01

MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 3

NUMBER SYSTEM
Generally (10-12) questions have been asked from this chapter. Questions, from this section usually
test your basic knowledge of numbers and are mostly based on various properties of multiplication
and division. A good number of statement based questions have been asked from this chapter.

NUMBER SYSTEM
Numbers are collection of certain symbols or figures called digits. The common number system in use
is decimal number system. In this system, we use ten symbols each representing a digit. These are 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. A combination of these figures representing a number is called a numeral.

Types of Numbers
1. Natural numbers Numbers which are used for counting i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are called natural numbers.
The set of natural numbers is denoted by ‘ N ’. Smallest natural number is 1 but we cannot find the
largest natural number as successor of every natural number is again a natural number.
2. Whole numbers Natural numbers including zero are known as whole numbers. The set of whole
numbers is denoted by W.
• Every natural number is a whole number.
• Zero (0) is the only whole number which is not a natural number.
3. Even numbers The numbers which are divisible by 2 are called as even numbers. e.g 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
… . In general these are represented by 2 m, where m ∈ N.
4. Odd numbers The number which are not divisible by 2 are called as odd numbers. e.g. 1, 3, 5, 7,
9, … . In general, these are represented by ( 2 m − 1) , where m ∈ N.
5. Prime numbers Those numbers which are divisible by 1 and the number itself are known as prime
numbers. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7,..., etc. are prime numbers.
• If a number is not divisible by any of the prime numbers upto square root of that number, then it is a prime
number.
• 2 is the only even number which is prime.
• The prime numbers upto 100 are : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71,
73, 79, 83, 89 and 97 i.e. there are 25 prime numbers upto 100.
4 CDS Pathfinder

6. Coprime numbers Two natural numbers x and y are The set of rational numbers is represented by ‘Q’.
said to be coprime, if they do not have any common 3 −3
divisor other than 1. e.g. , , 7, − 6 are rational numbers.
5 7
e.g. (9, 2), (5, 6), (11, 15) are the pairs of coprime • The decimal expansion of every rational number is
numbers. either terminating or non-terminating repeating.
• If x and y are any two coprimes, a number p is 1 1 8
divisible by x as well as by y, then the number is also e.g. = 0 . 2, = 0 . 333. . ., = 0 . 181818 . . . etc.
5 3 44
divisible by xy.
• Coprime are also called as relatively prime numbers. • The recurring decimal have been given a short notation
• Twin primes Twin primes are pair of primes as 0. 3333 = 0. 3, 0 . 181818 = 0. 18
which differ by 2. e.g. (3, 5), (7, 9), (11, 13) etc.
Note • Zero is a rational number, since we can write 0 = 0 / 1.
7. Composite numbers A composite number is any
• Every natural number, whole number and integer is a
number greater than one that is not a prime number. rational number.
e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, … all are composite numbers.
• ‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
The number which cannot be expressed in the form p/q,
INTEGERS where p and q both are integers and q ≠ 0 are known as
The collection of positive numbers, negative numbers irrational numbers. The irrational numbers when
and zero are called integers. The set of integers is expressed in decimal form are in non-terminating and
denoted by Z or I. non-repeating form. e.g. 2, 5 , 7 , 0.101005001, etc.
Thus, Z or I = {. . . , − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } is the 22
• Here, it is notable that exact value of π is not or
set of integers. Every natural number and whole number 7
is a part of integer. So, N ⊂ W ⊂ I. 22
3.14, as is a rational number while π is irrational.
7
Types of Integers
Integers are of three types IMPORTANT FACTS
(i) Positive Integers It is a set of all positive numbers. 1. If a + b = x + y , where a and x are rational and
It is denoted by I + , I + = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } b and y are irrational, then a = x and b = y .
2. The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational
(ii) Negative Integers It is a set of all negative numbers.
number is irrational number.
It is denoted by I − , I − = {. . . , − 3, − 2, − 1}
3. The product of rational and irrational number is also
(iii) Non-negative Integers An integer that is either 0 or an irrational number.
positive is called non-negative integer. {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } 4. If we add, subtract, multiply or divide two irrational
numbers, we may get an irrational number or rational
Note ‘0’ is neither positive nor negative. number.

EXAMPLE 1. The smallest 3 digit prime number is EXAMPLE 2. The rational number lying between 2
a. 101 b. 103 c. 109 d. 113 and 3 is
Sol. a. The smallest 3 digit number is 100, which is divisible 49 56
a. b.
by 2. 28 35
∴ 100 is not a prime numbers. 63 85
c. d.
101 < 11 and 101is not divisible by 2, 3, 5 and 7. 45 68
∴ 101is a prime number. Sol. b. We have, 2 = 1. 414 ... and 3 = 1. 732...
Hence, 101is the smallest 3 digit prime number. 49 7 63 7
= = 1. 75, = = 1. 4
28 4 45 5
RATIONAL NUMBERS 56 8
= = 1. 6,
85 5
= = 1. 25
35 5 68 4
The numbers which are expressed in the form of p / q
Clearly, 1. 6 lies between 2 and 3.
where p and q are integers and are coprimes, q ≠ 0 are
56
called rational numbers. Hence, lies between 2 and 3.
35
MATHEMATICS Number System 5

2. | x − 2 | = x − 2, if x > 2, | x − 2 | = 0 , if x = 2
REAL NUMBERS | x − 2 | = 2 − x, if x < 2
The collection of all rational and all irrational numbers
together forms the set of real numbers and is denoted by
Some Properties of Absolute Values
‘R’. Thus, all natural numbers, whole numbers, integers,
rational and irrational numbers are real numbers. 1. | x | ≥ 0 for all real x.
2. | x | = a means x = a or x = − a
Properties of Real Numbers 3. | x | > a means x > a or x < − a
Properties of real numbers are as follows
4. If n = x 2 ; n = x 2 = | x | = x, if x > 0 = − x , if x < 0
General Properties of R
1. If x and y are two real numbers, then either EXAMPLE 3. Find the value of x which satisfy the
x > y, y > x or x = y. inequalities | x | ≥ x and 2x − 1 > 3.
2. If x and y are two real numbers, then a. All positive number
1 1 b. All positive number greater than 2
(i ) x > y ⇒ < (ii ) x > y ⇒ − x < − y
x y c. All negative number less than −2
(iii ) x > y ⇒ x + a > y + a d. All negative number
(iv ) x > y ⇒ xa > ya, when a > 0 Sol. b. | x | ≥ x is true for all real values of x. Now, consider
3. If xy = 0 ⇒ x=0 or y=0 2x − 1 > 3 or 2x > 4 or x > 2.
So, the solution set is all positive number greater than 2.
Properties of operations on R
Let ‘∗’ be any operation defined on R.
1. Closure Property If a ∈ R and b ∈ R, then a * b ∈ R.
FACTORS IN SET
2. Associative Property If a, b, c ∈ R, then OF INTEGERS
a *( b * c ) = ( a * b)* c. Let a, b ∈ I, we say that a is a factor of b, if there exists
3. Commutative Property If a, b ∈ R, then a * b = b * a. an integer p such that b = ap; in short we write a / b read
4. Identity Let ‘I’ be the identity, then it ‘a’ divides ‘b’.
I * a = a * I = a ∀ a ∈ R. If a is factor of b, then b is called a multiple of a.
5. Inverse Let a ′ be the inverse of a, then
a ′ * a = a * a ′ = I ∀ a ∈ R. Properties of factor and multiples
• The above properties hold for addition and For real numbers a and b, if b = ac then ‘a’ is a factor
multiplication on R. ‘b’ and we write a / b.
• The additive identity of R is O and additive inverse of
(i) a / b, b / c ⇒ a / c (This law is known as transitivity)
a ∈ R is −a.
• The multiplicative identity of R is 1 and multiplicative (ii) a / a, ∀a ∈ R (This law is known as reflexivity)
inverse of a ∈ R is 1/ a. (iii) a / b and a / c ⇒ a / b + c and a / b − c
• R is closed for subtraction, if a, b ∈ R, then a − b ∈ R. (iv) If p is prime number and p divides ab where a,b are
• If a, b, c ∈ R, then a × ( b + c ) = ( a × b) + ( a × c ), is the
integers, then p divides ‘a’ or p divides ‘b’. Thus
distributive property on R.
p / ab ⇒ p / a or p / b.
Absolute Value of a Real Number
The absolute value of a real number x is denoted by | x |. EXAMPLE 4. How many factors of 2 5 × 3 6 are perfect
Thus, | 3 | = 3 and | − 4 | = 4. squares?
 x, when x > 0 a. 9 b. 12
 c. 18 d. 4
If x is any real number, then | x | =  0, when x = 0
 − x, when x < 0 Sol. b. Any factor of this number should be of the form
 2a × 3 b .
e.g. For the factor to be a perfect square a, b have to be even
1. If x = 5, | 5 | = 5, if x = 0, | 0 | = 0 a can take values 0, 2, 4 and b can take values 0, 2, 4, 6.
If x = − 5, | − 5 | = − ( −5) = 5 ∴Total number of perfect squares = 3 × 4 = 12
6 CDS Pathfinder

To find the Unit’s Place Digit of a given EXAMPLE 7. When a positive integer n is divided by
5, the remainder is 2. What is the remainder when the
Expression number 3n is divided by 5?
When Number is in the form of Product a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
To find the unit digit in the product of two or more Sol. a. Let n = 5q + 2 and 3n = 3( 5q + 2)
number we take unit digit of every number and then
⇒ 3n = 15q + 6 = 15q + ( 5 + 1) = 5( 3q + 1) + 1
multiply them. Then, the unit digit of the resultant when 3n is divided by 5, then remainder is 1.
product is the unit digit of the product of original
numbers. Divisibility Test
When Number is in the form of Index Divisor Condition with Example
n
Let the exponential number of the form be a and n ∈ I. 2 If the unit place of a number is ‘0’ or divisible by 2 i.e. unit
place is even. e.g. 17980, 314782, 6148, 316 etc.
1. In case, if a is any of (0, 1, 5, 6), then the unit’s place 3 If the sum of the digits of the given number is divisible by
digit is 0, 1, 5 and 6, respectively. 3. e.g. 24375, here 2 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 5 = 21 ÷ 3 = 7
2. In case, if a is any of (4 and 9) Hence, 24375 is divisible by 3.
(i) and if power is odd, then the unit’s place digit is 4 4 If last two digits of number is divisible by 4.
and 9, respectively. e.g. 589372, 72 is divisible by 4.
(ii) and if power is even, then the unit’s place digit is 6 Hence, 589372 is also divisible by 4.
and 1, respectively. 5 If digit at unit place is 5 or 0.
3. In case, if a is any of (2, 3, 7, 8), then see the e.g. 895, 700 etc.
following steps 6 If given number is divisibly by both 2 and 3.
Step I First, divide the exponent of a by 4. e.g. 759312. Here the last digit is divisible by 2. And
(7 + 5 + 9 + 3 + 1 + 2 ) = 27, is divisible by 3.
Step II If any remainder comes on division. Put it as the
Hence, 759312 is divisible by 6.
power of a and get the result.
7 If twice the number at units place is subtracted from rest of
Step III If any remainder does not come on division. Put the digits and the remainder is divisible by 7.
4 as the power of a and get the result. e.g. (a) 875 = 87 − 2( 5) = 87 − 10 = 77 ÷ 7 = 11
EXAMPLE 5. Find the unit digit of 207 × 781 × 39 × 94. Hence, 875 is divisible by 7.
(b) 5103 = 510 − 2( 3) = 510 − 6 = 504 ÷ 7 = 72
a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 5
Hence, 5103 is divisible by 7.
Sol. b. Taking unit digit of every number and then Note Trick is applicable for number greater than 99.
multiplying them = 7 × 1× 9 × 4 = 7 × 36 8 If last three digits are divisible by 8.
Again taking unit digit and then multiplying = 7 × 6 = 42 e.g. (a) 96432 → 432 ÷ 8 = 54
∴Required unit digit = 2 (b) 16000 → 000 ÷ 8 = 0
9 If sum of all the digits are divisible by 9.
EXAMPLE 6. What is the last digit in 7 402 + 3 402 ? e.g. 317349 ⇒ ( 3 + 1 + 7 + 3 + 4 + 9) = 27 ÷ 9 = 3
a. 0 b. 4 c. 8 d. None of these Hence, 317349 is divisible by 9.

Sol. c. On division of 402 by 4, we get 2 as remainder. 10 If last digit of a number is ‘0’. e.g. 130, 36980, etc.
402 2 11 If the difference between sum of digits at even places and
∴ Last digit of 7 = Last digit of 7 = Last digit of 49 = 9
sum of digits at odd places is divisible by 11.
Last digit of 3402 = Last digit of 32 e.g. 10615.
= Last digit of 9 = 9 Sum of digits at odd place = 1 + 6 + 5 = 12
Sum of digits at even place = 0 + 1 = 1
∴ Last digit of 7402 + 3402 = Last digit of (9 + 9) = 8
Difference = 12 − 1 = 11 ÷ 11 = 1
So, 10615 is divisible by 11.
DIVISION ON NUMBERS
EXAMPLE 8. What is the remainder when 41000 is
(DIVISION ALGORITHM) divided by 7? e 2014 I
Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be two integers such that b ≠ 0. On a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 5
dividing ‘a’ by ‘b’, ‘q’ will be the quotient and ‘r’ will be
Sol. c. On division of 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , and 47 by 7,
1 2 3 4 5 6
the remainder, then the relationship between a, b, q and r
is a = bq + r , where 0 ≤ r < b. Or in general, we have we get remainders 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1and 4 respectively.
Now, 44 gives us same remainder as 41, so the cyclicity is
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder of 3.
MATHEMATICS Number System 7

So, any power of 3 or a multiple of 3 will give a 2. Multiplication of a Given

remainder of 1.
Number by a Power of 5
So, 4999 will give a remainder of 1.
Method Put as many zeros to the right of the
41000
∴ Remainder of =4 multiplicand as is the power of 5 in the multiplier.
7
Divide the number so formed by 2 raised to the same
Theorem of Divisibility power as is the power of 5.
1. If N is a composite number of the form e.g. Multiply 6798 by 125
N = a p ⋅ b q ⋅ c r . . . , where a, b and c are primes, then 6798000
Here, 6798 × 125 = 6798 × 5 3 =
the number of divisors of N, represented by mis 23
given by m = ( p + 1) ( q + 1) (r + 1) . . .
6798000
2. The sum of the divisors of N, represented by S is = = 849750
8
given by
( a p + 1 − 1) ( b q + 1 − 1) ( c r + 1 − 1) Important Identities
S= ⋅ ⋅
( a − 1) ( b − 1) ( c − 1) The identities given below are very useful for quick
multiplication.
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON DIVISION
Here, if a, b and c are real numbers, then
1. If p divides q and r, then p also divides their sum and
difference also.
1. (i) ( a + b)2 = ( a + b)(a + b) = a 2 + b2 + 2ab
2. For any natural number n , ( n 3 − n ) is divisible by 6. (ii) ( a + b)3 = a 3 + b3 + 3ab ( a + b)
3. The product of three consecutive natural numbers is 2. (i) ( a − b)2 = ( a − b)( a − b) = a 2 + b2 − 2ab
always divisible by 6.
4. ( x m − a m ) is divisible by ( x + a ) for even values of m.
(ii) ( a − b)3 = a 3 − b3 − 3ab ( a − b)

5. ( x m + a m ) is divisible by ( x + a ) for odd values of m. 3. (i) ( a + b) = ( a − b)2 + 4ab

6. ( x m − a m ) is divisible by ( x − a ) for all values of m.
(ii) ( a − b) = ( a + b)2 − 4ab

EXAMPLE 9. 19 5 + 21 5 is divisible by 4. (i) ( a + b)2 + ( a − b)2 = 2 ( a 2 + b2 )

a. Only 10 b. Only 20 (ii) ( a + b)2 − ( a − b)2 = 4ab
c. Both 10 and 20 d. Neither 10 nor 20
2 2
 a + b  a − b
Sol. c. We can check divisibility of 195 + 215 by 10 by 5. ab =   − 
adding the unit digits of 95 and 15 which is equal to  2   2 
9 + 1 = 10. So, it must be divisible by 10. 6. a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b)( a + b)
Now, for divisibility by 20 we add 19 and 21 which is
equal to 40. EXAMPLE 10. The value of
So, it is clear that it is also divisible by 20. 1.073 × 1.073 − 0.927 × 0.927 (3 4 ) 4 × 9 6
+ is
So, 195 + 215 is divisible by both 10 and 20. 1.073 − 0.927 (27)7 × 3 9
1 1
Shortcut Methods for Multiplication a. 2
3
b. 2
5
1. Multiplication of a Given c. 2
1
d. 3
Number by 9, 99 etc. 9
Method Place as many zeros at the right of the .
1073 × 1073
. − 0.927 × 0.927 ( 34 ) 4 + (9)6
Sol. c. +
multiplicand as is the number of nines in the multiplier .
1073 − 0.927 ( 27)7 × ( 3) 9
and subtract from the number, so formed from the
. ) 2 − (0.927) 2 ( 34 ) 4 × ( 32)6
(1073
multiplicand, to get the result. e.g. = + 37
1073
. − 0.927 ( 3 ) × ( 3) 9
(i) Multiply 8886 by 9999
(1073
. + 0.927) (1073
. − 0.927) 328
So, 8886 × 9999 = 88860000 − 8886 = 88851114 = + 30
1073
. − 0.927 3
(ii) Multiply 56985 by 999 1 1 1
= 2+ 2 = 2+ = 2
So, 56985 × 999 = 56985000 − 56985 = 56928015 3 9 9
8 CDS Pathfinder

The operations have to be carried out in the order, in

SIMPLIFICATION •
which they appear in the word VBODMAS.
The word simplification refers to a procedure of • The order of brackets to be simplied is (), {}, [ ].
converting a complex arithmetical expression into a
simple expression. EXAMPLE 11. Simply the following expression 52 − 4
For simplifying an expression, follow the rule of (17 − 12) + 4 × 7.
‘VBODMAS’. The letter of word means a. 38 b. 85 c. 60 d. 72
V — Under line portion i.e. bar Sol. c. 52 − 4 of (17 − 12) + 4 × 7
B — Brackets = 52 − 4 of 5 + 4 × 7 (simplifying parenthesis)
O — Orders or powers = 52 − 4 × 5 + 4 × 7 (simplifying of)
D — Division = 52 − 20 + 4 × 7 (simplifying multiplication)
M — Multiplication = 52 − 20 + 28 (simplifying multiplication)
A — Addition = 32 + 28 (simplifying subtraction)
S — Subtraction = 60 (simplifying addition)

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be natural number, not necessarily 8. In a division operation, the divisor is 5 times the
distinct. For all values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ the natural quotient and twice the remainder. If the
number would be remainder is 15, then what is the dividend?
(a) (a + b ) (b) a / b (c) a − b (d) log (ab ) (a) 175 (b) 185 (c) 195 (d) 250
2. x and y are two natural numbers such that x is 9. If 42 ∗ 8 is a multiple of 9, then the digit
less than y,q is the quotient and r is the represented by ∗ is
remainder when y is divided by x. Therefore, (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
(a) r = 0 (b) r < 0 (c) r > x (d) 0 ≤ r < x 16 16 ∗ 9 9 9
10. The value at ∗ in × − × + × = 1 is
3. If p is a prime number and p divides ab i.e. p/ ab, 7 7 7 7 7 7
where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers, then (a) 33 (b) −33 (c) −11 (d) 32
(a) p/ a or p/ b (b) p/ a and p/ b 11. The value of 10 ÷ 4 + 6 × 4 is
(c) p/ a − b (d) None of these
(a) 4 (b) 1/4 (c) 5 (d) None of these
4. Which one of the following is a prime number? a b c a+ b+ c
(a) 161 (b) 171 12. If = = , then the value of is
4 5 6 b
(c) 173 (d) 221
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4
5. If n is a natural number, then n is
(a) always a whole number
13. The value of [a − b + ( b − a )] − [2a − 2b + ( b − 2a )] is
(b) always a natural number (a) b − 2 a (b) a − 2 b (c) b + 2 a (d) b
(c) sometimes a natural number and sometimes an 14. If 3.325 × 10k = 0.0003325, the value of ‘k’ is
irrational number
(d) always an irrational number (a) 4 (b) −4 (c) −3 (d) −2

6. The product of a rational number and an 15. If [0.04 × 0.4 × x ] = 0.4 × 0.04 × y, then the
irrational number is value of x / y is
(a) natural number (b) an irrational number (a) 0.0016 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.016 (d) 0.160
(c) a composite number (d) a rational number 170
16. The unit digit in the product (127) is
7. What is the value of x for which x, x + 1, x + 3 are (a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 3
all prime numbers?
(a) 0 (b) 1 17. The unit digit in the product ( 771 × 659 × 365 ) is
(c) 2 (d) 101 (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1
MATHEMATICS Number System 9

18. When n is divided by 4, the remainder is 3. 30. If k is any even positive integer, then ( k2 + 2k) is
What is the remainder when 2n is divided by (a) divisible by 24
4? (b) divisible by 8 but may not be divisible by 24
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 3 (c) divisible by 4 but may not be divisible by 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 (d) divisible by 2 but may not be divisible by 4
− − × −
19. If 4 6 48 ÷ 4 6 48 = x, the value of 31. The number 2784936 is divisible by which one of
1 1 1  1 1 1
− −  × −  the following numbers?
4  6 48 4  6 48 (a) 86 (b) 87 (c) 88 (d) 89
x is
20 21 21 20 32. Which among the following is the largest four-digit
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − number that is divisible by 88?
21 20 20 21
(a) 9988 (b) 9966 (c) 9944 (d) 8888
20. If x is negative real number, then 1
1 1 33. The pair of rational numbers that lies between
(a)| x| = x (b)| x| = − x (c)| x| = (d)| x| = −
x x 4
3
x 3 x− y and is
21. If = , then the value of is 4
y 5 x+ y 262 752 24 74
1 1 1 (a) , (b) ,
(a) − (b) (c) (d) −6 1000 1000 100 100
4 4 6 9 31 252 748
(c) , (d) ,
7− x 40 40 1000 1000
22. If x is real, then < 2, if and only if
3 34. By adding x to 1254934, the resulting number
(a) 1 < x < 13 (b) −1 < x < 13 (c) x < 13 (d) x > 13 becomes divisible by 11, while adding y to 1254934
23. A number is divisible by 25 only, if makes the resulting number divisible by 3. Which
(a) the last digit of the number is zero one of the following is the set of values for x and y?
(b) the last digit of the number is 5 (a) x = 1, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = − 1
(c) the last two digit of the number is divisible by 15 (c) x = − 1, y = 1 (d) x = − 1, y = − 1
(d) the last two digit of the number is divisible by 25 35. What is the last digit in the expansion of 34798 ?
2.48 × 2.48 − 1.52 × 1.52 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 9
24. The value of is
0.96 36. What least value must be given to ⊗, so that the
(a) 4 (b) 0.96 (c) 16 (d) 15.04 number 84705 ⊗ 2 is divisible by 9?
25. Which one of the following is correct regarding (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
the number 222222? 37. What is the total number of three digit numbers
(a) It is divisible by 3 but not divisible by 7 with unit digit 7 and divisible by 11?
(b) It is divisible by 3 and 7 but not divisible by 11 (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
(c) It is divisible by 2 and 7 but not divisible by 11
7 3
(d) It is divisible by 3, 7 and 11 38. Find the value of ‘a’ and ‘b’ 3 ×b = 8.
a 15
26. What is the sum of positive integers less than (a) 2, 11 (b) 11, 2 (c) 1, 1 (d) 2, 1
100 which leave a remainder 1 when divided
by 3 and leave a remainder 2 when divided by 39. If a , b and c are real numbers such that
4? a < b and c < 0, then which of the statements is
(a) 416 (b) 620 (c) 1250 (d) 1314 true?
27. What is the last digit in the expansion of (a) (a/c ) < (b/c ) (b) ac < bc
754 (c) (c/a) > (c/b ) (d) ac > bc
( 2457) ?
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 40. If we divide a positive integer by another positive
integer, what is the resulting number?
28. A three-digit number is divisible by 11 and
(a) It is always a natural number
has its digit in the unit’s place equal to 1. The
(b) It is always an integer
number is 297 more than the number obtained
by reversing the digits. What is the number? (c) It is a rational number
(a) 121 (b) 231 (c) 561 (d) 451 (d) It is an irrational number

29. The remainder on dividing given integers a 41. What can be said about the expansion of 212n − 64 n ,
and b by 7 are, respectively 5 and 4. What is where n is a positive integer?
the remainder when ab is divided by 7? (a) Last digit is 4 (b) Last digit is 8
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (c) Last digit is 2 (d) Last two digits are zero
10 CDS Pathfinder

42. If p is an integer, then every square integer is of 54. What will be the remainder when 19100 is
the form divided by 20?
(a) 2 p or (4 p − 1) (b) 4p or (4 p − 1) (a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 3 (d) 1
(c) 3p or (3 p + 1) (d) 4p or (4 p + 1) 12
55. 7 − 4 12
is exactly divisible by which of the
43. If r and s are any real numbers such that 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 following number?
and r + s = 1, then what is the maximum value of (a) 34 (b) 33 (c) 36 (d) 35
the product? p q p +2 q +1
3 1 1
56. If 2 + 3 = 17 and 2 −3 = 5, then find the
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) value of p and q.
4 2 4
(a) −2, 3 (b) 2, − 3 (c) 3, 2 (d) 2, 3
44. A number when divided by 2, 3 or 5 gives
49 1
remainder 1. The number is 57. If = 3+ , where x , y and z are natural
15 1
(a) 31 (b) 47 (c) 49 (d) 53 x+
1
45. The largest integer that divides product of any y+
four consecutive integers is z
numbers, then what is z equal to?
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 24
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3
46. Which one of the following three digit numbers (d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
divides 9238 and 7091 with the same remainder
in each case? 58. The least number which is a perfect square and
(a) 113 (b) 209 (c) 317 (d) 191
has 540 as a factor is
(a) 8100 (b) 6400 (c) 4900 (d) 3600
47. For a positive integer n, define d( n ) = The 2 3
59. If A is real and 1 + A + A + A = 40, then A is
number of positive divisors of n. What is the equal to
value of d( d( d(12)))?
(a) −3 (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these
60. How many factors of 1080 are perfect squares?
48. If three sides of a right angled triangle are (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 5
integers in their lowest form, then one of its
sides is always divisible by 61. Consider the following statements:
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) None of these I. In a given whole number, if the sum of the odd
numbered digit is equal to the sum of even
49. If −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 1 ≤ y ≤ 3, then the maximum numbered digits, then the number is divisible
value of ( 3 y − 4x ) is by 11.
(a) 18 (b) 13 (c) 5 (d) −6 II. In a given whole number, if the difference of
50. If ‘ p’ is an integer greater than 3, then on dividing sum of odd numbered digits and even numbered
digits is divisible by 11, then the number is
p11 + 1 by p − 1, we would get the remainder as
divisible by 11.
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) −2 (d) −1
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
51. If A is the set of squares of natural numbers and correct?
x and y are any two element of A, then the (a) Only I (b) Both I and II
correct statement is (c) Only II (d) None of these
(a) x + y belongs to A (b) x − y belongs to A
x 62. Consider the following statements:
(c) belongs to A (d) x y belongs to A
y A number a1a2a3a4 a5 is divisible by 9, if
I. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 is divisible by 9.
52. A ten-digit number is divisible by 4 as well as by
II. a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + a5 is divisible by 9.
5. What could be the possible digit at the ten’s
place in the given number? Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(a) 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 (b) 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 correct?
(c) 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 (d) 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
53. If x < 0 < y, then which one of the following
relations is correct? 63. Consider the following statements:
(a)
1
<
1
<
1
(b)
1
>
1
<
1 If p is a prime such that p + 2 is also a prime,
x2 xy y2 x2 xy y2 then
1 1
(c) <
1 1
(d) > I. p( p + 2) + 1 is a perfect square.
x y x y II. 12 is a divisor of p + ( p + 2), if p > 3
MATHEMATICS Number System 11

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II 69. What number should be added to 231228 to
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II make it exactly divisible by 33? e 2012 I
64. Consider the following statements: (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
I. If x and y are composite integers, so also is x + y. 70. If a positive integer leaves remainder 28 when
II. If x and y are composite integers and x > y, then divided by 143, then what is the remainder
x − y is also a composite integer. obtained on dividing the same number by 13?
III. If x and y are composite integers, so also in xy. e 2012 I
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 9 (d) 10
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? 71. Which one of the following is neither prime
(a) I, II and III (b) I and II number nor composite number? e 2012 II
(c) Only III (d) None of these (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these

65. Consider the following statements: 72. Which one of the following has least number of
I. The product of any three consecutive integers is divisors? e 2012 II
divisible by 6. (a) 88 (b) 91 (c) 96 (d) 99
II. Any integer can be expressed in one of the 73. How many numbers between −11 and 11 are
three forms 3k, 3k + 1, 3k + 2, where k is an multiples of 2 or 3? e 2012 II
integer. (a) 11 (b) 14 (c) 15 (d) None of these
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 74. Consider the following statements
correct? I. If n is a prime number greater than 5, then
(a) Only I (b) Only II n4 − 1 is divisible by 2400.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II II. Every square number is of the form 5n or (5n − 1)
66. Consider the following statements: or (5n + 1), where n is a whole number.
I. A natural number is divisible by 2, if its last Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
digit is divisible by 2. correct? e 2012 II
II. A natural number is divisible by 2, if its last (a) Only I (b) Only II
digit is either zero or 2. (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
III. A natural number is divisible by 2, if its last
digit is even. 75. If N , ( N + 2) and ( N + 4) are prime numbers,
then the number of possible solutions for N are
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 (b) 2 e 2013 I
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these (c) 3 (d) None of these
67. Consider the following statements for natural 76. The two-digit number, which when divided by
numbers a, b and c : sum of the digits and product of the digits,
I. If ‘a’ is divisible by ‘b’ and ‘b’ is divisible by ‘c’, respectively leaves the same remainder the
then a must be divisible by ‘c’. number is and the difference of quotients is one.
II. If ‘a’ is a factor of both ‘b’ and ‘c’, then ‘a’ must (a) 14 (b) 23 (c) 32 (d) 41 e 2013 I
be a factor of ‘b + c’.
77. If x is positive even integer and y is negative
III. If ‘a’ is a factor of both ‘b’ and ‘c’, then ‘a’ must
be a factor of ‘b − c’. odd integer, then x y is e 2013 I
(a) odd integer (b) even integer
Which of the statements given above are correct? (c) rational number (d) None of these
(a) I, II and III (b) I and II
(c) II and III (d) None of these 78. Consider the following statements
I. There is a finite number of rational numbers
68. Consider the following statements: between any two rational numbers.
I. Set of positive powers of 2 is closed under II. There is an infinite number of rational numbers
multiplication. between any two rational numbers.
II. The set {1, 0, − 1} is closed under multiplication. III. There is a finite number of irrational number
III. The number 35 has exactly four divisors. between any two rational numbers.
IV. The set {1, 0, − 1} is closed under addition. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
Which of the statements given above are correct? correct? e 2013 I
(a) I, II and III are true (b) Only III (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only IV (d) All of these (c) Only III (d) Both II and III
12 CDS Pathfinder

79. If k is a positive integer, then every square 88. What is the remainder when (1235 × 4523 × 2451)
integer is of the form e 2013 II is divided by 12? e 2014 II
(a) 4k (b) 4k or 4k + 3 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
(c) 4k + 1 or 4k + 3 (d) 4k or 4k + 1
89. What is the number of divisors of 360? e 2014 II
80. If b is the largest square divisor of c and a2 (a) 12 (b) 18
divides c, then which one of the following is (c) 24 (d) None of these
correct (where, a, b and c are integers)? e 2013 II
(a) b divides a (b) a does not divide b 90. The multiplication of a three-digit number XY 5
(c) a divides b (d) a and b are coprime with digit Z yields X 215. What is X + Y + Z
equal to? e 2014 II
81. Every prime number of the form 3k + 1 can be (a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 17 (d) 18
represented in the form 6m + 1 (where, k and m
are integers), when e 2013 II
91. How many pairs of X and Y are possible in the
number 763X 4Y 2, if the number is divisible
(a) k is odd
by 9? e 2014 II
(b) k is even (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
(c) k can be both odd and even
(d) No such form is possible 92. If an = 3 − 4n , then what is a1 + a2 + a3 +…+ an
equal to? e 2014 II
82. Consider the following statements (a) − n (4n − 3) (b) − n (2 n − 1) (c) −n2 (d) − n (2 n + 1)
I. 7710312401 is divisible by 11.
II. 173 is a prime number. 93. Consider all those two-digit positive integers less
than 50, which when divided by 4 yield unity as
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
remainder. What is their sum? e 2014 II
correct? e 2013 II
(a) 310 (b) 314 (c) 218 (d) 323
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 94. p, q and r are prime numbers such that
p < q < r < 13. In how many cases would
83. Consider the following statements ( p + q + r ) also be a prime number? e 2014 II
I. To obtain prime numbers less than 121, we are (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
to reject all the multiples of 2, 3, 5 and 7.
II. Every composite number less than 121 is 95. The digit in the units place of the product
divisible by a prime number less than 11. 81 × 82 × 83 × 84 ×…× 99 is e 2015 I
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? e 2013 II 96. What is the remainder obtained when
(a) Only I (b) Only II
1421 × 1423 × 1425 is divided by 12? e 2015 I
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
96
97. What is the remainder when 4 is divided by 6?
84. Consider the following statements
I. No integer of the form 4k + 3, where k an integer, e 2015 I
can be expressed as the sum of two squares. (a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
II. Square of an odd integer can expressed in the
form 8k + 1, where k is an integer. 98. What is the maximum value of m, if the number
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are N = 35 × 45 × 55 × 60 × 124 × 75 is divisible by
correct? e 2014 I 5m ? e 2015 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 7
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
85. What is 262 + 972 equal to? e 2014 I
99. If a − b = 4 and a2 + b2 = 40, where a and b are
(a) 27 2 + 932 (b) 342 + 932 (c) 82 2 + 412 (d) 792 + 62 2 positive integers, then a3 + b6 is equal to e 2015 I
(a) 264 (b) 280
86. If n is a whole number greater than 1, then (c) 300 (d) 324
n2( n2 − 1) is always divisible by e 2014 I 100. If n is a natural number and n = p1x1 p2x2 p3x3 ,
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 48 (d) 60
where p1, p2 , p3 are distinct prime factors, then
87. What is the remainder when (1723 + 2323 + 2923 ) the number of prime factors for n is e 2015 I
is divided by 23? e 2014 II (a) x1 + x2 + x3 (b) x1x2x3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (c) (x1 + 1)(x2 + 1)(x3 + 1) (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Number System 13

