See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/311356716

Peridynamic modelling of impact damage in three-point bending beam with

offset notch

Article in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics · December 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s10483-017-2158-6

CITATIONS READS
16 237

3 authors, including:

Wu Zhou
Michigan State University
15 PUBLICATIONS 148 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

impact/dynamic fracture View project

Ford Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Wu Zhou on 19 February 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Appl. Math. Mech. -Engl. Ed., 38(1), 99–110 (2017)
DOI 10.1007/s10483-017-2158-6
Applied Mathematics
c Shanghai University and Springer-Verlag and Mechanics
Berlin Heidelberg 2017 (English Edition)

Peridynamic modelling of impact damage in three-point bending

beam with offset notch∗

Ning LIU1,† , Dahsin LIU2 , Wu ZHOU2

1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,
Nanjing 210094, China;
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University,
East Lansing 48823, U. S. A.

Abstract The nonlocal peridynamic theory has been proven to be a promising method
for the material failure and damage analyses in solid mechanics. Based upon the integro-
differential equations, peridynamics enables predicting the complex fracture phenomena
such as spontaneous crack nucleation and crack branching, curving, and arrest. In this
paper, the bond-based peridynamic approach is used to study the impact damage in
a beam with an offset notch, which is widely used to investigate the mixed I-II crack
propagation in brittle materials. The predictions from the peridynamic analysis agree well
with available experimental observations. The numerical results show that the dynamic
fracture behaviors of the beam under the impact load, such as crack initiation, curving,
and branching, rely on the location of the offset notch and the impact speed of the drop
hammer.
Key words peridynamics, impact damage, crack propagation, fracture mode
Chinese Library Classification O34
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification 74A40, 74A60

1 Introduction
Dynamic fracture is the most fundamental problem in fracture science[1] . The dynamic
fracture behaviors of structure are significantly different from those under an increasing static
load, such as the projectile penetration into armor and the fragment collision of aircraft. Such
dynamic fracture behaviors are extremely influenced by the material properties and geometrical
configuration of the structure, because the propagations of the stress wave vary according to
the conditions and may induce different fracture modes. Predictive modelling and simulation
of the impact damage such as crack initiation, growth, and branching are not only important
for fracture mechanics but also useful to design safety industrial structures.
Though significant efforts have been made to predict the crack initiation and growth in the
materials, it is still a major challenge within the framework of classical continuum mechanics.
The difficulty inherent in this problem arises from the mathematical formulation, which is a set

∗ Received Apr. 20, 2016 /Revised Aug. 1, 2016

Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20140789) and the
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 30915118826)
† Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]
100 Ning LIU, Dahsin LIU, and Wu ZHOU

