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Chapter 4 covers remote communication, focusing on Remote Procedural Calls (RPC) and Remote Method Invocation (RMI). It discusses RPC basics, implementation, communication protocols, and various issues such as exception handling and optimization. The chapter also includes case studies on Sun RPC and Java RMI, highlighting their components and execution processes.

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Maniza Hijab
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2 views

chapter-4

Chapter 4 covers remote communication, focusing on Remote Procedural Calls (RPC) and Remote Method Invocation (RMI). It discusses RPC basics, implementation, communication protocols, and various issues such as exception handling and optimization. The chapter also includes case studies on Sun RPC and Java RMI, highlighting their components and execution processes.

Uploaded by

Maniza Hijab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER - 4

REMOTE COMMUNICATION
Topics
• Introduction to Remote Communication
• Remote Procedural Call Basics
• RPC Implementation
• RPC Communication
• Other RPC Issues
• Case Study: Sun RPC
• Remote invocation Basics
• RMI Implementation

© Oxford University Press 2011


Introduction to Remote
Communication

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Introduction
 Middleware

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Remote Procedural Call Basics

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Local Procedure Call

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Remote Procedure Call
 Basic RPC operation

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RPC operation

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Elements of RPC mechanism
implementation
 Client
 Client stub
 RPC Runtime
 Server stub
 Server

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RPC Execution

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Stub generation
 Manual generation
 Auto generation using Interface Definition Language
(IDL)

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RPC Compilation

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RPC Implementation

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RPC implementation
 RPC messages:
 Call/ Request
 Reply

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RPC Call/ Request message

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RPC reply conditions

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RPC reply message

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Parameter Passing Semantics
• Call-by-value semantic
– Marshalling
• Call-by –reference semantic
• Call-by-copy/restore semantic
Call-by-value copies all parameters into a message
before transmission . Call-by-reference passes
pointers to the parameters that are passed from the
client to the server. Call-by-copy/restore uses
temporary storage accessible to both programs

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Call-by-value semantic

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Byte ordering

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Server management
 Server implementation
 Stateless server
 Stateful server

 Server management
 Instance per call
 Instance per session

 Persistent servers

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RPC communication
 RPC call semantics

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Orphan calls
 Calls whose caller has expired due to a node crash
 Handle orphan calls by using:
 Extermination

 Reincarnation

 Gentle reincarnation
 Expiration

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RPC communication protocols
 Request protocol
 Request/Reply protocol
 Request/Reply/ Acknowledge- Reply protocol

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Request protocol

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Asynchronous RPC

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Request/Reply protocol

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Request/Reply/ Acknowledge- Reply
protocol

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Client server binding process

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Client Server binding
 Issues  Types of binding
 Server naming  Fixedbinding
 Server locating  Dynamic binding

 Binding agent  At compile time


 At link time
primitives
 At run time
 Register

 Deregister

 Lookup

© Oxford University Press 2011


Other RPC Issues

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Other issues in RPC implementation
 Exception handing and security
 Failure handling
 Optimizing RPC execution
 Various types of complicated RPCs

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RPC in heterogeneous environment
 Data presentation
 Transport protocol
 Control protocol

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Failure handling mechanism in RPC
 Client cannot find the server
 Request from client to the server is lost
 Reply from server to the client is lost
 Server crashes after getting the request
 Client crashes after sending the request

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RPC Optimization

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Concurrent access to multiple servers

 Use of threads
 Early reply technique
 Call buffering approach
 Serving multiple requests simultaneously
 Reducing call workload of server
 Using reply cache for idempotent RPC

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Early Reply technique

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Call buffer approach

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Complicated and special RPCs
 Complicated RPCs
 RPCs with long duration calls or with gaps between
calls
 RPCs with long messages

 Special RPCs:
 Callback RPC
 Broadcast RPC

 Batch mode RPC

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Call back RPC
 Client handle is provided to the server
 Client process should wait for callback RPC
 Handle callback deadlocks

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Case Study: Sun RPC

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Case Study- Sun RPC
 Uses rpcgen compiler which generates
 Header file
 XDR filter file

 Client stub file

 Server stub file

© Oxford University Press 2011


Remote invocation Basics

© Oxford University Press 2011


Remote Object Invocation
 Distributed object concept
 Remote objects reference
 Remote interface

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RMI

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RMI vs LMI

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RMI Implementation

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RMI implementation
Design issues in RMI

 RMI invocation • RMI invocation semantics


semantics  Maybe semantics

 Level of transparency  At-least-once semantics

 Marshalling  At-most-once semantics

 Message passing
 Task of locating and
contacting the remote
object for the client

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Invocation semantics

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Level of Transparency

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Components of RMI

© Oxford University Press 2011


RMI execution components
 Communication module
 Remote reference module
 RMI software
 Server program
 Client program
 Binder

© Oxford University Press 2011


RMI execution

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RMI software
 Proxy
 Dispatcher
 Skeleton

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Types of objects

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Remote invocation readiness

© Oxford University Press 2011


RMI binding
 Implicit binding
 Explicit binding

© Oxford University Press 2011


Parameter passing in RMI
 Pass by value
 Pass by reference

© Oxford University Press 2011


Case study: Java RMI

© Oxford University Press 2011


Java RMI layer

© Oxford University Press 2011


Summary
• Introduction to Remote Communication
• Remote Procedural Call Basics
• RPC Implementation
• RPC Communication
• Other RPC Issues
• Case Study: Sun RPC
• Remote invocation Basics
• RMI Implementation

© Oxford University Press 2011

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