37 1 111. What is the maximum value of m, if the number

101. If = 2+ ,where x , y and z are natural
13 1 N = 90 × 42 × 324 × 55 is divisible by 3m ? e 2016 I
x+
1
y+ (a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 5
z 10 10
numbers, then what is z equal to? e 2015 I 112. 7 − 5 is divisible by e 2016 I
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) 11
(d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data 113. If a3 = 117 + b3 and a = 3 + b, then the value of
102. A student was asked to multiply a number by 25. a + b is (given that a > 0 and b > 0) e 2016 I
He instead multiplied the number by 52 and got (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 13
the answer 324 more than the correct answer.
The number to be multiplied was e 2015 I 114. Let m be a non-zero integer and n be a positive
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 32 integer. Let R be the remainder obtained on
dividing the polynomial x n + m n by ( x − m ).
103. The number of pairs ( x , y ), where x , y are integers
Then, e 2016 I
satisfying the equation 21x + 48 y = 5, is e 2015 II (a) R is a non-zero even integer
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Two (d) Infinity (b) R is odd, if m is odd
104. The largest natural number which divides every (c) R = s 2 for some integer s, if n is even
natural number of the form ( n3 − n ) ( n − 2), (d) R = t 3 for some integer t, if 3 divides n
where n is a natural number greater than 2, is
61 1
(a) 6 (b) 12 e 2015 II 115. If = 3+ where x , y and z are natural
(c) 24 (d) 48 19 1
x+
105. The digit in the units place of the resulting 1
y+
number of the expression ( 234)100 + ( 234)101, is x
(a) 6 (b) 4 e 2015 II numbers, then what z is equal to? e 2016 I
(c) 2 (d) 0 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
106. A number when divided by 7 leaves a remainder 116. Let x and y be positive integers such that x is
3 and the resulting quotient, when divided by 11 prime and y is composite. Which of the following
leaves a remainder 6. If the same number when statements are correct?
divided by 11 leaves a remainder m and the I. ( y − x) can be an even integer.
resulting quotient when divided by 7 leaves a
II. xy can be an even integer.
remainder n. What are the values of m and n,
respectively? e 2015 II III. 0.5 (x + y) can be an even integer.
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 4 and 1 (c) 3 and 6 (d) 6 and 3 Select the correct answer using the code given
107. The seven digit number 876 p37q is divisible by below e 2016 I
(a) I and II (b) II and III
225. The values of p and q can be respectively (c) I and III (d) All of these
(a) 9, 0 (b) 0, 0 e 2015 II
(c) 0, 5 (d) 5,9 117. Consider the following statements:
108. Let x and y be positive integers such that x > y. I. Every natural number is a real number.
The expressions 3x + 2 y and 2x + 3 y, when II. Every real number is a rational number.
divided by 5 leave remainders 2 and 3, III. Every integer is real number.
respectively. What is the remainder when ( x − y ), IV. Every rational number is a real number.
is divided by 5? e 2015 II Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 (a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV e 2016 I
(c) II and III (d) III and IV
109. The sum of first 47 terms of the series
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 118. Consider the following statements in respect of
+ − − − + + + − − ... , is two different non-zero integers p and q.
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6 e 2015 II
1 1 9 I. For ( p + q) to be less than ( p − q), q must be
(a) 0 (b) − (c) (d) negative.
6 6 20
II. For ( p + q) to be greater than ( p − q), both p and
110. The value of the expression q must be positive.
( 243 + 647)2 + ( 243 − 647)2 Which of the above statements is/are correct?
is equal to
243 × 243 + 647 × 647 e 2016 I (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2016 I
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
14 CDS Pathfinder

119. If a and b are negative real numbers and c is a 120. If m and n are distinct natural numbers, then
positive real number, then which of the following which of the following is/are integer/integers?
is/are correct? m n m n
I. + II. mn  +  (m2 + n2 )−1
I. a − b < a − c n m  n m
a b
II. If a < b, then < mn
c c III.
1 1 m2 + n2
III. <
b c
Select the correct answer using the code given
Select the correct answer using the code given
below e 2016 (I)
below e 2016 I
(a) I and II (b) Only II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only III (d) II and III (c) II and III (d) Only III

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) ( a + b ) always represent a natural 6. (b) We know that, the product of a 256 9x 81
⇒ − + =1
number ∀ a , b ∈ N . rational number and an irrational 49 49 49
2. (d) As, y = qx + r, so 0 ≤ r < x. number is an irrational number. ⇒ 256 + 81 − 9x = 49
3. (a) As p is prime, so p/a or p/b. 7. (c) If x = 2, then, x, x + 1 and x + 3 are ⇒ 9x = 288 ⇒ x = 32
all prime numbers.
4. (c) Consider the given options ⇒ 9x = 288 ⇒ x = 32
8. (c) Q Dividend = D × Q + R
(a) 161 is divisible by 7. Hence, 161 is 11. (a) By BODMAS, 10 ÷ 4 + 6 × 4
not a prime number. Given, D = 5Q and D = 2R
= 10 ÷ ( 4 + 6) × 4
(b) Since, 1 + 7 + 1 = 9. Therefore, 171 When R = 15, D = 2 × 15 = 30
is divisible by 3. Hence, 171 is not a D 30 = 10 ÷ 10 × 4 = 1 × 4 = 4
prime number. ∴ Q= = =6 a b c
5 5 12. (a) = = = k (say)
(c) 173 < ( 14)2 4 5 6
∴ Dividend = 30 × 6 + 15 = 195
173 is not divisible by any of the ⇒ a = 4k , b = 5k and c = 6k
numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13. Hence, 9. (d) As, 4 + 2 + * + 8 = 14 + * ; 42 * 8 is
divisible by 9, if 14 + * divisible by 9. a + b + c 4k + 5k + 6k 15k
173 is a prime number. So, = = =3
So, 14 + ∗ = 18 (nearest multiple of 9) b 5k 5k
(d) 221 is divisible by 13. Hence, 221 is
not a prime number. ⇒ ∗ = 18 − 14 = 4 13. (d) [ a − b + ( b − a )]
5. (c) Consider, 2, 4 ∈ N 16 16 * 9 9 9 − [ 2a − 2b + ( b − 2a )]
10. (d) Here, × − × + × =1
So, 4 = 2, a natural number 7 7 7 7 7 7 ⇒ [ a − b + b − a ] − [ 2a − 2b + b − 2a ]
and 2 = irrational number. Put * = x ⇒ 0 − [ 2a − 2a − b ] = 0 + b = b
MATHEMATICS Number System 15

0.0003325 7 − x
= 22. (a) As, <2 30. (b) If k is any even positive integer, then
k
14. (b) 10 (given)
3. 325  3  k 2 + 2k is divisible by 8 but may not be
3.325 × 10−4 7−x 7 − x
= = 10−4 ⇒ < 2 or −  <2 divisible by 24.
3.325 3  3 
Let k = 2m,m ∈ N , then
⇒ 10k = 10−4 [Q | x | < a ⇒ x < a or − x < a]
k 2 + k ⋅ 2 = 4m 2 + 4m = 4m (m + 1)
∴ k = −4 x−7
⇒ 7 − x < 6 or <2 which is divisible by 8.
3
15. (c) 0.04 × 0.4 × x = 0.4 × 0.04 × y
⇒ − x < − 1 or x − 7 < 6 31. (c) Given number is 2784936.
(given) Sum of digits at odd places= 25 and sum
x 0.4 × 0.04 ⇒ x > 1 or x < 13
∴ = of digits at even places = 14
y 0.04 × 0.4 ⇒ 1 < x < 13
∴ Difference = 25 − 14 = 11
23. (d) A number is divisible by 25 when its
x 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.04 × 0.04 So, number is divisisble by 11.
= = 0.016 last 2 digits are either zero or divisible by
y 0.04 × 0.4 25. Also last three digits of 2784936 i.e. 936
(squaring both sides) ( 2.48)2 − ( 1. 52)2 is divisible by 8.
24. (a) Hence, 2784936 is divisible by both 8
16. (b) Since, unit digit in 74 is 1. 0.96
( 2.48 − 1.52)( 2.48 + 152. ) and 11 i.e. 88.
∴ 7168 = ( 74 )42 give unit digit 1. =
0.96 32. (c) A number divisible by 88, if it is
∴ 7170 = 7168 × 72 gives the unit digit divisible by 8 and 11.
[Q a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b )]
as 1 × 7 × 7 = 9
0.96 × 4 In the given options 9944 and 8888 are
17. (c) Unit place in 7 4 = 1, so unit place in = =4
0.96 divisible by 88. Hence, maximum
768 is 1. number is 9944.
25. (d) Given, number is 222222.
∴ Unit place in 7 68 × 7 3 = 3. Similarly, 1 3
Here, sum of digits 33. (d) Q = 0.25 and = 0.75
unit place in 6 59 is 6 and unit place in 4 4
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 12,
34 is 1, so unit place in 365 = 364 × 3 = 3. Only option (d) lies between 0.25 and
which is divisible by 3. So, given number 252
∴ Unit place in 771 × 6 59 × 365 is the is divisible by 3. 0.75. Since = 0. 252
unit place of 3 × 6 × 3 = 4 1000
Now, sum of odd terms of digits − Sum
of even terms of digits = 6 − 6 = 0, 748
18. (b) As, n is divided by 4 the remainder is and = 0.748
3, so it is divisible by 11. 1000
n = 4q + 3, where q is quotient. Also, in a number if a digit is repeated 34. (b) Difference of sums of even and odd
six times, then the number is divisible by places digit of 1254934
⇒ 2n = 8q + 6
⇒ 2n = (8k + 4) + 2 = 4 ( 2k + 1) + 2
7, 11 and 13. = ( 1 + 5 + 9 + 4) − ( 2 + 4 + 3)
So, if 2n is divided by 4 the quotient
Hence, the given number is divisible by = 19 − 9 = 10
3, 7 and 11.
is 2k + 1 and remainder is 2. This number will be divisible by 11,
1 1 1 1 1 1 26. (a) Required numbers are of the form of after adding x, if x = 1.
− − × − 12q − 2
19. (c) Given, 4 6 48 ÷ 4 6 48 Also, the sum of digits of 1254934
1 1 1 1 1 1 i.e. 10, 22, 34, 46, 58, 70, 82, 94
− −  × −  = 1 + 2 + 5 + 4 + 9 + 3 + 4 = 28
4  6 48  4  6 48  ∴ Total sum = 10 + 22 + 34 + 46 + 58
1254934 will be divisible by 3, after
+ 70 + 82 + 94 = 416 adding y , if y = − 1
=x
12 − 8 − 1 1 1 27. (d) The last digit in the expansion of 35. (d) Last digit in the expansion of 34798
−
⇒ x = 48 ÷ 24 48 ( 2457)754 is equal to last digit of ( 7)754 . = Last digit in the expansion of
12 − (8 − 1) 1  8 − 1 ( 7)754 = ( 74 )188 × 72 = 1 × 72
×  (34 )1199 ⋅ 32
48 4  48  = ( 7)2 = 49
3 2−1 = Last digit in the expansion of 32 = 9
Hence, last digit is 9.
⇒ x = 48 ÷ 48 36. (b) The given number is divisible by 9, if
5 7 28. (d) On taking option (d),
sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
48 4 × 48 The reverse digit of 451 is 154.
Here, sum of digits
3 4 21 Now, 154 + 297 = 451 is equal to the
⇒ x = ÷ ⇒x = original number. = 8 + 4 + 7 + 0 + 5 + 2 + ⊗ = 26 + ⊗
5 7 20
29. (d) Let a = 7 p + 5 and b = 7q + 4 If ⊗ = 1 , then 26 + 1 = 27 is divisible by
20. (b) Clearly, absolute value is defined by 9.
| x | = − x. where, p and q are natural numbers.
x− y x/ y − 1 3/5− 1 ∴ ab = ( 7 p + 5) ( 7q + 4) 37. (c) The total number of three-digit
21. (a) = = numbers with unit digit 7 and divisible
x + y x/y + 1 3/5 + 1 ab = 49 pq + ( 4 p + 5 q ) 7 + 20
by 11 are 187, 297, 407, 517, 627, 737,
= 7 ( 7 pq + 4 p + 5 q ) + 7 × 2 + 6 847, 957.
(3 − 5 ) / 5 −2 1
= = =− when ab is divided by 7, we get the
(3 + 5 ) / 5 8 4 remainder 6. ∴ Total numbers = 8
16 CDS Pathfinder

38. (b) Apply hit and trial method from the 48. (b) Given, by pythagoras theorem, 49 1
57. (c) =3+
given option. As, here when 15 1
(3 ) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 = ( 5 ) 2 x+
a = 11, b = 2, then y+
1
Let the sides of a right triangle be 3, 4,
7 3 7 3 z
3 ×b =3 ×2 5.
a 15 11 15 1 49 4
Hence, one of its sides is always divisible ⇒ = −3 =
40 33 1 15 15
= × =8 by 5. x+
11 15 yz + 1
49. (b)Q1 ≤ y ≤ 3 ⇒ 3 ≤ 3 y ≤ 9 …(i) z
39. (d) Since, a < b ⇒ a − b < 0. Also, c < 0
and −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ − 4 ≤ 4x ≤ 12 1 4
∴ ( a − b ) c > 0 ⇒ ac − bc > 0 ⇒ ac > bc ⇒ z =
⇒ −12 ≤ −4x ≤ 4 …(ii) x+ 15
40. (c) When we divide a positive integer by yz + 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
another positive integer, the resultant
−9 ≤ 3 y − 4x ≤ 13 yz + 1 4
will be a rational number i.e. in the form ⇒ =
xyz + x + z 15
of p/q, where p and q are positive integers Maximum value is 13.
and q ≠ 0. 50. (a) When p11 + 1 is divided by ( p − 1), ⇒ 15( yz + 1) = 4 ( xyz + x + z )
41. (d) 212 n − 64 n = ( 212 )n − ( 64 ) n then the remainder is ⇒ 15 yz + 15 = 4xyz + 4x + 4z
= ( 4096)n − ( 1296)n ( 1)11 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 ⇒ 15 − 4x = ( 4xy + 4 − 15 y )z
∴ 212 n − 64 n = ( 4096 − 1296) k 51. (d) Let x = a 2 and y = b 2 for some 15 − 4x
z=
As x n − y m is always divisible by ( x − m ) a , b ∈ N , then xy = a 2 b 2 = ( ab )2 , where ( 4xy + 4 − 15 y )
ab ∈ N .
= 2800 ( k ) As x, y and z are natural numbers.
So, xy ∈ A .
Hence, last two digits are always be zero.
x a2
2 Again, let x = 3 and y = 1
But = 2 =   ∉ A as ∉ N .
a a
42. (c) We know that   15 − 4(3)
y b b b Then, z =
4 = 3 p + 1, for p = 1, 9 = 3 p, for p = 3 4(3)( 1) + 4 − 15( 1)
52. (d) Since, a ten-digit number is divisible
16 = 3 p + 1, for p = 5, 15 − 12 3
by 4 as well as by 5, then this number = =
25 = 3 p + 1, for p = 8 must be divisible by 20. 12 + 4 − 15 1
36 = 3 p, for p = 12 We known that any number is divisible ⇒ z = 3, which is a natural number.
Hence, every square integer is of form by 20, if last two digits is divisible by 20. 58. (a) Required number is
either 3 p or 3 p + 1. It means unit place will be zero and ten’s
x 2 = 540 × q = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 5 × q
place may be 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
43. (d) Given, r + s = 1 In order to make x 2 a perfect square, the
1 53. (c) As, x < 0 < y [given]
For maximum product, r = s = least number we must have to put is
2 ⇒ x < 0 and y > 0 q = 3 × 5 = 15
1 1 1
∴ rs = × = ∴
1
< 0 and
1 1 1
>0 ∴ < ∴ x 2 = 540 × 15 = 8100
2 2 4 x y x y
59. (d) We have, 1 + A + A 2 + A 3 = 40
44. (a) Required number
54. (d) On division of ( 19)n by 20, we get ⇒ ( 1 + A ) + A 2 ( 1 + A ) = 40
= [LCM of 2, 3 and 5] +1 remainder either 19 or 1.
= 30 + 1 = 31 ⇒ ( 1 + A )( 1 + A 2 ) = 40
Since, last digit of ( 19)100 is 1.
Only A = 3 satisfies the above equation,
45. (d) The largest integer that divides ( 19)100
product of any four consecutive integers ∴ Remainder of is 1. so, A = 3.
20
is 24. 60. (a) We have, 1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 are four consecutive 55. (b) We know that ( xn − y n ) is divisible
integers. by ( x − y ) for all ‘n’ and is divisible by For any perfect square, all the powers of
( x + y ) for even ‘n’. the primes have to be even numbers.
Multiplication = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24
∴( 712 − 412 ) is divisible by ( 7 + 4) = 11 So, if the factor is of the form
which divided by 24.
and ( 7 − 4) = 3 2a × 3b × 5c
46. (a) When we divide the number 9238
Thus, ( 712 − 412 ) is divisible by 33. The values a can be 0 and 2, b can be 0
and 7091 by 113, we get the same
remainder 85. 56. (c) Here, 2 p + 3q = 17 ...(i) and 2 and c can take the value 0.
47. (d) d ( d ( d ( 12))) = d ( d ( 6)) 2p + 2
− 3q +1
=5 Totally, there are 4 possibilities.
[Q positive integer divisor of or 4 ⋅ 2 − 3 ⋅ 3q = 5
p
...(ii) 61. (b) Clearly, both statements satisfies
12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12] On multiplying Eq. (i), by 3 and adding divisibility rule of 11.
d ( d ( 6)) = d ( 4) it with Eq. (ii), we get 62. (a) As, we know that a number
[Q positive integer divisor of 7 ⋅ 2 p = 56, 2 p = 8 = 23 , ⇒ p = 3 a a a a a is divisible by 9, if sum of
6 = 1, 2, 3, 6] 1 2 3 4 5
Put p = 3 in Eq. (i), we get the digits, i.e. a + a + a + a + a
and d( 4) = 3 1 2 3 4 5
[Q positive integer divisor of 23 + 3q = 17, 3q = 17 − 8 = 9 = 32 is divisible by 9. Hence, only statement I
4 = 1, 2, 4] ∴ q=2 is true.
MATHEMATICS Number System 17

63. (c) Taking p = 11 72. (b)Here, 88 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 = ( 2)3 × ( 11)1 So, a 2 will divide bx or a will divide b.
p + 2 = 13 [a prime number] 91 = ( 7)1 × ( 13)1 [since, it cannot divide x as it is not a
whole square]
I. 11 × 13 + 1 = 144 [a square number] 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
II. 11 + 13 = 24 [12 is a divisor of 24] 81. (b) Every prime number of the form
= ( 2)5 × (3)1
3k + 1 can be represented in the form
Hence, both statements I and II are and 99 = 3 × 3 × 11 = (3) × ( 11)
2 1
6m + 1 only, when k is even.
correct. So, 91 has least number of divisors. 82. (c) I. In 7710312401, difference between
64. (c) I. If x = 15 and y = 14, then 73. (c) Following are the numbers between sum of even place digits and the sum of
x + y = 15 + 14 = 29, which is a − 11and 11 which are multiples of 2 or 3. odd place digits 0. So, it is divisible by
prime number. So, if x and y are 11.
composite, then x + y is not always − 10, − 9, − 8, − 6, − 4, − 3, − 2,
II. Since, 173 < ( 14)2 and it is not
composite. 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 divisible by 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13. So,
II. If x = 15 and y = 14, then So, the numbers of multiples 2 or 3, it is a prime number.
x − y = 15 − 14 = 1 which is neither between –11 and 11 are 15. Hence, both statements I and II are
prime nor composite, hence again correct.
x − y is not always composite. 74. (b) I. Given, n is a prime number greater
than 5. 83. (c) Both the statements given are
III. Third condition is satisfied for all correct. As 121 is the square of 11. So, to
Now, n4 − 1 = ( n2 − 1)( n2 + 1)
measure. obtain prime numbers less than 121, we
Hence, only III is correct. = ( n − 1)( n + 1)( n2 + 1) reject all the multiples of prime numbers
65. (c) I. The product of any three Put n = 11, less than 11 i.e. 2, 3, 5 and 7. Similarly,
consecutive integers is divisible by 6. n4 − 1 = ( 11 − 1)( 11 + 1)( 121 + 1) every composite number less than 121 is
[prime number greater than 5] divisible by a prime number less than 11
II. Here, 3k = {. . . − 6, − 3, 0, 3, 6, . . .}
= 10 × 12 × 122 i.e. 2, 3, 5 or 7.
3k + 1 = {. . . − 5, − 2, 1, 4, 7, . . .}
= 14640 which is not divisible by 2400. 84. (a) I. f ( k ) = 4k + 3
and 3k + 2 = {. . . − 4, − 1, 2, 5, 8, . . .}
So, statement I is not true. For k = 1, f ( 1) = 4 × 1 + 3 = 7
∴ {3k , 3k + 1, 3k + 2} For k = 2, f ( 2) = 4 × 2 + 3 = 11
II. Every square number can be of the
= {. . . − 6, − 5, − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1 form 5n or (5n ± 1) or (5n ± 4). For k = 3, f (3) = 4 × 3 + 3 = 15
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . . . } So, statement II is true. Values of f ( k ) for k = 1, 2 ,... cannot
Hence, it is true. be expressed as sum of two squares,
75. (a) When N is a natural number, then since 12 + 22 = 5, 12 + 32 = 10,
66. (d) All statements are true. there is only one possible case that N, (N 22 + 32 = 13.
+ 2), (N + 4) are prime numbers.
67. (a) (i) If b / a and c / b, then a = bx and II. f ( k ) = 8k + 1
b = cy for x, y ∈ N When N = 3, then N, (N + 2), (N + 4) For k = 1, f ( 1) = (8 × 1) + 1 = 9
⇒ a = bx = cy ( x) = cxy ⇒ c / a = 3, 5, 7 all are primes numbers. For k = 2, f ( 2) = (8 × 2) + 1 = 17
(ii) If a / b and a / c, then b = ax and 76. (c) From options, For k = 3, f (3) = (8 × 3) + 1 = 25
c = ay for xy ∈ N , (c)
32
=
32
=2 (remainder) For k = 4, f ( 4) = (8 × 4) + 1 = 33
⇒ ( b + c ) = ax + ay = a ( x + y ) (3 + 2 ) 5 For k = 5, f (5) = (8 × 5) + 1 = 41
So, a / ( b + c ) 32 32 f ( k ) = 8k + 1 is square of an odd
and = =2 (remainder)
(iii) From (ii), we have ( b − c ) = a( x − y ) (3 × 2 ) 6 integer only for some values of k.
⇒ a / ( b − c) ∴ Remainder are same. So, only statement I is correct.
68. (d) All are true. and difference of quotients = 6 − 5 = 1 85. (d) To check which option is equal to
26 2 + 972 , we take the sum of unit
69. (c) Given, 33 ) 231228 ( 7006 77. (c) If x is a positive even integer and y is digit’s square of both number of the
231 negative odd integer, then x y is a
question as well as the answer options.
rational number.
228 Whichever answer option shows the
198 78. (b) We know that, between any two same result will be the answer.
30 rational numbers, there are an infinite Here, in 262 + 972 , 62 = 36
number of rational and irrational numbers.
Now, 33 − 30 = 3 and 72 = 49
Hence, only statement II is correct.
So, on adding 3 to 231228, it will be So, 36 + 49 = 85
completely divisible by 33. 79. (d) If k is a positive integer, then every
square integer is of the form 4k or 4k + 1, For option (a), 72 + 32 = 49 + 9 = 58
70. (b) Given, N = 143k + 28 as every square number is either a For option (b), 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25
⇒ N = 143k + 26 + 2 multiple of 4 or exceeds multiple of 4 by For option (c), 22 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
⇒ N = 13 ( 11k + 2) + 2 unity. For option (d), 9 + 22 = 81 + 4 = 85
2

∴When the number is divided by 13 the 80. (c) Since, b is largest square divisor of c. Only option (d) satisfies the condition.
remainder is 2. So, c = bx
86. (a) If n is greater than 1, then n2 ( n2 − 1)
71. (a) 1 is neither prime number nor [where, x is not a whole square number] is always divisible by 12.
composite number. Also, a 2 divides c. Illustration 1 Put n = 2, then
18 CDS Pathfinder

n2 ( n2 − 1) = ( 2)2 ( 22 − 1) = 4 × 3 = 12 10 103. (a) 21x + 48 y = 5 ⇒ 3( 7x + 16 y ) = 5

= [ 2 × 13 + ( 10 − 1)4]
Illustration 2 Put n = 3, then 2 If x , y are integer, then LHS of the
n2 ( n2 − 1) = (3)2 (32 − 1) = 9 × 8 = 72 10 10 × 62
= [ 26 + 36] = = 310 above equation is multiple of 3, but the
2 2 RHS of above equation is not multiple
1723 + 2923 2323
87. (a) We have, + of 3.
23 23 94. (b) The prime numbers less than 13 are
2, 3, 5, 7, 11. ∴ There is no any integral values of x
( 1723 + 2923 ) is divisible by
Also, p < q < r < 13 and y exist.
( 17 + 29) i.e. 46
and p + q + r is a prime number. 104. (c) Let x = ( n3 − n)( n − 2), where n > 2
So, it is divisible by 23.
Also, 2323 is always divisible by 23. Hence, only two possible pairs exist i.e. Take n = 3, we get
∴ Remainder = 0 (3, 5, 11) and (5, 7, 11). x = (33 − 3)(3 − 2) = ( 27 − 3)( 1) = 24
88. (b) Let E = ( 1235 × 4523 × 2451) 95. (a) Product of unit digits [which is divisible by 6, 12 and 24]
= ( 12 × 102 + 11)( 12 × 376 + 11) = 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 × 9 Take n = 4, we get x = ( 43 − 4)( 4 − 2)
× ( 12 × 204 + 3 ) × 1 × 2 × 3 × ........ × 8 × 9 = ( 64 − 4) × 2 = 120
When we divide E by 12, then =0 [which is again divisible by 6, 12 and 24]
Remainder = Remainder when ∴ Required digit in the unit place is 0. Now, take n = 5, we get
11 × 11 × 3 or 363 is divided by 12 = 3 x = (53 − 5)(5 − 2) = ( 125 − 5) × 3
96. (c) See question 88.
89. (c) Q 360 = 23 × 32 × 51 = 120 × 3 = 360
∴ Number of divisors 97. (d) See example 8.
= (3 + 1)( 2 + 1)( 1 + 1) [which is again divisible by 6, 12 and 24]
98. (c) N = 35 × 45 × 55 × 60 × 124 × 75
= 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 Hence, 24 is the largest natural number.
= 5 × 7 × 5 × 9 × 5 × 11 × 5 × 12 × 124
90. (a) Given, three-digit number = XY 5 105. (d) We have, ( 234)100 + ( 234)101
× 5 ×3 2
XY 5 ⇒ ( 234)100 ( 1 + 234) = 235( 234)100
and =Z = 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 × 12 × 124 × 3
6
X 215
Hence, the maximum value of m is 6. We know that square of any number
Here, Z can take values 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. having 4 at unit place is a number in
But only 9 satisfies it, 99. (b) Given a − b = 4 …(i) which 6 at unit place.
135
On squaring both sides, we get Any exponent of a number 6 at unit
Q ×9
1215 ( a − b )2 = ( 4)2 ⇒ a 2 + b 2 − 2ab = 16 place is always 6 at unit place.
then X = 1, Y = 3 and Z = 9 ⇒ 40 − 2ab = 16 [Qa 2 + b 2 = 40] Q ( 235)(…6) = … 30
Now, X + Y + Z = 1 + 3 + 9 = 13 ⇒ 2ab = 24 ⇒ ab = 12 Resulting number have 0 at unit place.
91. (d) Given number is 763X 4Y 2. 106. (a) Let the number be y.
Q a+ b = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab
Since, given number is divisible by 9. ∴ y = 7q + 3 and q = 11p + 6
= 40 + 2 × 12 = 8
∴ 7 + 6 + 3 + X + 4 + Y + 2 = 9k ∴ y = 7( 11p + 6) + 3
⇒ 22 + X + Y = 9k ∴ a+ b =8 … (ii)
⇒ y = 77 p + 45
It is clear that LHS is divisible by 9, if On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
When divided by 11 remainder is 1 and
X + Y = 5,14 a = 6 and b = 2
quotient is 7 p + 4 and when the
When sum of X and Y is 5, then Now, a + b = 6 + 2 = 2 × 3 + 2
3 6 3 6 3 3 6
quotient is divided by 7 remainder is 4.
possible pairs are (1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3),
= 2 3 (3 3 + 2 3 ) 107. (c) Seven digits number 876 p37q is
(3, 2), (0, 5), (5, 0). When sum of X and
Y is 14, then possible pairs are = 8 ( 27 + 8) = 8 × 35 = 280 divisible by 225, if this number is
(5, 9),(9, 5),(6, 8),(8, 6) and (7, 7). divisible by 9 and 5.
Hence, the value of a 3 + b 6 is 280.
Hence, the possible pairs are 11. If this number is divisible by 9.
100. (c) If factor of given number is of the Then, sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
92. (b) Given, an = 3 − 4n
form of p α , p α ... p α n , then number Now, sum of digits
∴ Σan = Σ(3 − 4n) 1 1 2 2 n

[ n × ( n + 1)] of prime factors are =8+ 7+ 6+ p+3+ 7+ q

= 3n − 4
2 (α + 1) (α + 1) … (α n + 1) = 31 + p + q
1 2
= 3 n − 2 n2 − 2 n Hence, the prime factor of n are ∴ p + q = 5 or p + q = 14
= n − 2n2 = − n( 2n − 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1) and ( x + 1) ∴ Given number is divisible by 225
1 2 3
when q = 5
93. (a) Let the two-digit numbers less than, 101. (b) See question 57.
50 which when divided by 4 yield unity if q = 5, p = 0 or 9.
102. (a) Let x be the required number.
as remainder be 13, 17, … , 49. 108. (a) We have, when 3x + 2 y is divided by
∴ 52x − 25x = 324 ⇒ 27x = 324 5, remainder is 2.
Here, first term, a = 13, common 324
difference, d = 4 and n = 10 ⇒ x= = 12 ∴ 3x + 2 y = 5q + 2 …(i)
n 27
∴ Required sum = [ 2a + ( n − 1)d ] and when 2x + 3 y is divided by 5, the
2 Hence, the required number is 12. remainder is 3.
MATHEMATICS Number System 19

∴ 2x + 3 y = 5m + 3 …(ii) Also, a 3 − b 3 = 117 I. Q p + q< p − q

Subtract Eq. (ii) from Eq.(i), we get ⇒ ( a − b )( a 2 + b 2 + ab ) = 117 ⇒ q + q< 0
x − y = 5( q − m ) − 1 117 ⇒ 2q < 0
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + ab = = 39 …(ii)
x − y = 5( q − m ) − 5 + 4 3 ⇒ q< 0
x − y = 5( q − m − 1) + 4 On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii) ∴ q must be negative.
∴ x − y is divided by 5 remainder is 4. 3ab = 30 ⇒ ab = 10 Hence, statement I is correct.
109. (b) The sum of first 47 terms of the Now, a + b = ( a − b ) + 4ab
2
II. Q p + q> p − q
series
= 9 + 40 = 49 = 7 ⇒ q + q> 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ∴ 2q > 0
+ − − − + + 114. (a) If R is the remainder obtained by
4 5 6 4 5 6 4
dividing the polynomial xn + m n by ∴ q must be positive irrespective of p.
1 1
+ − … 47 term ( x − m ), then ( xn + m n − R) is divisible Hence, statement II is incorrect.
5 6 by ( x − m ).
119. (d) I. a − b < a − c
It is clear that sum of first 6 term is zero. Let f ( x) = xn + m n − R ⇒b − c> 0 ...(i)
Similarly, sum of first 42 terms is zero. Q f ( x) is divisible by ( x − m ).
As, b is negative real number and c is
Sum of last 5 terms ∴ f (m ) = 0 positive real number, then Eq. (i) is
1 1 1 1 1 −1 ⇒ (m ) n + (m ) n − R = 0 not true.
= + − − − =
4 5 6 4 5 6 R = 2(m )n II. If a < b, when a and b are negative
( 243 + 647)2 + ( 243 − 647)2 As, m is a non-zero integer and n is a real numbers and c is a positive
110. (c) a b
243 × 243 + 647 × 647 positive integer, then R is a non-zero real number, then < is always
even integer. c c
2[( 243)2 + ( 647)2 ]
= =2 true for b > a.
( 243)2 + ( 647) 2 115. (c) See question 57. 1 1
III. < is always true, as c is a positive
[∴( a + b )2 + ( a − b )2 = 2 ( a 2 + b 2 )] 116. (d) x is prime and y is composite b c
111. (b) We have, N = 90 × 42 × 324 × 55 number. real number and b is a negative real
Since, x is prime number. number.
= 32 × 10 × 3 × 14 × 34 × 4 × 55
∴ x may be {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …} and y may 120. (d) I. If m and n are distinct natural
= 37 × 10 × 14 × 4 × 55 m n
7
be {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, …} numbers, then + is integer if and
Hence, N is divisible by 3 . Here, y may be even or odd number and n m
So, the maximum value of m is 7 when x is odd number except 2. only if m = n. Hence statement I is
N is divisible by 3m . incorrect.
∴ ( y − x) can be even number.
II. mn  +  (m 2 + n2 )−1
m n
112. (d) 710 − 510 = ( 75 )2 − (55 )2 Also, xy can be even number.  n m
= ( 75 + 55 ) ( 75 − 55 ) If y is odd integer and x ≥ 3.  m 2 + n2   1 
Then, 0.5( x + y ) is an even integer. = mn    =1
= ( 16807 + 3125) ( 75 − 55 )  mn   m 2 + n2 
= 19932 × ( 75 − 55 ) Hence, statements I, II and III are
correct. Hence, statement II is correct for all
Since, 19932 is divisible by 11. values of m and n.
117. (b) A real number is collection of all mn
Hence, 710 − 510 is divisible by 11. III. Now, 2 is a fraction.
rational and irrational numbers. m + n2
113. (a) We have, a − b = 3
So, statement II is false. So, statement III is incorrect.
Squaring both sides, we get
118. (a) Given, p and q are non-zero integers.
a 2 + b 2 − 2ab = 9 …(i)
02
20 CDS Pathfinder

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Usually (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Questions are mostly based on
relation between arithmatic geometric and harmonic mean.