of partial differential equations. These equations cannot be applied directly across the discon-
tinuities resulting from the material damage and failure, since the required partial derivatives
do not exist there. Therefore, any numerical method derived from these equations such as the
finite element method (FEM) inherits this difficulty in modelling the cracks. This mathemati-
cal breakdown results in an inherent limitation of the classical theory to model the structural
failure directly, and leads to an externally supplied law or special techniques in the fracture
mechanics to treat the discontinuities, such as cracks, as a pathological situation.
The cohesive zone model (CZM) introduced by Ref. [2] is the major breakthrough in the
computational fracture mechanics within the framework of the FEM without an external cri-
terion. The materials and material interfaces are modelled through a traction-separation law,
with which the tractions are zero when the opening displacement reaches a critical value. In
this approach, the cohesive zone elements (CZEs) are embedded at the edges or the facets
of the original finite element mesh, and crack growth occurs only between the bulk elements.
Therefore, the crack paths are highly of mesh dependence, and remeshing is required when the
crack paths are unknown a priori[3] .
In an effort to resolve these difficulties, the concept of the extended FEM (XFEM) is intro-
duced to model the crack growth within the realm of the finite elements without remeshing[4–5] .
It permits the cracks to propagate through any surface within an element, removing the limi-
tations of the CZM that only along the element boundaries. The XFEM has been successfully
used to solve a number of fracture problems. However, it requires external criteria in order to
predict the crack growth, and does not predict the experimentally-observed crack propagation
speeds unless the material’s fracture energy values are modified by a significant factor[6] .
In recent years, a nonlocal continuum model, peridynamics, has been proposed as a viable
and efficient numerical method to overcome the weaknesses of the existing methods, in particu-
lar the difficulties associated with modelling the crack initiation and growth in solids[7–8] . In this
theory, each infinitesimal unit of the continuum, called particle, interacts with other particles
located in its neighborhood through forces, similar to the molecular dynamics theory[9] . The
peridynamic theory is nonlocal since the interaction between the particles extends beyond their
immediate neighborhood. The peridynamic model uses an integral representation of the equilib-
rium equation rather than its differential form. This avoids the computation of the derivatives
of the displacement, and therefore the equilibrium equations are valid in the entire domain even
in the presence of cracks. When damage emerges in the structures, the interactions between
the material points progressively break, and their corresponding contributions in the integral
representation are simply removed. This feature allows damage initiation and propagation at
the multiple sites with the arbitrary paths inside material without resorting to special crack
growth criteria.
With the unique advantage of naturally incorporating discontinuities within a single con-
tinuum framework, the peridynamic theory has been utilized successfully in many problems,
including the crack propagation in isotropic brittle materials[10–13] , the fracture of concrete
structures[14–15] , the damage of composites[16–19] , the failure of ductile materials[20–22] , struc-
tural vibration and stability[23–24] , and heat transfer[25–27] .
In this paper, we employ the bond-based peridynamic model to investigate the dynamic
fracture problem in the three-point bending beam under impact loading. In fact, the three-point
bending beam with offset notch is extensively used to study the mixed I-II crack propagation
in brittle materials. John and Shah[28] studied the effect of the loading rate on the fracture
modes of the three-point bending beam with analytical and experimental approaches. Yao
et al.[29] used the experimental methods of dynamic caustics and photoelasticity to study the
dynamic fracture behavior of the structure. Agwai et al.[30] studied the crack propagation in a
pre-cracked plate with an embedded inclusion by use of peridynamics. Oterkus et al.[31] verified
that the peridynamic approach was able to correctly model and simulate the crack path in a
concrete beam with an initial notch under four-point bending conditions. Belytschko et al.[32]
 Peridynamic modelling of impact damage in three-point bending beam with offset notch 101

used the element-free Galerkin method to study the mixed-mode dynamic crack propagation in
a three-pointbending specimen. In order to induce the failure mode transition in the model, an
additional initial crack was introduced at the midspan of the beam which was not necessary in
the experiment. In these literatures, the dynamic fracture behaviors of the three-point bending
beam are studied sufficiently in experiments. However, exact and reliable numerical methods
still need to be developed, especially in predicting the crack mode transition and branching. The
nonlocal peridynamic theory is a sound analysis method for such dynamic fracture problems
involving complex failure patterns without any external criterion and technique.
The paper is organized as follows. The bond-based peridynamic theory and numerical
implementation are briefly reviewed in Section 2. Using the proposed model, the impact damage
of the three-point bending beam is solved in Section 3, where the predictions concerning the
damage growth (I-II mixed mode) are compared with the experimental results from Ref. [29].
The role played by the location of the pre-exiting notch on the dynamic fracture behaviors in
the beam is further investigated, especially the change of damage pattern. In the following
section, and the influence of the impact loading on the crack growth and branching is studied
by increasing the impact speed. Some concluding remarks are presented in Section 4.

2 Bond-based peridynamic theory

The peridynamic theory is concerned with the physics of a material body at a material
point that interacts with all points in a nonlocal manner (see Fig. 1). The state of any material
point is determined by its pairwise interaction with the points located within a finite distance,
called the horizon, which is symbolized by δ. Any pair of the material points only interact
with each other when the distance between them is less than the horizon. In the bond-based
peridynamic theory, the equation of motion of a material point at the position x in the reference
configuration is
Z
ρü(x, t) = f (u(x′ , t) − u(x, t), x′ − x)dVx′ + b(x, t), (1)
Hx

where Hx is a spherical neighborhood of the given radius δ centered at the point x in the refer-
ence configuration, ρ is the mass density, u is the displacement vector, b is the prescribed body
force vector density, and f is the pairwise force exerted on the particle x in the peridynamic
bond that connects the particle x to x′ . The integral equation given in Eq. (1) represents a dis-
tinct mathematical system that is not derivable from the classical partial differential equations
(PDEs). The deformed position of a given material point is determined by the summation of
forces between itself and all other material points with which it interacts.

