HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

IN THE WORLD
ANCIENT TIMES TO 600 BC
EGYPTIANS M E S O P O TA M I A N S CHINESE
• Reasonably sophisticated medical • Making of potter y using • Using compasses
practices the first known potter 's to aid themselves
• Papyrus, an ancient form of paper wheel. in their travels.
revolutionized the way • Horse Chariots were also
information was transmitted used.

ADVENT OF SCIENCE 600 BC TO 500 AD

• Ancient Greeks are the first true scientist . Through their collected forms and obser vations they
had explained the natural world.
• Classical Antiquity were also became tangible from the 6th centur y BC in pre- Socratic
philosophy (Thales, Pythagoras).
• Recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena
and undertakimg empirical research.

ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE

• Period of cultural, economicand scientific �lourishing in the histor y of Islam.
• Begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.
• House of Wisdom in Baghdad
• Al-Biruni, and Avicennaproduced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of
hundredof drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds.
• Smallpox and measles and challenged classical Greek medical knowledge.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT CHINA

• Ancient China gave the world the Four Great
Inventions:
• These were considered as among themost
important technological advances.
COMPASS GUNPOWDER PAPERMAKING PRINTING

RENAISSANCE 1300 AD TO 1600 AD

• Golden Age of Science
• The rediscover y of ancient scientific texts was accelerated a�ter the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
• Marie Boas Hall- coined the term Scientific Renaissanceto designate the early phase of the
Scientific Revolution, 1450-1630.
• The development of printing with movable metal type, about the mid-15th centur y in Germany..
• Johannes Gutenberg - usually called its inventor, but in fact many people and many steps were
involved.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD 1715 AD TO 1789 AD

• Age of Reason - reason over superstition and science over blind faith
• The key natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution, including
Galileo Galilei, Johannes Keplerand Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
• John Locke- "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1689)
• Isaac Newton- "Principia Mathematica" (1686)

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The rise of modern science and the Industrial
Revolution were closely connected.
• The main features involved in the Industrial
Revolutionwere technological, socioeconomic, STEAM
and cultural. SPINNING AUTOMOBILE
LOCOMOTIVE
• Mass production of goods JENNY STEAMSHIP AIRPLANE

20TH CENTURY SCIENCE: PHYSICS AND INFORMATION AGE

• Albert Einstein- he strongly BIOLOGY
marked formulation of the
theor y of relativity(1905) • Crick and Watson describe the structure of the DNA (1953)
including the unifying concept • Cure for many life-threatening diseases
of energy related to mass and TECHNOLOGY
the speed of light: E = mc2 . • Robotics

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of
describing the blurring of boundaries between
the physical, digital, and biological worlds. .
• It 's a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence
(AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D ARTIFICIAL VIRTUAL BIO 3D
printing, genetic engineering, quantum INTELLIGENCE REALITY TECHNOLOGY ROBOTIC S PRINTING
computing, and other technologies.

CHEN MIA D. MANALO | ARC 4205

 REFERENCES:
Papyrus inscribed with an account and a religious text | Middle Kingdom | The
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545456
Pottery in the ancient world. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://theantiquesalmanac.com/potteryintheancientworld.htm
Blog - Dalvey. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.dalvey.com/blog/the-history-of-the-compass
Philosophy - jujuqui.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.playstop.net/philosophy/
Harun Al-Rashid. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/islamicarchaeolog
yglossary2007/4673.html
The House of Wisdom. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://allaboutbaghdad.weebly.com/the-house-of-wisdom.html
Brian. (2023, July 9). Who invented the Gunpowder? History, key dates and
facts. Retrieved from
https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/china/who-invented-the-gunpowder-histo
ry-key-dates-and-facts/
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/the-pre-spanish-colonial-period--Zg4NJ93AHb
NyMC9x7xYThLxb
Lakansining, V. a. P. B. (2020, November 20). Quezon City: The vision of the
Philippine Center for Science and Medicine. Retrieved from
https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2020/09/30/quezon-city-the-vision-of-the-ph
ilippine-center-for-science-and-medicine/
Presidential Museum and Library PH (2010-2016). (n.d.). Commonwealth of the
Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/govph/albums/72157660293075539/with/95127436
19
Carlos P. Garcia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://philippinespres.weebly.com/carlos-p-garcia.html
Marcos, Ferdinand E. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/marcos-ferdinand-e/
Aquino, Maria Corazon. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/aquino-maria-corazon/
ITAdministrator. (2016, June 15). Philippines’ First Microsatellite Diwata-1
Successfully Captures Images During its Initial Testing Phase. Retrieved from
https://pcieerd.dost.gov.ph/news/latest-news/208-philippines-first-microsatellit
e-diwata-1-successfully-captures-images-during-its-initial-testing-phase