SEQUENCE
A set of numbers arranged in a definite order according to some definite rule is called a sequence.
e.g. 2, 4, 6, 8, ... is a sequence.

SERIES
If a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,... a n is a sequence, then the expression a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n is called the series.
The series is said to be finite or infinite depending upon the last term is given or not. e.g.
(i) a1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . , a n is a finite sequence and is denoted as { a k } n .
k=1

(ii) a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , . . is an infinite sequence and is denoted by { a n } ∞

n = 1 or simply { a n }.

Here, a1 is called the first term and in case of finite sequence a n is called the last term.
e.g. 2, 4, 6, 8, … , 100 is a finite sequence.
1, 2, 3, 4, … is an infinite sequence.

PROGRESSION
Sequence following certain patterns are called progressions.
e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, … is a progression, here each term is increasing by 1.

Arithmetical Progression (AP)

An arithmetic progression is a sequence in which the difference between any term and its preceding
term is constant throughout. The constant ‘d’ is called the common difference. The first term of an AP
is represented by ‘a’.
MATHEMATICS Sequence and Series 21

If an AP has first term = a and common difference = d, a(r n − 1)

then the general form of an AP is
• Sum of the n terms of a GP is S n = ,
r −1
a, a + d , a + 2d , a + 3d , . . . , a + ( n − 1) d a(1 − r n )
if r > 1 and S n = , if r < 1.
• nth term of an AP is Tn = a + ( n − 1) d . 1−r
Sum of the first n terms of an AP is a
• • Sum of infinite terms of a GP is S n = .
n n 1−r
S n = [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ] or S n = [ a + l ]
2 2
where, l = last term Geometric Mean (GM)
If three terms are in GP, then the middle term is called
EXAMPLE 1. Find the sum of 11 terms of the geometric mean of the other two. If a, b and c are in
−7, − 2, 3, 8 K . GP, then b is the GM of a and c.
a. 200 b. 198 c. 326 d. 137
Let a and b be two numbers and G be the GM between
Sol. d. Here, a = −7, l = −7 + (10 × 5) = 43 them. Then, a, G, b are in GP, G = ab, a > 0, b > 0.
 a + l  −7 + 43
∴ S 11 = n  = 11×  
 2  2  EXAMPLE 3. If the 4th, 10th and 16th terms of a GP
36 are x, y and z respectively, then x, y , z are in
= 11× = 198
2 a. AP b. GP
c. AGP d. HP
Arithmetic Mean (AM) Sol. b. Let the first term and common ratio be a and r,
When three terms are in AP, then the middle term is respectively.
called arithmetic mean of the other two. Given, T4 = x ⇒ ar 4 − 1 = x ⇒ ar 3 = x …(i)
10 − 1 9
If a, b and c are in AP, then b is AM of a and c. T10 = y ⇒ ar = y ⇒ ar = y …(ii)
Let a and b be two numbers and M be the AM between T16 = z ⇒ ar 16 − 1 = z ⇒ ar 15 = z …(iii)
a+b
them. Then, a, M, b are in AP, M = . On multiplying Eq. (i), by Eq. (iii), we get
2
ar 3 × ar 15 = xz ⇒ a2r 18 = xz
EXAMPLE 2. Find the arithmetic mean (AM) ⇒ ( ar 9 ) 2 = xz ⇒ y 2 = xz [from Eq. (i)]
between 3 and 9. Hence, x, y and z are in GP.
a. 4 b. 6
c. 8 d. None of these Harmonic Progression (HP)
3 + 9 12 A sequence is said to be harmonic progression (HP). If
Sol. b. The arithmetic mean is = = 6.
2 2 the reciprocals of its terms are in arithmetic progression
So, 3, 6, 9 are in AP. (AP).
1 1 1
Geometric Progression e.g. The sequence, 1, , , … is an HP because the
3 5 7
A geometric progression is a progression of numbers,
sequence 1, 3, 5, 7 … is an AP.
whose first term is non-zero and each of the term is
1 1 1 1
obtained by multiplying its preceding term by a If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . ., a n are in HP, then , , ,...,
constant quantity. This constant quantity is called the a1 a 2 a 3 an
common ratio of the GP. are in AP.
Thus, if t 1 ,t 2 and t 3 are in GP, then common ratio 1
• nth term of an HP is T n =
Second term t 2 1  1 1
r= = + ( n − 1) − 
First term t1 a1  a 2 a1 

If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘r’ is the common ratio, then
GP can be written as a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 , …, ar n−1 = ( a ≠ 0 )
Harmonic Mean (HM)
If three terms are in HP, then the middle term is called
• n th term of a GP is Tn = ar n−1 = l. the harmonic mean of the other two. If a, b and c are
[where, l = last term] in HM, then b is the HM of a and c.
22 CDS Pathfinder

2
Let a and b be two numbers and H be the HM between  a + c 4 p2r 2 
⇒  
them.

 2 
  ( p + r) 2  = apcr [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
 
Then, a, b and c are in HP ( a + c) 2 pr
2ab ⇒ = ac
∴ H= ( p + r) 2
a+b
( a + c) 2 ( p + r) 2
⇒ =
Relation between Arithmetic, Geometric ac pr
and Harmonic Mean p2 r 2 a2 c2 p r a c
⇒ + + 2= + +2 ⇒ + = +
Let A, G and H be the arithmetic, geometric and pr pr ac ac r p c a
harmonic means between a and b, then
Sum to n Terms of Special Series
(i) A ≥ G ≥ H (ii ) G 2 = AH The sum of first n terms of some special series is given
below
EXAMPLE 4. If a, b, c are in AP, p, q, r are in HP and
p r 1. The sum of first n natural numbers
ap, bq, cr are in GP, then + is equal to
r p n ( n + 1)
= ∑ n = 1 + 2 + 3+…+ n =
a c a c 2
a. − b. +
c a c a 2. The sum of square of the first n natural numbers
b q b q
d. + d. −
q b q b n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
= ∑ n 2 = 12 + 22 +…+ n 2 =
a+ c 6
Sol. b. Since, a, b, c are in AP ⇒ b = ...(i)
2 3. The sum of cubes of the first n natural numbers
2pr 2
p, q, r are in HP ⇒ q = …(ii)  n ( n + 1)
p+ r = ∑ n 3 = 13 + 23 +…+ n 3 = 
 2 
and ap, bq, cr are in GP, b2q2 = apcr

PRACTICE EXERCISE
3 + 5 + 7 +L+ n 5. An AP consists of n (odd terms) and its middle
1. If = 7, then the value of n
5 + 8 + 11 + L + 10 terms term is m. Then, the sum of the AP is
is 1
(a) 2mn (b) mn (c) mn (d) mn2
(a) 35 (b) 36 (c) 37 (d) 40 2

2. If sum of n terms of an AP is 3n2 + 5n and 2 3 4

6. The sum of 1 + +
2
+ + L ∞ upto n terms is
Tm = 164, then m is equal to 5 5 53
(a) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (d) None of these 25 15
(a) (b)
16 16
3. In a GP, if the ( m + n )th term be p and ( m − n )th 5 3
(c) (d)
term be q, then its mth term is 16 2
(a) pq (b) p/q (c) q/p (d) p+ q
7. The sum of n terms of an AP is an ( n − 1). The
4. The sum of the first ‘n’ terms of the series sum of the squares of these terms is equal to
1 3 7 15
+ + + + L is a2
2 4 8 16 (a) a2n2 (n − 1)2 (b) n (n − 1) (2 n − 1)
6
(a) 2 n − n − 1 (b) 1 − 2 − n 2 a2 2 a2
−n n
(c) n (n − 1) (2 n − 1) (d) n (n + 1) (2 n + 1)
(c) n + 2 −1 (d) 2 − 1 3 3
MATHEMATICS Sequence and Series 23

8. If S be the sum to infinity of a GP, whose first 14. If the sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers is
term is a, then the sum of first n terms is n( n + 1)
n
. Then, what will be the sum of first ‘n’
2
(a) S  1 − 
a
 S terms of the series of alternate positive and
 negative numbers when ‘n’ is even?
a 
n
(b) S 1 −  1 −  
 S  12 − 22 + 32 − 42 + 52 − K

 a 
n n (n + 1) n2 (n + 1) − n (n + 1)
(c) a 1 −  1 −   I.
2
II.
2
III.
2
 S 

(d) None of the above
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only III (c) Only II (d) None of these
9. If the non-zero numbers a , b, c are in AP and
tan− 1 a , tan− 1 b, tan− 1 c are also in AP, then
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS
(a) a = b = c (b) b 2 = 2 ac
(c) a2 = bc (d) c 2 = ab 15. If A, G and H are the arithmetic, geometric and
1 1 1 1 harmonic means between a and b respectively,
10. + = + , then a , b, c are in then which one of the following relations is
b− a b− c a c
(a) AP (b) GP
correct?
(c) HP (d) None of these (a) G is the geometric mean between A and H e 2015 I
(b) A is the arithmetic mean between G and H
11. The value of x + y + z is 15, if a , x , y , z , b are in (c) H is the harmonic mean between A and G
1 1 1 5
AP while the value of + + is , if a , x , y , z , b (d) None of the above
x y z 3
16. Consider the following statements in respect of
are in HP. Then, a and b are
n( n + 1)
(a) 1, 9 (b) 3, 7 the expression S n = , where ‘n’ is an
(c) 7, 3 (d) None of these 2
integer.
12. If the mth and nth term of a HP are n and m I. There are exactly two values of n for which
respectively, then the mnth term is S n = 861.
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) II. S n = S − ( n +1) and hence for any integer m we have
2 two values of n for which S n = m .
13. If a , 2a + 2, 3a + 3 are in GP, then what is the Which of these statement(s) is/are correct? e 2016 (I)
fourth term of the GP? (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) − 13.5 (b) 13.5 (c) − 27 (d) 27 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

n 1 3 7 15
[ 2 × 3 + ( n − 1) 2] 2. (b) Q Tm = Sm − S 4. (c) + + + +... + n terms
2 m −1
1. (a) Q =7 ⇒ 164 = 3 ( 2m − 1) + 5 ⋅ 1 2 4 8 16
10
=  1 −  +  1 −  +  1 − 
[ 2 × 5 + ( 10 − 1) × 3] 1 1 1
2 ⇒ 6m = 162  2  4  8
n( n + 2) ∴ m = 27
⇒ =7 + ... +  1 − n 
1
5 × 37 3. (a) Tm + n = arm + n − 1 = p,  2 
⇒ n2 + 2n − 1295 = 0 Tm − n = arm − n − 1 = q
= n −  + + + ... + n 
1 1 1 1
2
⇒ n + 37n − 35n − 1295 = 0 On multiplying, we get a 2 r 2 m − 2 = pq 2 4 8 2 
⇒ ( n + 37) ( n − 35) = 0 1  1 − ( 1 / 2)n 
∴ Tm = arm − 1 = pq = n−  −n
 = n+ 2 − 1
∴ n = 35 2  1− 1/ 2 
24 CDS Pathfinder

5. (c) Middle term = T ( c − b + a) ( b − c − a) ∴mnth term of HP = 1

n +1 ⇒ =
c( b − a ) a( b − c )
2 13. (c) a , 2a + 2, 3a + 3 are in GP.
n+ 1
∴ a +  − 1 d = m [given] ⇒
1
=−
1
⇒ ( 2 a + 2 ) 2 = (3 a + 3 )a
 2  c( b − a ) a( b − c )
⇒ 4a 2 + 4 + 8a = 3a 2 + 3a
2a + ( n − 1) d = 2m …(i) ⇒ ba − ca = − cb + ac
n ⇒ a 2 + 5a + 4 = 0
Now, Sn = [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ] = nm ⇒ ab + bc = 2ac
2 ⇒ a = −1, − 4
2ac
6. (a) The given sequence is arithmetic ∴ b= Now, a = −1 does not satisfy the given
1 a+ c series.
geometric series, where r = and d = 1 Hence, a , b , c are in HP.
5 ∴ −4, − 6, − 9 are in GP.
a dr 3
S∞ = +
∴ t = −4   = −13.5
11. (a) Q a, x, y, z, b are in AP. 3
1 − r ( 1 − r )2 a + b  2
∴ x + y + z = 3 
4
1 
1×  2 
1 5 14. (b) When ‘n’ is even.
= + a + b
15 = 3
1 2
1−  1 − 1 ⇒  Let n = 2m, then
5     2 
5 = 12 − 22 + 32 − 42 + 52 − K
= +
5 5
=
25 ⇒ a + b = 10 …(i)
= ( 12 − 22 ) + (32 − 42 ) + (52 − 62 )
4 16 16 Also, a , x , y , z , b are in HP.
+ K + ( 2m − 1)2 − ( 2m )2
7. (c) Let Sn = an( n − 1), then ⇒
1 1 1 1 1
, , , , are in AP. = ( 1 + 2)( 1 − 1) + (3 + 4)( − 1)
S = a ( n − 1)( n − 2) a x y z b
n −1 + (5 + 6)( − 1) + K
∴ Tn = Sn − S = 2a ( n − 1) a + b
+ + = 3
1 1 1
n −1 ⇒  + ( 2m − 1 + 2m )( − 1)
Tn 2 = 4a 2 ( n − 1)2 x y z  2ab 
( n − 1)( n)( 2n − 1) = − ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 2m )
∴ Sum = ΣTn2 = 4a 2 ⇒ − n ( n + 1)
6 5 3 × 10
= [Q a + b = 10] = −2m( 2m + 1) =
2a 2 n( n − 1)( 2n − 1) 3 2ab 2 2
=
3 ⇒ ab = 9 15. (a) Given, A, G and H are the arithmetic,
8. (b) Let r be the common ratio of GP, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get geometric and harmonic means between
then a and b, respectively.
a = 1, b = 9 or b = 1, a = 9
S=
a
, r = 1−
a a+ b 2ab
∴A = , G = ab and H =
1− r S 12. (b) Let a be the first term and d the 2 a+ b
a( 1 − r n ) a common difference of corresponding ( i) ( ii ) ( iii )
∴ Sn = = (1 − rn ) AP.
1− r 1− r On multiplying Eq. (i) and (iii), we get
1
 a n
= S 1 −  1 − 
So, m th and nth term of AP are and a+ b 2ab
  S  
n ∴ AH = × = ab = ( ab )2
1 2 a+ b
.
9. (a) Since, 2b = a + c …(i) m [from Eq. (ii)]
and 2 tan − 1 b = tan − 1 a + tan − 1 c ∴
1
= a + (m − 1) d …(i) AH = G 2
2b a+ c n
⇒ = Hence, the option (a) is correct.
1 − b2 1 − ac and
1
= a + ( n − 1) d …(ii) n ( n + 1)
⇒ b 2 = ac [from Eq. (i)] m 16. (a) I. Sn = = 861
⇒ 4b 2 = 4ac On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 2
⇒ ( a + c )2 − 4ac = 0 [from Eq. (i)] 1 1 ⇒ n2 + n − 861 × 2 = 0
d = and a =
⇒ ( a − c )2 = 0 mn mn ⇒ ( n + 42) ( n − 41) = 0
⇒ a=c=b ∴mnth term of AP ⇒ n = − 42, 41
1 1 1 1 1 1 Hence, statement I is correct.
10. (c) Given, + = + = + (mn − 1) ×
b−a b−c a c mn mn II. Given, Sn = S
− ( n + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 + mn − 1 If Sn = m, then we have two values of
⇒ − = − = =1
b−a c a b−c mn n if and only if m is positive integer.
Hence, statement II is incorrect.
03
25

HCF AND LCM OF

NUMBERS
Usually (2-3) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions based on LCM and HCF
are related to traffic lights, racitracks, largest size of tile etc. This concept is also useful in the chapters
of time and distance, time and work, pipes and cristerns etc.

FACTORS
If number ‘a’ divides the number b without leaving a remainder, then ‘a’ is said to be the factor of ‘b’.
e.g. (i) 4 is a factor of 16 as 16 = 4 × 4 (ii) 9 is a factor of 729 as 729 = 9 × 9 × 9

Prime Factors
The factors that cannot be again factorized i.e. the factors which are prime numbers are called prime factors.
e.g. (i) 9 is a factor of 729, but 3 is a prime factor of 729.
(ii) 8 and 9 are factors of 72, but 2 and 3 are prime factors of 72.

Least Common Multiple (LCM)

1. Common Multiple A common multiple of two or more numbers is a number which is exactly divisible
(without leaving remainder) by each of them.
e.g. 30 is a common multiple of 2, 3, 5, 6, 10 and 15 because 30 is exactly divisible by each number.
Similarly, 72 is a common multiple of 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 18.
2. Least Common Multiple The least common multiple of two or more given numbers is the least number
which is exactly divisible by all the given numbers.
e.g. 84, 162, 252 are the common multiples of 2, 3, 4, 7. But, 84 is the LCM of 2, 3, 4, 7.

Methods of Finding LCM

1. Prime Factorization Method Write down the given numbers as the product of prime factors. Then, the
LCM is the product of the highest powers of all the prime factors.
26 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 1. The LCM of 30, 250, 490 is Sol. b. LCM (5, 6, 7, 8) = 840.
a. 46750 b. 36750 Here, R = 3 ⇒ Number is of the form 840 k + 3.
c. 26750 d. None of these Least value of k for which (840 k + 3) when divided by 9
leaves no remainder is 2.
Sol. b. Here, 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
250 = 5 × 5 × 2 × 5 = 2 × 53 ∴Required number = 840 × 2 + 3 = 1683
and 490 = 7 × 7 × 2 × 5 = 2 × 5 × 72
∴ LCM of 30, 250 and 490 = 2 × 53 × 72 × 3 = 36750 Highest Common Factor (HCF)
2. Division Method Write the given number in a row and 1. Common Factor A common factor of two or more
divide them with the common prime divisor. On numbers is a number which divides each of them exactly.
division. Write the quotient in each case below the e.g. 2 is common factor of 2, 10, 20.
number. If any number is not divisible by the
2. Highest Common Factor The Highest Common
respective divisor, then write it as such in the next row. Factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the largest
Keep on dividing the quotients until you get 1. number that divides all the given numbers exactly. It is
Multiply all the divisors to get the required LCM. also known as Greatest Common Divisor (GCD).
HCF is always a factor of LCM.
EXAMPLE 2. What is the LCM of 120, 144, 160 and
e.g. HCF of the numbers 18 and 24 is 6.
180.
a. 1450 b. 1620 c. 1440 d. 1380 Methods of Finding HCF
Sol. c. 1. HCF by Prime Factorization Write the given number
2 120, 144, 160, 180
as product of prime factors and then find the product
2 60, 72, 80, 90
of least powers of common prime factors. This
2 30, 36, 40, 45
product is the required HCF of given numbers.
3 15, 18, 20, 45
3 5, 3, 10, 15 EXAMPLE 5. The HCF of 65, 75 and 105 is
5 5, 1, 10, 5
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 8
2 1, 1, 2, 1
1, 1, 1 1 Sol. b. Here, 65 = 13 × 5 , 75 = 5 × 5 × 3
and 105 = 7 × 3 × 5
∴LCM of 120, 144, 160 and 180 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 2 ∴HCF of 65, 75 and 105 = 5
= 1440
2. HCF by Division Method Suppose we have to find
IMPORTANT POINTS the HCF of two given numbers, divide the large
number by the smaller one. Now, you will get the
1. The least number which when divided by x, y and z
leaving the remainders a , b and c , respectively is remainder. Divide the divisor by the remainder. Repeat
given by [LCM of ( x, y , z ) − p ], where this process until no remainder is left, the last divisor
p = ( x − a ) = ( y − b ) = ( z − c ). used in this process is the desired greatest common
2. The least number which when divided by x, y and z divisor i.e. HCF. In order to find the HCF of three
leaving the same remainder R in each case is given numbers, then, HCF of [(HCF of any two) and (third
by [LCM of ( x, y , z ) + R ]. number)] gives the HCF of given three numbers.

EXAMPLE 3. What is the least number which when EXAMPLE 6. The HCF of 204, 1190 and 1445 is
divided by 42, 72 and 84 leaves the remainders 25, 55 a. 85 b. 15 c. 17 d. 75
and 67, respectively?
Sol. c. Here, 1190)1445 (1
a. 521 b. 512 c. 504 d. 487
1190
Sol. d. Here, difference = ( 42 − 25) = (72 − 55) = (84 − 67) = 17
255)1190 (4
Now, LCM (42, 72, 84) = 504
1020
∴ Required number = 504 − 17 = 487
170) 255 (1
EXAMPLE 4. Find the least number which when 170
divided by 5, 6, 7 and 8 leaves a remainder 3 but 85)170 (2
when divided by 9, leaves no remainder. 170
a. 1620 b. 1683 ×
c. 1635 d. 1672 So, HCF of 1190 and 1445 is 85.
MATHEMATICS HCF and L CM of Numbers 27

Now, 85) 204 (2 Sol. a. HCF of numerators i.e. 14, 21 and 7 is 7 and
170 LCM of denominators i.e. 3, 9 and 15 is 45. So, HCF of
7
34) 85 (2 given fractions = .
45
68
17) 34 (2
34
Relation between LCM and
× HCF of Two Numbers
∴ HCF of 85 and 204 is 17.
Product of two numbers = (Their HCF) × (Their LCM)
Hence, HCF of 204,1190 and 1145 is 17.
EXAMPLE 10. The LCM of two numbers is 90 times
IMPORTANT POINTS their HCF. The sum of LCM and HCF is 1456. If one of
the numbers is 160, then what is the other number?
1. For integers x, y and z , if HCF (x, y) = 1 and e 2014 II
HCF (x, z) = 1, then HCF of ( x, y , z ) is always 1.
a. 120 b. 136 c. 144 d. 184
2. The greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving
Sol. c. Let the HCF of two numbers be x.
remainders a , b and c , respectively is given by HCF of
LCM of two numbers be 90x.
( x − a ), ( y − b ), ( z − c ).
According to the question,
3. The greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving
the same remainder in each case is given by [HCF of LCM + HCF = 1456
| x − y | , | y − z | , | z − x |] ⇒ 90x + x = 1456
⇒ 91 x = 1456
EXAMPLE 7. Find the greatest number which will ⇒ x = 16
divide 400, 435 and 541 leaving 9,10 and 14 as ∴ HCF of two numbers = 16
remainders respectively. and LCM of two numbers = 90 × 16 = 1440
a. 19 b. 17 c. 13 d. 9 e 2014 I We know that,
Sol. b Required number = HCF of (400-9, 435-10, 541-14) LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers
= HCF of (391, 425, 527) = 17
⇒ 1440 × 16 = 160 × Second number
EXAMPLE 8. For any integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ with HCF 1440 × 16
∴Second number = = 144
(a, b) = 1, what is HCF (a + b, a − b) equal to? 160
a. It is always 1 b. It is always 2 e 2014 I
c. Either 1 or 2 d. None of these EXAMPLE 11. What is the greatest number that
Sol. c. Put arbitrary values of a and b.
divides 13850 and 17030 and leaves a remainder 17?
Illustration 1 Let a = 9 and b = 8. a. 477 b. 159 c. 107 d. 87 e 2012 II
∴ HCF (8 + 9, 9 − 8) ⇒ HCF (17, 1) = 1 Sol. b. Required number = HCF of (13850 − 17), (17030 − 17)
Illustration 2 Let a = 23 and b = 17. = HCF of (13833, 17013) = 159

∴ HCF (17 + 23, 23 − 17) ⇒ HCF ( 40, 6) = 2 EXAMPLE 12. There are three drums with 1653 litre
Hence, HCF (a + b, a − b) can either be 1 or 2. 2261 litre and 2527 litre of petrol. The greatest
possible size of the measuring vessel with which we
How to Calculate LCM and can measure the petrol of any drum while every time
HCF of Fractions the vessel must be completely filled is
a. 31 b. 27 c. 19 d. 41
The LCM and HCF of fractions can be obtained from Sol. c. The maximum capacity of the vessel = HCF of 1653,
the following formula 2261 and 2527 = 19
HCF of numerators
1. HCF of fractions =
LCM of denominators EXAMPLE 13. John, Kate and smith at same time,
same point and in same direction to run around a
LCM of numerators
2. LCM of fractions = circular in 150 seconds. Find after what time will they
HCF of denominators meet again?
14 21 7 a. 30 min b. 25 min c. 20 min d. 15 min
EXAMPLE 9. The HCF of , , is Sol. b. LCM of 250, 300 and 150 = 1500 sec
3 9 15
7 2 7 = 25 min.
a. b. 3 c. d. None of these Hence, john, kate and smith meet after 25 min.
45 5 30
28 CDS Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If x = 23 × 32 × 54 and y = 22 × 32 × 5 × 7, then 13. What is the HCF of a 2b4 + 2a 2b2 and ( ab)7 − 4a 2b9?
HCF of x and y is (a) ab (b) a2 b 2 (c) a2 b 3 (d) a3 b 2
(a) 180 (b) 360 (c) 540 (d) 35
14. If a number is exactly divisible by 11 and 13,
2. LCM of 2 × 3 × 5 and 2 × 5 × 7 is
3 4
which of the following types the number must be?
(a) Divisible by (11+13) (b) Divisible by (13 −11)
(a) 2 12
× 3× 5 ×7
2
(b) 2 × 5 × 7 × 9
4
(c) Divisible by (11×13) (d) Divisible by (13 ÷11)
(c) 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
4
(d) 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
3

15. What is the sum of the digits of the least number

4 3 7
3. LCM of , and is which when divided by 52, leaves 33 as
5 10 15 remainder, when divided by 78 leaves 59 and
2 8 4 when divided by 117, leaves 98 as remainder ?
(a) 8 (b) (c) 20 (d) 16
3 15 5 (a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 21
3 9 15
4. What is the HCF of , and ? 16. For any integer n, what is the HCF of integers
2 7 14 m = 2n + 1 and k = 9n + 4 ?
3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3 (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
7 14 2
17. For any three natural numbers a , b and c, if HCF
5. The least number divisible by 12, 15, 20 and is a
 a b
perfect square is ( a , b) = c, then HCF  ,  is
 c c
(a) 900 (b) 400 (c) 36 (d) 256
(a) a / c (b) b / c (c) c (d) Always 1
6. The least number which when divided by 5, 6, 7
and 8 leaves a remainder 3 is 18. Raj, Rachit and Asha begin to tag around a circular
(a) 423 (b) 843 (c) 1683 (d) 2523 stadium. They complete their revolutions in 42 s,
56 s and 63 s, respectively. After how many seconds
7. The HCF of two numbers is 1/5th of their LCM. will they be together at the starting point?
If the product of the two numbers is 720, then (a) 366 (b) 252 (c) 504 (d) 605
the HCF of the numbers is
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 18
19. Find the side of the largest possible square slabs
which can be paved on the floor of a room
8. The LCM of two numbers is 39780 and their 2m 50cm long and 1m 50cm broad. Also, find the
ratio is 13 : 15. Then, the numbers are number of such slabs to pave the floor.
(a) 273, 315 (b) 2652, 3060 (a) 25,20 (b) 30,15 (c) 50,15 (d) 55,10
(c) 516, 685 (d) None of these
20. Four bells begin to toll together and toll,
9. If the highest common factor of two positive respectively at intervals of 5, 6, 8 and 12 s. How
integers is 24, then their least common multiple many times will they toll together in an hour
cannot be excluding the one at the start?
(a) 72 (b) 216 (c) 372 (d) 600 (a) 10 (b) 19 (c) 13 (d) 9

10. If the HCF of three numbers 144, x and 192 is 21. 21 mango trees, 42 apple trees and 56 orange
12, then the number x cannot be trees have to be planted in rows such that
(a) 180 (b) 84 (c) 60 (d) 48 each row contains the same number of trees of
one variety only. What is the minimum number
11. Consider those numbers between 300 and 400 of rows in which the above trees may be planted?
such that when each number is divided by 6, 9 (a) 3 (b) 15 (c) 17 (d) 20
and 12, it leaves 4 as remainder in each case.
What is the sum of the numbers? 22. A person has four iron bars whose lengths are
(a) 692 (b) 764 (c) 1080 (d) 1092 24 m, 36 m, 48 m and 72 m, respectively. This
person wants to cut pieces of same length
12. What is the smallest positive integer which when from each of four bars. What is the least number
divided by 4, 5, 8 and 9 leaves remainder 3, 4, 7 of total pieces, if he is to cut without any
and 8, respectively? wastage?
(a) 119 (b) 319 (c) 359 (d) 719 (a) 10 b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25
MATHEMATICS HCF and L CM of Numbers 29

23. For two natural numbers m and n, let gmn 33. For any integer n, HCF of (22n + 7, 33n + 10) is
denote the greatest common factor of m and n. equal to e 2014 I
Consider the following in respect of three natural (a) n (b) 1 (c) 11 (d) None of these
numbers k, m and n.
I. gm ( nk) = g(mn) k II. gmn gnk = gmk 34. In a fire range, 4 shooters are firing at their
respective targets. The first, the second, the
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
third and the fourth shooter hit the target once
(a) Only I (b) Only II
in every 5 s, 6 s, 7 s and 8 s, respectively. If all
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
of them hit their target at 9 : 00 am, when will
24. Consider the following in respect of integers a they hit their target together again? e 2014 I
and b (a) 9 : 04 am (b) 9 : 08 am
I. HCF (a , b) = HCF (a + b, b) (c) 9 : 14 am (d) None of these
II. HCF (a , b) = HCF (a , b − a ) for b > a 35. If a and b be positive integers, then HCF of
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?  a b 
 ,  equal to? e 2014 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II  HCF ( a,b) HCF ( a,b)
(c) Both I and II (d) None of these a
(a) a (b) b (c) 1 (d)
HCF (a, b )
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 36. The HCF of two natural numbers m and n is 24
and their product is 552. How many sets of
25. The HCF and LCM of two natural numbers are values of m and n are possible? e 2014 II
12 and 72, respectively. What is the difference (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4
between the two numbers, if one of the numbers (d) No set of m and n is possible satisfying the given
is 24? e 2012 I conditions
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 21 (d) 24
37. The LCM of two integers is 1237. What is their
26. The sum of two numbers is 232 and their HCF is HCF? e 2014 II
29. What is the number of such pairs of numbers (a) 37 (b) 19
satisfying the above condition? e 2012 I (c) 1 (d) Cannot be determined
(a) One (b) Two (c) Four (d) None of these
38. There are 48 cricket balls, 72 hockey balls and
27. The product of HCF and LCM of 18 and 15 is 84 tennis balls and they have to be arranged in
e 2012 II several rows in such a way that every row
(a) 120 (b) 150 (c) 175 (d) 270 contains the same number of balls of one type.
28. Three planets revolve round the Sun once in 200, What is the minimum number of rows required
for this to happen? e 2014 II
250 and 300 days, respectively in their own
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 19
orbits. When do they all come relatively to the
same position at a certain point of time in their 39. Consider all positive two digit numbers each of
orbits? e 2012 II which when divided by 7 leaves a remainder 3.
(a) After 3000 days (b) After 2000 days What is their sum? e 2015 II
(c) After 1500 days (d) After 1200 days (a) 661 (b) 666 (c) 676 (d) 777

