CSET102

Introduction to Electrical and

Electronics Engineering

Dr. Ankit Kumar Pandey

Associate Professor
Department of ECE
Bennett University
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 Course Details
Course code: CSET102

Course Title: Introduction to Electrical

and Electronics Engineering

Format: 2-1-2

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 Evaluation Components

▪ LMS Quizzes (6, best 4 will be considered)

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Continuous evaluation 45 ▪ There is no provision for make-up quiz(s).
▪ Lab Report 10
Mid term exam 15 ▪ Lab Exam
Experiment performance -10 15
End term exam 40 Write up – 5
Total 45

1) Overall pass mark out of 100 is 40.

2) It is mandatory to score 30 % (12 marks) in end term exam.

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 Textbooks / Reference books
1. ‘Introductory Circuit Analysis’ by Robert L Boylestad, Pearson (Available
in Library)

2. ‘Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory’ by Robert L Boylestad and Louis

Nasshelsky, Pearson (Available in Library)

3. ‘Microelectronic Circuits’ by A S Sedra and KC Smith

4. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Charles K. Alexander and Matthew

Sadiku,, McGraw Hill.

5. A First Lab in Circuits and Electronics, Yannis Tsividis, John Wiley & Sons

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 Course Contents
Module 1 (Contact hours: 12)

Basic Circuit Theory: Charge, current, voltage, electric field, conductance, resistance, Ohm's law; current
source, voltage source, dc, ac, periodic signal concept, examples of different periodic signals, their average, RMS
value, resistors in series and parallel, voltage and current division
Kirchoff’s current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), Nodal analysis and Mesh analysis

Network theorems: Maximum power transfer theorem, Source Transformation, Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s
theorem, Norton’s theorem.

Introduction to capacitor (C), introduction to phasor diagram, series and parallel combination of capacitors,
Impedance and frequency dependency, Introduction to inductor (L), introduction to phasor diagram, series and
parallel combination of inductors, Impedance and frequency dependency, units of L, C measurements, lowpass,
highpass and bandpass filter, transfer function

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 Course Contents
Module 2 (Contact hours: 10)

Diodes and its applications

Semiconductor Materials: Electrons and Holes, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors, doping of n and p-type
semiconductors

Diode circuits: PN Junction diode and its applications: Half wave, center tapped full wave rectifier circuit, bridge
rectifier circuit, the efficiency of rectifier circuits, ripple factor, rectifiers with filter circuits, Zener diode and its
applications

Three-terminal device characteristics (BJT and MOSFET): Introduction to bipolar junction transistor (BJT),
working of BJT as a switch, Structure of a MOSFET, working of a MOSFET, current-voltage characteristics of a
MOSFET, MOSFET as a switch, CE/CS Amplifier

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 Course Contents
Module 3 (Contact hours: 6)

Op-Amp: Characteristics of an Op-amp. Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier, Integrator,

Differentiator.

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 Course Contents
Lab work

1. Introduction to CRO, Signal generator, multimeter, breadboard and DC voltage source, Ohm’ law,
Kirchoff’s current law and voltage law
2. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, Thevenin’s theorem
3. Low pass and high pass Filters (using Resistor and Capacitor).
4. Current-Voltage characteristics of a PN Junction Diode (Ge and Si)
5. Half-wave Rectifier and Full-wave Rectifier with RC Filter
6. Design of voltage regulator using Zener diode (load regulation and line regulation)
7. Logic gates verification, Half Adder, Full Adder
8. Op-amp- Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier, Integrator, and Differentiator

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Module 1

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Fundamental Electrical Parameters

▪ Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles that governs how the particles are affected by an
electric or magnetic field, measured in coulombs (C).

▪ The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred.
Thus, the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.

▪ The electronic charge e = −1.602 × 10−19 C.

▪ Current: Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A)
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

𝒅𝒒
i=
𝒅𝒕

▪ If the current does not change with time, but remains constant, we call it a direct current (dc).
An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.