Fig. 1 Interaction of material point with its neighboring points and numerical grid for evaluation

Within the realm of the peridynamic theory, the material points interact with each other
directly through a prescribed vector-valued pairwise force function f , which contains all the
constitutive information associated with the material. The forces within the material are treated
through the interactions between the pairs of the material points in the continuum. This
102 Ning LIU, Dahsin LIU, and Wu ZHOU

interaction force can also be viewed as a bond force between the material points. For a micro-
elastic material, the pairwise force function is derivable from a scalar-valued function w(η, ξ),
called the pairwise potential function or micro-potential in Ref. [8], such that
∂w
f (η, ξ) = (η, ξ), (2)
∂η
where ξ = x′ − x is the relative position, and η = u′ − u is the relative displacement vector
in the reference configuration. An linear micro-elastic material (the force magnitude depends
linearly on the relative elongation magnitude) is obtained if we take

c(ξ)s(η, ξ)2 |ξ|

w(η, ξ) = , (3)
2
where c(ξ) is the material property in peridynamics, called the micro-modulus function, and
s(η, ξ) is the bond stretch (the relative elongation) defined by
|η + ξ| − |ξ|
s= , (4)
|ξ|
where s is positive when the bond is in tension, and is negative when the bond is in compression.
The corresponding pairwise force is derived from Eqs. (2) and (3) by
η+ξ
f (η, ξ) = c(ξ)s(η, ξ) . (5)
|η + ξ|
The material property c is determined by equating the peridynamic internal energy of a body
to the strain energy density from the classical elasticity theory. For the two-dimensional (2D)
peridynamics concerned here,
6E
c= , (6)
πδ 3 (1 − ν)
where E is the elastic Young’s modulus, and ν is the Poisson ratio. In the bond-based peridy-
namics used in this paper, the particles interact only through a pair-potential. This assumption
results in an effective Poisson ratio of 1/3 in the 2D plane stress and 1/4 in the three-dimensional
(3D) plane stress for an isotropic and linear micro-elastic material[8,14] . This limitation can be
removed in the state-based peridynamic theory[33] .
When the bond stretch between two material points, i.e., x′ and x, exceeds a critical stretch
value s0 , failure occurs, and these two points cease to interact with each other (see Fig. 2). This
critical stretch s0 is obtained by equating the work per unit fractured area, for which all the
bonds across a surface to the fracture energy G0 should be broken and completely separated
along the surface.

Fig. 2 Constitutive relation between material points in elastic material

 Peridynamic modelling of impact damage in three-point bending beam with offset notch 103

For the isotropic materials with the 2D plane stress condition, the critical stretch value s0
can be derived by[11]
r
4πG0
s0 = . (7)
9Eδ
The local damage index at a point can be defined as the ratio of the number of the broken
bonds to the total (initial) number of the bonds associated with that point, i.e.,
R
µ(x, ξ, t)dVx′
φ(x, t) = 1 − Hx R , (8)
Hx dVx
′

where µ(x, ξ, t) is a factor mapping the bond breakage, and it is defined by

1, s(t′ , ξ) < s0 , 0 < t′ < t,
(
µ(x, ξ, t) = (9)
0, else.
Obviously, the damage is defined by a value between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates that a
material point has no damage and 1 indicates complete damage at the material point. Note
that a damage index in the value range [0.4, 0.5] may indicate that a fracture surface exists if the
damage is localized along a surface (line). In the peridynamic theory, fracture occurs naturally
in a peridynamic body as a consequence of the motion equation and the constitutive model.
Fractures initiate, grow, turn, branch, and arrest without the need for any externally supplied
law or special techniques to control these processes, as required in the traditional models for
fracture mechanics. The material defects evolved in any unknown mode in advance allows the
peridynamic approach to model the complex patterns of mutually interacting cracks within a
body.
The numerical procedure involves discretization of the domain of interest into the subdo-
mains. Each subdomain can be represented as a single collocation point located at the mass
center of the subdomain. The governing equations are then rewritten for these points along
with a Riemann-sum type approximation over each horizon for the integro-differential equation
(see Eq. (1)). This discretization results in a set of algebraic equations with the displacement
at the different points as unknowns, i.e.,
N
X
ρ(xi )ü(x,i t) = Gij f (u(x,j t) − u(x,i t), xj − xi )Vj + b(x,i t), (10)
j=1

where xi represents the point in question, and xj represents the point within the horizon of
xi , N is the number of the subdomains within the horizon of the ith material point, Vj is the
volume of the point xj and is usually represented by a square lattice area ∆x2 in 2D cases
when the model is discretized with uniform grids, and Gij is the surface correction factor for a
peridynamic bond between the material points xi and xj , as explained in Ref. [34].
With the given initial and boundary conditions, the displacement u(xi , t) can be obtained
by an explicit time integration method, i.e., the velocity-Verlet algorithm, which is more nu-
merically stable than the central difference formula.
n+1/2 ∆t n
u̇i = u̇ni + ü , (11)
2 i
n+1/2
un+1
i = uni + u̇i ∆t, (12)