29. The LCM of two numbers is 2376 while their 40. What is the sum of digits of the least multiple of
HCF is 33. If one of the numbers is 297, then the 13, which when divided by 6, 8 and 12 leaves 5, 7
other number is e 2013 I
and 11, respectively, as the remainders? e 2015 II
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
(a) 216 (b) 264 (c) 642 (d) 792
30. The HCF of two numbers is 98 and their LCM is 41. The LCM of two numbers is 12 times their HCF.
The sum of HCF and LCM is 403. If one of the
2352. The sum of the numbers may be e 2013 II
numbers is 93, then the other number is e 2015 II
(a) 1372 (b) 1398 (c) 1426 (d) 1484 (a) 124 (b) 128 (c) 134 (d) 138
31. If for integers a, b and c, HCF ( a , b) = 1 and HCF 42. Consider the following in respect of natural
( a , c) = 1 , then which one of the following is numbers a , b and c e 2016 I
correct? e 2013 II I. LCM (ab, ac) = a LCM (b, c)
(a) HCF (a, bc ) = 1 (b) HCF (a, bc ) = a II. HCF (ab, ac) = a HCF (b, c)
(c) HCF (a, bc ) = b (d) None of these III. HCF (a , b) < LCM (a , b)
32. What is the number of integral solutions of the IV. HCF (a , b) divides LCM (a , b).
equations HCF (a, b) = 5 and a + b = 65 ? e 2014 I Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Less than 65 (b) Infinitely many (a) III and II (b) III and IV
(c) Exactly one (d) None of these (c) I, II and IV (d) All of these
30 CDS Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Given, x = 23 × 32 × 54 9. (c) In the given options, only 372 is not 16. (b) Since, m = 2n + 1 is an odd integer,
and y = 22 × 32 × 5 × 7 divisible by 24. Therefore, LCM of so its factors may be 1 or 3 and
∴ HCF = 22 × 32 × 5 = 4 × 9 × 5 = 180 numbers cannot be 372. k = 9 n + 4 its factors may be 1, 2 and 4.
2. (c) Here, say a = 23 × 3 × 5 and 10. (d) Here, we know that Hence, HCF of (m , k ) is 1.
144 = 12 × 2 × 2 × 3 17. (d) It is always 1
b = 24 × 5 × 7, then and 192 = 12 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 Illustrations Let a = 21 and b = 35
LCM = 24 × 3 × 5 × 7 By taking option (d), 48 = 12 × 2 × 2
Then, HCF (21, 35) = 7
3. (d) Here, LCM Hence, the value of x will not be 48
∴ HCF  ,  = HCF (3, 5) = 1
21 35
LCM of 4, 3, 7 84 4 otherwise the HCF of given numbers  7 7
= = = 16 becomes 48.
HCF of 5, 10, 15 5 5
11. (a) LCM of 6, 9 and 12 = 36 18. (c) Required time = LCM of 42,56 and
4. (b) HCF  , ,  =
3 9 15 HCF (3, 9, 15) 63 s LCM of 42, 56 and 63 is
So, number is the form of 36 p + 4.
 2 7 14  LCM (2, 7, 14) 2 42, 56, 63
Since, the required numbers are between
3 3 21, 28, 63
= 300 and 400.
14 ∴ p = 9 and 10 7 7, 28, 21
5. (a) 2 1, 4, 3
12, 15, 20 ∴ Required sum = 328 + 364 = 692
2 6, 15, 10 ∴ Required time
12. (c) Here,
3 3, 15, 5 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 4 × 3 = 504 s.
4−3=5− 4=8− 7= 9−8= 1
5 1, 5, 5 19. (c) Side of largest possible square slab is
Now, 4 = 2 × 2, 5 = 5 the HCF of 250 cm and 150 cm
1, 1, 1
8 = 2 × 2 × 2, 9 = 3 × 3 250 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 2
LCM of 12, 15 and 20 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
∴ LCM = 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 360 150 = 5 × 5 × 3 × 2
∴ Required perfect square
Required number = 360 − 1 = 359 ∴ HCF is 50. Then, number of slabs
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 900
13. (b) a 2 b 4 + 2a 2 b 2 = a 2 b 2 ( b 2 + 2) …(i) Area of floor 250 × 150
6. (b) To find out the least number, firstly = = = 15
we find out the LCM of given numbers. and ( ab )7 − 4a 2 b 9 = a 7 b 7 − 4a 2 b 9 Area of slab 50 × 50
∴ LCM (5, 6, 7, 8) = a 2 b 2 ( a 5 b 5 − 4b 7 ) …(ii) 20. (a) Here, LCM of 5, 6, 8 and 12 is 360, so
= LCM (5, 2 × 3, 7, 23 ) = 840 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the bells will toll after 360 s.
∴ Required number = 840 + 3 = 843 HCF = a 2 b 2 So, in an hour they will toll together
60 × 60
7. (b) Let LCM = 5x, then HCF = x 14. (c) LCM of 11 and 13 will be ( 11 × 13). = = 10 times
Now, product of numbers = 720 Hence, if a number is exactly divisible 360
So, 5x × x = 720 by 11 and 13, then the same number 21. (c) The HCF of (21, 42, 56) is 7.
⇒ 5x2 = 720 ⇒ x = 12 must be exactly divisible by their LCM ∴ The minimum number of rows
i.e. ( 11 × 13). 21 42 56
8. (b) The numbers are 13x and 15x. = + +
So, x is the HCF. Now, 15. (a) Here, 52 − 33 = 78 − 59 7 7 7
= 117 − 98 = 19 = 3 + 6 + 8 = 17
HCF × LCM = Product of numbers 52 = 13 × 2 × 2
Now, 22. (b) Here, 24 = 12 × 2, 36 = 12 × 3
x × 39780 = 13x × 15x ⇒ 78 = 13 × 2 × 3
48 = 12 × 4, 72 = 12 × 6
⇒ x × 39780 = 13 × 15 × x2 ⇒ 117 = 13 × 3 × 3
39780 ∴ LCM = 13 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 468 ∴ HCF ( 24, 36, 48, 72) = 12
⇒ x= = 204. 24 36 48 72
13 × 15 ∴ Required number = 468 − 19 = 449 Total piece = + + +
12 12 12 12
∴ Numbers are 13 × 204 = 2652 and Hence, the sum of the digits is 17.
15 × 204 = 3060 = 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 15
MATHEMATICS HCF and L CM of Numbers 31

23. (d) I. Let three natural numbers are 30. (a) It is given that, the HCF of two 38. (c) Given, number of cricket balls
m = 16, n = 15, k = 20 numbers is 98. This means that both the = 48 = 24 × 3
∴ gm = g =4 numbers are multiples of 98. Therefore,
( nk ) 16 ( 300 ) the sum of these two numbers must also Number of hockey balls = 72 = 23 × 32
and g = g = 20 be a multiple of 98. Among all the four and number of tennis balls
(m n ) k 240 ( 20 )
∴ g ≠ g options given, only option (a) satisfies = 84 = 22 × 3 × 7
m ( nk ) ( mn ) k
this condition.
II. g mn g = g g = 1×5 =5 ∴ HCF of 48, 72 and 84 = 22 × 3 = 12
nk 16 , 15 15 , 20
and g = g =4 31. (a) For integers a, b and c, if HCF (a, b) = Now, minimum number of rows
mk 16 , 20 1 and HCF (a, c) = 1 then, HCF (a, b c)
∴ g mn g ≠ g 48 72 84
nk mk =1 = + +
So, neither I nor II is correct. 12 12 12
32. (a) HCF ( a , b ) = 5
24. (c) I. Let a = 4, and b = 10 = 4 + 6 + 7 = 17
Let a = 5x and b = 5 y
∴ a + b = 14 39. (c) The required numbers are 10, 17,
∴ 5x + 5 y = 65 ⇒ x + y = 13
24,…, 94.
HCF ( 4, 10) = 2 ∴ Number of pairs of ( x, y ) = ( 1, 12),
Total number of numbers is 13.
and HCF (14, 10) = 2 (2, 11), (3, 10), (4, 9), (5, 8), (6, 7)
Sum of these numbers
∴ HCF ( a , b ) = HCF ( a + b , b ) Hence, number of solutions is less than
13 13
II. Let a = 6 and b = 15 65. = [ 10 + 94] = × 104
2 2
∴ b − a = 15 − 6 = 9 33. (b) HCF of (22n + 7, 33n + 10) is
always 1. = 13 × 52 = 676
HCF (6, 15) = 3
Illustration For n = 1, HCF (29, 43) 40. (d) Here, 6 − 5 = 1, 8 − 7 = 1
HCF (6, 9) = 3
=1 12 − 11 = 1
∴ HCF ( a , b ) = HCF ( a , b − a )
LCM × HCF For n = 2, HCF (51, 76) = 1 LCM of 6,8 and 12 = 24
25. (a) Second number =
First number For n = 3, HCF (73, 109)= 1 Required number
72 × 12 34. (c) Time after which they will hit the = 24 k − 1, k is any natural number
= = 36 target together again
24 For k = 6, the number = 144 − 1 = 143
∴ Difference between two numbers = LCM of 5, 6, 7 and 8 which is multiple of 13
= 36 − 24 = 12 = 5 × 3 × 7 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 840 s So, sum of digits = 1 + 4 + 3 = 8
26. (b) Let two numbers be 29x and 29 y. Duration after which they will hit target 41. (a) Let other number be b and HCF be x.
together
29 x + 29 y = 232 ⇒ x + y = 8 ⇒ LCM = 12x
840
∴ ( x, y ) = ( 1, 7), (3, 5) = = 14 min.
60 We have, x + 12x = 403 ⇒ 13x = 403
Hence, one such pair is 87 and 145. So, they will hit the target together after ∴ x = 31
and the other pair is 203 and 29. 14 min. Product of two numbers
27. (d) Here, 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 and 15 = 3 × 5 Hence, they will hit together again at = LCM × HCF
9 : 14 am. ∴ 93 × b = x × 12x
HCF of 18 and 15 = 3
 a b  ⇒ 93 × b = 12 × 31 × 31
LCM of 18 and 15 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 90 35. (c) HCF  ,  is
 HCF a, b HCF a, b 
∴ b = 124
∴ Product of HCF and LCM of both always equal to 1.
numbers = 3 × 90 = 270 42. (d) a , b and c are natural numbers.
Illustration Let the two positive
28. (a) Given that, three planets revolves the I. LCM of ( ab , ac ) = abc
integers be a = 24 and b = 36.
Sun once in 200, 250 and 300 days, a × LCM of ( b , c ) = abc
 
∴HCF  
respectively in their own orbits. 24 36 Hence, statement I is correct.
,
∴ Required time = LCM of 200, 250  HCF ( 24, 36) HCF ( 24, 36)  II. HCF ( ab , ac ) = a HCF ( b , c )
 
and 300 = 3000 days HCF of ( ab , ac ) = Common factor of
HCF  ,  ⇒ HCF (2, 3) = 1
24 36
( ab , ac )
Hence, after 3000 days they all come  12 12 
relatively to the same position at a and a × HCF ( b , c ) = a × common
certain point of time in their orbits. 36. (d) LCM of two natural numbers factor of ( b , c )
Product of m and n 552 Hence, statement II is correct.
29. (b) Given, LCM of two numbers = 2376 = = = 23
HCF of two numbers = 33 HCF of m and n 24 III. We know that HCF is always less
Here, no set of m and n is possible than LCM.
One of the number = 297
satisfying the given conditions as LCM Hence, statement III is correct.
(HCF of two numbers) × (LCM of is always a multiple of HCF. IV. HCF ( a , b ) divides LCM ( a , b )
two numbers) because a common factor
37. (c) Given, LCM of two integers is 1237,
= (First number) × (Second number) between a , b always divides ( a × b ).
which is a prime number.
33 × 2376 Hence, statement IV is correct.
∴ Second number = = 264 So, their HCF is 1.
297
04
32 CDS Pathfinder

DECIMAL FRACTIONS
Regularly (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. It is one of the most common chapters which
we are studying from the very starting age.

FRACTION
If any unit is divided into some parts, then ...... each of these parts is called fraction of that unit. A
fraction is represented as p/q, where q ≠ 0 and here q is called as denominator and p is called as
numerator.
e.g. 1/ 2, 3/ 4, 6 /7 etc. are fractions.

Simple fraction
6 2
The fraction which has denominator other than power of 10, is called simple fraction. e.g. , etc.
5 9
Note Simple fraction is also known as vulgar fraction.

DECIMAL FRACTION
Fraction that has powers of 10 in the denominator are called decimal fraction. e.g.
1 1
(i) is the tenth part of 1 is written as 0.1. (ii) is the hundredth part of 1 is written as 0.01.
10 100

Types of Decimals
1. Recurring Decimals A decimal number in which a digit or set of digits repeats regularly is called
non-terminating repeating decimals or recurring decimals. To represent these fractions, a line is
drawn on repeating digits.
1
e.g. = 0 .1428571428571 . . . = 0. 142857
7
2
= 0 .66666 . . . = 0 .6
3
4
= 1.33333 . . . = 1.3
3
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions 33

2. Pure recurring decimal A decimal fraction in Sol. c. Here,

which all the digits after the decimal points are 51.300
repeated, is called a pure recurring decimal. 7.078
e.g. 0.786786786 . . . = 0. 786 1.380
+ 0.900
0.77777 . . . = 0.7
60.658
EXAMPLE 1. Which one of the following is a
non-terminating repeating decimal? Note Adding/Annexing zeroes to the extreme right of a decimal
fraction does not change its value.
13 3 3 137
a. b. c. d.
8 16 11 25
3
Multiplication
Sol. c. Q = 0 ⋅ 272727... While multiplying two or more decimal fractions,
11
consider them without decimal point and multiply them
= 0 ⋅ 27 as usual. In the product so obtained the decimal point is
13 13 × 125 1625 marked off as many places from the right as in the sum
= = = 1.625
8 8 × 125 1000 of the decimal places in the given numbers.
3 3 × 625 1875
= = = 0.1875 EXAMPLE 4. 5 × 0 . 25 × 6.301 × 0.00394 = ?
16 16 × 625 10000
a. 0.0310324220 b. 0.0310324210
137 137 × 4 548
= = = 5.48 c. 0.0310324250 d. None of these
25 25 × 4 100
From above it is clear that all of these are terminating Sol. c. For the product of 5 × 0.25 × 6.301 × 0.00394
3 Here, 5 × 25 × 6301 × 394 = 310324250
decimals. Hence, is a non-terminating repeating
11 Total decimal places ( 2 + 3 + 5) = 10
decimal. ∴ 5 × 0. 25 × 6. 301 × 0. 00394 = 0.031032425
3. Mixed recurring decimal A decimal fraction in
which some digits after the decimal point are not Division
repeated while some are repeated, is called a mixed While dividing the given decimal fraction by a natural
recurring decimal. number, divide it without the decimal point to get
e.g. 0.179999 . . . = 0.179 quotient. Here, in the quotient so obtained, place the
0.053939 . . . = 0.0539 decimal point after as many places from the right as are
there in the dividend.
Note The decimal expansion of a rational number is either
terminating or non-terminating recurring. In other words, a For dividing a decimal fraction by a decimal fraction,
number whose decimal expansion is terminating or multiply the dividend and the divisor by a suitable power
non-terminating recurring is a rational number. of 10 to make the divisor a whole number and then
proceed as in the previous rule.
Operations on Decimal Fractions,
Addition and Subtraction EXAMPLE 5. 0.01834 ÷ 13 = ?
a. 141.077 b. 1.41077
While making addition or subtraction of decimal c. 0.00141077 d. None of these
fractions the numbers are placed in such a way that the
decimal point lie in one column. Then, the numbers Sol. c. Here, for 0.01834 ÷ 13
can be added or subtracted as usual. 1834
⇒ = 141077
.
EXAMPLE 2. 7.093 − 3.57 = ? 13
a. 3.523 b. 3.513 So, 0 . 01834 ÷ 13 = 0 . 00141077
c. 3.143 d. 3.532
EXAMPLE 6. 0 .0066 ÷ 0 .22 = ?
Sol. a. Here, 7.093
– 3.570 a. 0.03 b. 0.3 c. 3 d. None of these
3.523 Sol. a. 0 . 0066 ÷ 0 . 22
EXAMPLE 3. 51.3 + 7 .078 + 1.38 + 0 .9 = ? 0.0066 × 10000 66 3
So, = = = 0.03
a. 61.668 b. 59.238 0.22 × 10000 22 × 100 100
c. 60.658 d. None of these
34 CDS Pathfinder

To Convert a Pure Recurring Decimal 2 5 16 3

EXAMPLE 10. Arrange , , , in ascending
into a Simple Fraction 3 6 25 7
In order to convert a pure recurring decimal fraction
order.
2 5 16 3 16 5 3 2
into simple (vulgar) fraction, we write the repeated a. , , and b. , , and
figures only once in the numerator without decimal 3 6 25 7 25 6 7 3
point and write as many nines in the denominator as the 3 16 2 5
c. , , and d. None of these
number of repeating figure. 7 25 3 6
5 45
e.g. 0. 5 = or 0. 45 = Sol. c. Firstly, we convert each of the fraction in decimal
9 99 form.
2 5 16 3
EXAMPLE 7. 1.27 in the form p/q is equal to = 0. 666, = 0.833, = 0.64, = 0. 428571
3 6 25 7
127 73 14 11
a. b. c. d. Here, 0. 428571 < 0.64 < 0. 666 < 0.8333
100 100 11 14 3 16 2 5 3 16 2 5
99 + 27 126 14 Hence, < < < and so , , and are in
Sol. c. 1. 27 = 1 + 0. 27 = 1 + 27 / 99 = = = 7 25 3 6 7 25 3 6
99 99 11 ascending order.
7 5 6
To Convert Mixed Recurring Decimal EXAMPLE 11. Arrange , , in descending order
8 6 7
into a Simple Fraction
a. 6/7, 5/6, 7/8 b. 7/8, 5/6, 6/7
The numerator is obtained by taking the difference
c. 7/8, 6/7, 5/6 d. 6/7, 7/8, 5/6
between the number formed by all the digits after decimal
point. (Here, repeated digits are taken only once) and the Sol. c. LCM of 8, 6, 7 = 168
number formed by non-repeating digits. The
7 7 × 21 147 5 5 × 28 140
denominator is obtained by placing, as many nines as in ∴ = = ⇒ = =
repeating digits followed by as many zeroes as the 8 8 × 21 168 6 6 × 28 168
number of non-repeating digits. 6 6 × 24 144
and = =
7 7 × 24 168
EXAMPLE 8. The vulgar fraction of 0.1236 is
140 144 147
120 102 93 Q < <
a. b. c. d. None of these 168 168 168
823 825 825
1236 − 12 1224 102 7 6 5
Sol. b. 0.1236 = = = So, descending order of fractions is , , .
9900 9900 825 8 7 6

EXAMPLE 9. What is the value of 1. 34 + 4.12 ? HCF and LCM of

a.
133
b.
371
c. 5
219
d. 5
461 Decimal Fractions
90 90 990 990
For finding the HCF or LCM of decimal fractions, first
134 − 1 133 412 − 41 371 make the given fractions to have same number of
Sol. d. Q 1. 34 = = and 4.12 = =
99 99 90 90 decimal places by annexing zeroes, if needed. Now, find
133 371 1330 + 4081 5411 461 the HCF or LCM of the numbers without considering
∴134
. + 4.12 = + = = =5
99 90 990 990 990 decimal. Finally, in the result mark as many decimal
places as are there in each of the given numbers.
Comparison of Fractions By EXAMPLE 12. The HCF and LCM of 1.600, 8 and 2.4 is
Converting in Decimal Form a. 0.800 and 24 b. 0.6000 and 38
To compare the fraction using decimal, convert each one c. 0.900 and 42 d. None of these
of the given fractions in decimal form and now arrange
them in ascending or descending order as per the Sol. a. We can write the given numbers as 1.600, 8.000,
requirement. 2.400.
So, without decimal, the numbers are 1600, 8000 and
By Equating Denominators 2400.
Now, HCF of 1600, 8000 and 2400 is 800.
For comparison of fractions, take LCM of the
denominator of all fractions. So, that their denominators ∴ HCF of 1.600, 8.000 and 2.400 is 0.800.
are same. Now, the fractions having largest numerator is And LCM of 1600, 8000, 2400 is 24000.
the largest fraction. ∴ LCM of 1.600, 8.000 and 2.400 is 24.000.
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions 35

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If ( 15 . 9273 − x ) = 11. 0049, then the value of x is p
15. If 2 . 5252525 . . . =(in the lowest form), then
(a) 4.9224 (b) 0.4922 (c) 0.4294 (d) 6.932 q
q
what is the value of ?
2. If ( 15. 39 + 0 . 236 + 5 . 290 + 0 . 0002 ) = x , then the p
value of x is (a) 0.4 (b) 0.42525 (c) 0.0396 (d) 0.396
(a) 0.20916 (b) 2.0916 (c) 209.16 (d) 20.9162
16. What decimal of an hour is a second?
3. If 175 × 1. 24 = 2.17, then the value of 1.75 × 124 is (a) 0.25 (b) 0.0256 (c) 0.00027 (d) 0.0125
(a) 217 (b) 0.0217
(c) 2.17 (d) None of these 3 5
17. If 5 = 2.24, then the value of is
4. If 111.744 ÷ 28.8 = 3.88, then the value of 2 5 − 0.48
(a) 1.68 (b) 16.8 (c) 168 (d) 0.168
1117.44 ÷ 288 is
(a) 3.88 (b) 0.388 (c) 388.0 (d) 38.8  ( 0. 1)2 − ( 0. 01)2 
18. The value of  + 1 is equal to
( 0. 5)4 − ( 0.4)4  0 . 0001 
5. The value of is equal to
( 0. 5)2 + ( 0.4)2 (a) 1001 (b) 11 (c) 101 (d) 100
(a) 0.9 (b) 0.09 (c) 9 (d) 0.009 3
19. The value of is equal to
0.004 × 0.0008 0. 3 − 3.03
6. The value of equals to 3+
0.02 3 × 0. 91
(a) 0.000016 (b) 0.00016 (a) 0.75 (b) 1.5 (c) 15 (d) 0.15
(c) 0.0016 (d) None of these
20. What should be subtracted from the
7. Which of the following sets of the fractions is in multiplication of 0.527 and 2.013 to get 1?
ascending order? (a) 0.939085 (b) 0.060851 (c) 1.91984 (d) 2.16085
6 7 5 11 5 6 7 11
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
8 9 6 13 6 8 9 13 21. The value of 0. 3467 + 0. 1333 is equal to
11 5 7 6 11 7 6 5 (a) 0.48 (b) 0.4801
(c) , , , (d) , , ,
13 6 9 8 13 9 8 6 (c) 0. 48 (d) 0.48
8. When 0.232323…is converted into a fraction, 22. The greatest fraction out of
2 5 11
, ,
7
and is
then the result is 5 6 12 8
1 2 23 23 7 5 11 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 9 99 100 8 6 12 5
9. If 3. 245 × 10k = 0.0003245, then the value of k is 3
23. Which of the following fractions is greater than
(a) 4 (b) –4 (c) 3 (d) 5 4
5
10. The value of ( 0.6 + 0.8 + 0.7 ) is and less than .
6
1 1 1 1 1 2 4 9
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
8 9 3 9 2 3 5 10
11. The value of ( 6. 88 − 2. 58) is 24. Consider the following statements:
(a) 4. 30 (b) 4.29 (c) 3.22 (d) 4. 38 1
I. cannot be written as a terminating decimal.
12. The expression (11.98 × 11.98 + 11.98 × x + 0.02 22
× 0.02) will be a perfect square for x equal to 2
II. can be written as a terminating decimal.
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.04 (d) 0.4 15
1
x+ y III. can be written as a terminating decimal.
13. If 2. 5x = 0. 5 y, then the value of is 16
x− y
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(a) −1.3 (b) −1.5 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.3
correct?
14. 7.2 exceeds its one-tenth by (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 8.48 (b) 5.48 (c) 6.48 (d) 5.28 (c) I and III (d) II and III
36 CDS Pathfinder

p
25. Consider the following decimal numbers: 28. Representation of 0. 2341 in the form , where p
q
I. 1.16666666… II. 1.181181118…
and q are integers, q ≠ 0, is e 2013 I
III. 2.010010001… IV. 1.454545…
781 1171 2341 2339
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Which of the above numbers represent(s) rational 3330 4995 9990 9990
number(s)?
29. Let p be a prime number other than 2 or 5. One
(a) Only IV (b) II and III
(c) I and IV (d) None of these
would like to express the vulgar fraction 1/ p in
the form of a recurring decimal. Then, the
decimal will be e 2015 I
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS (a) a pure recurring decimal and its period will be
necessarily ( p − 1)
26. What is the value of 0.007 + 17. 83 + 310. 0202 ? (b) a mixed recurring decimal and its period will be
necessarily ( p − 1)
(a) 327.86638 (b) 327.86638 e 2012 I
(c) a pure recurring decimal and its period will be some
(c) 327.86683 (d) 327.8668 factor of ( p − 1)
(d) a mixed recurring decimal and its period will be
27. What is the value of 0.242424…? e 2012 II
some factor of ( p − 1)
23 8 7 47
(a) (b) (c) (d)  
99 33 33 198 30. The value of ( 0. 63 + 0. 37) is e 2015 II
100 100 1000
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
91 99 999

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) x = 15.9273 − 11.0049 = 4.9224 =
. )2 − ( 0.4)2 ][( 05
[( 05 . )2 + ( 0.4)2 ] 10k = 10−4
2. (d) 15.3900 . ) + ( 0.4)2 ]
[( 05 2
So, k = − 4
0.2360 = ( 05
. )2 − ( 0.4)2 = ( 05
. − 0.4)( 05
. + 0.4) 6 8 7
10. (c) 0.6 + 0.8 + 0.7 = + +
5.2900 [Rule 1] 9 9 9
= 0.1 × 0.9 = 0.09 21 7 1
+ 0.0002 [Rule 2] = = =2
9 3 3
20.9162 0.004 × 0.0008 0.0000032
6. (b) = 11. (a) Here, 6.88 − 2.58
x = 20.9162 0.002 0.02
=  6 +
88   58 
= 0.00016  − 2 + 
3. (a) 1.75 × 1.24 = 2.17  99   99 
6 7 5
⇒ 1.75 × 124 = 217 7. (a) Here, = 0.75, = 0.7 ,
= ( 6 − 2) + 
88 58 
8 9 6 − 
111.744 11  99 99 
4. (a) Since, = 3.88 = 083
. , = 0846
.
28.8 88 − 58 30
13 =4 + =4 + = 4.30
111744 So, 0.75 < 0.7 < 083
. < 0846
. 99 99
⇒ = 3.88 [Rule 6]
28800 12. (c) Given expression

Now,
1117.44 11744
= = 3.88 [Rule 4] 8. (c) Given, 0.232323 …= 0. 23 = ( 1198
. )2 + ( 0.02)2 + 1198
. ×x
288 28800 23
(which is a recurring decimal) = For the given expression to be a perfect
99 square, we must have
. )2 ] 2 − [( 0. 4)2 ] 2
[( 05 9. (b) Here, 10k =
0.0003245
5. (b) 3.245 . × x = 2 × 1198
1198 . × 0.02
. )2 + ( 0. 4)2
( 05
3.245 × 10−4 ⇒ x = 0.04
[( a 2 − b 2 ) = ( a + b ) ( a − b )] = [by using ( a + b )2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab]
3.245
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions 37

13. (b) 2.5x = 0.5 y 3 3 25. (c) Since, 1.16666… and 1.454545… are
19. (b) =
x .
05 3 + 0.3 − 3.03 3 − 273 recurring numbers and we know that,
⇒ = = 0. 20
y 2⋅5 3 × 0.91 3 × 91 recurring numbers represent rational
numbers.
Now, the expression is [dividing
3 3
numerator and denominator by y] = = = 1.5 Hence, statements I and IV are rational
x + y x / y + 1 0.20 + 1 120
. 3−1 2 numbers.
= = =
x− y x / y − 1 0.20 − 1 −080 . 26. (b) 0.007 = 0.007777777
20. (b) Let x should be subtracted
= −15
. ( 0.527 × 2.013) − x > 1 ⇒ 17.83 = 1783838383
.
Shortcut Method 1.060851 − x > 1 310.0202 = 310. 020222222
x 05 . x + y 05. + 25
.
= ⇒ = x = 0.060851
y 2.5 x− y . − 25
05 . = 3278663838
. on adding
21. (b) 0.34 67 + 0.1333 = 32786638
.
[using componendo and dividendo]
x+ y 3467 − 34 1333 − 13
⇒ =
3
= − 1.5 = + 27. (b) Given, 0.242424... = 0. 24
x − y −2 9900 9900
3433 + 1320 4753 [which is a recurring decimal number]
7.2 = = 24 8
14. (c) 7. 2 − 9900 9900 = =
10 99 33
4801 − 48
⇒ 7. 2 − 0. 72 = 6.48 = = 0. 4801
2341 − 2 2339
p 9900 28. (d) 0. 2341 = =
15. (d) Given, = 2.52 …(i) 9990 9990
2 5 11
q 22. (c) = 0.4, = 083
. , = 0.916
5 6 12 29. (c) Value p may be 3, 7, 11, 13.
Now, 100 multiply both sides, we get
7 1
100 p and = 0875. = 0.3 , Period = 1
= 252.52 …(ii) 8 3
q
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we
Clearly, the greatest fraction is 0.916 i.e. Here, p − 1 = 2 and 1 is a factor of 2.
11 1
get . = 0. 142857, Period = 6
99 p q 99 12 7
= 250 ⇒ = = 0.396
q p 250 3 5
23. (c) = 0.75, = 0833
. Here, p − 1 = 6 and 6 is a factor of 6.
1 4 6
16. (c) Required decimal fraction = 1
= 0. 09, Period = 2
60 × 60 1
= 05
2 4
. , = 0.66, = 08
. and
9
= 0.9 11
1 2 3 5 10
= = 0.00027 Here, p − 1 = 10 and 2 is a factor of 10.
3600 Clearly, 0.8 lies between 0.75 and  
3 5 3 × 2. 24 0.8333. 30. (c) We have, 0. 63 + 0.37
17. (a) =
2 5 − 0.48 2 × 2. 24 − 0.48 4 3 5
∴ lies between and . Let x = 0.63 6363 63 …
5 4 6
[Q 5 = 2.24] 100x = 63.636363 …, 99x = 63
1 2
6.72 6.72 24. (c) In and , 22 and 15 are not in 63
= = = 168
. 22 15 and x =
4. 48 − 0. 48 4 1 99
the form of 2m × 5n but in . 
16 Similarly, y = 0.37 = 0373737
.
 ( 0.1) − ( 0.01)
2 2

18. (d) Here, + 1
  16 in the form of 24 × 50 . So,
1 37
 0.0001  can be Q y=
16
0.01 − 0.0001  99
+ 1
0.0099
= + 1=  written as a terminating decimal.
0.0001  0.0001  ∴ x+ y =
63 37 100
+ =
Hence, statements I and III are correct. 99 99 99
= ( 99 + 1) = 100
05
38 CDS Pathfinder

SQUARE ROOTS
AND CUBE ROOTS
Generally (1-3) questions have been asked from this chapter. This section will be useful in solving
simplification questions and will save lots of time while doing fuzzy calculations.

SQUARE
The square of a number is obtained by multiplying the number by itself.
e.g. Square of 5 = 5 × 5 = 25, square of 6 = 6 × 6 = 36
Perfect square A natural number n is called a perfect square or a square number, if there exists a
natural number m such that n = m2 .
e.g. The numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... are perfect square.

