22 AIE202 Operating Systems

Raghu T V

email - [email protected]
Syllabus

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Course Outcomes

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Text book and References

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Evaluation process

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Course delivery plan

- A mix of theory and associated programming.

- Please install Linux on your laptops. .
- I prefer ubuntu over other distributions.
-Finish it by next monday.
- We shall be learning shell scripting, implementing few
methods in C and trying out XOS.
- XOS is an experimental operating system created to
practice the concepts developed by NIT Calicut.

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Things included

- Basics of process.
- Process structure.
-How computer selects each process .
- Resource allocations
- Managing memory
- Managing files.
- Managing hardware.

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Things not included

We are not building an OS from scratch.

Finer details of device drivers.
Details of OS security.

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History of Operating systems

- Early systems had proprietary Operating systems.

- The concept of interoperability was nearly zero.
- Those early systems were created to solve specific
computational task.
-Break a cipher code.
-Calculate the attack parameters for the armed forces.

- A lot of work and time was required for initial setup .

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Major historical developments.

1945 - > ENIAC [ Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer] . Programming instructions were meant to
adjust the switches and ports.
1952 -> IBM 701 system . Featured modular
construction and used plastic magnetic tape storage.
1963 Burroughs Master Control Program -> Designed
for the B5000 system. Written in high level language.

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1964 ->IBM 360 .Developed to cater a series of
computers developed by IBM.
1969 -> UNIX .Developed as a time sharing system with
filesystem architecture,access permissions etc.
1973 -> UNIX 4th Edition. Mostly written in C.Could be
easly ported to other machines.
1981 -> MS DOS was launched by Microsoft.
1984 -> Apple macintosh . Featured a graphical
interface which could be accessed by using a mouse.

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1990 -> Windows 3.0. Came out with a graphical interface.
1993 -> Linux .UNIX was free only for educational
institutions.Linux came up as a free alternative.
1993 -2007 -> Many versions of Windows and Linux.Major
improvements include support for multitasking,hardware
support,Networking support.
2007 ->iOS .The era of touch user interface.
2008 -> Android. Based on core concepts of Linux.
And the saga continues....

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Development trends

-Earlier systems were single user,single program

systems designed for specific hardware.
-The programs had to be written in hardware specific
languages.
-Modern OS is multi-user,multitasking systems which
could run on variety of different hardware.
-The programs are written in higher level languages
and are portable from one system to another.
-Networking among computers is also made possible.

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Operating Sytem -General view

-How do you benefit from an Operating System ??

-All of us are using at least one OS.
-Think of the major functionalities.
-The most obvious function is the User Interface.
- Does it help in loading up the application ??
- Does it help in managing the data that you store ???
- Is it playing a role in connectivity ??
- Is it safeguarding your privacy and security ??

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A formal defenition among many..

An operating system is a program that manages a computer’s

hardware.

Operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary between a

user of a computer and the computer hardware.

Operating system goals:

- Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.

- Make the computer system convenient to use.

- Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

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Computer System Structure

In an Operating System course perspective the computer system

can be divided into four categories.
1.Hardware.
-Includes CPU,Memory,Input/output etc.

2.Operating System.
-Controls and coordinates the use of hardware by applications and users.

3.Application Programs.
-Use system resources to solve tasks.

4.Users.
-Use the applications or interfaces

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Abstract view of the components of a
computer system

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Where Does the OS fit in

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Operating system services

 Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs and services

to programs and users
 One set of operating-system services provides functions that are helpful to the user:
 User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).
 Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface (GUI),
Batch
 Program execution - The system must be able to load a program into memory
and to run that program, end execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating
error)
 I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or
an I/O device
 File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest. Programs
need to read and write files and directories, create and delete them, search
them, list file Information, permission management.

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Contd..
 Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the same
computer or between computers over a network
 Communications may be via shared memory or through message
passing (packets moved by the OS)
 Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors
 May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in user
program
 For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to
ensure correct and consistent computing
 Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and
programmer’s abilities to efficiently use the system

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Contd..
 Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation of the system
itself via resource sharing
 Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs running concurrently,
resources must be allocated to each of them
 Many types of resources - Some (such as CPU cycles, main memory, and file
storage) may have special allocation code, others (such as I/O devices) may
have general request and release code
 Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of
computer resources
 Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a multiuser or
networked computer system may want to control use of that information, concurrent
processes should not interfere with each other
 Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled
 Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication, extends to
defending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts
 If a system is to be protected and secure, precautions must be instituted
throughout it. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.

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A toplevel view of OS services

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OS and hardware

- Operating systems controls how hardware resources are

accessed by user through user applications.
- Common user interfaces also could be visualized as a user
application.
- In order to have control over hardware management ,every OS
specifies a set of system calls.
- System calls are instructions which are privileged to access
hardware resources
- User applications has to make use of system calls to interact with
the hardware.

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System Calls
 Programming interface to the services provided by the OS

 Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)

 Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application

Program Interface (API) rather than direct system call use.
 Programming languages provide Wrapper functions which will
access these API.
The names of those API and Wrapper functions resemble the
actual system call.

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On calling a system call

- The applications invoke the system call by using the API

interface.
- The system switches from user mode to kernel mode to
perform the task.
-Kernel mode is a privilege escalation mode.
-Only system calls and other OS internals are allowed
switching to kernel mode.

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Dual mode operation.

-Inorder to enable kernel mode (Protected Mode) operation hardware

support is required.
- A single bit value change can indicate the mode.
- A bit value (0) indicate Kernel mode and (1 )indicate the user mode.
-The change to kernel mode is done by a Software Interrupt /Trap

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Some system calls in Windows and Linux

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Sample execution sequence

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Interrupt

-Interrupts are events that alters the normal flow of

execution.
-Interrupts are generated by hardware and also by
software applications.
- There are maskable and nonmaskable interrupts .
-Interrupts are processed by Interrupt Handlers.
- Specific interrupt handlers process the corresponding
interrupts.

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KERNEL ?????

-Kernel is that primary interface with hardware devices.

-OS Kernel could be visualized as a set of code which helps
other components in hardware interaction.
-Kernel is also the first set of instructions loaded when the OS
starts up.

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UNIX Architecture

-UNIX had a modular structure.

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Microkernel architecture

-In UNIX style layered architecture,majority of the crucial

functionalities are implemented as a part of the OS space.
-But in microkernel architecture major functionalities are
implemented as a part of user space.
- Only the basic functionalities are implemented as
part of OS space.
-The advantage is the limited size of the OS .
-Ex: minix3 OS -->http://www.minix3.org/

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