∆t n+1
n+1/2
u̇n+1
i = u̇i ü , + (13)
2 i
where n is the number of the time step, ∆t is the time step size, ui , u̇, and üi are the displace-
ment, the velocity, and the acceleration vectors at the point xi , respectively.
104 Ning LIU, Dahsin LIU, and Wu ZHOU

3 Peridynamic results for impact damage in three-point bending beam

with offset notch

3.1 Problem setup

We consider the dynamic crack growth experiments conducted by Yao et al.[29] . In the
experiments, a beam specimen of polymethyl methacrylate with the size 220 mm×45 mm is cut
with an initial notch of 6 mm depth at the bottom boundary (see Fig. 3). The relative location
of the notch along the span of the beam (denoted by a dimensionless parameter γ) is defined by
the offset distance a from the midspan to the notch divided by a half-length of the beam, i.e.,
γ = 2a/L. A drop hammer with the weight m = 5 kg is used to introduce a vertical impulsive
loading in the center of the top surface with an impact speed v0 = 2.3 m/s.
The material properties for the polymethyl methacrylate are Young’s modulus E = 3.1 GPa,
the mass density ρ = 1 200 kg/m3 , Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.36, and the fracture energy G0 =
160 J/m2 . Recall that Poisson’s ratio is fixed to 1/3 in the 2D peridynamic theory as shown in
Eq. (6). Although Poisson’s ratio may influence the path of a growing crack, its variation is not
expected to play a significant role in the fracture behavior of the brittle material (see Ref. [35]
for discussion on this subject). Moreover, Poisson’s ratio of the polymethyl methacrylate con-
sidered here is close to 1/3, and our primary interest here is to observe the capabilities of a
peridynamic model in capturing the evolution of the impact damage in the three-point bending
beam. Therefore, in this paper, we use the bond-based peridynamic formulation.

Fig. 3 Edge-cracked three-point bending beam with offset notch under impact loading (all dimensions
in mm)

The impact loading causes a compressive wave propagating from the loading location to
the interior of the beam, and then reflects from the boundaries. In this period, the beam goes
through the elastic deformation to the crack initiation, and growths until the ultimate failure
of the sample occurs, i.e., the sample is completely separated into two pieces due to the crack
growth. This problem is a long-standing challenge in computational mechanics, since although
the classical methods, such as the FEM, are capable of analyzing the elastic response of the
structures, they need extra techniques to handle the discontinuity-concerned problems such
as crack initiation and propagation. In this study, the dynamic crack growth in the three-
point bending beam is modelled with the novel 2D bond-based peridynamic theory. For the
convenience of simulation, the following numerical rules are used. A spherical rigid projectile
of the same mass and dimension as the hammer used in the experiments is modelled in the
simulation. The projectile is placed very close to the upper edge of the beam with the given
impact speed so that impact happens in the first few time steps.
In the peridynamic model, a grid spacing of ∆x = 0.25 mm is used for the discretization,
leading to 158 400 uniform material points. The time step size ∆t = 10−8 s is adopted in
the computational simulations, which is sufficiently small for all of the cases, based on the
stability conditions from Ref. [8]. The horizon size is specified as δ = 4∆x in this study. In
 Peridynamic modelling of impact damage in three-point bending beam with offset notch 105