Properties of Perfect Square

The properties of perfect squares are discussed below.
(i) A number having 2, 3, 7 or 8 at unit’s place is never a perfect square.
e.g. 172, 2783
(ii) The squares of odd numbers are odd and the squares of even numbers are even.
(iii) The difference of squares of two consecutive natural numbers is equal to their sum.
e.g. 7 2 − 6 2 = 7 + 6 = 13
(iv) The product of four consecutive natural numbers plus one is a always square.
(v) A number ending in an odd number of zeroes is never a perfect square.
Square Root
The square root of a number x is that number which when multiplied by itself gives x as the product.
It is denoted by .
In general, y 2 = x ⇒ y = x
Here, y is the square root of x, if and only if x is the square of y.
e.g. 4 = 2× 2 = 2
Thus, 2 is the square root of 4.
MATHEMATICS Square Roots and Cube Roots 39

x 4 Step III Put the quotient above the period and write the
EXAMPLE 1. If = , then the value of x is product of divisor and quotient just below the
64 8
first period.
a. 16 b. 12 c. 8 d. 4
x 4
Step IV Subtract the product of divisor and quotient from
Sol. a. We have, = , the first period and bring down the next period to
64 8 the right of the remainder. This becomes the new
On squaring both sides, we get dividend.
2
 x  4
2
x 16 Step V Double the quotient and enter it with a blank on
  =   ⇒ = ⇒ x = 16
 64  8 64 64 its right.
Step VI Guess a largest possible digit to fill the blank
Methods to Find Square Root which will also become the next digit in the
The square root of a given number can be determined quotient, such that when the new divisor is
by using any of the following two methods multiplied to the new quotient the product is less
1. Prime Factorization Method than or equal to the dividend.
2. General Method/Division Method Step VII Repeat the above steps till all the periods have
been taken up.
Prime Factorization Now, the quotient so obtained is the required
In this method, we express the given number as the square root of the given number.
product of prime factors. Now, for finding square root,
we take the product of these prime factors choosing one EXAMPLE 4. The square root of 1522756 is
out of every pair of same prime factors. a. 1182 b. 1222
c. 1234 d. 1334
EXAMPLE 2. The square root of 213444 is Sol. c
a. 332 b. 368 c. 432 d. 462
1 1 52 27 56 1234
Sol. d. The prime factorisation of 213444 is
1
213444 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 11 × 11
22 52
∴ 213444 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 11× 11
×2 44
Now, taking one number from each pair and multiplying
them, we get 213444 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 11 = 462 243 0827
×3 729
EXAMPLE 3. What is the square root of 2464 9856
0. 324 × 0.64 × 129.6
? ×4 9856
0 . 729 × 1. 024 × 36 ×
a. 4 b. 3 Hence, the square root of 1522756 is 1234.
c. 2 d. 1
EXAMPLE 5. The least number of four digits which
0.324 × 0.64 × 129.6 324 × 64 × 1296 is a perfect square is e 2012 II
Sol. d. =
0.729 × 1024
. × 36 729 × 1024 × 36 a. 1204 b. 1024
( 22 × 34) × ( 26) × ( 24 × 34) ( 2 × 32) × 23 × ( 22 × 32) c. 1402 d. 1420
= =
( 36) × ( 210) × ( 22 × 32) 33 × 25 × ( 2 × 3) Sol. b. Here, the greatest three-digit number = 999
18 × 8 × 36
= =1 31
27 × 32 × 6
3 9 99
Division Method ×3 9
To find the square root of a given number using this 61 99
method, the following steps are to be followed. 61
Step I In the given number, place bars over every pair of 38
digits starting with the unit’s digit. Each pair and Here, the greatest number of three digits which is
the remaining one digit (if any) on the extreme left perfect square = 999 − 38 = 961 = ( 31) 2
is called a period.
So, the smallest four-digit number which is perfect
Step II Think of the largest number whose square is less square = ( 31+ 1) 2 = ( 32) 2 = 1024
than or equal to the first period.
40 CDS Pathfinder

CUBE POWERS OR EXPONENTS

If a number is multiplied three times with itself, then the An expression that represents repeated multiplication of
result of this multiplication is called the cube of that number. the same factor is called a power. It is written as ‘x n ’
e.g. 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 and is read as ‘x’ raised to the power n.
Here, x is called the ‘base’.
Properties of Cube and n is called the ‘exponent’.
1. Cubes of all even natural numbers are even and all e.g. 65 = 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 7776.
odd natural numbers are odd.
2. Cubes of the numbers ending in digit 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and Laws of Exponents
9 are the numbers ending in the same digit. x
Let be any rational number and m, n be any integers.
3. Cubes of negative integers are negative. y
4. Cubes of numbers ending in digits 3 and 7 ends in Then,
m n m+ n
digit 7 and 3, respectively.  x  x  x
(i)   ×   =  
 y  y  y
CUBE ROOT m n m− n
 x  m
n mn
 x  x  x  x
The cube root of a given number is the number whose (ii)   ÷   =  (iii)    =  
cube is the given number.  y  y  y  y    y
In general, we can say that a 3 = b, then cube root of ‘b’ −n n 0
 x  y  x
is ‘a’. Cube root of a number ‘a’ is denoted as 3 a. (iv)   =  (v)   =1
 y  x  y
e.g. 3 64 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 4. Thus, 4 is the cube root of 64.
EXAMPLE 8. If 2m + 21 + m = 24, then the value of m is
x 5
EXAMPLE 6. If 3 = , then the value of x is a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5
27 3
1+ m
a. 125 b.25 c. 27 d. 9 Sol. c. Given, 2 + 2 m
= 24 ⇒ 2 + 2 × 2m = 24
m 1

x 5 ⇒ 2m(1 + 2) = 24 ⇒ 2m × 3 = 24 ⇒ 2m = 8 = 23
Sol. a. We have 3 =
27 3 Now, on comparing both sides, we get
On cubing both sides, we get ∴ m=3
3
 x  5
3
x 125 Hence, the value of m is 3.
3  =   ⇒ =
 27  3 27 27
∴ x = 125 SURDS OR RADICALS
Let x be a rational number and n be a positive integer,
Method to Find Cube Root such that n x is irrational, then n x is called a radical or
Method to calculate the cube root of a number is as follow surd of order n and here x is called the radicand.
• A surd of order 2 is called a quadratic surd i.e. 2, 3.
Prime Factorization Method • A surd of order 3 is called a cubic surd. i.e. 3 2, 3 3.
In this method, we express the given number as the • A surd of order 4 is called a biquadratic surd i.e. 4 5 , 4 7 .
product of prime factors.
Now, for finding cube root, we take the product of Laws of Radicals
these prime factors choosing one out of every three, The laws of exponents which are applicable to the surds
from the factors. are
EXAMPLE 7. Find the cube root of 373248. (i) ( n x ) n = x
a. 42 b. 52 c. 62 d. 72 (ii) n xy = n x ⋅ n y
Sol. d. Here, 373248 = 8 × 8 × 8 × 9 × 9 × 9 x n
x
(iii) n =
373248 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 y n y
× 2× 2× 2× 3× 3× 3× 3× 3× 3
(iv) ( n x ) m = ( n x m )
⇒ 3
373248 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 72
Hence, the cube root of 373248 is 72. (v) m n
x = mn x = n m x
MATHEMATICS Square Roots and Cube Roots 41

Types of Surds Multiplication and Division of Surds

p q
1. Pure surds A surd which has only 1 as a rational Suppose given surds are a, b and r c , then first find
factor is called a pure surd. the LCM of p, q and r to make the radial powers of the
e.g. 2, 3 2, 4 3 all are pure surds. surds same and then their multiplication and division
can be done using following rules.
2. Mixed surds A surd which is not a pure surd or has n
factor other than unity is called a mixed surd. x x
(i) n x × n y = n xy (ii) =n
4 n y y
e.g. 2 3, 5 3 12, 3 35 are mixed surds.
3
3. Like and Unlike surds When the radicands of two EXAMPLE 11. Simplify 6 12 ÷ 3 ⋅ 3 2.
surds are same, then those are known as like surds. a. 3 3 b. 3
e.g. 6 3 and 22 ⋅ 3. c. 3 2 d. 3
1
When radicands of two surds are different, then they 3
3
are called unlike surds. e.g. 4 7 and 6 5. Sol. d. Here, the order of 3, 2 is 2 and 3, respectively.
So, LCM 2, 3 and 6 = 6
Comparison of Two Surds
3 = 31/ 2 = ( 36/ 2)1/ 6 = ( 33)1/ 6 = ( 27)1/ 6 = 6 27
1. If two surds are of the same order, then the one
whose radicand is larger, is the larger of the two.
3
2 = ( 2)1/ 3 = ( 26/ 3)1/ 6 = ( 22)1/ 6 = 6 4
e.g. 17 > 13, 3 21 > 3 16 6
12 6
12 6
12 12 1
So, = = =6 =6
2. If any two surds have different orders are to be 3⋅ 3 2 6
27 ⋅ 6 4 6 27 × 4 27 × 4 9
compared, then we will first reduce them to the same  1 2
1/ 6 2/ 6 1/ 3
=    =  = 
1 1 1
but smallest order and then compare them. =3
   3  3
 3  3
Note Let n x be a surd of order n.
m
Then, n x = x m/ n i.e. x 1/ n = ( x m/ n )1/ m is a surd of order m. Rationalisation of Surds
Process of converting surd into rational number is called
EXAMPLE 9. Convert 2 into a surd of order 4.
as rationalisation of surds.
a. 4 2 b. 4 8 c. 4 4 d. None of these
When the product of two surds is a rational number, then
Sol. c. 2=2 1/ 2
= (2 4 / 2 1/ 4
) = (2 )
2 1/ 4
= 4
4
each surd is called a rationalising factor of each other.
EXAMPLE 10. Consider the following in respect of e.g. 3
25 × 3 5 = 3 25 × 5 = 3 125 = 3 5 3 = 5
the numbers 2, 3 3, and 6 6 . e 2014 (I)
So, 3 25 and 3 5 are rationalising factor of each other.
I. 6 6 is the greatest number.
II. 2 is the smallest number. Rationalising factors of a given surd
Which of these statements is/are correct? 1
• Rationalising factor of = a
a. Only I b. Only II c. Both I and II d. Neither I nor II a
Sol. d. Taking LCM of 2, 3 and 6 = 12 1
• Rationalising factor of = am b
Now, 2 = 2 1/ 2
=2 6 /12
= 12
2 =
6 12
64 a± b
1 2
6 = (6) 6 = (6)12 = 12 62 = 12 36
6 5+ 3 5− 3
EXAMPLE 12. + is equal to
3
3 = 31/ 3 = 34/12 = 12 81 5− 3 5+ 3
So, neither I nor II is correct. a. 16 b. 8 c. 4 d. 15
Operations on Surds Sol. b.
5+ 3
+
5− 3
5− 3 5+ 3
Addition and Subtraction of Surds ( 5 + 3)( 5 + 3) ( 5 − 3) ( 5 − 3)
= + ×
Addition or subtraction takes place only between like ( 5 − 3)( 5 + 3) ( 5 + 3) ( 5 − 3)
surds, using laws of numbers. e.g. ( 5 + 3) 2 ( 5 − 3) 2 ( 5 + 3) 2 + ( 5 − 3) 2
(i) 2 3 + 4 3 + 5 = 6 3 + 5 = + =
52 − 32 52 − 32 ( 5) 2 − ( 3) 2
(ii) 6 5 − 3 2 + 7 5 + 4 2 = (6 5 + 7 5 ) + ( 4 2 − 3 2 ) 2[( 5) + ( 3) ]
2 2
2( 5 + 3)
= = =8
= 13 5 + 2 5− 3 2
42 CDS Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
x 4 14. Find the value of
1. If = , then the value of x is
49 7
343 + 307 + 273 + 241 + 225
(a) 9 (b) 25 (c) 16 (d) 8
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 19 (d) 18 + 3
2. Which of the following cannot be a digit in the
1 1 1 1
unit place of a perfect square? 15. What is − + −
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 0 9− 8 8− 7 7− 6 6− 5
1
3. The number 0.0001 is + equal to?
5− 4
(a) a rational number less than 0.01
1
(b) a rational number (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d)
3
(c) an irrational number
(d) Neither a rational number nor an irrational number 16. What is one of the square roots of 9 − 2 14?
4. If m and n are natural numbers, then m
n is (a) 7 − 3 (b) 6 − 3 (c) 7 − 5 (d) 7 − 2
(a) always irrational 17. If p = r = m and r = p = n , then which one of
x y w z
(b) irrational unless n is the mth power of an integer
the following is correct?
(c) irrational unless m is the nth power of an integer
(a) x w = yz (b) x z = yw
(d) irrational unless m and n are coprime
(c) x + y = w + z (d) x − y = w − z
5. What is that fraction which when multiplied by
18. If a x = b y = cz and abc = 1, then what is
itself gives 227.798649?
(a) 15.093 (b) 15.099 (c) 14.093 (d) 9.0019 xy + yz + zx equal to
(a) xyz (b) x + y + z (c) 0 (d) 1
6. If x = 3018 + 36 + 169 , then the value of x is 5+1 5−1
19. If a = and b = , then the value of
(a) 55 (b) 44 (c) 63 (d) 42 5−1 5+1
7. If 3 x = x / 5, then x is equal to  a 2 + ab + b2 
 2  is
(a) 5 5 (b) 55
6
(c) 56
5
(d) 5  a − ab + b2 
(a) 3/4 (b) 4/3 (c) 3/5 (d) 5/3
8. What is the value of
29.16 + 0.2916 + 0.002916 + 0. 00002916 ? 20. If 3 5 + 125 = 17.88, then what will be the value
(a) 5.9949 (b) 5.9894 (c) 5.9984 (d) 5.9994 of 80 + 6 5
−5/ 2 − 3/ 2 (a) 13.41 (b) 20.46 (c) 21.66 (d) 22.35
9. ( 5 ) × ( 5)
1 1 1 21. If N = 2 0.15
and N = 16, then b is equal to
b
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
625 25 125 (a) 80 / 3 (b) 5 / 3 (c) 4 (d) 3 / 5
10. If a = 3, b = 9 and c = 10, then the value of 22. If 6A = 2, 6B = 5 and 6Q = 15, then Q equals to
13 + a + 112 + b + c − 1 is (a) B + 3 (b) 5A + B (c) B2 − 2 B (d) B − A + 1

(a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 16 (d) 10 23. Arrange 4 3 , 6 10 , 12 25 in descending order.

11. If 0. 9 × 0.09 × x = 0. 9 × 0.09 × z, then the value (a) 6 10 > 4 3 > 12 25 (b) 12 25 > 4 3 > 6 10
x (c) 6 10 > 12 25 > 4 3 (d) 4 3 > 12 25 > 6 10
of is
z
24. If ( 3.7)x = ( 0.037) y = 10000, then what is the value
(a) 0.081 (b) 0.810 (c) 0.81 (d) 8.09
1 1
of − ?
12. 2 2 2 2 2 is equal to x y
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 2 31/ 32 2 4
7+ 5
13. If 35 = 5. 9160, then the value of is 25. The greatest six digit number which is a perfect
7− 5 square is
(a) 9.1060 (b) 10.9160 (c) 11.9160 (d) 12 (a) 998004 (b) 998006 (c) 998049 (d) 998001
MATHEMATICS Square Roots and Cube Roots 43

26. What is the smallest number by which 26244 37. If 16 × 8n + 2 = 2m , then m is equal to e 2013 I
must be divided to get a perfect cube? (a) n + 8 (b) 2 n + 10
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 36 (d) 16 (c) 3 n + 2 (d) 3 n + 10
27. What is the smallest number that must be added 2
to 1780 to make it a perfect square?
38. When a ball bounces, it rises to of the height
3
(a) 39 (b) 49 (c) 59 (d) 69 from which it fell. If the ball is dropped from a
28. A gardener plants 17956 trees in such a way height of 36 m, how high will it rise at the third
that there are as many rows as there are trees in bounce? e 2013 I
a row. The number of trees in a row are 1 2 1 2
(a) 10 m (b) 10 m (c) 10 m (d) 12 m
(a) 136 (b) 164 (c) 134 (d) 166 3 3 3 3
29. A group of student decided to collect as many 39. The product of four consecutive natural numbers
paise from each member of the group as is the plus one is e 2014 I
number of members. If the total collection (a) a non-square
amounts to ` 32.49 the number of members in the (b) always sum of two square numbers
group, is (c) a square
(a) 37 (b) 47 (c) 57 (d) 27 (d) None of the above
30. A general arranges his soldiers in rows to form a 40. The difference of two consecutive cubes e 2014 I
perfect square. He find that in doing, so (a) is odd or even (b) is never divisible by 2
60 soldiers are left out. If the total number of (c) is always even (d) None of these
soldiers be 8160. Then, the number of soldiers in
each row is ( 0.75)3
41. The square root of + [0.75 + ( 0.75)2 + 1] is
(a) 90 (b) 91 (c) 92 (d) 80 1 − 0.75
e 2015 I
31. A ball is dropped from a height 64 m above the
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
ground and every time it hits the ground it rises
to a height equal to half of the previous. What is 5 + 10
the height attained after it hits the ground for 42. What is equal to?
5 5 − 2 20 − 32 + 50
the 16th time?
e 2015 I
(a) 2 −12 m (b) 2 −11 m (c) 2 −10 m (d) 2 −9 m
(a) 5 (b) 5 2 (c) 5 5 (d) 5
a + 3b + a − 3b 91 1
32. If x = , then 3bx 2 − 2ax + 3b is 43. If x = , then the value of 3 − is
a + 3b − a − 3b 216 (1 −x )1/ 3 e 2015 II
equal to (given that, b ≠ 0). 9 5 4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) ab (d) 2ab 5 9 9 5
44. Which one of the following is correct? e 2015 II
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS (a) 2 < 4 6 < 3 4 (b) 2 > 4 6 > 3
4
(c) 4 6 < 2 < 3 4 (d) 4 6 > 2 > 3
4
33. If a x = b, b y = c and xyz = 1, then what is the 1 1
value of cz ? e 2012 I 45. If x = 3 + 2, then the value of x3 + x + + , is
x x3
(a) a (b) b (c) ab (d) a/b
e 2015 II
34. If 196 x = x , then x is equal to which one of
4 6 3
(a) 10 3 (b) 20 3 (c) 10 2 (d) 20 2
the following? e 2012 I
46. If x = 21/ 3 + 2− 1/ 3 , then the value of 2x3 − 6x − 5 is
6 2
x x
(a) (b) 14x4 (c) (d) 14x2 equal to e 2016 I
14 14 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
35. If 10 + 3 x = 4, then what is the value of x? 47. If 4x 2 y = 128 and 33 x 32 y − 9xy = 0, then the value
e 2012 I of x + y can be equal to e 2016 I
(a) 150 (b) 216 (c) 316 (d) 450 (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1
36. The expression [( 2 ) 2 ] 2
gives e 2013 I a + 2b + a − 2b
(a) a natural number 48. If x = , then bx 2 − ax + b is
a + 2b − a − 2b
(b) an integer and not a natural number
(c) a rational number but not an integer equal to (given that b ≠ 0) e 2016 I

(d) a real number but not a rational number (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ab (d) 2ab
44 CDS Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

x 4 x 4 4
1. (c) Given, = or = = ( 5 )− 4 =  
1 = 343 + 307 + 17
49 7 7 7  5
= 343 + 18 = 361 = 19
Now, on squaring both sides, we get (1 / 2 ) × 4 2
=   =   =
1 1 1 1 1 1
15. (c) − +
( x )2 = ( 4)2 ⇒ x = 16 5 5 25 9− 8 8− 7 7− 6
Hence, the value of x is 16. 1 1
10. (b) Given, a = 3, b = 9 and c = 10 − +
6− 5 5− 4
2. (c) The digits 2, 3, 7 and 8 cannot be at ∴ 13 + a + 112 + b + c−1
the unit place of a perfect square =( 9 + 8) − ( 8 + 7)
= 13 + 3 + 112 + 9 + 10 − 1
number. +( 7+ 6) − ( 6 + 5)
= 16 + 121 + 9 = 4 + 11 + 3 = 18
3. (b) 0.0001 = 0.01 which is a rational +( 5+ 4)
number. x 0.9 × 0.09
11. (a) Here, = [on rationalisation]
z 0.9 × 0.09
4. (b) If m and n are natural numbers, then = 9+ 4 =3+ 2=5
m n is irrational unless n is mth power of 0.9 × 0.09 × 0.9 × 0.09
=
an integer. 0.9 × 0.09 16. (d) 9 − 2 14 = 7+ 2−2× 7 × 2

5. (a) Let fraction be x, then = 0.9 × 0.09 = ( 7− 2) =2

7− 2
2
⇒ 
x = 227.798649
2 x
 = ( 0.9 × 0.09 )
2
 z 17. (a) Given, p x = r y = m and
⇒ x= 227.798649 = 15.093
x rw = pz = n
⇒ = 0.081
6. (a) Given, x = 3018 + 36 + 169 z Now, px = r y
On multiply power with w on both
= 3018 + 36 + 13
12. (d) Here, 2 2 2 2 2 sides, we get
= 3018 + 49 = 3018 + 7 ( p x )w = ( r y )w ⇒ p xw = r yw
= 2 2 2 2×2 1/2
= 2 2 2×2 3/4
⇒ px w = ( rw ) y ...(i)
= 3025 = 55
On putting r w
= p in Eq. (i), we get
z
Hence, the value of x is 55. = 2 2 × 27 / 8 = 2 × 215 / 16 = 231 / 32
p xw = ( p z ) y ⇒ p x w = p zy
7. (c) 3 x = x /5 7+ 5
13. (c) Here, On comparing both sides, we get
On cubing both sides, we get 7− 5
∴ xw = zy
x = x /53 3
7+ 5 7+ 5 ( 7+ 5 )2
On squaring both sides, we get = × = 18. (c) Given, a x = b y = c z = k [Let]
7− 5 7+ 5 7−5
x6 ⇒ a = k1 / x , b = k1 / y
x = x 6 / 56 ⇒ 56 = = x5
x 7 + 5 + 2 35 12 + 2 35 and c = k1 / z
= = 1
+
1
+
1
⇒ x 5 = 56 ⇒ x = 5 56 2 2 ∴ abc = k x y z

8. (d) 29.16 + 0.2916 + 0.002916 [Q ( a + b )2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab ] 1 1 1

+ +
+ 0.00002916 = 6 + 35 = 6 + 5.9160 = 119160
. ⇒ 1 = kx y z = k0
= 5.4 + 054
. + 0.054 + 0.0054 [Q abc = 1, given]
14. (b) 343 + 307 + 273 + 241 + 225
= 5.9994 On comparing both sides, we get
1 1 1
9. (b) ( 5 )− 5 / 2 × ( 5 )− 3 / 2 = 343 + 307 + 273 + 241 + 15 + + =0
x y z
= ( 5 )− 5 / 2 − 3 / 2 = ( 5 )− 8 / 2
= 343 + 307 + 273 + 16
⇒ xy + yz + zx = 0
MATHEMATICS Square Roots and Cube Roots 45

5+1 5+1 ⇒
4 4
− =3 − 1⇒
1 1 1
− = a + 3b + a − 3b
19. (b) a = × 32. (b) Given, x =
5−1 5+1 x y x y 2 a + 3b − a − 3b
1 1 1
( 5 + 1)2 3 + 5 Hence, the value of − is ⋅ By rationalising, we get
= = x y 2
5−1 2 ( a + 3b )2 + ( a − 3b )2
x=
5−1 5−1 25. (d) Here, the greatest six-digit number ( a + 3b )2 − ( a − 3b )2
b= × = 999999
5+1 5−1 2 ( a + 3b )( a − 3b )
999 +
( 5 − 1)2 3 − 5 ( a + 3b )2 − ( a − 3b )2
= = 9 99 99 99
5−1 2 81 a + 3b + a − 3b + 2 a 2 − 9b 2
2 2 x=
3 + 5  3 − 5  189 1899 a + 3b − a + 3b
∴ a2 + b2 =   + 
 2   2  ×9 1701 2a + 2 a 2 − 9b 2
x=
2( 9 + 5) 1989 19899 a + 3b − a + 3b
= =7
4 ×9 17901
(a + a 2 − 9b 2 )
5+1 5−1 1998 =
Also, ab = × =1 (3 b )
5−1 5+1 Here, the greatest number of six digit
a 2 + ab + b 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) + ab
which is perfect square 3bx2 − 2ax + 3b = 0
∴ 2 = = 999999 − 1998 = 998001
a − ab + b 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) − ab 33. (a) Given, a x = b , b y = c and x yz = 1
7+ 1 4 26. (c) We have, Now, a x = b
= =
7−1 3 26244 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 On multiplying both sides by y in
So, to get a perfect cube, power, we get
20. (d) 3 5 + 125 = 1788
.
26244 must be divided by 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ( ax ) y = ( b) y ⇒ a xy = b y
⇒ 3 5 + 5 5 = 1788
. i.e., 36.
Here, b y = c ⇒ ax y = c
⇒ 8 5 = 1788
.
27. (d) We know that, ( 42)2 = 1764 and Again, multiply with z in power, we get
1788
.
⇒ 5= = 2.235 ( 43)2 = 1849
8 ( a x y )z = c z ⇒ a x y z = cz
Since, 1764 < 1780 < 1849
∴ 80 + 6 5 = 4 5 + 6 5 Hence, the smallest number that must be Given, xyz = 1 ⇒ a = c z
= 10 5 = 10 × 2.235 = 22.35 added to 1780 is ( 1849 − 1780), i.e. 69. ∴ cz = a
21. (a) N = 2 0.15
28. (c) Given, total number of tress = 17956 Hence, the value of c z is a.
⇒ N = ( 2) 3 / 20
⇒ ( N ) = ( 2)
b 3 b / 20
∴ Number of trees in each row x6
34. (d) 196x4 = x6 , 196 = = x2
But, N b
= 16 = 17956 = 134 x4
∴ 16 = ( 2)3 b / 20 ⇒ 24 = ( 2)3 b / 20 29. (c) Total rupees collected = ` 32.49 ⇒ x= 196 = 14
3b 80 = 32.49 × 100 paise = 3249 paise ⇒ x3 = 14x2
⇒ 4= ⇒ b=
20 3 ∴ Number of member in the group 35. (b) Given, 10 + 3 x = 4
22. (d) Since 15 = 3 × 5 = 3 × 6B = 3249 = 57 On squaring both sides, we get
6 61
As, 3 = = A = 61 − A 30. (a) Here, number of soldier arranged 10 + 3 x = 16
2 6
= 8160 − 60 = 8100 ⇒ 3 x = 16 − 10 = 6
∴ 15 = 3 × 6B = 61 − A × 6B
As number of soldier in each row is Now, on cubing both sides, we get
⇒ 6Q = 61 − A × 6B ⇒ 6Q = 61 − A + B equal to number of row. x = ( 6)3 = 216
⇒ Q = 1− A + B So, number of soldier in each row Hence, the value of x is 216.
23. (a) LCM of 4, 6, 12 = 12 = 8100 = 90 36. (d) Expression = [( 2 ) 2
] 2
4
3 = 12 33 = 12 27 1
31. (c) After Ist hit, height of the ball 2
6
10 = 12 102 = 12 100 1 = ( 2 )(2 ) 2
= ( 2 )(2 ) 2

= ( 64)
25 =
12 12 1  1 − 1
25 2 1
×2 2 
(2 )  2


= ( 2) 2 = ( 2)
Clearly, 12 100 > 12 27 > 12 25 After IInd hit, height of the ball
Thus, 6 10 > 4 3 > 12 25 2 which denotes a real number but not a
=   ( 64)
1
rational number.
24. (c) Given, (3.7) = ( 0.037) = 10000
x y  2
37. (d) Given, 16 × 8n + 2
= 2m
⇒ (3.7)x = 104 and ( 0.037) y = 104 After 16th hit, height of the ball
⇒ ( 2) × 2 3 (n +
4 2)
= 2m
37 = 104 / x + 1 and 37 = 104 / y + 3
16
⇒
=  
1 (4 + 3 n + 6 ) ( 3 n + 10 )
 2
( 64) ⇒ 2 =2 ⇒2
m
= 2m
⇒ 104 / x + 1 = 104 / y + 3
On comparing, we get
1
On comparing both sides, we get = ( 26 ) = 2−10 m 3n + 10 = m
4 4 216
+ 1= + 3 ⇒ m = 3n + 10
x y
46 CDS Pathfinder

38. (b) After first bounce, height of ball 5 + 10 1

+ 3 x +  = 24 3
x3 +
1
=
1
5 5−4 5−4 2+5 2 x3  x
=   × 36
2
3 (5 + 10 ) ( 5 − 2 ) Q x3 + 3 + x + = 24 3 − 2  x + 
1 1 1
= × 
( 5 + 2) ( 5 − 2) x x x
and after third bounce, height of ball
3 = 24 3 − 2 × 2 3
=   × 36
2 [by rationalisation]
3 5 5 − 5 2 + 50 − 20 = 24 3 − 4 3 = 20 3
=
8 8 × 4 32 2 5 − 2
2 2 46. (a) Given, x = 21 / 3 + 2−1 / 3
= × 36 = = m = 10 m
27 3 3 3 ∴ 2x3 − 6x − 5 = 2 ( 21 / 3 + 2− 1 / 3 )3
[Q ( a − b )( a + b ) = a 2 − b 2 ]
Hence, the required height at third − 6 ( 21 / 3 + 2−1 / 3 ) − 5
2 5 5 −5 2 + 5 2 − 2 5 3 5
bounce is 10 m. = = = 5 = 2[ 2 + 2 −1
+ 3 ( 21 / 3 + 2−1 / 3 )]
3 5−2 3
− 6 ( 21 / 3 + 2−1 / 3 ) − 5
39. (c) Product of four consecutive numbers 91
43. (a) We have, x = 1
plus one is always a square. 216 =4+ 2× + 6 ( 21 / 3 + 2−1 / 3 )
3
2
Illustration 1 Let four consecutive
⇒ 1− x = 1−
91
=
125  5 
=  − 6 ( 21 / 3 + 2−1 / 3 ) − 5
numbers be 3, 4, 5 and 6. 216 216  6  = 4 + 1− 5 = 0
∴ (3 × 4 × 5 × 6) + 1 = 361 = ( 19)2 1
5 1 6
⇒ (1 − x) 3 = ⇒ = 47. (b) We have, 4x 2 y = 128
Illustration 2 Let four consecutive 6 1
5
numbers be 9, 10, 11 and 12. (1 − x) 3 ⇒ 2 2 x 2 y = ( 2)7
∴ ( 9 × 10 × 11 × 12) + 1= 11881= ( 109)2 ⇒ 2 2 x + y = ( 2)7
1 6 9
⇒ 3− =3− = ⇒ 2x + y = 7
40. (b) The difference of two consecutive 1
5 5
cubes is never divisible by 2. ( 1 − x) 3 ⇒ y = 7 − 2x …(i)
Illustration 1 Let the two consecutive 44. (b) We have, 2, 6 1/4
,41/3 Now, 33 x ⋅ 32 y = 9xy
numbers be 4 and 5. ⇒ 33 x+2y = 32 xy
The LCM of 2, 4, 3 are 12.
∴ (5) − ( 4) = 125 − 64 = 61
3 3
1 1 1 ⇒ 3x + 2 y = 2xy …(ii)
Illustration 2 Let the two consecutive ( 26 ) 12 ; ( 63 ) 12 ; ( 44 ) 12 ⇒ 3x + 2 ( 7 − 2x) = 2x ( 7 − 2x)
numbers be 9 and 10. 1 1 1
[from Eq. (i)]
∴ ( 10)3 − ( 9)3 = 1000 − 729 = 271 ( 64) 12
; ( 216) 12
; ( 256) 12
⇒ 3x + 14 − 4x = 14x − 4x2
( 0.75)3 1 1
⇒ 4x2 − 15x + 14 = 0
41. (b) + [ 0.75 + ( 0.75)2 + 1] 2 < 6 4 < 4 3 or 2> 4
6> 3
4
1 − 0.75 ⇒ 4x2 − 8x − 7x + 14 = 0
( 0.75) 3
45. (b) We have, x = 3 + 2 ⇒ 4x ( x − 2) − 7 ( x − 2) = 0
= + [ 175
. + ( 0.75)2 ]
0.25 1 1 3− 2 ⇒ ( 4x − 7) ( x − 2) = 0
Q = ×
= 3 × ( 0.75) + 175
2
. + ( 0.75) 2 3+ 2 3− 2 7
x ⇒ x = or x = 2
3− 2 4
= 4 × ( 0.75) + 175
2
. = 4=2 = = 3− 2 7
3−2 ∴ y = or y = 3
Hence, the required square root is 2. 1 2
∴ x+ =2 3 21
5 + 10 x ∴ x + y= or x + y = 5
42. (d) 4
5 5 − 2 20 − 32 + 50 On cubing both sides, we get
48. (a) Refer to question 32.
06
MATHEMATICS Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 47

TIME AND DISTANCE

Regularly (4-7) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally the type of questions vary from
simple to quite complex. But if you know the basics, then this section becomes easy to score area.

Distance
The length of the path travelled by any object or a person between two places is known as distance.
The unit of distance is m or km.

Time
The duration in hours, minutes or seconds spent to cover a certain distance is called time.

Speed
The distance travelled by any object or a person per unit time is known as speed of that object or a
person. The unit of speed is m/s or km/h.
distance
So, speed =
time

EXAMPLE 1. There are 20 poles with a constant distance between each pole. A car takes 24 s to
reach the 12th pole. How much time will it take to reach the last pole?
a. 25.25 s b. 17.45 s c. 35.75 s d. 41.45 s
Sol. d. Suppose distance between each pole is 1m.
∴ Total distance = 19 m
It takes 24 s to cover 11 m.
24
∴ To cover 19 m, it will take × 19 = 4145
. .
11

Conversion of Unit
5
(i) To convert speed of an object from km/h to m/s, multiply it by .
18
5
e.g. 36 km/h = 36 × m/s = 10 m/s
18
48 CDS Pathfinder

(ii) To convert speed of an object from m/s to km/h,

18 Important Rules and Formulae
multiply it by .
5 Rule 1 If A travels with speed x km/h for t 1 h and with
18 x t + yt 2
e.g. 5 m/s = 5 × km/h = 18 km/h speed y km/h for t 2 h, then average speed = 1
5 t1 + t 2
Average Speed EXAMPLE 4. A man walks at the rate of 5 km/h for
The average speed of an object is defined as total 6 h and at 4 km/h for 12 h. Find out the average
distance travelled divided by total time taken. speed (in km/h) of the man.
Total distance 1 1 1
i.e. Average speed = a. 2 b. 5 c. 7 d. None of these
Total time 3 3 3
EXAMPLE 2. A man completes 30 km of a journey Sol. d. Here, x = 5 km/h, y = 4 km/h, t1 = 6 h and t 2 = 12 h
at 6 km/h and the remaining 40 km of the journey in xt1 + yt 2 5 × 6 + 4 × 12 30 + 48
∴ Average speed = = =
5 h. Then, his average speed for the whole journey is t1 + t 2 6 + 12 18
a. 5 km/h b. 7 km/h 78 1
= = 4 km/h
c. 7.5 km/h d. None of these 18 3
Total distance travelled 70
Sol. b. Average speed = = = 7 km/h Rule 2 If a man/vehicle covers two equal distances with
Total time taken 10
the speed of x km/h and y km/h respectively, then the
Relative Speed average speed of the man/vehicle for complete journey
The speed of an object with respect to other is called 2xy
will be .
relative speed. Suppose two bodies are moving with x+ y
speeds of x km/h and y km/h respectively, then their
relative speed will be EXAMPLE 5. A man covers half of his journey at
6 km/h and the remaining half at 3 km/h. Then, his
(i) ( x + y) km/h, if both the bodies are moving in average speed is
opposite directions.
a. 1 km/h b. 2 km/h c. 3 km/h d. 4 km/h
(ii) ( x − y) km/h, if both the bodies are moving in same
Sol. d. Here, x = 6 km/h and y = 3 km/h
direction.
2xy 2 × 6 × 3 36
EXAMPLE 3. Two persons 27 km apart setting out at ∴ Average speed = = = = 4 km/h
x+ y 6+ 3 9
the same time are together in 9 h, if they walk in the
same direction but in 3 h, if they walk in opposite Rule 3 If a man changes his speed to  x  of his usual
directions. Then, their rates of walking (speeds) are  y
a. 2 km/h and 4 km/h b. 3 km/h and 5 km/h
speed and gets late by t min, then the usual time taken by
c. 4 km/h and 8 km/h d. None of these t ×x
Sol. d. Let the first person be walking faster with speed him = .
( y − x)
x km/h and second walking with speed y km/h.
Case I Both walking in same directions.  x
Note If a person changes his speed to   of his usual and
∴ Distance travelled by first person in 9 h = 9x km  y
t ×x
and distance travelled by second person in 9 h = 9 y km reaches early by t min, then usual time taken by him = .
( x − y)
As both are 27 km apart
∴ 9x − 9y = 27 ⇒ x − y = 3 ...(i) EXAMPLE 6. If a man travels with a speed of 2/5
Case II Both walking in opposite directions. times of his original speed and he reached his office
∴ Distance travelled by first person in 3 h = 3x 15 min late to fixed time, then the time taken with his
and distance travelled by second person in 3 h = 3y original speed, is
So, by condition, 3x + 3y = 27 ⇒ x + y = 9 ...(ii) a. 10 min b. 15 min c. 20 min d. 25 min
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Sol. a. Here, x = 2 , y = 5 and t = 15 min
⇒ 2x = 12 ⇒ x = 6 km/h x × t 2 × 15
∴ Required time = =
Put the value of x in Eq. (ii), we get y − x 5− 2
6 + y = 9 ⇒ y = 3 km/h 2 × 15
= = 2 × 5 = 10 min
So, their speeds are 6 km/h and 3 km/h. 3
MATHEMATICS Time and Distance 49

