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Mod 1 Computing Systems

The document outlines the importance of studying computer systems and architecture, highlighting roles such as users, systems analysts, programmers, and system administrators. It details the components of computer systems, including hardware, software, data, and communications, and explains the input-process-output model. Additionally, it discusses protocols and standards that ensure compatibility and efficient communication between computer systems.

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shivanshkuntal01
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4 views

Mod 1 Computing Systems

The document outlines the importance of studying computer systems and architecture, highlighting roles such as users, systems analysts, programmers, and system administrators. It details the components of computer systems, including hardware, software, data, and communications, and explains the input-process-output model. Additionally, it discusses protocols and standards that ensure compatibility and efficient communication between computer systems.

Uploaded by

shivanshkuntal01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1:

COMPUTING
SYSTEMS
TYPICAL COMPUTER AD

⦿ Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs?


⦿ Is the computer cost-effective?
⦿ Will it be obsolete in 6 months?
WHY STUDY COMPUTER SYSTEMS?
⦿ User
◼ Understand system capabilities and limitations
◼ Make informed decisions
◼ Improve communications with information technology
professionals
⦿ Systems Analyst
◼ Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and
document user requirements
◼ Specify computer systems to meet application
requirements
⦿ Programmer
◼ Create efficient application software for specific
processing needs
WHY STUDY COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
⦿ System Administrator / Manager
◼ Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade
computer systems
◼ Maximize system availability
◼ Optimize system performance
◼ Ensure system security
⦿ Web Designer
◼ Optimize customer accessibility to Web
services
◼ System administration of Web servers
◼ Select appropriate data formats
◼ Design efficient Web pages
INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL
(IPO)

• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards


• Processing: CPU executes the computer program
• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

1-5
ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS

⦿ Hardware
◼ Processes data by executing instructions
◼ Provides input and output
⦿ Software
◼ Instructions executed by the system
⦿ Data
◼ Fundamental representation of facts and
observations
⦿ Communications
◼ Sharing data and processing among different
systems
HARDWARE COMPONENT

⦿ Input/Output devices
⦿ Storage Devices
⦿ CPU
◼ ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
◼ CU: control unit
◼ Interface unit
⦿ Memory
◼ Short-term storage for CPU calculations
TYPICAL PERSONAL COMPUTER
SYSTEM

1-8
CPU: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

⦿ ALU: arithmetic/logic unit


◼ Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical
calculations
⦿ CU: control unit
◼ Controls processing of instructions
◼ Controls movement of data within the CPU
⦿ Interface unit
◼ Moves instructions and data between the CPU
and other hardware components
◼ Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and
power between different components
MEMORY
⦿ Also known as primary storage, working
storage, and RAM (random access
memory)
⦿ Consists of bits, each of which hold a
value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)
⦿ Holds both instructions and data of a
computer program (stored program
concept)
SOFTWARE COMPONENT
⦿ Applications
⦿ Operating System
◼ API: application program
interface
◼ File management
◼ I/O
◼ Kernel
Memory management
Resource scheduling
Program communication
Security
◼ Network Module

1-11
COMMUNICATIONS COMPONENT
⦿ Hardware
◼ Communication channels
Physical connections between computer systems
Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable,
infrared light, radio waves
◼ Interface hardware
Handles communication between the computer and
the communication channel
Modem or network interface card (NIC)
⦿ Software
◼ Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
All computer systems, no matter how
complex, consists of the following:
⦿ At least one CPU
⦿ Memory to hold programs and data
⦿ I/O devices
⦿ Long-term storage
PROTOCOLS
⦿ Common ground rules of communication
between computers, I/O devices, and many
software programs
⦿ Examples
◼ HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers
◼ TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and
local area networks
◼ ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs
STANDARDS
⦿ Created to ensure universal compatibility
of data formats and protocols
⦿ May be created by committee or may
become a de facto standard through
popular use
⦿ Examples:
◼ Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript
◼ Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF
◼ Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC
◼ Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB
EARLY COMPUTERS

Babbage’s Analytical Engine


ENIAC

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