principle, for homogeneous materials, one needs to use a sufficiently small horizon relative to
the geometrical features of the sample and the characteristics of the specific dynamic loading on
the sample. Especially, for the fracture simulation with the peridynamic method, the sufficient
points within the horizon lead to having peridynamic bonds in many possible directions, allowing
for autonomous growth of crack paths in virtually any required direction. However, a smaller
grid spacing size and a higher node number in the horizon will pose a significant increase in
the computational time. Thus, a balance between the good approximation of the dynamic
fracture behavior and the computational efficiency has to be attained. Although we use 2D
bond-based peridynamic model here to study the impact damage in the beam. The 3D model
is also convenient to apply in repeating the calculation. One just need to add some new layers
of material points in the thickness direction and use the corresponding material property c and
the critical stretch s0 in the 3D peridynamics.
3.2 Crack propagation paths with different notch locations
To study the effect of the pre-notch location on the crack propagation path in the three point
bending beam, we carry out the peridynamic calculations with the notch locations γ = 10/110,
20/110, 30/110, 40/110, and 50/110, respectively, while other parameters are fixed. Figure 4(a)
shows the peridynamic predicted crack propagation paths with different initial notch locations.
To verify the new numerical approach on such a problem, the experiment results in Ref. [29]
are presented simultaneously for comparison (see Fig. 4(b)). We can see that the peridynamic
predictions of the crack propagation behaviors agree reasonably well with the experimental
result. All these crack paths present a similar S shape curve for the given notch locations.
It initiates from the notch tip, and propagates toward the upper edge of the beam. During
the process, the crack firstly curves gradually toward the vertical midline of the beam, then
deviates from the curve direction, and turns toward the opposite direction until it intersects
with the upper edge. Note that no crack paths pass through the midline in these cases. It is also
worth mentioning that no rebound phenomenon of the hammer is observed in the simulation
no matter where to set the notch.

Fig. 4 Predicted and experimental crack paths with different notch locations

3.3 Time-evolution of dynamic fracture behavior

It has been pointed out that the crack tip loading correlates with the energy necessary for
driving the crack rather than with the local stresses[36]. Therefore, the strain energy density
is used to illustrate the evolution of the damage process and crack tip propagation. Here, the
notch location γ = 40/110 is chosen for instance. We show ten snapshots of the time evolution
of the strain energy profiles in Fig. 5. It is shown that the stress waves induced by the impact
loading emanate in the material from the impact site and reflect back at the boundaries. After
a long time of stress wave propagation, reflecting, and superposition, the complicated stress
distribution is formed in the beam. When the moving waves meet the pre-notch tip and the
supports at the bottom boundary, the stress concentrations occur there with the strain energy
accumulation. As a results, at the time t = 200 µs, the crack begins to grow from the pre-notch
tip, and the energy is released instantaneously. While the new crack tip generates, the strain
106 Ning LIU, Dahsin LIU, and Wu ZHOU

energy concentrates there momentarily to proceed the crack propagation in the following time.
The strain energy density contours clearly show the regions where the strain energy density
is concentrated and the crack develops in time and space. Obviously, the motion trajectory
of the energy concentration forms the crack path eventually. In the simulation of the crack
paths with different notch locations, we find that the time of the crack initiation delays while
the notch offset distance increases. The reason is that, while the pre-notch moves away from
the midspan, it will take more time for the interaction of the stress waves with the crack to
accumulate enough strain energy at the notch tip for cracking.

Fig. 5 Snapshots of strain energy density after pre-crack starts propagation

3.4 Dynamic fracture modes under different pre-notch locations

To further study the damage behavior of the beam with offset notch at various locations, we
increase the offset distance of the notch, and choose three different cases for the peridynamic
calculation, i.e., γ = 70/110, 77.65/110, and 80/110. The crack propagation process over time
is shown in Fig. 6. Obviously, cracks initiate and grow in the paths no longer similar to each
other. It demonstrates that different fracture modes generate as an outgrowth of the peridy-
namic equations of motion. When the notch position is set at the location γ = 70/110, the
crack still grows from the notch tip and propagates in the curve similar to the cases studied
above. However, when the notch offset value γ increases to 77.65/110, the crack initiates from
the notch tip first. The initiation time is a little late than that of γ = 70/110, as expected.
Note that a new cracking is initiated at the midspan subsequently. The crack growth at the
midspan, however, is faster than at the notch, which allows failure to occur at the midspan
even when growth begins at a later time. In addition, the crack growth at the notch stops
Peridynamic modelling of impact damage in three-point bending beam with offset notch 107