(ii) Time taken by a train x m long in passing

Rule 4 When a man travels from A to B with a speed
an object of length y m = Time taken by the
x km/h and reaches t 1 h later after the fixed time and when train to cover ( x + y) m.
he travels with a speed y km/h from A to B, he reaches his
destination t 2 h before the fixed time, then distance EXAMPLE 9. A 100 m long train is moving at a speed
xy (t 1 + t 2 ) of 60 km/h. In what time will it cross a signal pole?
between A and B = km.
y−x a. 6 s b. 12 s c. 15 s d. None of these
5 50
Sol. a. Here, speed of train = 60 km/h = 60 × = m/s
EXAMPLE 7. Walking at 3 km/h, Rajeev reaches his 18 3
school 5 min late, if he walks at 4 km/h, he will be and distance covered by train in passing a pole
5 min early. The distance of Rajeev’s school from his = Length of the train
house is Q Length of train = 100 m
1 1 Distance travelled by train
a. 1 km b. 2 km c. 2 km d. 5 km ∴Time taken to pass the pole = = 6s
2 2 Speed of train
5 5
Sol. b. Here, x = 3 km/h, y = 4 km/h, t1 = h and t 2 = h
60 60 Rule 7 Time taken by a train of length l1 metre moving
3 × 4 + 
5 5
xy (t1 + t 2)  60 60 at a speed of s 1 m/s to cross another train of length l 2
∴ Required distance = = moving at a speed of s 2 m/s in same/opposite direction is
y−x 4−3
l1 + l 2
10
= 3× 4 × = 2 km s1 ± s 2
60
Rule 5 A person travels from A to B with a speed Use ‘+’ for opposite direction.
Use ‘–’ for same direction.
x km/h and reaches t 1 h late. Later he increases his speed
by y km/h to cover the same distance and he still gets late EXAMPLE 10. Two trains of lengths 110 m and
by t 2 h, then the distance between A and B 130 m travel on parallel track. If they move in the
x same direction, the first one which is faster takes one
= (t 1 − t 2 )( x + y) . minute to pass the other one completely. If they move
y
in opposite directions then they pass each other in 3s,
EXAMPLE 8. A boy walking at a speed of 20 km/h then the speed of the trains is
reaches his school 30 min late. Next time he a. 41 m/s and 39 m/s b. 32 m/s and 43 m/s
increased his speed by 5 km/h but still he is late by c. 42 m/s and 38 m/s d. None of these
10 min. What is the distance of the school from his Sol. c. Let v1 be the velocity of faster train and v 2 be the
home? velocity of slower train.
100 50 100 2 Case I If they move in the same direction, then
a. km b. km c. km d. km
3 3 7 5 110 + 130
= 60 s ⇒ v1 − v 2 = 4 …(i)
1 v1 − v 2
Sol. a. Given, x = 20 km/h, y = 5 km/h, t1 = 30 min = h
2 Case II If they move in opposite directions,
1 110 + 130
and t 2 = 10 min = h = 3 ⇒ v1 + v 2 = 80 …(ii)
6 v1 + v 2
x
∴ Required distance = (t1 − t 2) ( x + y) On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2v1 = 84 ⇒ v1 = 42 m/s
y
Now, putting the value of v1 in Eq. (ii), we get
=  −  ( 20 + 5) ×
1 1 20 100
= km 10
 2 6 5 3 42 + v 2 = 80, v 2 = 38 m/s = 3 × 4 × = 2 km
60

Problem Based on Trains Rule 8 If two trains start at the same time from points
Problems based on trains are same as the problems A and B towards each other and after crossing each other,
related to speed, Time and Distance. The only difference they take t 1 and t 2 time in reaching points B and A
is that the length of the moving object (train) is taken t
respectively, then ratio of their speed = 2
into consideration in these types of problems. t1
Rule 6 (i) Time taken by a train x m long in passing a S1 t
or = 2
single post or pole or standing man = Time S2 t1
taken by the train to cover x m.
50 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 11. Two trains, one from Howrah to Patna

Rule 10 Let the speed of boat in downstream = u km/h
and the other from Patna to Howrah, start
simultaneously. After they meet, the trains reach their and speed of boat in upstream = v km/h, then
destinations after 9 h and 16 h, respectively. What is 1
the ratio of their speeds? (i) Speed of boat in still water = (u + v ) km/h
2
a. 4:3 b. 3:1 1
(ii) Speed of stream (current) = (u − v ) km/h
c. 4:5 d. 3:2 2
Sol. a. Let us name the trains as A and B. Then, A’s speed :
B’s speed = t 2 : t1 = 16 : 9 = 4 : 3. EXAMPLE 13. The speed of boat upstream and
speed of boat downstream are 7 km/h and 13 km/h,
Problems Based on Boat and Stream respectively. Then, the speed of stream and speed of
Boats and streams is an application of speed, time and
boat in still water is
distance. Some of the important terms are explained a. 10 km/h and 3 km/h b. 15 km/h and 9 km/h
below c. 20 km/h and 6 km/h d. 40 km/h and 12 km/h
• Still water If the speed of water is zero, then water is Sol. a. Let the speed of boat in downstream and upstream
considered to be still water. be u km/h and v km/h, respectively.
• Stream water If the water of a river is moving at a Given, v = 7 km/h and u = 13 km/h
certain speed, then it is called stream water. 1 1
Speed of boat in still water = (7 + 13) = ( 20) = 10 km/h
2 2
• Downstream motion In water, the direction along the 1 1
stream is called downstream. Speed of the stream = (13 − 7) = (6) = 3 km/h
2 2
• Upstream motion In water, the direction against the
stream is called upstream.
Some rules and problems related to boat and stream are
RACES
given below A contest of speed in running, driving, riding, sailing or
rowing over a specified distance is called a race.
Rule 9 If the speed of a boat in still water be x Suppose A and B are two contestants in a race. If A
km/h and speed of stream be y km/h, then beats B by x m and length of the track is dm.
(i) Speed of boat downstream = ( x + y) km/h Then, Distance travelled by B when A finishes the race
(ii) Speed of boat upstream = ( x − y) km/h Speed of A d
= d − x and =
Speed of B d − x
EXAMPLE 12. A sailor goes 8 km downstream in
40 min and returns back in 1 h. Then, the speed of Note (i) A gives B a start of x m means when A starts at starting
the sailor in still water and the speed of the current is point, B starts x m ahead from starting point.
a. 5 km/h and 3 km/h b. 10 km/h and 2 km/h (ii) A gives B a start of t s means A starts t s after B starts
c. 7 km/h and 10 km/h d. None of these from the same point.

Sol. b. Let the speed of the sailor in still water = x km/h EXAMPLE 14. In a 200 m race, A can beat B by 50m
and speed of the current (stream) = y km/h and B can beat C by 8m. In the same race, A can beat
Then, speed of the sailor downstream = ( x + y) km/h C by what distance?
and speed of the sailor upstream = ( x − y) km/h a. 60 m b. 72 m c. 56 m d. 66 m
40 2 Sol. c. A can beat B by 50 m.
∴ Time to travel 8 km downstream = 40 min = h= h
60 3 speed of A 200 200
∴ = =
8 2 24  distance  speed of B 200 − 50 150
⇒ = ⇒x+ y = Q = time
x+ y 3 2  speed  Also, B can beat C by 8m,
⇒ x + y = 12 …(i) speed of B 200 200
∴ = =
and time to return = 1h ⇒
8
=1 speed of C 200 − 8 192
x−y speed of A speed of B speed of A
Now, = ×
⇒ x− y =8 …(ii) speed of C speed of C speed of B
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x = 10 and y = 2 200 200 200
= × =
Hence, speed of sailor in still water = 10 km/h 150 192 144
Speed of current (stream) = 2 km/h So, A beats C by (200 − 144) = 56 m
MATHEMATICS Time and Distance 51

PRACTICE EXERCISE
from B to A at a speed of 60 km/h. The time of
1. A car completes a journey in 6 h with a speed of
their meeting is
50 km/h. At what speed must it travel to
(a) 8 : 30 am (b) 8 : 00 am (c) 9 : 00 am (d) 9 : 15 am
complete the journey in 5 h?
(a) 60 km/h (b) 55 km/h (c) 45 km/h (d) 61 km/h 11. A train T1 leaves a place P at 5:00 am and
2. Kiran covers a certain distance at 80 km/h and reaches another place Q at 9 : 00 am another
returns back to the same point at 20 km/h. Then, train T2 leaves the place Q at 7 : 00 am and
the average speed during the whole journey is reaches the place P at 10 : 30 am. The time at
(a) 35 km/h (b) 32 km/h (c) 30 km/h (d) 28 km/h which the two trains cross each other is
(a) 8 : 26 am (b) 7 : 56 am (c) 8 : 15 am (d) 8 : 00 am
3. Normally Sarita takes 3 h to travel between two
stations with a constant speed. One day her 12. A certain distance is covered at a certain speed.
speed was reduced by 12 km/h and she took If half of the distance is covered in double time,
45 min more to complete the journey. Then, the then the ratio of the two speeds is
distance between the two stations is (a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
(a) 60 km (b) 120 km (c) 180 km (d) 95 km 13. Two trains start running at the same time from
4. Rani goes to school at 10 km/h and reaches the two stations which are 210 km apart and going
school 6 min late. Next day, she covers this in opposite directions cross each other at a
distance at 12 km/h and reaches the school distance of 100 km from one of the station. The
9 min earlier than the scheduled time. What is ratio of their speed is
the distance of her school from her house? (a) 11 : 9 (b) 10 : 11 (c) 11 : 10 (d) 9 : 11
(a) 16 km (b) 12 km (c) 10 km (d) 15 km 14. A police car is ordered to chase a speeding car
5. A man travels first 50 km at 25 km/h next 40 km that is 5 km ahead. The thief car is travelling at
at 20 km/h and then 90 km at 15 km/h. His an average speed of 80 km/h and the police car
average speed (in m/s) for the whole journey is pursues it at an average speed of 100 km/h. How
(a) 18 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 36 long does it take for the police car to overtake
the other car?
6. A boy is running at a speed of p km/h to cover a
(a) 17 min (b) 19 min (c) 13 min (d) 15 min
distance of 1 km. But due to the slippery ground,
his speed is reduced by q km/h ( p > q ). If he 15. Points A and B are 70 km apart on a highway. A
takes r h to cover the distance, then car starts from A and another car starts from B
1 pq 1 1
(a) = (b) = p + q (c) r = p − q (d) = p−q at the same time. If they travel in the same
r p+ q r r direction they meet in 7 h, but they travel
towards each other they meet in 1 h. What are
7. A train passes telegraph post in 40 s moving at a
the speeds of the cars?
rate of 36 km/h. Then, the length of the train is
(a) 30 km/h, 40 km/h (b) 36 km/h, 40 km/h
(a) 400 m (b) 500 m (c) 450 m (d) 395 m
(c) 19 km/h, 20 km/h (d) 40 km/h, 50 km/h
8. A person can run around a circular path of
radius 21 m in 44 s. In what time will the same 16. Assume that the distance that a car runs on 1 L
person run a distance of 3 km? of petrol varies inversely as the square of the
speed at which it is driven. It gives a run of
(a) 18 min 40 s (b) 16 min 30 s
25 km/L at a speed of 30 km/h. At what speed
(c) 18 min 30 s (d) 16 min 40 s
should it be driven to get a run of 36 km/L?
9. A car is ahead of a scooter by 30 km. Car goes at (a) 12.5 km/h (b) 25 km/h (c) 30 km/h (d) 40 km/h
the rate of 50 km/h and the scooter goes at the
rate of 60 km/h. The scooter overtakes the car 17. A man standing on a railway platform observes
after that a train going in one direction takes 4 s to
1 pass him. Another train of same length going in
(a) 3 h (b) 3.5 h (c) 4 h (d) 3 h
4 the opposite direction takes 5 s to pass him. The
time taken (in seconds) by the two trains to cross
10. Two towns A and B are 250 km apart. A bus each other will be
starts from A to B at 6 : 00 am at a speed of 32 33 40 49
40 km/h. At the same time another bus starts (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 7 9 9
52 CDS Pathfinder

18. A bullock cart has to cover a distance of 80 km 28. A person x started 5 min earlier at 60 km/h from
in 10 h. If it covers half of the journey in 3/5th a place P, then another person y followed him at
time, what should be its speed to cover the 48 km/h, started his journey at 3:05 pm. Which
remaining distance in the time left? of the following is/are correct.
(a) 5 km/h (b) 10 km/h (c) 15 km/h (d) 18 km/h I. At 3 : 15 pm, x and y are 7 km apart.
3 II. At 3 : 25 pm, y will overtake x
19. By walking at of his usual speed, a man reaches
4 (a) Only I (b) Only II
his office 25 min later than usual. His usual time is (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 60 min (b) 70 min (c) 75 min (d) 80 min
29. A boy walking at a speed of 20 km/h reaches his
20. A train covers a distance in 50 min, if it runs at school 30 min late. Next time he increases his
a speed of 48 km/h on an average. The speed at speed by 4 km/h but still he is late by 10 min.
which the train must run to reduce the time of
Which of the following statement is/are correct?
journey to 40 min, will be
I. The distance of the school from his home is
(a) 10 km/h (b) 20 km/h (c) 40 km/h (d) 60 km/h
50 km/h.
21. Two trains travel in the same direction at II. If he increases his speed by 10 km/h but still
50 km/h and 32 km/h, respectively. A man in the late by 10 min, then distance of the school will
slower train observes that 15 s elapse before the be 20 km.
faster train completely passes him. What is the (a) Both I and II are correct (b) Only I is correct
length of the faster train? (c) Only II is correct (d) Neither I nor II are correct.
625
(a) 75 m (b) 125 m (c) 150 m (d) m
3
Directions (Q. Nos.30-31) Ramesh and Prateek start
22. A father and his son start at a point A with running at same time in opposite directions from
speeds of 12 km/h and 18 km/h, respectively and
two points and after passing each other they
reach another point B. If his son starts 60 min
complete their journeys in ‘x’ and ‘y’ h, respectively.
after his father at A and reaches B, 60 min
before his father, what is the distance between A Then, Speed of Ramesh : Speed of Prateek = y : x
and B ?
(a) 90 km (b) 72 km (c) 36 km (d) None of these 30. Find the ratio of the speeds of Ramesh and
Prateek, if Ramesh and Prateek completed their
23. Two trains of lengths 100 m and 150 m are journeys in 16 h and 25 h after passing each other.
travelling in opposite directions at speeds of
(a) 5 : 4 (b) 5 : 3 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 3 : 5
75 km /h and 50 km/h, respectively. What is the
time taken by them to cross each other? 31. What if two persons completed their journey
(a) 7.4 s (b) 7.2 s (c) 7 s (d) 6.8 s with speeds in the ratio 7 : 9, then how much
24. A man can walk uphill at the rate of 2.5 km/h time they should have taken to complete their
and downhill at the rate of 3.25 km/h. If the journey after they meet each other.
total time required to walk a certain distance up (a) 81 : 49 (b) 7: 9 (c) 49 : 81 (d) 14 : 18
the hill and return to the starting position is 4 h
36 min, what is the distance he walked up the hill? PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
(a) 3.5 km (b) 4.5 km (c) 5.5 km (d) 6.5 km
25. A boat goes 30 km upstream and 44 km 32. A train 280 m long is moving at a speed of
downstream in 10 h. In 13 h it can go 40 km 60 km/h. What is the time taken by the train to
upstream and 55 km downstream. The speed of cross a platform 220 m long? e 2012 I
the boat in still water is (a) 45 s (b) 40 s (c) 35 s (d) 30 s
(a) 9 km/h (b) 8 km/h (c) 4 km/h (d) 3 km/h 33. A car travels along the four sides of a square at
26. A motorboat takes 2 h to travel a distance of speeds v , 2 v , 3 v and 4 v , respectively. If u is the
9 km down the current and it takes 6 h to travel average speed of the car in its travel around the
the same distance against the current. What is square, then which one of the following is
the speed of the boat in still water (in km/h)? correct? e 2012 I
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1.5 (d) 10 (a) u = 2 .25 v (b) u = 3 v
(c) v < u < 2 v (d) 3 v < u < 4 v
27. Ram travels from P to Q at 10 km/h and return at
15 km/h. Shyam travels from P to Q and return 34. A car is travelling at a constant rate of 45 km/h.
at 12.5 km/h. If he takes 12 min less than Ram, The distance travelled by car from 10 : 40 am to
then what is the distance between P and Q? 1 : 00 pm is e 2012 II
(a) 60 km (b) 45 km (c) 36 km (d) 30 km (a) 165 km (b) 150 km (c) 120 km (d) 105 km
MATHEMATICS Time and Distance 53

35. A person travels a certain distance at 3 km/h 45. A man rides one-third of the distance from A to
and reaches 15 min late. If he travels at 4 km/h, B at the rate of x km/h and the remainder at the
he reaches 15 min earlier. The distance he has to rate of 2y km/h. If he had travelled at a uniform
travel is e 2013 I rate of 6z km/h, then he could have ridden from
(a) 4.5 km (b) 6 km (c) 7.2 km (d) 12 km A to B and back again in the same time. Which
36. If a body covers a distance at the rate of x km/h one of the following is correct? e 2014 II

and another equal distance at the rate of y km/h, (a) z = x + y (b) 3z = x + y

1 1 1 1 1 1
then the average speed (in km/h) is e 2013 I (c) = + (d) = +
x+ y 2x y x+ y z x y 2z x y
(a) (b) x y (c) (d)
2 x+ y xy 46. In a flight of 600 km, an aircraft was slowed
37. A sailor sails a distance of 48 km along the flow down due to bad weather. Its average speed for
of a river in 8 h. If it takes 12 h to return the the trip was reduced by 200 km/h and the time
same distance, then the speed of the flow of the of flight increased by 30 min. The duration of the
river is e 2013 I flight is e 2015 I
(a) 0.5 km/h (b) 1 km/h (c) 1.5 km/h (d) 2 km/h (a) 1 h (b) 2 h (c) 3 h (d) 4 h
38. A train running at the speed of 72 km/h goes 47. With a uniform speed, a car covers a distance in
past a pole in 15 s. What is the length of the 8 h. Had the speed been increased by 4 km/h,
train? e 2013 II the same distance could have been covered in 7 h
(a) 150 m (b) 200 m (c) 300 m (d) 350 m and 30 min. What is the distance covered?
e 2015 I
39. Two cars A and B start simultaneously from a (a) 420 km (b) 480 km (c) 520 km (d) 640 km
certain place at the speed of 30 km/h and
45 km/h, respectively. The car B reaches the 48. A car travels the first one-third of a certain
destination 2 h earlier than A. What is the distance with a speed of 10 km/h, the next
distance between the starting point and one-third distance with a speed of 20 km/h and
destination? e 2013 II the last one-third distance with a speed of
(a) 90 km (b) 180 km (c) 270 km (d) 360 km 60 km/h. The average speed of the car for the
whole journey is e 2015 I
40. A man cycles with a speed of 10 km/h and
reaches his office at 1 : 00 pm. However, when (a) 18 km/h (b) 24 km/h (c) 30 km/h (d) 36 km/h
he cycles with a speed of 15 km/h, he reaches his 49. A man rows 32 km downstream and 14 km
office at 11 : 00 am. At what speed should he upstream, and he takes 6 h to cover each distance.
cycle, so that he reaches his office at 12 noon? What is the speed of the current? e 2015 I
e 2013 II (a) 0.5 km/h (b) 1 km/h (c) 1.5 km/h (d) 2 km/h
(a) 12.5 km/h (b) 12 km/h (c) 13 km/h (d) 13.5 km/h 2
50. A runs 1 times as fast as B. If A gives B a start
41. A train takes 9 s to cross a pole. If the speed of the 3
train is 48 km/h, the length of the train is e 2014 I of 80 m, how far must the winning post from the
(a) 150 m (b) 120 m (c) 90 m (d) 80 m starting point be so that A and B might reach it
at the same time? e 2015 I
42. A train takes 10 s to cross a pole and 20 s to (a) 200 m (b) 300 m (c) 270 m (d) 160 m
cross a platform of length 200 m. What is the
length of the train? e 2014 II 51. A thief is noticed by a policeman from a distance
(a) 50 m (b) 100 m (c) 150 m (d) 200 m of 200 m. The thief starts running and the
policeman chases him. The thief and the
43. A train travels at a speed of 40 km/h and policeman run at the speed of 10 km/h and
another train at a speed of 20 m/s. What is the 11 km/h, respectively. What is the distance
ratio of speed of the first train to that of the between them after 6 min? e 2015 I
second train? e 2014 II (a) 100 m (b) 120 m (c) 150 m (d) 160 m
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 5 : 9 (c) 5 : 3 (d) 9 : 5
52. Two persons A and B start simultaneously from
44. The distance between two points (A and B ) is two places c km apart and walk in the same
110 km. X starts running from point A at a direction. If A travels at the rate of p km/h and B
speed of 60 km/h and Y starts running from travels at the rate of q km/h, then A has
point B at a speed of 40 km/h at the same time. travelled before he overtakes B a distance of
They meet at a point C, somewhere on the line e 2015 I
AB. What is the ratio of AC to BC ? e 2014 II qc pc qc pc
(a) km (b) km (c) km (d) km
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 4 : 3 p+ q p−q p−q p+ q
54 CDS Pathfinder

53. By increasing the speed of his car by 15 km/h, a 60. A bike consumes 20 mL of petrol per kilometre,
person covers 300 km distance by taking an hour if it is driven at a speed in the range of
less than before. The original speed of the car 25-50 km/h and consumes 40 mL of petrol per
was e 2015 II kilometre at any other speed. How much
(a) 45 km/h (b) 50 km/h (c) 60 km/h (d) 75 km/h petrol is consumed by the bike in travelling a
distance of 50 km, if the bike is driven at a
54. Two trains, one is of 121 m in length at the speed of 40 km/h for the first 10 km, at a speed
speed of 40 km/h and the other is of 99 m in of 60 km/h for the next 30 km and at a speed of
length at the speed of 32 km/h are running in 30 km/h for the last 10 km? e 2015 II
opposite directions. In how much time will they (a) 1 L (b) 1.2 L (c) 1.4 L (d) 1.6 L
be completely clear from each other from the
moment they meet ? e 2015 II 61. A passenger train takes 1 h less for a journey of
(a) 10 s (b) 11 s (c) 16 s (d) 21 s 120 km, if its speed is increased by 10 km/h
from its usual speed. What is its usual speed?
55. The speeds of three buses are in the ratio e 2016 I
2 : 3 : 4. The time taken by these buses to travel (a) 50 km/h (b) 40 km/h (c) 35 km/h (d) 30 km/h
the same distance will be in the ratio. e 2015 II
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 3 : 2 62. A man walking at 5 km/h noticed that a 225 m
(c) 4 : 3 : 6 (d) 6 : 4 : 3 long train coming in the opposite direction crossed
him in 9 s. The speed of the train is e 2016 I
56. Two trains are moving in the same direction (a) 75 km/h (b) 80 km/h (c) 85 km/h (d) 90 km/h
at 1.5 km/min and 60 km/h, respectively. A man
in the faster train observes that it takes 27 s to
63. A cyclist moves non-stop from A to B, a distance
of 14 km, at a certain average speed. If his
cross the slower train. The length of the slower
average speed reduces by 1 km/h, then he takes
train is e 2015 II
20 min more to cover the same distance. The
(a) 225 m (b) 230 m (c) 240 m (d) 250 m
original average speed of the cyclist is e 2016 I
57. In a race of 100 m, A beats B by 4 m and A beats (a) 5 km/h (b) 6 km/h
C by 2 m. By how many metres (approximately) (c) 7 km/h (d) None of these
would C beat B in another 100 m race assuming 64. In a race of 1000 m, A beats B by 100 m or 10 s.
C and B run with their respective speeds as in If they start a race of 1000 m simultaneously
the earlier race? e 2015 II
from the same point and if B gets injured after
(a) 2 (b) 2.04 (c) 2.08 (d) 3.2 running 50 m less than half the race length and
58. Three athletes run a 4 km race. Their speeds are in due to which his speed gets halved, then by how
the ratio 16 : 15 : 11. When the winner wins the much time will A beat B ? e 2016 I
race, then the distance between the athlete in the (a) 65 s (b) 60 s (c) 50 s (d) 45 s
second position to the athlete in the third 65. In a race A, B and C take part. A beats B by
position is e 2015 II 30 m, B beats C by 20 m and A beats C by 48 m.
(a) 1000 m (b) 800 m (c) 750 m (d) 600 m
Which of the following is/are correct?
59. A motorboat, whose speed is 15 km/h in still I. The length of the race is 300 m.
water goes 30 km downstream and comes back in II. The speeds of A, B and C are in the ratio
a total of 4h and 30 min. The speed of the 50 : 45 : 42.
stream is e 2015 II
Select the correct answer using codes given below.
(a) 4 km/h (b) 5 km/h
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2016 I
(c) 6 km/h (d) 10 km/h
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 b 6 d 7 a 8 d 9 a 10 a
11 b 12 a 13 c 14 d 15 a 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 d
21 a 22 b 23 b 24 d 25 b 26 a 27 d 28 a 29 c 30 a
31 a 32 d 33 c 34 d 35 b 36 c 37 b 38 c 39 b 40 b
41 b 42 d 43 b 44 a 45 c 46 a 47 b 48 a 49 c 50 a
51 a 52 b 53 c 54 b 55 d 56 a 57 b 58 a 59 b 60 d
MATHEMATICS Time and Distance 55

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Let speed be v km/h. 7. (a) Length of train = Distance covered 12. (a) Let x km distance be covered in y h.
We know that, in 40 s at the rate of 36 km/h. Then, speed of object in first case
Distance = Speed × Time [Rule 6 (i)] x
= km/h
6 × 50 = 5 × v ∴ Length of train y
6 × 50 5 As, half of this distance is covered in
⇒ v= = 60 km/h = 40 × 36 × = 400 m
18 double time.
5
2xy 8. (d) Distance travelled in 44 s = 2 πr Then, speed of object in second case
2. (b) Average speed = [Rule 2] 22 x x 1 x
x + y =2× × 21 = 132 m = ÷ 2y = × = km/h
7 2 2 2y 4y
2 × 80 × 20
= = 32 km/h ∴ Speed =
132
= 3 m/s ∴ Ratio of first and second speeds
80 + 20 44 x x 1
= : = 1: = 4 : 1
Q speed = distance  y 4y 4
3. (c) Let Sarita’s speed be u and distance is  time 
constant. 13. (c) Let the speed of two trains be x km/h
15 3000
Then, u × 3 = (u − 12) Time taken to travel 3 km = and y km/h, respectively. Then, the time
4 3
Q 3 h + 45 min = 15 h  1000 taken by first train to cover
= 1000 s = min = 16 min 40 s
 4  60 110 km = Time taken by second train to
45 × 4 cover 100 km .
⇒ u= = 60 km/h 9. (a) Distance between car and scooter 110 100 x 110
3 = 30 km Thus, = ⇒ =
x y y 100
∴ Distance = Speed × Time Relative speed
∴ x : y = 11 : 10
= 60 × 3 = 180 km y = 60 − 50 = 10 km/h
So, the time taken by scooter to overtake 14. (d) Distance travelled by thief car in one
6
4. (d) Here, x = 10, y = 12, t = h and 30 hour = 80 km
1
60 the car = =3h
10 Distance travelled in one hour by police
9
t = h car = 100 km
2 10. (a) Let the buses meet x h after 6:00 am.
60
So, police travels extra 20 km in 1 h.
xy( t + t ) Then, the distance covered by the two
∴ Required distance =
1 2 So, to overtake thief, police car has to
y−x buses is 250 km. travel 5 km extra.
∴ 40x + 60x = 250 ∴ Time =
5 1
= h=
60
min = 15 min
[Rule 4] 250 20 4 4
⇒ x= = 2.5 h = 2h and 30 min
10 × 12 × 15 100
= 15. (a) Let the speed of car A = x km/h
60 × 2 So, they will meet at 8 : 30 am.
Let the speed of car B = y km/h
11. (b) Let the distance between P and Q be
= 15 km Total distance covered by b other the
x km and let the two trains meet y h
cars in 1h = 70 km
5. (b) Total distance covered after 7 am.
Then,T covers x km in 4h and T covers x ( 1) + y( 1) = 70
= 50 + 40 + 90 = 180 km 1 2
x + y = 70 …(i)
1
Total time taken x km in 3 h.
2 [in opposite direction]
= 
50 40 90  x
+ +  = 10 h ∴ Speed of train T = km/h Distance covered by both the cars in
 25 20 15  1
4 7 h = 70 km
∴ Average speed for the whole journey 2x
and speed of train T = km/h But in same direction
2
7 7x − 7 y = 70 ⇒ x − y = 10 ...(ii)
Total distance travelled
=
Total time taken According to the question, added Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
x ( y + 2) 2xy 2x = 80, x = 40 km/h, y = 30 km/h
=
180
= 18 km/h + =x
10 4 7
16. (b) Let the speed of car be v and distance
18 × 5 ( y + 2) 2 y
∴ 18 km/h = m/s = 5 m/s ⇒ + =1 covered by car in one litre be A.
18 4 7 1 K
7( y + 2) + 8 y ∴ A∝ 2 ⇒ A= 2
6. (d) Actual speed of boy = ( p − q ) km/h ⇒ =1 v v
1 28 Then, A = 25 km/h and v = 30 km/h
Time taken to cover 1 km = ⇒ 7 y + 14 + 8 y = 28 K
p−q 14 14 So, 25 = ⇒ K = 900 × 25
∴ y= h= × 60 min = 56 min (30)2
1 1
∴ =r ⇒ = p−q 15 15 22500
p−q r ⇒ K = 22500 ⇒ A =
So, trains will meet at 7 : 56 am. v2
56 CDS Pathfinder

When A = 36 km/L 22. (b) Let distance between A and On solving the above equations, we get
22500 22500 150 B be x km. x = 8, y = 3
v2 = ⇒v = =
36 36 6 By given condition, Thus, the speed of boat in still water
x x = 8 km/h
Hence, the speed of a car is 25 km/h. − = 2 ⇒ 6x = 2 × 18 × 12
12 18
17. (c) Let the length of each train be I m. 26. (a) Let the speed of motorboat be
2 × 18 × 12
⇒ Speed of first train =   m/s ∴ x= = 72 km
I x km/h and the speed of water be y km/h.
 4 6
Now, speed of boat downstream
and speed of second train =   m/s
I Hence, the required distance is 72 km.
5 = ( x + y ) km/h [Rule 9]
23. (b) Relative speed when trains are in
As, both trains are moving in opposite and speed of boat upstream
opposite direction
direction. = ( x − y ) km/h
=V + V
1 2
Time taken to cross each other By given condition,
= 75 + 50 = 125 km/h
I+I 9
= [Rule 7] 125 × 5 = 2 ⇒ 2x + 2 y = 9 …(i)
I I = m/s x+ y
+ 18
4 5 and total distance covered 9
  and = 6 ⇒ 6x − 6 y = 9
 2I   20 × 2  40 = ( 100 + 150) = 250 m x− y
=  s=  = s ⇒ 2x − 2 y = 3
 9I   9  9 ∴ Time taken to cross each other …(ii)
 
 20  Total covered distance On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=
18. (b) Given, total distance to cover in 10 h Relative speed x = 3 km/h and y = 1.5 km/h

= 80 km 250 × 18 ∴ Speed of boat = 3 km/h

= = 7.2 s
3 125 × 5 27. (d) Let the distance between P and
If it covers 40 km in th of time i.e.
5 24. (d) Let he walked up the hill at a Q = d km. Total time taken by Ram
40 km in 6 h. d d 25d
distance of x km. = + =
∴ Remaining time = 10 − 6 = 4 h 10 15 150
By given condition, 2d 4d
Remaining distance = 40 km x x 36 Total time taken by Shyam = =
+ = 4 12.5 25
25. 3.25 60 According to question,
∴ Required speed = ( 40 ÷ 4) km/h
⇒ x  1
+
1  276 25d 4d 12
=
40
= 10 km/h  = − =
 25
. 3.25  60 150 25 60
4
25 − 24  1
19. (c) Here, x = 3 m/s, y = 4 m/s ⇒ x + 2 4  276
 = ⇒ d  =
 5 13  60  150  5
and t = 25 min
276 65 d 1
x ×t ∴ x = × = 6.5 km ⇒ = ⇒ d = 30 km
∴Required time = [Rule 3] 60 46 150 5
y−x
3 × 25 25. (b) Let speed of boat in still water 28. (a) Distance travelled by x in 15 min
= = 75 min 15
4 −3 = x km/h = 60 × = 15 km
60
20. (d) Distance travelled in 1h = 48 km and speed of boat in current water
Distance travelled by y in 10 min
∴ Distance travelled in 50 min = y km/h 10
= 48 × = 8 km
48 ∴ Downstream speed = ( x + y ) km/h 60
= × 50 = 40 km
60 Upstream speed = ( x − y ) km/h Difference = ( 15 − 8) km = 7 km
40
Time to be reduced = h [Rule 9] Hence, at 3:15 pm they are 7 km apart.
60
∴ Required speed According to the question, So, statement I is true. As speed of x is
40 × 60 30 44 greater than y. So, y will never overtake x.
=
40
= = 60 km/h + = 10 …(i)
40 / 60 40 x− y x+ y Thus, statement II is false.
40 55 29. (c) I. Here, x = 20 km/h, y = 4 km/h,
21. (a) Let the length of faster train be x km. and + = 13 …(ii)
x− y x+ y t = 30 min, t = 10 min
Q Trains travel in the same direction. 1 1 1 2
Let = u and =v …(iii)
∴ Relative speed = (50 − 32) = 18 km/h x− y x+ y
According to formula,
15 ∴ Required distance
Elapsed time = 15 s = h Then, 30u + 44v = 10 x
3600 = (t − t ) (x + y) [Rule 5]
distance 40u + 55v = 13 1 2
y
Now, time =
(30 − 10)
( 20 + 4)  
speed On solving the above equations, we get 20
=
15 x 1
u = ,v=
1 60  4
⇒ = ⇒ x × 3600 = 18 × 15 5 11 20 20
3600 18 = × 24 × = 5 × 8 = 40 km
18 × 15 From Eq. (iii), we get 60 4
∴x= = 0.075km = 75 m So, I is incorrect.
3600 x − y = 5 and x + y = 11
MATHEMATICS Time and Distance 57

II. Here, x = 20 km/h, y = 10 km/h 140 40. (b) Let t h be the time taken by the man
= 140 min = h
t = 30 min, t = 10 min 60 to reach his office at speed of 15 km/h.
1 2
According to formula, So, required distance travelled by car Then, time taken to reach office at the
= speed × time speed of 10 km/h = ( t + 2) h
∴ Required distance 140
= 45 × = 105 km s ×t = s ×t
 30 − 10  60 Now,
 ( 20 + 10)  20 
1 1 2 2
=
 60   10  35. (b) Given, x = 3 km/h, y = 4 km/h, ⇒ 10 × ( t + 2) = 15 × t
 