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 Fundamental Electrical Parameters…Continued

▪ Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is considered to be
the direction of the force it exerts on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a
positive charge and radially inward to a negative point charge.

▪ Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge from one point to another
point, measured in volts (V).

𝒅𝒘
V= 𝒅𝒒

▪ Resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric current; it is measured in ohms
(Ω). 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒍

𝒍
▪ 𝑹 = 𝝆𝑨
Resistivity ρ

Cross Sectional
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Area A
Current and Voltage Polarity and Ground

5A -5A
▪ In all the electrical and electronics circuits
there is a reference node called ground which
is considered as 0V. All other node voltages
are measured with respect to this reference
A A ground voltage.
+ -

vAB=+5V vAB=-5V
- +
B B

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Periodic Signal

▪ A periodic function is one that satisfies f (t) = f (t + nT), for all t and for all integers n.

▪ Consider the sinusoidal voltage

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡
Where,
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
ωt = the argument of the sinusoid

The sinusoid repeats itself every T seconds;

thus, T is called the period of the sinusoid
2𝜋
𝜔𝑇 = 2𝜋 or 𝑇=
𝜔
𝑣 𝑡+𝑇 =𝑣 𝑡

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Periodic Signal…Continued

▪ The period T of the periodic function is the time of one complete cycle or the number of seconds
per cycle.

▪ The reciprocal of this quantity is the number of cycles per second, known as the cyclic frequency f
of the sinusoid.

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Few Components of Periodic Signal

Definitions:
Waveform: The path traced by a quantity (for
example: voltage, current) plotted as a function of
some variable (for example time, position, degrees,
radians).

Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a

waveform at any instant of time; denoted by
lowercase letters (v1 in the figure).

Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a

waveform as measured from its average, or mean
value, denoted by uppercase letters. In the
waveform shown in figure, the average value is zero A sinusoidal waveform
volts, and peak amplitude V0 is as defined in figure.

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Few Components of Periodic Signal…Continued

Peak value: The maximum value of a function as

measured from the zero‐volt level. For the waveform, the
peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the
average value of the function is zero volts.

Peak‐to‐peak value: Denoted by VPP (as shown in figure),

peak to peak voltage is the full voltage between positive
and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the sum of
the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks.

Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats

itself after the same time interval. The waveform in
figure is a periodic waveform.

Period (T): The time required for one complete cycle.

Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one

period.
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Few Components of Periodic Signal…Continued

Average Value: Average Value of an ac wave is defined as the average of all the instantaneous values of a
wave over an interval. Generally, average over one complete cycle is considered in electronics. The average
value is estimated by finding area under curve. Mathematically, if f(t) describes the wave equation, then
the area under the curve for a base between two instants t1 and t2 is given by:
𝑡2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = න 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
The average value is given by: 𝑡2
‫𝑡𝑑)𝑡(𝑓 𝑡׬‬
1
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

RMS Value: Root Mean Square or RMS value is defined as the square root of means of squares of
instantaneous values. The RMS value is estimated by finding the area under the square of the curve.
Mathematically, if f(t) describes the wave equation, then the RMS of the wave for a base between two
instants t1 and t2 is given by:
t2
 f 2 ( t ) dt
t1
Vrms =
t2 − t1 17
Phase Difference

Consider the figure. When compared to fr(t), the wave

f(t) has a greater instantaneous value at position t=0. If
fr(t) is given by Eq (1), then f(t) is given by Eq (2).

𝑓𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡 (1)

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃 (2)

Thus, f(t) leads fr(t) by an angle θ or in general, it is said that

f(t) and fr(t) are out of phase by an angle θ.

f(t) leads fr(t) by an angle θ

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Phase Difference…Continued

Now, consider the given fig. When compared to f(t), the

wave fr(t) has a greater instantaneous value at position
t=0. If fr(t) is given by Eq (1), then f(t) is given by Eq (3).

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃 (3)

Thus in general, it is said that fr(t) and f(t) are out of

phase by an angle θ, or more precisely f(t) lags fr(t) by an
angle θ.

fr(t) leads f(t) by an angle θ

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