Fig. 6 Dependency of crack pattern on notch location

108 Ning LIU, Dahsin LIU, and Wu ZHOU

to grow at the time of 560 µs. The new crack advances straightly toward the upper edge
and eventually separates the beam into two pieces, which demonstrates that the mixed-mode
fracture transfers to the splitting mode under the special notch location. Obviously, for the
notch location γ = 77.65/110, the dynamic crack propagation behaves more complex than that
of the other notch location. If we continue to put the notch location far away from the vertical
midline of the beam, we find that the crack does not grow along the introduced notch any
more. Instead, the fracture path just propagates along the midline of the beam and only the
splitting fracture mode is observed. It is interesting that the splitting-mode crack branches as
it approaches the top surface, which seems to prevent the crack path reaching the impacting
site.
Based on the numerical investigation, we can get the conclusion as observed in the exper-
iment of Ref. [28] that there is a critical value of the notch location γ for the fracture mode
transition in the three-point bending beam. If the notch location γ < 77.65/110, the crack
initiates from the offset notch and grows along a curve toward the upper edge, showing a
mixed-mode fracture. If the notch position γ > 77.65/110, the damage occurs at the midspan
and propagates almost straightly towards the upper edge, showing the splitting mode fracture.
3.5 Damage pattern with increasing impact speed
In what follows, we analyze the trend of the crack propagation in the beam with increasing
the speed of the drop hammer. The impact speed v0 = 4 m/s is considered here with two differ-
ent notch locations. The damage contours with the notch location γ = 40/110 (see Fig. 7(a)).
It can be seen that the crack propagates from the initial notch, which has been shown in the
previous cases. However, It is surprising that the crack begins to branch at a certain point
when it approaches the top surface. When the notch location moves to γ = 77/110, we can see
that multiple cracks initiate and propagate near the midline of the beam and crack branching
appears (see Fig. 7(b)). Therefore, increasing the impact speed induces more crack nucleation,
growth, and branching in the beam. It is worth noting that peridynamics captures the complex
branching patterns without resorting to any external criteria that triggers the crack.

Fig. 7 Damage maps in beam under impact speed v0 = 4 m/s

4 Conclusions

The peridynamic theory incorporates damage, crack, and fracture as a natural component of
material deformation without resorting to any supplemental law or special techniques to treat
the discontinuities. This study presents the capability of the peridynamic approach to predict
the impact damage in the three-point bending beam with offset notch. The peridynamic re-
sults realistically capture the mixed-mode fracture initiation and propagation in the beam with
different notch locations, and match remarkably well with the reported experimental observa-
tions. Further investigations demonstrate that there is a critical notch location, where the crack
growth at the notch suddenly transit to the crack growth at the midspan. Besides, the study
of the impact speed on the damage characteristics in the beam shows that the complex crack
branching and multiple crack growth occur spontaneously when the impact speed increases.
 Peridynamic modelling of impact damage in three-point bending beam with offset notch 109

References
[1] Cox, B. N., Gao, H., Gross, D., and Rittel, D. Modern topics and challenges in dynamic fracture.
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 53, 565–596 (2005)
[2] Barenblatt, G. I. The formation of equilibrium cracks during brittle fracture. General ideas and
hypotheses: axially-symmetric cracks. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 23, 622–
636 (1959)
[3] Klein, P., Foulk, J., Chen, E., Wimmer, S., and Gao, H. Physics-based modeling of brittle fracture:
cohesive formulations and the application of meshfree methods. Theoretical and Applied Fracture
Mechanics, 37, 99–166 (2001)
[4] Moës, N., Dolbow, J., and Belytschko, T. A finite element method for crack growth without
remeshing. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 46, 131–150 (1999)
[5] Belytschko, T. and Black, T. Elastic crack growth in finite elements with minimal remeshing.
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 45, 601–620 (1999)
[6] Song, J. H., Wang, H., and Belytschko, T. A comparative study on finite element methods for
dynamic fracture. Computational Mechanics, 42, 239–250 (2008)
[7] Silling, S. A. Reformulation of elasticity theory for discontinuities and long-range forces. Journal
of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 48, 175–209 (2000)
[8] Silling, S. A. and Askari, E. A meshfree method based on the peridynamic model of solid mechan-
ics. Computers & Structures, 83, 1526–1535 (2005)
[9] Seleson, P., Parks, M. L., Gunzburger, M., and Lehoucq, R. B. Peridynamics as an upscaling of
molecular dynamics. Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, 8, 204–227 (2009)
[10] Parks, M. L., Lehoucq, R. B., Plimpton, S. J., and Silling, S. A. Implementing peridynamics
within a molecular dynamics code. Computer Physics Communications, 179, 777–783 (2008)
[11] Ha, Y. D. and Bobaru, F. Studies of dynamic crack propagation and crack branching with peri-
dynamics. International Journal of Fracture, 162, 229–244 (2010)
[12] Ha, Y. D. and Bobaru, F. Characteristics of dynamic brittle fracture captured with peridynamics.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 78, 1156–1168 (2011)
[13] Hu, W., Wang, Y., Yu, J., Yen, C. F., and Bobaru, F. Impact damage on a thin glass plate with
a thin polycarbonate backing. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 62, 152–165 (2013)
[14] Gerstle, W., Sau, N., and Silling, S. Peridynamic modeling of concrete structures. Nuclear Engi-
neering and Design, 237, 1250–1258 (2007)
[15] Gerstle, W., Sau, N., and Silling, S. Peridynamic modeling of plain and reinforced concrete struc-
tures. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Tech-
nology, Paper SMiRT18-B01-2, Beijing (2005)
[16] Kilic, B., Agwai, A., and Madenci, E. Peridynamic theory for progressive damage prediction in
center-cracked composite laminates. Composite Structures, 90, 141–151 (2009)
[17] Oterkus, E. and Madenci, E. Peridynamic analysis of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Journal
of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 7, 45–84 (2012)
[18] Askari, E., Xu, J., and Silling, S. Peridynamic analysis of damage and failure in composites. 44th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA paper 2006-88, Reno (2006)
[19] Hu, W., Ha, Y. D., and Bobaru, F. Peridynamic model for dynamic fracture in unidirectional fiber-
reinforced composites. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 217, 247–261
(2012)
[20] Tupek, M., Rimoli, J., and Radovitzky, R. An approach for incorporating classical continuum
damage models in state-based peridynamics. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engi-
neering, 263, 20–26 (2013)
[21] Wu, C. and Ren, B. A stabilized non-ordinary state-based peridynamics for the nonlocal ductile
material failure analysis in metal machining process. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics
and Engineering, 291, 197–215 (2015)
[22] Foster, J. T., Silling, S. A., and Chen, W. W. Viscoplasticity using peridynamics. International
Journal For Numerical Methods In Engineering, 81, 1242–1258 (2010)
 110 Ning LIU, Dahsin LIU, and Wu ZHOU

