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Histogram
 A histogram is a powerful technique in data visualization.

 It is an accurate graphical representation of the distribution of

numerical data.

 It was first introduced by Karl Pearson.

 It is an estimate of the distribution of a continuous variable

(quantitative variable).

 It is similar to bar graph.

 To construct a histogram:

 The first step is to “bin” the range of values — means divide

the entire range of values into a series of intervals — then
count how many values fall into each interval.

 The bins - (width of the bar) are usually specified as

consecutive, non overlapping intervals of a variable.

 The bins (intervals) must be adjacent, and are often (but are not
required to be) of equal size.

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hist() function – to plot a simple histogram

 Total 20 readings are there in the list h, which is given as the argument of hist()
 By default, there will be 10 classes or bins.
 (180-150)/10 = 30/10 = 3 is taken as the class width
 Classes: 150-153, 153-156,…, 177-180 is represented on the X-axis
 No. of readings in each class (frequency) is represented on the Y axis

bin parameter of hist()

 bin parameter of hist() function allows us to specify the no. of

classes.

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facecolor and edgecolor parameters of hist()

To plot a simple histogram with random values & bins=8

 np.random.randn(n) returns an array of n numbers (+ve or –ve),

generated randomly.
 Here, 100 random values are generated

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To plot a simple histogram with 100 random values & 25 bins

Adding Title and Axes Labels

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hist() and its arguments:

 hist() is used to plot a histogram.

 Arguments of hist() are:

 bins
 weights
 label
 orientation
 align
 edgecolor
 facecolor

 By default, hist() uses a bin value of 10 (i.e., it represents 10

categories, by default) . To customize it you can use bins
argument

Eg: plt.hist (y, bins=25) makes a histogram that contains 25

intervals.

 weights parameter decides the height of each bin.

 orientation ‘horizontal’ for horizontal histogram. Default is

vertical.

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bins parameter
 bins parameter can be int or sequence
 If bins is an integer, it defines the number of equal-width bins
in the range. (default: 10)
 If bins is a sequence, it defines the bin edges.
 In this case, bins may be unequally spaced.
 All except the last (right hand-most) bin is half-open. i.e.,
Except last bin, all bins includes the left edge but excludes the
right edge.
 In other words, if bins = [1, 2, 3, 4] then the first bin
is includes 1, but excludes 2. The second includes 2, but
excludes 3. The last bin, however, includes both 3 and 4.

To plot a simple histogram with attributes and bin intervals

• Number of values in
variables dt and wt should
match.

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weights parameter
 It is an array of weights, of the same shape as x (let x be the
list of data items)
 Each value in x only contributes its associated weight
towards the bin count.
 This parameter can be used to draw a histogram of data
that has already been binned (by treating each bin as a
single point with a weight equal to its count)

align parameter

 align parameter sets the horizontal alignment of the

histogram bars to 'left', 'mid‘ or 'right‘.
 'left': bars are centered on the left bin edges.
 'mid': bars are centered between the bin edges.
 'right': bars are centered on the right bin edges.
 Default value is 'mid’

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To plot histogram of number of students and their

weights

To plot histogram for number of students and their

weights with no value for range from 40- 50

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To plot histogram for no: of students and their weights with

no value from 40- 50. Formatting ,title and label is required

SAVING FIGURE

• If you want to save the plotted figure use the following

statement

matplotlib.pyplot.savefig(“filenamewithpath”)
• For example:To save a figure in D drive as pchart
plt.savefig(“D:\\pchart.png”) OR plt.savefig(“D:/pchart.png”)
• Or you can click the save button on the GUI panel
• The file will be saved in the python folder.

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What will be the output of the following code?

Answer :

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What change should be made in this program to get

the following output?

Answer :

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rwidth parameter of hist()

• rwidth = 0.6 means that bar width is

60% of the bin width. Remaining
40% space will be left before and
after the bar

Types of histograms

1. Simple(vertical) histogram
2. Horizontal histogram
[orientation=‘horizontal’]
3. Step type histogram / frequency polygon
[histtype=“step”]
4. Cumulative histogram
[cumulative=True]

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CUMULATIVE HISTOGRAM
The cumulative histogram is a histogram in which the vertical axis
gives not just the counts for a single bin, but rather gives the total
count of that bin and all bins before it

STEP TYPE HISTOGRAM-

Step histogram is a type of histogram in which Bars are not filled with
color, instead only the edge is the representation of Histogram. It is in a
form of steps of stairs and therefore it is known as step histogram.There is
no effect of facecolor argument

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Qn. 31) Given the following set of data:

78, 72, 69, 81, 63, 67,65
79, 74, 71, 83, 71, 79, 80

a. Create a simple histogram from the above data.

b. Create a horizontal histogram from the above data.
c. Create a step type histogram from the above data.
d. Create a cumulative histogram from the above
data.

a) Simple histogram

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b) Horizontal histogram

c) Step type histogram

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d)Cumulative histogram

QN 24)
A list namely temp contains average
temperature for seven days of last week. you
want to see how the temperature changes in
last 7 days. Which chart type will you plot for
the same and why?

Ans. Line chart. To track continuous change of

data better choice is line chart.

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QN 25) Write the code to practically produce a chart for previous

qn using line chart.

Qn. 34)
kritika was asked to write the names of a few libraries in python used
for data analysis and one method of each . Help her write at least 3
libraries and their methods.

Libraries Methods

numpy array(), arange()

matplotlib plot(), bar(), hist()

pandas Series(), DataFrame()

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