[Rule 5] t = 15 min =
15
h ⇒ 10 t + 20 = 15 t ⇒ 5 t = 20
1
20 20 60 ∴ t =4h
= × 30 × = 20 km 15
60 10 and t = 15 min = h Now, distance covered to reach office
2
So, II is correct.
60 =s × t
xy ( t + t ) 1 1
∴ Required distance = 1 2
= 10 × ( 4 + 2) = 10 × 6 = 60 km
30. (a) x = 16, y = 25 y−x
According to formula, Now, speed required to reach office at 12
[Rule 4]
Ramesh’ s Speed y 25 5 noon in 5 h.
∴ = = = 
3×4  +
15 15 
 ∴ Speed =
60
= 12 km/h
Prateek’ s Speed x 16 4  60 60 
= 5
or 5:4 4 −3
30 1 41. (b) Speed of train = 48 km/h
31. (a) Here, we know the relation = 12 × = 12 × = 6 km
=  48 ×
5
Speed of Ramesh y 7 y 60 2  m/s
= ⇒ =  18 
Speed of Prateek x 9 x 36. (c) If a body covers a distance at the rate
of x km/h and another equal distance at Let the length of train be x m
49 y
On squaring both sides, = = 81 : 49 the rate of y km/h, then =
2xy 5
81 x x = 48 × ×9
x+ y 18
32. (d) To cover a distance by train [Rule 2] x = 120 m
= 280 + 220 = 500 m
37. (b) Let speed of the flow of water Length of the train is 120 m.
Speed of train = 60 km/h be v km/h and rate of sailing of sailer be
5 42. (d) Let the speed of a train be x m/s and
= 60 × m/s u km/h.
18 length be y m.
50 Speed of sailor downstream
= m/s Condition I When t = 10 s
3 = (u + v ) km/h [Rule 9] distance
time =
∴ Time taken by train Speed of sailor upstream = (u − v ) km/h speed
total distance 48 y
= Condition I u + v = ⇒ 10 = ∴ y = 10x ...(i)
speed 8 x
500 ⇒ u+ v=6 ...(i)
= = 30 s Condition II When t = 20 s
50 / 3 48
Condition II u − v = and total distance = y + 200 m
12
Total distance
33. (c) Let side of a square be x. ⇒ u−v=4 ...(ii) ∴ Time =
x Speed
D C On subtracting Eqs. (ii) from (i), we get
3v y + 200
v = 1 km/h 20 = ⇒ 20x = y + 200
x
x 4v 2v x 38. (c) Speed of train = 72 km/h y
20 × = y + 200
5
= 72 × 10
v 18
A B ⇒ 2 y − y = 200 ⇒ y = 200
x
= 20 m/s Hence, the length of train is 200 m.
total distance
Q Average speed ( u ) = Length of train = distance covered
total time 43. (b) Given, speed of a train = 40 km/h
(x + x + x + x) x = 20 × 15
= x x x x = 40 ×
5
m/s
+ + + x = 300 m 18
v 2v 3v 4v
4x Length of the train is 300 m. Speed of another train = 20 m/s
=

x +
1 1
+
1
+
1 39. (b) Let the distance between two points ∴ Required ratio

 v 2v 3v 4v  be x km Speed of first train
=
4×v 48v Time taken by A − Time taken by B = 2 Speed of second train
= = = 1.92 v x x
1 1 1 25 ⇒ − =2
1+ + + 40 ×
5
30 45
2 3 4
= 18 = 40 × 5 = 2 × 5
3 − 2
which lies in the interval v < u < 2v. ⇒ x =2 20 20 × 18 18
 90 
34. (d) Given, speed of a car = 45 km/h 10 5
= = or 5 : 9
Time taken by the car ⇒ x = 90 × 2 = 180 km 18 9
58 CDS Pathfinder

44. (a) Given, distance between two points 1 1 1 = ( x − y ) km / h

− =
(A and B) = 110 km x − 200 x 600 × 2 According to the question,
Their relative speed x − ( x − 200) 32 Q speed = distance 
1 =6
= 60 + 40 = 100 km/h ⇒ = x+ y  time 
x ( x − 200) 1200
Time after which they meet 14
and =6
=
Total distance ⇒ x2 − 200x − 240000 = 0 x− y
Relative speed ⇒ ( x − 600)( x + 400) = 0 ⇒ 6x + 6 y = 32 … (i)
110 ⇒ x = 600 km / h and 6x − 6 y = 14 … (ii)
=
100 or x ≠ −400 km/h On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we
C 600 get
A B ∴ Required time = = 1 h.
110 km 600 12 y = 18
= 1. 10 h 47. (b) Let the distance between A and B be y=
18
= 1.5 km/h
Distance covered by A in 1.1 h x km and speed be V km/h. 12
= AC = 60 × 1.1 = 66 km 50. (a) Let the speed of B be x m/s.
x km
Remaining distance 2 5x
A B ∴ Speed of A = 1 x = m/s
= BC = 110 − 66 = 44 km 3 3
∴ Required ratio = AC : BC Case I Given, distance = x km, speed
Ratio of speed of rates of A and B
= 66 : 44 = 3 : 2 = V km/h and time = 8 h. 5x
Distance x = : x = 5 :3
45. (c) Let the total distance be d. ∴ Speed = ⇒ V = … (i) 3
1 Time 8
Time taken to cover rd distance, Q 2 m are gained in a race of 5 m.
3 Case II If speed = (V + 4) km/h 5
1 1 15 ∴ 1 m are gained in a race of m.
d and time = 7 h = h 2
3 d  distance 
t = = Q time = 
2 2
1
x 3x  speed  x 2x So, 80 m are gained in a race of
then, V +4= ⇒ V +4=
5
1
Remaining distance = d − d = d
2 15 / 2 15 × 80 m = 200 m
3 3 x 2x 2
2 ⇒ +4= [from Eq .(i)]
Time taken to cover rd distance, 8 15 51. (a) Given, speed of thief = 10 km/h
2 3 2x x x
d ⇒ − =4 ⇒ =4 10 × 1000 500
3 2d d = m/min = m/min
t = = = 15 8 120 60 3
2
2y 6y 3y ⇒ x = 480 km and speed of policeman = 11 km/h
Time taken to cover distance from A to 48. (a) x/3 km x/3 km x/3 km
11 × 1000 550
B and B to A, t1 t2 t3 = m/min = m/min
A C D B 60 3
2d d x km
∴ t= =
6z 3z Let total distance of AB be x km. Now, distance travelled by thief in 6 min
According to the question, x/3 x 500
For distance AC, t = = h = × 6 = 1000 m
d d d 1 3
t + t =t ⇒ + = 10 30
1 2 x/3 x
3x 3 y 3z and distance travelled by policeman in
For distance CD, t = = h.
2
20 60 550
⇒
1
+
1
=
1
∴
1 1 1
+ = 6 min = × 6 = 1100 m
3 x 3 y 3z x y z x/3 x 3
For distance BD, t = = h.
3
60 180 ∴ Difference = ( 1100 − 1000) = 100 m
46. (a) Let the original speed of an aircraft
be x km/h and its reduced speed ∴ Total time taken Hence, the distance between them after
= ( x − 200) km/h. x x x 6 min is 100 m.
=t +t +t = + +
1 2 3
Condition I 30 60 180 52. (b) Let A and B will meet after t h at
10x x
Time taken by aircraft to cover 600 km = = point E.
600 180 18
= h. Total distance A B E
x ∴ Average speed =
Total time taken Distance travelled by A = pt h
Condition II Time taken by aircraft to x
cover = x = 18 km / h and distance travelled by B = qt h
600
600 km = h 18 According to the question,
( x − 200)
49. (c) Let speed of a boat in still water be pt = qt + c ⇒ pt − qt = c
According to the question, c
x km/h and speed of the stream be y km/h. ⇒ t( p − q ) = c ⇒ t = …(i)
600 1 
Q 30 min = h  p−q
600 1
− = Then, speed of the boat downstream
x − 200 x 2  2  Q Distance travelled by A = pt
= ( x + y ) km / h [Rule 9] pc
On dividing both sides by 600, we get = [from Eq. (i)]
and speed of the boat upstream p−q
MATHEMATICS Time and Distance 59

53. (c) Let the original speed of car be 57. (b) When A covers 100 m, then B covers ⇒ x = 85 km/h
x km/h. 96 m and C covers 98 m. Hence, the speed of the train is 85 km/h.
300
Time taken to cover 300 km = h i.e. when C covers 98 m, then B covers
x 63. (c) Refer to question 46.
96 m.
If the speed of car is increased by 64. (a) Since, either A beats B by 100 m or
∴ when C covers 100 m, then B covers
15 km/h. 10 s. It means that B runs 100 m in 10 s.
100 × 96
300 300 100
Then, = −1 m, i.e. 97.96 ∴ Speed of B = = 10 m / s
x + 15 x 98 10
300 300
⇒ 1= − So,C beats B by approximately 2.04 m. B A
x x + 15
58. (a) Ratio of speeds are 16 : 15 : 11. 900 m 100 m
  Let speed of winner athletic be 16x km/h. 1000 m
x + 15 − x 
= 300  Similarly, speed of athletic in second
 x( x + 15)  Q B gets injured at a distance of 450 m
  and third position be 15x and 11x, and his speed gets halved.
4500 respectively.
⇒ 1= 2 So, time taken by B to cover 1000 m
x + 15x Total distance travelled by winner is 4 km. 450 550
⇒ x2 + 15x − 4500 = 0 4 = + = 155
∴ Time = h 10 5
⇒ ( x + 75)( x − 60) = 0 16x Q Ratio of speed of A and B is equal to
∴ x = 60 km/h Distance travelled by second athletic in ratio of distance covered by A and B.
4 4 15
54. (b) Total length of trains h= × 15x = km A : B = 1000 : 900 = 10 : 9
16x 16x 4
= 121 + 99 = 220 m 10 100
Similarly, distance travelled by third Now, speed of A = × 10 = m/s
9 9
Relative speed of trains = ( 40 + 32) athletic in
km/h 4 4 11 Time taken by A to cover
h= × 11x = km 1000
= 72 km/h 16x 16x 4 1000 m = × 9 = 90 s
5 ∴ Difference between their distances 100
= 72 × m/s = 20 m/s
= 
18 15 11 Hence, A beat B by length of time
−  km
distance 220  4 4 = ( 155 − 90) = 65 s
∴ Time = = = 11 s
speed 20 = 1 km = 1000 m 65. (c) I. Let the length of race be x m.
55. (d) Let the distance be x. 59. (b) Refer to example 12. Then, distance covered by A = x m.
Now, ratio of time taken to travel the 60. (d) Petrol consumed by the bike Distance covered by B when A
distance by each bus is = ( 10 × 20) + (30 × 40) reaches the destination = x − 30
x x x 12 12 12
: : ⇒ : : + ( 10 × 20) mL Distance covered by C when A
2 3 4 2 3 4 reaches the destination = x − 48
= ( 200 + 1200 + 200) mL x − 30
= 6: 4:3 Ratio of speed of B to A =
= 1600 mL = 1. 6 L x
56. (a) Speed of faster train is 1.5 km/min.
61. (d) Refer to question 53. x − 48
i.e. 90 km/h or 25 m/s Ratio of speed of C to A =
62. (c) Let the speed of the train = x km/h x
and speed of slower train = 60 km/h
Then, relative speed of train and distance covered by C when B
50
= m/s reaches the destination = x − 20
3 = ( x + 5) km/h x
Since, these trains are moving in same Ratio of speed B to C =
and length of the train x − 20
direction.
= 225 m = 0. 225 km [given] x − 30 x − 48  B C B 
= = ×
So, relative speed of train
Time taken by train to cross the man x x − 20  A A C 
=  25 −  m/s =
50 25
m/s 0.225 ⇒ x2 − 50x + 600 = x2 − 48x
 3 3 = h
x+ 5 ∴ x = 300 m
Time taken by crossing slower from
According to the question, II. The speeds of A,B and C are in the
= 27 s ratio
0.225 9
∴ Distance = speed × time =
x + 5 3600 300 : 270 : 252 = 50 : 45 : 42
25
= × 27 = 225 m ⇒ x + 5 = 90
3
07
60 CDS Pathfinder

TIME AND WORK

Usually (2-4) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are asked on Man-
hours formulae, total wages paid for a work, number of days to complete a certain work and pipes
and cisterns.

In this chapter, we will study the relationship among the quantity of work given, wages given,
stipulated time, number of persons etc., and after it, we will be able to calculate the work in stipulated
time by arranging some persons according to the work but before that lets discuss some basic rules.

IMPORTANT RULES AND FORMULAE

Rule 1 1
If a person can do a piece of work in ‘n’ days, then he will do of the work in one day and if a
n
1
person can do th of work in one day, then he will complete the work in n days.
n
e.g. If Raj can do a piece of work in 20 days, then he will do 1/20th of the work in one day.
Note In the problems related to time and work it is always considered that a man/woman works at uniform rate.

Rule 2 A and B can do a piece of work in x days and y days, respectively. Then, time taken by ( A + B) to
xy
complete the work is equal to reciprocal of ( A + B)’s one day’s work, i.e. .
x+ y

Rule 3 If A and B can complete a work in x days and A alone can finish that work in y days, then
xy
number of days required to complete the work by B = days
y−x
Rule 4 If A and B can do a piece of work in x days. B and C can do same work in y days, C and A can
2xyz
do same work in z days. Then, they will complete the same work in days by working
xy + yz + zx
together.
 61

EXAMPLE 1. Raj can do a piece of work in 20 days EXAMPLE 4. 15 men complete a work in 16 days. If
and Rohan can do it in 12 days. How long will they 24 men are employed, then the time required to
take if both work together? complete that work will be e 2014 I
1 1 1 1 a. 7 days b. 8 days c. 10 days d. 12 days
a. 5 days b. 7 days c. 3 days d. 9 days
2 2 2 2 Sol. c. Let the work done be 1.
1 Here, M1 = 15, D1 = 16, W1 = W2 = 1, M 2 = 24 and D2 = ?
Sol. b. Raj’s one day’s work =
20 Now, according to the formula,
1
Rohan’s one day’s work = M1D1W2 = M 2D2W1 ⇒ 15 × 16 × 1 = 24 × D2 × 1
12 15 × 16 240
1 1 3+ 5 8 ⇒ D2 = ⇒ = = 10 days
∴ (Raj + Rohan)’s one day’s work = + = = 24 24
20 12 60 60 Therefore, 10 days are required to complete the work.
∴ Number of day’s taken by Raj and Rohan together to
Rule 6 If ‘m’ men or ‘n’ women can do a piece of
60 1
complete the work = days or 7 days work in ‘a’ days, then x men and y women can do the
8 2
1
Here, x = 20 days and y = 12 days same work in days.
x y
∴Required time =
xy
[Rule 2] +
x+ y m× a n × a
20 × 12 20 × 12 15 1
= = = = 7 days EXAMPLE 5. If 3 men or 4 women can reap a field
20 + 12 32 2 2
in 43 days. How long will 7 men and 5 women take to
EXAMPLE 2. A and B together can do a piece of reap it?
work in 12 days and A alone can do it 18 days. In how a. 3 days b. 7 days c. 12 days d. 15 days
many days can B alone do it? Sol. c. Here, m = 3, n = 4, a = 43, x = 7 and y = 5
1 1
a. 14 days b. 24 days c. 36 days d. 28 days ∴ Required days = = [Rule 6]
x y 7 5
Sol. c. Here, x = 12 and y = 18 + +
m × a n × a 3 × 43 4 × 43
xy 12 × 18
∴Time taken by B = = = 36 days [Rule 3] 1 1
y − x 18 − 12 = = = 12days
1  7 5 1 43
 +  ×
EXAMPLE 3. A and B can do a piece of work in 43  3 4 43 12
3 days. B and C in 9 days and A and C in 12 days. Find Rule 7 If A can do a work in x days and B can do y% fast
the time in which A, B and C can finish the work, 100 x
working together. than A, then B will complete the work in days.
(100 + y)
1
a. 3 days b. 3 days
4 EXAMPLE 6. x can do a work in 16 days. In how
15
c. 3 days d. None of these
many days will the work be completed by y, if the
19 efficiency of y is 60% more than that of x? e 2013 II
Sol. c. Here, x = 3, y = 9 and z = 12 a. 10 days b. 12 days c. 25 days d. 30 days
According to rule, Sol. a. Here, x = 16 days and y = 60% faster
2xyz 100 x 100 × 16 1600
Required time taken by, A, B and C = [Rule 4] ∴ Required days = = = = 10 days
xy + yz + zx 100 + y 100 + 60 160
2 × 3 × 9 × 12 6 × 12 72 15 [Rule 7]
= = = =3 days
3 × 9 + 9 × 12 + 3 × 12 19 19 19 Rule 8 If A, B and C can do a piece of work in x, y and
Rule 5 If two groups, M 1 persons of the first group can z days, respectively and they received ` k as wages by
do ‘W1 ’, work in ‘D1 ’ days working T1 h in a day earning working together, then
a sum of ` R1 and M 2 persons of the second group can do yz
share of A = ` ×k
W2 work in D2 days working T2 h in a day earning a sum xy + yz + zx
of ` R2 . If each person of both group has the same xz
share of B = ` ×k
efficiency of work, then xy + yz + zx
M 1 D1T1 M 2 D2T2 xy
= and share of C = ` ×k
W1 R1 W2 R2 xy + yz + zx
62 CDS Pathfinder

Note If A and B can do a piece of work in x days and y days,

respectively and they received ` k as wages by working
yk xk
PIPES AND CISTERNS
together, then share of A = ` and share of B = ` . Problems on pipes and cisterns are based on the basic
x+ y x+ y
concept of time and work. Pipes are connected to a tank or
Wages are directly proportional to the work done and cistern and are used t4o fill or empty the tank or cistern.
indirectly proportional to the time taken by the individual.
EXAMPLE 7. X completes a job in 2 days and Y Important Rules and Formulae
completes it in 3 days and Z takes 4 days to complete Rule 9 If there are two pipes A and B takes ‘a’ and ‘b’ h
it. If they work together and get ` 3900 for the job, respectively to fill a tanker, then the two pipes together
then how much amount does Y get?  1 1
a. ` 1800 b. ` 1200 c. ` 900 d. ` 800 fill  +  part of the tank in 1h and time taken to fill
 a b
Sol. b. Here, a = 2 days, b = 3 days and c = 4 days and  ab 
k = ` 3900 the tank will be   h. If a pipe fills a tank in ‘a’ h, then
 a + b
ac
Now, amount of y = ×k [Rule 8] 1
ab + bc + ca in 1 h only of the tank is filled.
2× 4 a
= × 3900
2× 3+ 3× 4 + 4 × 2
8 8 × 3900 EXAMPLE 10. Pipe A can fill a tank in 45 h and pipe
= × 3900 = = ` 1200
6 + 12 + 8 26 B can fill it in 36 h. If both the pipes are opened in the
empty tank. In how many hours will it be full?
SOME OTHER FORMULAS a. 10 h b. 15 h c. 20 h d. 28 h
1. If A and B can do a piece of work in x and y days, Sol. c. Here, a = 45 h and b = 36 h.
respectively. A and B started working together but A left ab 45 × 36 1620
the work t days before completing the work, then time ∴ Required time = = = = 20 h
a + b 45 + 36 81
(x + t)y
taken to complete the work will be days.
(x + y) Rule10 (i) If a pipe can fill a tank in ‘a’ h and another
2. A and B do a piece of work in ‘a’ and ‘b’ days, can fill the tank in ‘b’ h but a third pipe
respectively. Both begin together but after some days, empties the filled tank in ‘ c’ h, then in one
A leaves the work and the remaining work is  1 1 1
completed by B in x days. Then, the time after which A hour  + −  part of the tank will be
(b − x ) a  a b c
left is given by T =
a +b filled (when all the three pipes are open) and
3. If A and B can do a piece of work in x and y days, time taken to fill the tank will be
respectively. They start working together and after t abc
h.
days B leaves the work, then time taken to finish the bc + ac − ab
x
whole work will be × ( y − t ) days.
y (ii) If a pipe can fill a tank in a1 h and another
pipe can empty the filled tank in a 2 h, then
EXAMPLE 8. Akshu can do a piece of work in 10 1 1
days and Harshal can do same work in 12 days. They in one hour  −  part of the tank will be
 a1 a 2 
started working together but Akshu left the work 2
days before completion of work, then time taken to filled. (when both pipes are open) and time
complete the work?  a a 
taken to fill the tank will be  1 2  h.
6
a. 6
3 3
days b. 5 days c. 4 days
2
d. 7 days  a 2 − a1 
11 10 2 5
6 12 × (10 + 2) 12 × 12 6 EXAMPLE 11. Two pipes ‘A’ and ‘B’ can fill a tank in
Sol. a. 6 days = = =6 days
11 10 + 12 22 11 36 min and 45 min, respectively. A waste pipe ‘C’ can
empty the tank in 30 min. In how much time the tank
EXAMPLE 9. A can do a piece of work in 10 days is full if all three pipes are opened?
and B can do same work in 15 days. They started
a. 60 min b. 90 min c. 115 min d. None of these
working together but after 2 days, A left work. The
remaining work was completed by B alone, then time Sol. a. Here, a = 36, b = 45 and c = 30.
taken to complete the work? So, time taken to fill the tank will be
abc
3 2 3 5 = [Rule 8]
a. 8 days b. 8 days c. 5 days d. 2 days ac + bc − ab
11 3 4 3
2 10 26 2 36 × 45 × 30
Sol. b. 8 days = (15 − 2) = = 8 days = = 60 min
3 15 3 3 36 × 30 + 45 × 30 − 36 × 45
 63

PRACTICE EXERCISE
3 9. A and B can do a piece of work in 40 days and 50
1. X can do of a work in 12 days. In how many
4 days, respectively. Both begin together but after
days X can finish the 1/2 work? a certain time, A leaves off. In this case B
(a) 8 days (b) 16 days (c) 12 days (d) 24 days finishes the remaining work in 20 days. After
how may days did A leave?
2. A can do a piece of work in 10 days and B can do 1
the same work in 12 days. How long will they (a) 14 days (b) 13 days (c) 13 days (d) 15 days
3
take to finish the work, if both work together?
(a) 5
5
days (b) 6
5
days
10. P and Q can do a job in 2 days, Q and R can do it
11 11 in 4 days and P and R in 12/5 days. What is the
1
(c) 5 days (d) None of these
number of days required for P alone to do the
5 job?
(a) 5/2 (b) 3 (c) 14/5 (d) 6
3. A, B and C working together take 30 min to
address a pile of envelopes. A and B together 1
11. of a work is completed in half a day by
would take 40 min, A and C together would take 48
45 min. How long would each take working 1
5 persons. Then, of the work can be completed
alone? 40
(a) A : 72 min, B : 90 min, C : 120 min by 6 persons in how many days?
(b) A : 42 min, B : 90 min, C : 120 min 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
(c) A : 72 min, B : 90 min, C : 100 min 2
(d) A : 72 min, B : 80 min, C : 120 min
12. A garrison of ‘n’ men had enough food to last for
30 days. After 10 days, 50 more men joined
4. A and B together can do a piece of work in 12 them. If the food now lasted for 16 days, what is
days and A alone can do it in 36 days. In how the value of n?
many days can B alone do it? (a) 200 (b) 240 (c) 280 (d) 320
(a) 18 days (b) 12 days
13. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 12 and
(c) 15 days (d) 20 days
16 min, respectively. If both the pipes are opened
5. Ram can do a piece of work in 6 days and Shyam simultaneously, after how much time should B be
can finish the same work in 12 days. How much closed so that the tank is full in 9 min?
work will be finished, if both work together for (a) 3 min (b) 5 min (c) 4 min (d) 2 min
2 days?
14. 2 men undertake to do a job for ` 1400. One can
(a) One-fourth of the work (b) One-third of the work
do it alone in 7 days and the other in 8 days.
(c) Half of the work (d) Whole of the work With the assistance of a boy they finish the work
6. A and B can do given work in 8 days; B and C can in 3 days. How should the money be divided?
do the same work in 12 days and A, B, C complete (a) ` 600, ` 525, ` 275 (b) ` 550, ` 500, ` 350
it in 6 days. In how many days can A and C finish (c) ` 650, ` 470, ` 280 (d) None of these
it?
15. A, B and C can do a piece of work individually
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 14 (d) 16
in 8, 10 and 15 days, respectively. A and B start
7. A can finish a work in 8 days and B can do it in working but A quits after working for 2 days.
12 days. After A had worked for 3 days, B also After this, C joins B till the completion of
joins A to finish the remaining work. In how work. In how many days will the work be
many days will the remaining work be finished? completed?
(a) 2 days (b) 3 days (a) 53/9 days (b) 34/7 days
(c) 4 days (d) 5 days (c) 85/13 days (d) 53/10 days

8. Two taps can fill a tub in 5 min and 7 min, 16. A can do a piece of work in ‘x ’ days and B can
respectively. A pipe can empty it in 3 min. If all do the same work 3x days. To finish the
the three are kept open simultaneously, when work together they take 12 days. What is the
will the tub be full? value of ‘x’?
(a) 60 min (b) 85 min (c) 90 min (d) 105 min (a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 16
64 CDS Pathfinder

17. If 6 men and 8 boys can do a piece of work in PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
10 days while 26 men and 48 boys can do the
same in 2 days, what is the time taken by 15
25. 45 people take 18 days to dig a pond. If the pond
would have to be dig in 15 days, then the
men and 20 boys in doing the same type of work?
number of people to be employed will be e 2012 I
(a) 4 days (b) 5 days (c) 6 days (d) 7 days
(a) 50 (b) 54 (c) 60 (d) 72
18. Four taps can individually fill a cistern of water 26. A and B can do a piece of work in 10 h. B and C
in 1h, 2h, 3h and 6h, respectively. If all the four can do it in 15 h, while A and C take 12 h to
taps are opened simultaneously, the cistern can complete the work. B independently can
be filled in how many minutes? complete the work in e 2012 I
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 40 (a) 12 h (b) 16 h (c) 20 h (d) 24 h
19. 76 ladies complete a job in 33 days. Due to some 27. X can do a piece of work in 25 days. Y is 25%
reason some ladies did not join the work and more efficient than X. The number of days taken
therefore, it was completed in 44 days. The by Y is e 2012 II
number of ladies who did not report for the work is (a) 15 days (b) 20 days (c) 21 days (d) 30 days
(a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20
28. A mason can build a tank in 12 h. After working
20. 9 men finish one-third work in 10 days. The for 6 h, he took the help of a boy and finished
number of additional men required for finishing the work in another 5 h. The time that the boy
the remaining work in 2 more days will be will take alone to complete the work is e 2013 I
(a) 78 (b) 81 (c) 55 (d) 30 (a) 30 h (b) 45 h (c) 60 h (d) 64 h

21. Ravi and Sneha working separately can finish a 29. X can complete a job in 12 days. If X and Y work
job in 8 and 12 h, respectively. If they work for 2
together, they can complete the job in 6 days. Y
an hour alternately, Ravi beginning at 9:00 am. 3
When will the job be finished? alone can complete the job in e 2013 I
(a) 10 days (b) 12 days (c) 15 days (d) 18 days
(a) 7 : 30 pm (b) 7 : 00 pm (c) 6 : 30 pm (d) 6 : 00 pm
22. Consider the following statements: 30. Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 min and pipe B can
empty it in 15 min. If both the pipes are opened
I. If 18 men can earn ` 1440 in 5 days, then in an empty tank, the time taken to make it
10 men can earn ` 1280 in 6 days. full is e 2013 I
II. If 16 men can earn ` 1120 in 7 days, then (a) 20 min (b) 25 min
21 men can earn ` 800 in 4 days. (c) 30 min (d) None of these
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 31. 4 goats and 6 sheeps can graze a field in 50
correct? days. 2 goats and 9 sheeps can graze the field in
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2013 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) 100 days (b) 75 days (c) 50 days (d) 25 days

Directions (Q. Nos. 23-24) If a1 men and b1 boys can

32. A can finish a work in 15 days, B in 20 days and
C in 25 days. All these three worked together
complete a work in x days, while a2 men and b 2
and earned ` 4700. The share of C is e 2013 II
boys can complete the same work in y days, then
(a) ` 1200 (b) ` 1500 (c) ` 1800 (d) ` 2000
One day work of 1 man (yb 2 − xb1)
= 33. 20 workers working for 5 h per day complete a
One day work of 1 boy ( xa1 − ya2)
work in 10 days. If 25 workers are employed to
23. If 14 men and 12 boys can finish a work in 4 work 10 h per day, what is the time required to
days, while 8 men and 16 boys can finish the complete the work? e 2013 II
same work is 5 days. Compare the 1 day work of (a) 4 days (b) 5 days (c) 6 days (d) 8 days
1 man and 1 boy. 34. 18 men can earn ` 360 in 5 days. How much
1 1 money will 15 men earn in 9 days? e 2013 II
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d) 3
2 2 (a) ` 600 (b) ` 540 (c) ` 480 (d) ` 360
24. 28 men and ‘m’ boys can finish a work in 4 days, 35. 2 men and 1 woman can complete a piece of
while 20 men and 6 boys can finish the same work in 14 days, while 4 women and 2 men can
work in 5 days. Now, if the ratio of 1 day work of do the same work in 8 days. If a man gets ` 90
1 man and 1 boy is 1 : 2, what will be the value per day, what should be the wages per day of a
of ‘m’? woman? e 2013 II
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12 (a) ` 48 (b) ` 60 (c) ` 72 (d) ` 135
 65

36. A can do a piece of work in 4 days and B can 40. A and B are two taps which can fill a tank
complete the same work in 12 days. What is the individually in 10 min and 20 min, respectively.
number of days required to do the same work However, there is a leakage at the bottom, which
together? e 2013 II can empty a filled tank in 40 min. If the tank is
(a) 2 days (b) 3 days (c) 4 days (d) 5 days empty initially, then how much time will both
the taps take to fill the tank with leakage?
37. A, B and C can do a piece of work individually in e 2015 II
8, 12 and 15 days, respectively. A and B start
(a) 2 min (b) 4 min (c) 5 min (d) 8 min
working but A quits after working for 2 days.
After this, C joins B till the completion of work. 41. If 4 men working 4 h per day for 4 days complete
In how many days will the work be completed? 4 units of work, then how many units of work
e 2014 II will be completed by 2 men working for 2 h per
8 6 7 3 day in 2 days? e 2015 II
(a) 5 days (b) 4 days (c) 6 days (d) 3 days 1 1
9 7 13 4 (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 8
38. A is thrice as efficient as B and hence completes
a work in 40 days less than the number of days 42. If m persons can paint a house in d days, then
taken by B. What will be the number of days how many days will it take for ( m + 2) persons to
taken by both of them when working together? paint the same house? e 2015 II
m+ 2 md
e 2014 II (a) md + 2 (b) md − 2 (c) (d)
(a) 22.5 days (b) 15 days (c) 20 days (d) 18 days md m+ 2

39. The efficiency of P is twice that of Q, whereas 43. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 60 min and
the efficiency of P and Q together is three times 75 min, respectively. There is also an outlet C. If
that of R. If P , Q and R work together on a job, A, B and C are opened together, then the tank is
in what ratio should they share their earnings? full in 50 min. How much time will be taken by
e 2015 I C to empty the full tank? e 2016 I
(a) 2 : 1 : 1 (b) 4 : 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 3 : 2 (d) 4 : 2 : 3 (a) 100 min (b) 110 min (c) 120 min (d) 125 min

ANSWERS
1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 b 7 b 8 d 9 b 10 b
11 d 12 a 13 c 14 a 15 d 16 d 17 a 18 b 19 c 20 b
21 c 22 d 23 a 24 b 25 b 26 d 27 b 28 c 29 c 30 c
31 d 32 a 33 a 34 b 35 b 36 b 37 a 38 b 39 a 40 d
41 c 42 d 43 a

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

3 5 1 1 4 −3 1
1. (a) Since, X can do of work in =5 days = − = =
4 11 30 40 120 120
12 days. [Rule 1] 3. (a) B’s one min’s work A’ one min’s work = ( A + B )’s one min
12 × 4 work − B’s one min work
So, X can do 1 work in days. = ( A + B + C )’s one min’s work
3 1 1 9−4
= − =
1 12 × 4 × 1 − ( A + C )’s one min’s work 40 90 360
∴X can do work in = 8 days
2 3×2 1 1 6−4 2 1 5 1
= − = = = = =
2. (a) Here, x = 10 and y = 12 30 45 180 180 90 360 72
∴ Number of days taken by A and B C ’s one min’s work = ( A + B + C )’s one
Hence, A, B and C alone can finish the
xy 12 × 10 work in 72 min, 90 min and 120 min,
= = [Rule 2] min work − ( A + B )’s one min work respectively.
x + y 12 + 10
66 CDS Pathfinder