[23] Kilic, B. and Madenci, E. Structural stability and failure analysis using peridynamic theory.
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 44, 845–854 (2009)
[24] Chen, B., Liu, N., and Yang, G. The application of peridynamics in predicting beam vibration
and impact damage. Journal of Vibroengineering, 17, 2369–2378 (2015)
[25] Oterkus, S., Madenci, E., and Agwai, A. Fully coupled peridynamic thermomechanics. Journal of
the Mechanics & Physics of Solids, 64, 1–23 (2014)
[26] Bobaru, F. and Duangpanya, M. The peridynamic formulation for transient heat conduction.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53, 4047–4059 (2010)
[27] Bobaru, F. and Duangpanya, M. A peridynamic formulation for transient heat conduction in
bodies with evolving discontinuities. Journal of Computational Physics, 231, 2764–2785 (2012)
[28] John, R. and Shah, S. P. Mixed-mode fracture of concrete subjected to impact loading. Journal
of Structural Engineering, 116, 585–602 (1990)
[29] Yao, X., Xiong, C., and Fang, J. Study of dynamic fracture behaviour on three-point-bend beam
with off-center edge-crack. Acta Mechnaica Sinica, 28, 661–669 (1996)
[30] Agwai, A., Guven, I., and Madenci, E. Predicting crack propagation with peridynamics: a com-
parative study. International Journal of Fracture, 171, 65–78 (2011)
[31] Oterkus, E., Guven, I., and Madenci, E. Impact damage assessment by using peridynamic theory.
Open Engineering, 2, 523–531 (2012)
[32] Belytschko, T., Organ, D., and Gerlach, C. Element-free galerkin methods for dynamic fracture
in concrete. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 187, 385–399 (2000)
[33] Silling, S. A., Epton, M., Weckner, O., Xu, J., and Askari, E. Peridynamic states and constitutive
modeling. Journal of Elasticity, 88, 151–184 (2007)
[34] Madenci, E. and Oterkus, E. Peridynamic Theory and Its Applications, Springer, New York (2014)
[35] Delale, F. and Erdogan, F. The crack problem for a nonhomogeneous plane. Journal of Applied
Mechanics, 50, 609–614 (1983)
[36] Zerbst, U., Klinger, C., and Clegg, R. Fracture mechanics as a tool in failure analysis — prospects
and limitations. Engineering Failure Analysis, 55, 376–410 (2015)

View publication stats