ; tans from a y  70 (tan.chord)
common pt;  sum  
10. S1  69 (isos ; tans from a

L  70 (tan.chord) common pt;  sum 
y  55 (isos  ;  sum ) x  69 (tan.chord)

5. S1  64 (tan.chord) y  138 ( at centre)

y  44 (adj.'s st line) 11. D1  90 (rad.tan.)
x  44 (tan.chord) x  30

z  92 (isos ; tans from a B2  90 ( in semi-circle)
common pt;  sum  y  60 ( sum  )
6. x  30 (tan.chord) z  120 (tan.chord)

B1  30 ('s in same segm.)
y  30 (alt.'s; AB//FG)
Exercise 12
1. Â 2  90 (rad. tan.) 8. x  130 (tan. chord)
x  35 (ext.   ) 9. Ĉ2  90 ( in semicircle)
2. Â1  14 (rad. tan.) x  28 ( sum  )
B̂  14 (isos  ; radii) ˆ ˆ
A1  C1  62 (tans from common pt;
x  152 ( sum  ) tan. chord)
3. B̂1  90 (rad. tan.) 10. x  54 (tan. chord)
x  125 (ext.   ) y  90 (rad. tan.)
4. Aˆ B ˆ  90 (rad. tan.) 11. BC  CD (tans from common pt)
ˆ B
D ˆ  65 (isos ;  sum  )
x  140 ( sum quad.) 1 1
x  90  65  25 (rad. tan.)
5. Ô 2  48 (isos  ; radii;  sum  )
y  40 ( sum  )
Ô1  48 (vert. opp.)
12. D̂2  80 (tan. chord)
B̂  90 (rad. tan.)
x  40 (ext.   ; isos  )
x  42 ( sum  )
y  40 (ext.   )
6. B̂1  90 (rad. tan.)
Ô1  50 ( sum  )
x  25 (ext.  ; isos  ; radii)
7. AB  AC (tans from common pt)
x  65 (isos  ;  sum  )
Exercise 13
1. 1.1 D1  B2 (tan. chord) 1.2 E1  B3 (alt. 's; DE//CF)
B2  F1 (tan. chord) B3  G1 (ext.  cyclic quad.)
 D1  F1 (tan. chord)  ED tan. (conv. tan. chord)
 CF//DE (alt. 's =)
2. 2.1 Dˆ B ˆ (tan. chord) 2.2 ˆ B
B ˆ (vert. opp.)
1 3 1 5
ˆB  Bˆ (given)  B̂3 (given)
3 5
ˆ
 D1  B5ˆ  D̂3 (alt. 's; AD//BC)
 BWTD cyclic (conv. 's in same segm.)  TBS is tan. (conv. tan. chord)
3. 3.1 C1  B2  y (tan. chord) 3.2 x  y  80 ( in semicircle)
A3  D4  x  y (ext.   )
4. Pˆ1  B
ˆ and Pˆ  Aˆ (tan. chord)
3
Dˆ A ˆ  Pˆ (ext   )
2 1
ˆ
P B ˆ
3
 Ĉ2 (ext   )
 PD  PC (isos  )
5. 5.1 R̂1 (corres. 's; PR//BT) 5.2 Rˆ 1  B
ˆ x
1 (proven)
R̂ 4 (alt. 's; PR//BT)  PARB cyclic (conv. 's in same segm.)
ˆ ˆ
A1 and B1 (tan. chord)
ˆ  Rˆ
B (alt. 's; PR//BT)
3 2
ˆ
R̂ 2  A1 ('s in same segm.)
5.3 Aˆ  Tˆ (tan. chord)
1
ˆ
 B T ˆ
3
 RB  RT (isos  )
Exercise 14
   
1. C1  B (tan.chord) 4.3 A1  B 2  3 (ext. cyclic quad.)
   
C1  A (alt.'s; AB//PT) B 2  C 4 (alt.'s; AB//EF)
  
A  B B3  F (corres.'s; AB//EF)
 AC  BC (isos  )   
   A1  C 4  F
2. 2.1 A1  B1 (tan.chord) 5. 5.1 In Δ’s BDP, ADP
 
B1  D 2 (isos  ) 1. PB  PA (tans from a common pt)
  2. BD  AD (given)
 A1  D 2 3. PD common
 DB//ET (alt.'s )  BDP  ADP (SSS)
   
2.2 A 3  D1 ('s in same segm.) 5.2 C1  C 2 ('s subt. by  chords)
 
D1  E (corres.'s; DB//ET) 5.3 In Δ’s BDE, ADE
   
 A3  E 1. D1  D 4 (   's proven)
   
2.3 C1  C 2 ('s subt. by  chords)  D 2  D 3 (adj.'s st line)
  2. BD  AD (given)
3. 3.1 S1  T (corres.'s; RS//QT)
  3. ED common
T  P ('s in same segm.)  BDE  ADE (SAS)
 S1  P  BE  EA
   
3.2 S1  Q 2 (ext. cyclic quad.) 5.4 E 2  E 3 (  's proven)
  
 Q2  T  E 2  90 (adj.'s st line)
   
4. 4.1 C1  B2 (tan.chord) 6.2 A 2  B1 ('s in same segm.)
   
C1  A 2 (alt.'s; AB//PT) A 3  4  D (tan.chord)
   
 A 2  B2  B1  D
 
 AC  BC (isos  ) D  B3 (ext. cyclic quad.)
   
4.2 E  A 3 (corres.'s; AB//EF)  B1  B3
   
A 3  C 3 ('s in same segm.) 6.3 A1  P1 2 (corres. 's; AD//PC)
   
 E  C3 A1  B 2 (tan.chord)
 
 P1 2  B2
   
6. 6.1 A 3  4  C1 2 (isos  ; tans from 9. Let E  x

common pt)  A 2  x (isos  )
  
A 2  C1 2 (alt.'s; DA//CP)  C  180  2 x ( sum  )
   
 A 2  A 3 4 O  2 E  2 x ( at centre)
   O  C  180
6.4 A 4  D1 (tan.chord)  AODC cyclic (conv. opp. 's cyclic quad.)
   
D1  P2 (alt.'s; AD//PC) 10. 10.1 10.1.1 K1  L1  90  (given)

7. 7.1 R  90  ( in semi-circle)  AKLD cyclic

T4  90 (given) (conv.'s in same segm.)
 
 R  T4 10.1.2 L 2  D1 ('s in same segm.)
 
 TSRN cyclic B  D1 ('s in same segm.)
(conv. ext. cyclic quad.)  
 L2  B
7.2  S1  N1 (ext. cyclic quad.)  KL//CB (corres.'s )
   
7.3 P1 2  90  ( in semi-circle) 10.2 M1  A 2  B (ext.  )
   
 M1  N 2  90  ( sum  ) A 2  D 2 
     ('s in same segm.)
But  M1  P1  90  (ext.  ) B  D1 
   
 P1  N 2  M1  D
 MP tan. to PTN (conv tan.chord)
   AMND cyclic
8. 8.1 A1  D1 (tan.chord)
(conv. ext.  cyclic quad.)
A1  B1 (alt.'s; TA//BD)
 
 D1  B1
 AB  AD (isos  )
 
8.2 A1  C1 (tan.chord)
 
C 2  B1 ('s in same segm.)
 
 C1  C 2
  
8.3 A1  C1  B1 (proven)
 AB tan. to BCE (conv.tan.chord)