CHEN MIA D. MANALO | ARC 4205

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-SPANISH ERA
• The first inhabitants in the archipelago who settled in Palawan and Batangas
around 40 000 years ago have made simple tools or weapons of stone which
eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones.
• They have learned how to extract, smelt and refine metals like copper, gold, bronze
and iron from nature and consequently fashion them into tools and implements.
• Learned to settle in areas near the water source, they also learned how to weave
cotton, engaged themselves in agriculture and are knowledgeable on building
boats for coastal trade.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

• The beginning of modern • Dr. Jose P. Rizal - brilliant man and his life stood out
science and technology in the among his contemporaries.
countr y.. • Scientist, Doctor, Engineer, Journalist, Novelist, Urban
• Established schools, hospitals Planner, and a National Hero.
and started scientific research • Charity hospitals became the breeding ground for
that had important scientific researches on pharmacy and medicine.
consequences in the • Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila (1887)
development of the country. • Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas

AMERICAN PERIOD
• The beginning of modern science and technology in the countr y.. PUBLIC TERTIARY SCHOOL
• Established schools, hospitals and started scientific research that had
important consequences in the development of the countr y.
• Study of various tropical diseases that were prevalent during those times
like leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, denguefever, malariaand beri-beri.
• Philippine Journal of Science
• National Research Council of the Philippines - established on December PUBLIC NORMAL UNIVERSITY OF
8, 1933. SCHOOL THE PHILIPPINES

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD TO JAPANESE OCCUPATION

• Filipinos were busy in working towards economic reliance but acknowledge the
importance and vital role of science and technology for the economic development of
the countr y.
• The short-lived Commonwealth Government was succeeded by the Japanese occupation
when the Pacific war broke out in 1941.
• Made developments in science and technology practically impossible.
• The government had to rebuild again and normalize the operations in the whole
countr y.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE

• Institute of Science(1946) and was placed under the O�fice of the President of the
Philippines.
• National Science Development Board (NSDB) - established during the regime of
President Carlos P. Garcia, due to the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958
• There has been little innovation in the education and training of scientists and
engineers since independence in 1946.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN 1960s TO 1990s

• 1960s–1970s: Growth in agriculture (Green Revolution, IRRI), weather
forecasting (PAGASA), early space science (satellite tracking), and
industrialization (manufacturing, energy projects like BNPP).
• 1980s: Expansion of computer use in business and government, improvements
in transportation (NAIA modernization), and advancements in medical
research and telecommunications.
• 1990s: Introduction of the internet (1994), rise of mobile phone networks
(Smart, Globe), semiconductor and microprocessor development, and
continued growth in R&D and manufacturing industries.

HOPES IN PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Diwata-1- first micro-satellite the country launched into space (April 2016).
• Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH)- Project NOAH was
initiated in June 2012to help manage risks associated with natural hazards and
disasters.
• The countr y is now training the Cambodians on this technology, as part of the
partnerships among ASEAN countries, s, just like in the case of Japan which assisted
the countr y’s scientists and engineers in building its first micro-satellite.
• Another hope lies in the so-called Intelligent Operation Center Platform.

CURRENT INITIATIVES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE COUNTRY

• DOST, in cooperation with HEIs and research institutions, established advanced
facilities that seek to spur R&D activities and provide MSMEs access to testing
services needed to increase their productivity and competitive advantage.
• The Philippines could also boast of its Genome Center, a core facility that
combines basic and applied research .
• The Philippines could also boast of its Die and Mold Solutions Center, which
enhances the competitiveness of the local tool and die sector through the
localization of currently imported dies and molds.

CHEN MIA D. MANALO | ARC 4205