3024 - Learning in Socio-Cultural Perspective

The document discusses the process of socialization, highlighting the roles of various agencies such as family, school, and community in shaping an individual's behavior and values. It differentiates between formal and informal agencies, emphasizing the significance of family as the primary institution for socialization and the impact of societal changes on child development. Additionally, it addresses issues of marginalization, gender stereotyping, and the role of media in influencing perceptions and behaviors.

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3024 - Learning in Socio-Cultural Perspective

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shagun brar

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Prof.

Amisha Singh
I.T.T.R., K.U.K.
Socialisation is the process whereby
an individual's standards , skills,
motives, attitudes, and behaviors
change to conform to those regarded
as desirable and appropriate for his
or her present and future role in any
particular society.
Agencies of Socialisation :-
Any group or institution that play a significant
role in the socialisation of an individual and in
shaping that person’s personality’ behaviour
or values is called agencies of socialisation.

Types of Agencies:-
1. Formal Agency.
2. Informal Agency.
Formal Agency:-
Formal agencies are those institutions
and organizations which are set up by
the society deliberately with the
exclusive aim imparting definite and
ready-made tidbits of knowledge in a
specified time under a structured
environment.
Example:- School
Informal Agency:-
Informal agencies are those institutions
which exercise a great educative influence
upon the individuals indirectly and
ceaselessly throughout their life. They are
called indirect agencies influencing the
behaviour of the individuals. Education is
provided to the individuals informally and
unconsciously.
Example: Home,
Family as an informal agency
of socialisation:-

Home /Family is the original social

institution from which all other
institutions have developed . It is from
here that the first lesson of language
and socialisation are learnt. There is no
parallel or substitute of the home or
family as an agency of socialisation.
Community or Society as
agency of socialisation:-
The term “community” refers to a group of
people who live in the same geographical
area and are governed by the same set of
laws. These people have a sense of
fellowship with one another as well as a
sense of belonging and obligation to the
group. The community plays a role in, or has
an influence on the process of socialisation.
Functions of Family in child’s
development:-
1.Affectional Function.
2. Economic Function.
3. Educational DFunct6ion.
4..Protective Function.
5.Recreational Function.
6.Religious , Moral & Cultural Function..
7.Social Function.
School as a formal agency of
socialisation:-
A school encourages children to
engage in activities beyond
academics. Schools aim to
provide a nurturing environment
for students to thrive which plays
a vital role in the overall
development of a child.
Formal functions of School in
child development:-
1.Mental Development.
2. Development of leadership skills.
3. Vocational Development .
4. Development of power of thinking
and judgement.
5. Moral and Spiritual development.
Informal functions of school in
child development:-
1.Physical Development.
2.Emotional Development.
3.Social Development.
4.Development of national integration.
5.Development of international
understanding.
Society or Community as agency
of socialisation :-
Community or Society is an area of social living
marked by some degree of social coherence. It may
be a system of interacting groups and institutions
within specified geographical area. The most
important characteristics of society is the sense of
belongingness of the people living in a particular
locality or territorial area.
Role of Community in child
development:
When child is connected to extended family, family friends
and people in their neighbourhood and community, they
have:
 A sense of belonging to a place and community.
Opportunities to learn about getting along with
others.
 people to go to when they need help.

A network they can use to learn about different

jobs, skills and so on.

Strong social connections can also boost your child’s confidence and lead
to new friendships.
Social and Cultural changes as factors
influencing child development:

Social change and cultural change refers to

any significant alteration over time in
behaviour patterns and cultural values and
norms of the people in a society.

Socio-cultural evolution is an umbrella

term for theories of cultural evolution and
social evolution, describing how cultures
and societies have changed over time.
Different Factors of Social and
Cultural change which influence the
child development:

Biological factors .
Marital status in production of children.
Change of demography.
Technical Factors:
 Urbanization .
Economic Factor .
Mechanization.
Impacts of marginalization on
child development with reference
to Social class & poverty:-
 Marginalization:-

Marginalization, referred to as social

exclusion, occurs when certain groups of
people get denied access to areas of
society.
Impacts with reference to Social
Class & poverty:
A socially marginalized family fails to contribute
appropriately for the growth and development of his
developing children.

Children of such family suffers from mal

nutrition.
Forced to drink contaminated water.
Don’t get health & medical assistance on time
Don’t get due attention from their parents.
Fails to get appropriate educational
opportunities.
 Impacts with reference to gender:
Gender based inequalities are deep rooted in our culture
and found across different social groups and communities.
Women usually face the following impacts just because they
are women:

Psychological Assault.
Neglected by policy maker.
Gender based violence.
Division of labour.
Regarded as socio-economic gift.
Economic exploitation.
Health related issues.
Stereotyping :
Stereotypes are beliefs about the people
based on their membership in a particular
group. Stereotype can positive , negative or
neutral.
Gender Stereotyping :
Gender stereotyping is defined as
overgeneralization of characteristics ,
differences and attributes of a certain group
based on their gender.
•Impacts of stereotyping on child
development with reference to
gender :
•If we impose rigid ideas of masculinity and femininity on
children, we limit their potential and actually cause real
harm in later life.

•Gender stereotypes teach boys not to express their

emotions, and tell girls to be nice and obedient and to
care about their Appearance.

• Aside from career choice, gender stereotypes can affect

every part of life, contributing towards poor mental health
in young people.
Role of Media in constructing and
deconstructing perceptions:
A. Role of media in the promotion or perpetuation
of stereotyping and marginalization:

Expose the children to the world of stereotyping

and marginalization.

Nourishment of beliefs.

Easily spread of negative message through mass

media.
B. Role of media in saying good bye to
stereotyping and marginalization:
Media can adopt a positive approach for addressing
the stereotyping and marginalization related in a
constructive way.

Media through its various platforms must try to

portraits negative outcomes of stereotyping.

Media should try to portrait the positive image

altogether contradicting the traditionally held
stereotyped negative images of individual and groups.
References:
Aggarwal, J.C. (1995). Essentials of Educational Psychology, New Delhi:
Vikas Publishing House Private Limited
Allport, G.W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality:New York
Chauhan, S.S. (2002). Advanced Educational Psychology. New Delhi:
Vikas Publishing
Gore, M.S.( 1984). Education and Modernization in India. Jaipur: Rawat
Publishers.
H.Havighurtst, R. et al.(1995). Society and Education. Baston: Allyen ad
Bacon
H.P.B Wheldall, K. (2006). Developments in Educatonal psychology.
New York: Routledg
Kamat, A.R.( 1985). Education and Social Change in India. Bombay:
Samaiya Publishing Co.
Bhatia, K.K. (2008). Basis of Educational Psychology.Ludhiana:Kalyani
Publishers.
Sharma, K.N. (1990). Systems, Theories and Modern Trends in
Psychology.Agra:
Woolfork, A (2004). Educational Psychology: Reason Education
(Singapore). New Delhi: Indian Branch.