4. (a) Here, x = 12 and y = 36 1 1 1 14. (a) Let the boy completes the work in
∴ 1 min work of all taps = + −
xy 12 × 36 5 7 3 x days.
∴ Time taken by B = =
y − x 36 − 12 21 + 15 − 35 1 According to the condition,
= =
105 105 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[Rule 3] + + = ⇒ = − −
Hence, tap will be filled in 105 min, if 7 8 x 3 x 3 8 7
12 × 36
= = 18 days they work together. 1 56 − 21 − 24 11
24 ⇒ = =
9. (b) Here, a = 40 days, b = 50 days, x 168 168
1
5. (c) ∴ One day work of Ram = x = 20 and T = ? 168
6 ∴ x= days
( b − x )a 11
1 ∴ Required time =
∴ One day work of Shyam = a+ b So, money is to be shared in the ratio
12 (50 − 20) × 40 30 × 40
= = 1 1 11
Hence, one day work of, Ram and : : or 24 : 21 : 11
Shyam ( 40 + 50) 90 7 8 168
2+ 1 3 40 1
1 1 1 = = 13 days Thus,
= + = = = 3 3 A ’s amount =
24
× 1400 = ` 600
6 12 12 12 4 12 56
1 10. (b) Here, x = 2, y = 4 and z =
∴ Two day’s work = 5 B ’s amount =
21
× 1400 = ` 525
2 56
∴ Time taken by ( P + Q + R)
Thus, if they work together for 2 day’s, 2xyz 11
then half of the work will be complete. = [Rule 4] Boy’s amount = × 1400 = ` 275
xy + yz + zx 56
6. (b) Here, x = 8, y = 12, z = 12 1
15. (d) A’s work in one day = , B’s work in
12
Now, time taken by ( A + B + C ) 2×2×4× 8
= 5 1
2xyz one day =
= [Rule 4] 2×4+ 4×
12 12
+ ×2 10
xy + yz + zx 5 5 1
192 C’ work in one day =
2 × 8 × 12 × z = 15
⇒ 6= 40 + 48 + 24
8 × 12 + 12 × z + z × 8 ( A + B )’s work in one day
192 12 1 1 5+ 4 9
= = days = + = =
⇒ 96 + 20z = 32z 112 7 8 10 40 40
⇒ 96 = 12z 2×9 9
Now, P one days work ( A + B )’s work in two days = =
⇒ z=8 7 1 7−3
40 20
= − = 9 11
So, A and C can do the work in 8 days. 12 4 12 Remaining work = 1 − =
1 20 20
7. (b) One day’s work of A = 4 1
= = ( B + C )’s work in one day
8 12 3
1 1 1 3+ 2 5 1
One day’s work of B = Hence, P alone can do in 3 days. = + = = =
12 10 15 30 30 6
MD MD
3 11. (d) Using the formula 1 1 = 2 2 Since, ( B + C ) complete the work in 6
3 day’s work of A = W W
8 1 2 days.
3 11
Remaining work of A = 1 − 12. (a) By given condition, ∴ work will be completed in
8 20
n × 30 = n × 10 + ( n + 50 ) × 16 11 11 × 3 33
5 6× = =
= ⇒ 20 n = 16 n + 800
days
8 20 10 10
800 ∴ Total number of days
One day’s work of A and B together ∴ n= = 200
4 33 20 + 33 53
1 1 3+ 2 5 = 2+ = = days
= + = = 13. (c) Here, x = 12, y = 16 and t = 9 10 10 10
8 12 24 24
Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in x h 1
Number of days to finish the work 16. (d) 1 day work of A =
and y h, respectively. If both the pipes ax x
5 5
= ÷ = 3 days opened simultaneously, then the time 1
8 24 1 day work of B =
after which B should be closed, so that 3x
1 the tank is filled in
8. (d) 1 min work of first tap = ∴ 1 day work of both A and B
5 th = [ y( 1 − t / x )]n 1 1 4
1 = + =
1 min work of second tap = Required time after which B should be x 3x 3x
closed = y  1 −  = 16 1 − 
7 t 9
given, one day work of both A and B
1  x  12  1
and 1 min work of third = − =
3 3 12
= 16 × = 4 min
12
 67

4 1 1 3600
⇒ = ⇒ 3x = 48 ⇒ x = 16 21. (c) Work done by Ravi in one hour = = =8h
3x 12 8 450
Hence, the value of x is 16. 1 1 1
Work done by Sneha in one hour = So, 1 h work of B = −
12 8 12
17. (a) Given, 6 M + 8 B = 10 days ...(i)
Total work done by them in 2 h 3−2 1
and 26 M + 48 B = 2 days ... (ii) = =
1 1 5 24 24
15 M + 20 B = ? = + =
8 12 24 Hence, B alone can do in 24 h.
Here, M D = M D
1 1 2 2 Work done is 4 pairs of hours 27. (b) Here, x = 25 days and y = 25
⇒ ( 6 M + 8 B ) × 10 = ( 26 M + 48 B ) × 2 5 5 100x 100 × 25
= ×4= ∴ Required days = =
⇒ 60 M + 80 B = 52 M + 96 B 24 6 100 + y 100 + 25
⇒ 8M = 16B Remaining work after 8 hours 2500
= = 20 days
∴ M = 2B 5 1 125
= 1− =
Then, 15 M + 20 B = 15 × 2 B + 20 B 6 6 1
28. (c) Mason work for 1 h =
= 30 B + 20 B =50 B Now, its Ravi’s turn 12
On putting the value of M in Eq. (i), we 1 1 1 6 1
So, work left after 9 hours = − = Mason Work for 6 h = =
get 6 8 24 12 2
⇒ 6 × 2B + 8 B = 10 days 1 Work left = 1 −
1
=
1
⇒ 12 B + 8 B = 10 days work will be done by sneha in
24 2 2
∴ 20 boys finish the work in 10 days 1 Now, let the boy can finish the work
One boy finish the work in 12 × h = 30 min
24 in x h.
10 × 20 days = 200 days 1 1 x + 12
Total time taken = 9 h and 30 min Then, their 1 h work = + =
200 12 x 12x
and 50 boys finish the work in days Required time = 6 : 30 pm
50 x + 12 1 5x + 60 1
∴ ×5= ⇒ =
= 4 days 22. (d) I. 18 men can earn in 5 days = ` 1440 12x 2 12x 2
18. (b) Part filled by first tap in 1h = 1 1440
1 man can earn in 1 day = ` ⇒ 10x + 120 = 12x ⇒ 120 = 2x
1 18 × 5
Part filled by second tap in 1h = ∴ x = 60 h
2 ∴ 10 men can earn in 6 days
1
1 1440 29. (c) X ’s one day work = and ( X + Y )’s
Part filled by third tap in 1h = = × 6 × 10 12
3 18 × 5 3
one day work =
Part filled by fourth tap in 1h =
1 = ` 960 ≠ ` 1280 20
6 II. 16 men can earn in 7 days = ` 1120 ∴ Y ’s one day work
Total tank filled by all taps in 1h 1120 3 1 4 1
1 man can earn in 1 day = = − = =
1 1 1
= 1+ + + 16 × 7 20 12 60 15
2 3 6 ∴ 21 men can earn in 4 days ∴ Number of day’s taken by Y to
∴ Required time =
1 1120 complete the work = 15 days
1 1 1 = × 21 × 4 = ` 840 ≠ ` 800
1+ + + 16 × 7 30. (c) Part filled by pipe A in 1 min =
1
2 3 6 So, neither statement I nor II is correct. 10
6 6 6
= = h= × 60 min 23. (a) Here, a = 14, b = 12, x = 4, and part emptied by pipe B in 1 min
6 + 3 + 2 + 1 12 12 1 1 1
a = 8, b = 16 and y = 5 =
2 2 15
= 30 min
One day work of 1 man ( yb2 − xb1 ) ∴ Total tank filled in minutes
=
19. (c) Given, M = 76, D = 33 One day work of 1 boy ( xa − ya ) 1 1 3−2 1
1 1 1 2 = − = =
Let number of ladies who did not 10 15 30 30
report for the work = x 5 × 16 − 4 × 12
= =2 Hence, the tank will be filled in 30 min.
By given condition, 4 × 14 − 5 × 8
24. (b) Refer to Question No 23. 31. (d) Here, m = 4, n = 6, a = 50 and x = 2,
M = 76 − x and D = 44 y=9
2 2
We know that, 25. (b) Using the formula, M D = M D 1
1 1 2 2
∴ Required days = x
MD =MD [Rule 5] 26. (d) Here, x = 10, y = 15, z = 12. +
y
1 1 2 2
∴ 76 × 33 = ( 76 − x) × 44 ∴ Time taken by ( A + B + C ) m× a n× a
76 × 3 2xyz 1
⇒ 76 − x = = 19 × 3 ⇒ x = 19 = [Rule 4] = [Rule 6]
2 9
4 xy + yz + zx +
4 × 50 6 × 50
Hence, the number of ladies is 19. 2 × 10 × 15 × 12 1 1 100
= = = = = 25 days
20. (b) Refer to Question No 11 1 3 4
10 × 15 + 15 × 12 + 12 × 10 + 4
[Using Rule 5] 100 100 100
68 CDS Pathfinder

32. (a) Here, x = 15 days, y = 20 days and 1 x x−2 Part of tank emptied by leakage in 1 min
⇒ + + =1
z = 25 days and K = `4700 4 12 15 1
=
  15 + 5x + 4( x − 2) 40
Share of C = ` 
kxy
 ⇒ =1
 xy + yz + zx  60 Part of tank filled by both taps and
⇒ 15 + 5x + 4x − 8 = 60 ⇒ 9x + 7 = 60
leakage is 
4700 × 15 × 20 1 1 1 1
=` 53 8 + −  =
⇒ 9x = 53 ⇒ x = =5  10 20 40  8
15 × 20 + 20 × 25 + 25 × 15
9 9
4700 × 15 × 20 Hence, total time taken to fill the tank is
=` = ` 1200 Hence, the work will completed in
1175 8 8 min.
5 days.
33. (a) Refer to Question No 11 9 41. (c) Here, M = 4,T = 4,W = 4,D = 4
1 1 1 1
[Using Rule 5] 38. (b) Let efficiency of A be x days. and M = 2, T = 2, D = 2, W = ?
2 2 2 2
34. (b) Refer to Question No 22 Then, efficiency of B = 3x days. Using the formula,
1 M ×T ×D M ×T ×D
35. (b)Q 14 days work of 2 men and 1 women ∴ B’s one day work = 1 1 1 = 2 2 2 [Rule 5]
3x W W
= 8 days work of 4 women and 2 men 1 2
1
⇒ 1 day work of 28 men and 14 women and A’ s one day work = 4×4×4 2×2×2
x ⇒ =
= 1day work of 32 women and 16 men Again, let time taken by B = t days 4 W
2
⇒ 28 men + 14 women Then, time taken by A = ( t − 40) days 8 1
= 32 women + 16 men ⇒ W = =
t t − 40 2
16 2
⇒ 28 m − 16 m = 32 w − 14 w Now, = ⇒ t = 3( t − 40)
3x x 42. (d) m persons paint a house in d days.
m 18 3
⇒ 12 m = 18 w ⇒ = = ⇒ 3t − t = 120, t =
120
= 60 days ∴ 1 person paints a house in
w 12 2 2 (m × d ) days.
So, efficiency of 1 man and 1 woman is So, B complete the work in 60 days and
3 : 2. and m + 2 persons paint a house in
A complete the work in 20 days.  
So, their wages must be in the same ratio  md  days.
90 3 ( A + B )'s 1 day work
∴ = m + 2
=
1
+
1
=
4
=
1  
x 2
60 20 60 15
[where, x = wages per day of a woman] 43. (a) Since, two pipes A and B fill a tank in
90 × 2 Hence, they will complete the work in 60 min and 75 min, respectively.
∴ x= = ` 60 15 days when they work together.
3 ∴ Part of tank filled by pipe A in 1 min
39. (a) Let efficiency of P be x days. 1
1 =
36. (b) A’s one day work = Then, efficiency of Q = 2x days
4 60
1
and B’s one day work =
1 ∴ Q’s one day work = and part of tank filled by pipe B in 1 min
12 2x 1
1 =
One day work of A and B together and P ’s one day work = 75
1 1 3+ 1 4 1 x
= + = = = Now, part of tank filled by A and B
4 12 12 12 3 Now, ( P + Q )’s one day work together in 1 min
1 1 3
Days required by A and B together to do = + = =
1
+
1
=
9
=
3
the work x 2x 2x 60 75 300 100
1 ∴( P + Q ) will complete the whole work
= Let part of tank emptied by pipe C in 1
One day work of A and B together 2x
in days. 1
3 min = .
= 3 days C
1 According to the question,
37. (a) Work done by A in one day = So, net part of tank filled by pipes A, B
8 R will complete this work = 2x days and C together in 1 min
1 1
Work done by B in one day = ∴ R’ s one day work = =
3
− =
1 1
[Given]
12 2x 100 C 50
1
and work done by C in one day = 1 1 1
Required ratio = : :
1 1
= 1: : 1 3 1 1
15 x 2x 2x 2 2 ⇒ = − =
C 100 50 100
Let the work will be completed in = 2 : 1: 1
x days. ∴ C = 100
1
2 x x−2 40. (d) Part of tank filled by A in 1 min = Hence, the time taken by pipe C to
Then, + + =1 10
8 12 15 empty the tank is 100 min.
1
Part of tank filled by B in 1 min =
20
08
69

PERCENTAGE
Generally (2-3) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions which are asked from this
chapter are tricky but you can easily solve them by using the short-tricks formulae in very less time.

PER CENT
Per cent is a fraction whose denominator is 100 and numerator of the fraction is called the rate per
cent. Per cent is denoted by the symbol ‘%’.

Important Rules and Formulae

a
Rule 1 For expressing a% as a fraction, we can write a % = , i.e. divide ‘a’ by 100 and reduce it to
100
25 1
the lowest form, e.g. 25% = =
100 4
a a
=  × 100 %
a
Rule 2 For expressing a fraction as a per cent, we can write
b b b 
2 2 200
e.g. = × 100% = %
3 3 3

Rule 3 To find how much per cent one quantity is of another quantity, we can write
The quantity to be expressed in per cent
Required percentage = nd
× 100%
2 quantity (in respect of which the per cent has to be obtained)

EXAMPLE 1. 20g is what per cent of 1000g?

a. 2% b. 5% c. 7% d. 9%
20
Sol. a. Required percentage = × 100% = 2%
1000
Rule 4 Percentage increase or decrease in a quantity when it increases or decreases by some value.
Increase or decrease in the value
Percentage = × 100 %
Initial value
70 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 2. A person’s salary has increased from

Rule 8 If the value of an object is first changed
` 7200 to ` 8100. What is the percentage increase in
his salary? e 2013 II
(increased or decreased) by x% and then changed (increased
2 1 or decreased) by y% , then
a. 25% b. 18% c. 16 % d. 12 % ( ± x)( ± y)

3 2 Net effect =  ± x ± y + %
8100 − 7200  100 
Sol. d. Percentage increase in salary = × 100%
7200 Here, + sign is used in case of increment and − sign is used
900 1
= × 100% = 12.5% = 12 % in case of decrement.
7200 2

Rule 5 If A is x% more than ‘B’, then EXAMPLE 5 The price of an article is first increased by
 x  20% and later on the price were decreased by 25% due
B would be  × 100 % less than ‘A’. to reduction in sales. Find the net percentage change in
(100 + x)  final price of article.
Rule 6 If A is x% less than ‘B’, then B would be a. 20% b. 10% c. 30% d. 15%
Sol. b. Here, a = 20 % , b = 25 %
 x 
(100 − x) × 100 % more than A.
10
So, required percentage = × 100 = 10%
  100
 ( ± a) ( ± b) 
Required change = ( ± a) + ( ± b) + %
EXAMPLE 3. Raj get 10% less marks than Rohit in  100 
an examination. What percentage of marks does
Rohit gets more than Raj?  20 × ( −25)   positive sign for increase 
= 20 − 25 + %
1 1 1  100  negative sign for decrease
a. 11 % b. 11 % c. 12 % d. None of these
6 9 9 = [ −5 − 5]%
Sol. b. Given, x = 10% = −10 %
10 ∴Net percentage change is a decrease of 10 % because
∴ Rohit more percentage than Raj = × 100
100 − 10 final result is negative.
10 × 100 1
= = 11 % Rule 9 If the population of a town is P and it increases
90 9 (or decreases) at the rate of R% per annum, then
Rule 7 If the price of a commodity is increased
n
(i) Population after n yr = P 1 ±
(or decreased) by x%, then the decrease (or increase) in R

consumption, so as not to increase or (decrease) the  100 
 x  P
expenditure is  × 100 %. (ii) Population, n yr ago =
 100 ± x  n
1 ± R 
 
 100 
EXAMPLE 4. If the price of the cooking gas rises
by 15%, by what per cent should a family reduce its
consumption so as not to exceed the budget on EXAMPLE 6 The population of a town is 352800. If it
cooking gas? increases at the rate of 5% per annum, then what will
1 1 1 be its population 2 yr hence, also find the population
a. 12 % b. 13 % c. 14 % d. None of these 2 yr ago.
23 23 23
a. 315000 b. 316500 c. 200045 d. 320000
Sol. b. Let initial price of cooking gas be ` 100.
Sol d. Given that, p = 352800, R = 5% and n = 2
Price after increase = ` 115
According to the formula,
On ` 115 he should reduce ` 15 on ` 100, he should n 2
Population after 2 yr = P 1+
reduce R   5 
 = 352800 × 1+ 
15 1  100  100
= × 100 = 13 %
 100 + 5 = 352800 ×  21 × 21 = 388962
115 23 2
= 352800 ×    
Shortcut Method  100   20 20
Here, x = 15% Population 2 yr ago
 x 
∴Reduction in consumption =  × 100 % P 352800 20 20
 100 + x  = n = 2 = 352800 × × = 320000
1 R  1 5  21 21
15 1  +   + 
= × 100% = 13 %  100  100
115 23
 71

Rule 10 If the present population of a city is P and there an increment of 45%, then find the population of city
is a increment or decrement of R1 %, R2 % and R3 % in at the end of year 2007.
first, second and third year respectively, then a. 1083875 b. 1083000 c. 1089000 d. 1135000

Population of city after 3 yr Sol a. Given that, P = 1000000 , R1 = 15 %, R2 = 35%

(decrease) and R3 = 45%
 R   R2   R3  Population of city at the end of year 2007.
= P 1 ± 1  1 ±  1 ± 
 100   100   100   R   R   R 
= P 1+ 1  1− 2  1+ 3 
 100  100  100
Note Use ‘+’ sign for increases and ‘–’ sign for decreases.
= 1000000 1+
5   35   45 
 1−  1+ 
 100  100  100
EXAMPLE 7 Population of a city in 2004 was
1000000. If in 2005 there is an increment of 15%, in 115 65 145
= 1000000 × × ×
2006 there is a decrement of 35% and in 2007 there is 100 100 100
= 1083875

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If 90% of A = 30% of B and B = x % of A, the value 10. To pass an examination, a candidate needs 40%
of x is marks. All questions carry equal marks. A
(a) 700 (b) 600 (c) 300 (d) 1100 candidate just passed by getting 10 answers
correct by attempting 15 of the total questions.
2. When 40% of a number is added to 42, the result How many questions are there in the
is the number itself. The number is examination?
(a) 70 (b) 90 (c) 82 (d) 72 (a) 25 (b) 30
3. If x% of y is 13x, then the value of y is (c) 40 (d) 45
(a) 880 (b) 1300 (c) 1200 (d) 700 11. If salary of X is 20% more than salary of Y, then by
how much percentage is salary of Y less than X ?
4. What is the number when 20% of number is 30%
(a) 25 (b) 20
of 40?
50 65
(a) 90 (b) 80 (c) 60 (d) 50 (c) (d)
3 4
5. What is the number when increased by 20% 2
becomes 300? 12. Water contains 14 % of hydrogen and the rest is
7
(a) 250 (b) 200 (c) 180 (d) 280
oxygen. In 350 g of water, oxygen will be
6. If 50% of ( x − y ) = 40% of ( x + y ), then what (a) 300 g (b) 250 g
percent of x is y? (c) 200 g (d) None of these
1 1 1 1
(a) 10 % (b) 11 % (c) 13 % (d) 21 % 13. The income of ‘A’ is 20% higher than that of ‘B’.
9 9 9 9
The income of ‘B’ is 25% less than of C. What per
7. Two candidates fought an election one get 65% of cent less is A ’s income from ‘C’s income?
the votes and won by 300 votes. The total (a) 7% (b) 8%
number of votes polled in the election is (c) 10% (d) 12.5%
(a) 700 (b) 950 (c) 1000 (d) 900 14. 38 L of milk was poured into a tub and the tub
1 was found to be 5% empty. To completely fill the
8. A man spends ` 3500 and saves 12 % of his
2 tub, what amount of additional milk must be
income. His monthly income (in `) is poured?
(a) 4000 (b) 3800 (c) 4200 (d) 4500 (a) 1 L (b) 2 L (c) 3 L (d) 4 L
9. In an examination 52% of the candidates failed 15. 10% of the inhabitants of a certain city left that
in English, 42% in Mathematics and 17% in city. Later on 10% of the remaining inhabitants
both. The number of those who passed in both of that city again left the city. What is the
the subjects is remaining percentage of population of that city?
(a) 23% (b) 40% (c) 53% (d) 33% (a) 80% (b) 80.4% (c) 80.4% (d) 81%
72 CDS Pathfinder

16. If after 24% of wastage the net output of a 27. Two numbers are less than a third number by
coal-mine is 68400 quintals. Then, the total 30% and 40%, respectively. How much per cent
output of the coal-mine in quintals is is the second number less than the first?
2
(a) 70000 (b) 90000 (c) 80000 (d) 89000 (a) 35% (b) 36% (c) 14% (d) 14 %
7
17. A rise of 25% in the price of grapes compels a
person to buy 1.5 kg of grapes less for ` 240. 28. A sample of 5 L of glycerine is formed to be
Then,the original price of grapes per kg is adulterated to the extent of 20%. Find how
glycerine should be added to bring down
(a) ` 40 (b) ` 32 (c) ` 30 (d) ` 28
percentage of impurity to 5%?
18. The price of an item is increased by 20% and (a) 10 L (b) 25 L (c) 15 L (d) 20 L
then decreased by 20% the final price as 29. The daily wages of a worker increase by 20% but
compared to original price is the number of hours worked by him also dropped
(a) 4% less (b) 4% more (c) 20% less (d) 20% more by 20%. If originally he was getting ` 200 per
19. Sohan saves 14% of his salary while George week, his wages per week now is
saves 22%. If both gets the same salary and (a) ` 160 (b) ` 192 (c) ` 210 (d) ` 198
George saves ` 1540. Then, the salary of each of 30. 140 L of a liquid contains 90% of acid and the
them is rest water. How much water must be added to
(a) ` 9500 (b) ` 17000 (c) ` 7000 (d) ` 7500 make the water 12.5% of the resulting mixture?
20. A’s salary is half that of B. If A got a 50% rise in (a) 4 L (b) 10 L (c) 12 L (d) 3 L
his salary and B got a 25% rise in his salary, 31. A person spends 30% of monthly salary on rent,
then the percentage increase in combined 25% on food, 20% on children’s education and
salaries of both is 12% on electricity and the balance of ` 1040 on
1
(a) 13% (b) 33 % (c) 33% (d) 45% the remaining items. What is the monthly salary
3 of the person?
21. A man donated 4% of his salary to a charity and (a) ` 8000 (b) ` 9000 (c) ` 9600 (d) ` 10600
deposited 10% of the rest in the bank. If now he 32. In an office, 40% of the staff is female and rest is
has ` 10800, then his income was male. 60% of the male and 40% of female voted for
(a) ` 13500 (b) ` 14500 Ramesh. The percentage of votes Ramesh got was
(c) ` 40000 (d) ` 12500 (a) 24% (b) 42% (c) 50% (d) 52%
22. Rohit saves 30% of his salary. When his 33. In a class-X of 30 students, 24 passed in first
expenses increased by 30%, he is able to save class; in another class-Y of 35 students, 28
` 1215 per month. His monthly salary is passed in first class. In which class was the
(a) ` 13500 (b) ` 14500 percentage of students passed first class more?
(c) ` 30000 (d) ` 12500 (a) Class-X (b) Class-Y
(c) Both X and Y (d) None of these
23. A man spends 75% of his income. If his income is
increased by 20% and he increased his expenditure
by 10%. His savings percentage is increased by Directions (Q. Nos. 34-36) The population of the
town is 126800. It increases by 15% in the 1st year
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 75% (d) 10%
due to increase crime in the city.
24. The price of wheat has increased by 60%. In
order to restore to the original price, the new 34. What is the population of the town at the end of
price must be reduced by 2nd year if the population decreases by 20% in
(a) 37.5% (b) 33% (c) 34% (d) 40% the second year?
(a) 174984 (b) 135996 (c) 116656 (d) 145820
25. If the numerator of a fraction increased by 20%
and its denominator be diminished by 10%. The 35. What is the population of the town, if the population
16 decrease by 15% at the end of 2nd year?
value of the fraction is , then the fraction is
27 (a) 123749 (b) 123479
(a) 4/9 (b) 3/2 (c) 3/8 (d) 9/4 (c) 123947 (d) None of these
26. 1 L of water is evaporated from 6 L of a solution 36. What is the population of the town, if the
having 4% of sugar. The percentage of sugar in population increases by 20% at the end of 2nd
the remaining solution is year?
4 4 (a) 194784 (b) 174984 (c) 179484 (d) 178494
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 4 % (d) %
5 5
MATHEMATICS Percentage 73

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 44. A person could save 10% of his income. But 2 yr
later, when his income increased by 20%, he
37. A man losses 20% of his money. After spending could save the same amount only as before. By
25% of the remainder, he has ` 480 left. What is how much percentage has his expenditure
the amount of money he originally had? e 2012 I increased? e 2015 I
(a) ` 600 (b) ` 720 (c) ` 800 (d) 840 2 1
(a) 22 % (b) 23 %
38. The price of an article is ` 25. After two 9 3
2 2
successive cuts by the same percentage, the price (c) 24 % (d) 25 %
9 9
becomes ` 20.25. If each time the cut was x%,
then e 2012 II 45. 20% of a number when added to 20 becomes the
(a) x = 9 (b) x = 10 (c) x = 11 (d) x = 115
. number itself, then the number is e 2015 II
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 50 (d) 80
39. What is 5% of 50% of 500? e 2012 II
(a) 12.5 (b) 25 (c) 1.25 (d) 6.25 46. A’s salary was increased by 40% and then
40. X , Y and Z had taken a dinner together. The cost decreased by 20%. On the whole A’s salary is
of the meal of Z was 20% more than that of Y increased by e 2015 II
(a) 60% (b) 40% (c) 20% (d) 12%
and the cost of the meal of X was 5/6 as much as
the cost of the meal of Z. If Y paid ` 100, then 47. In an election 10% of the voters on the voter list
what was the total amount that all the three of did not cast their vote and 60 voters cast their
them had paid? e 2013 II ballot papers blank. There were only two
(a) ` 285 (b) ` 300 candidates. The winner was supported by 47% of
(c) ` 355 (d) None of these total voters in the voter list and he got 308 votes
41. A water pipe is cut into two pieces. The longer more than his rival. The number of voters on the
piece is 70% of the length of the pipe. By how voter list is e 2015 II
much percentage is the longer piece longer than (a) 3600 (b) 6200 (c) 6028 (d) 6400
the shorter piece? e 2013 II 48. The salary of a person is increased by 10% of his
400
(a) 140% (b) % original salary. But he received the same amount
3
even after increment. What is the percentage of
(c) 40% (d) None of these
his salary he did not receive? e 2016 I
42. If m% of m + n % of n = 2% of ( m × n ), then what (a) 11% (b) 10% (c)
100
% (d)
90
%
percentage of m is n? e 2014 II 11 11
(a) 50% (b) 75%
(c) 100% (d) Cannot be determined
49. The expenditure of a household for a certain
month is ` 20000, out of which ` 8000 is spent
43. The price of a commodity increased by 5% from on education, ` 5900 on food, ` 2800 on
2010 to 2011, 8% from 2011 to 2012 and 77% from shopping and the rest on personal care. What
2012 to 2013. What is the average price increase percentage of expenditure is spent on personal
(approximate) from 2010 to 2013? e 2014 II care? e 2016 I
(a) 26% (b) 32% (c) 24% (d) 30% (a) 12% (b) 16.5% (c) 18% (d) 21.8%

ANSWERS
1 c 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 a 9 a 10 a
11 c 12 a 13 c 14 b 15 d 16 b 17 b 18 a 19 c 20 b
21 d 22 a 23 b 24 a 25 a 26 c 27 d 28 c 29 b 30 a
31 a 32 d 33 c 34 c 35 c 36 b 37 c 38 b 39 a 40 d
41 b 42 c 43 d 44 a 45 b 46 d 47 b 48 c 49 b
74 CDS Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (c) Given, 90% of A = 30% of B 8. (a) Let monthly income be ` x. Now, difference between C’ s salary and
90 A 30B 1 A ’ s salary
= [Rule 1] ⇒ 87 % of x = ` 3500
100 100 2 9x x
= x− =
A 3 175 10 10
⇒ = ⇒ B = 3A ⇒ x = ` 3500
B 9 2 × 100 ∴ The required percentage
xA
Now, B = x % of A, 3 A = [Rule 1] x
100 3500 × 2 × 100 = × 100% = 10%
∴ x= = ` 4000 10 × x
∴ x = 300 175
Hence, the value of x is 300. 9. (a) Number of candidates who passed in 14. (b) Amount of milk in tub = 38 L
2. (a) Let the number be x, both the subject = 100 − ( x + y − z )% Q Tub found to be 5% empty
then, 42 + 40% of x = x = 100 − (52 + 42 − 17)% ∴ Total quantity of milk in per cent
40
= 23% = 95%
⇒ x = 42 + x [Rule 1]
100 Now, completely fill the tub, total
3 10. (a) Let the total number of questions in
⇒ x = 42 examination be x. amount of additional milk
5 38 × 5
42 × 5 By given condition, 40% of x = 10 = = 2L
∴ x= = 70 x × 40 1000 95
3 ⇒ = 10 ⇒ x = = 25
100 40 15. (d) Remaining percentage
Hence, the required number is 70.
=  1 −
10   10 
3. (b) Given, x% of y = 13x
11. (c) Let the salary of y be ` x .  1− 
 100   100 
x 120x 6x
⇒ y = 13x [Rule 1] ∴ Salary of x = ` =` 90 90
100 100 5 = × = 81%
∴ y = 13 × 100 = 1300 100 100
Difference of their salaries
16. (b) Let total output be x quintal.
= `  − x = `
4. (c) Let the number be x. 6x x
By given condition, 20% of x  5  5 ∴ Useful output = 100 − 24 = 76%
76
= 30% of 40 ∴ Required percentage ⇒ x = 68400
20x 30 × 40 x/5 50 100
⇒ = ⇒ 20x = 30 × 40 = × 100% = % 68400 × 100
100 100 6x / 5 3 ⇒ x=
∴ x = 60 76
[Rule 3]
Hence, the required number is 60. ∴ x = 90000 quintal
Shortcut Method
5. (a) Let the number be x. Here, x = 20% 17. (b) Let original price of grapes be ` x.
20x 25
∴ x+ = 300 ∴ Required percentage ∴ Increased price = x + x
100
=  × 100 % [Rule 5]
x 100
300 × 100
⇒ x= = 250  100 + x  125
=` x …(i)
120  × 100 %
20 100
=
6. (b) Given, 50% of ( x − y ) = 40% of ( x + y )  100 + 20  Increased price of 1.5 kg of grapes
50 40 2000 50
× (x − y) = × (x + y) = %= % 25
100 100 = × 240 = ` 60
120 3 100
⇒ 5x − 5 y = 4x + 4 y [Rule 1] 12. (a) Percentage of oxygen in water 60
⇒ x = 9y … (i) 2 100 5 ∴ Increased price of 1 kg =
Let r % of x = y ⇒
r
×x= y = 100 − 14 = 100 − = 85 % 1.5
7 7 7
100 = ` 40 …(ii)
r
⇒ × 9y = y [from Eq. (i)] Percentage of oxygen in 350 g of water
100 So, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
5 600 350
100 1 = 85 % of 350 = × = 300 g 125
∴ r= = 11 % 7 7 100 x = ` 40
9 9 100
13. (c) Let the income of C be ` x.
7. (c) Let total number of votes polled be x. 40 × 100
25x ∴ x= = ` 32
∴Income of B = x − x × 25% = x − 125
∴ 65% of x − 35% of x = 300 100
65 35 18. (a) The price of item first increased by
x− x = 300 = x−
x 3x
=
100 100 20% and then decreased by 20%.
4 4
30 300 × 100 20 × ( −20) 
⇒ x = 300 ⇒ x =
and, the income of A =
3x 3x
+ × 20% ∴ Net effect =  20 − 20 + 
100 30  100 
4 4
∴ x = 1000 votes 3x 3x 1 9x −400
= + × = = = −4% [Rule 8]
Hence, the total number of votes is 1000. 4 4 5 10 100
MATHEMATICS Percentage 75

19. (c) Let salary of each of them be ` x. 24. (a) New price reduced by 30. (a) Water in the mixture = 10% of 140 L
=   × 100%
George saves 22% of x and his saving x 10
[Rule 7] = × 140 = 14 L
amount is ` 1540.  100 + x  100
22
⇒ x = 1540
= 
60  Let x L of water added in the mixture,
100  × 100% = 37.5% 14 + x 
1540 × 100
 100 + 60  then   × 100 = 125
.
⇒ x= = ` 7000 x  140 + x 
22 25. (a) Let fraction be .
y ⇒ 1400 + 100x = 1750 + 125
. x
20. (b) Let A ’s salary = x. Then,
120% ofx 4x ⇒ . x = 350
875
B’s salary = 2x New fraction = =
90% of y 3 y 350
New salary of A = 150% of x =
3
x ⇒ x = = 4L
2 875.
According to question,
5 31. (a) Let the monthly salary of the person
Total salary of B = 125% of 2x = x [by given condition]
2 4x 16 x 16 3 4 be ` x.
= ⇒ = × = By given condition,
Total combined salary 3 y 27 y 27 4 9
( 100 − 30 − 25 − 20 − 12) × x
=  x + x = 4x
3 5
= 1040
2 2  26. (c) Amount of sugar in 6 L of solution 100
4 1040 × 100
∴ Required increment in salary = × 6 = 0. 24 L ⇒
13x
= ` 1040 ⇒ x =
4x − 3x x 100 1 100 100 13
= = × 100 = =33 %
3x 3x 3 3 After evaporation, sugar in 5 L = 0. 24 L ⇒ x = ` 8000
[Rule 4] ∴ Percentage of sugar Hence, the monthly salary of the person
 0. 24  4 is ` 8000.
21. (d) Let total income be ` x. = × 100 = 4 %
 5 
Income deposited = 10% of  x −
4    5 32. (d) Let total number of staff be 100.
x
 100  Female staff = 40
10  4  96 27. (d) Let the third number be z.
= x − x = x ( 100 − 30) 7z Male staff = ( 100 − 40) = 60
100  100  1000 ∴ First number x = ×z =
Votes casted by females
100 10
Remaining income = ` 10800 40
4 96x Second number = × 40 = 16
∴ x+ + 10800 = x ( 100 − 40) 6z 100
100 1000 y= ×z = 60
136x 100 10 Votes casted by males = × 60 = 36
⇒ 10800 = x − 100
1000 Difference between first and second
864x 10800 × 1000 number Votes casted by both males and females
⇒ 10800 = ⇒x = = 16 + 36 = 52
7z 6z z
1000 864 = (x − y) = − =
∴ x = ` 12500 10 10 10 ∴ Percentage votes obtained = 52%.
22. (a) Let the salary of Rohit be ` 100, then Hence, the required percent [Rule 4] 33. (c) For class-X, let the student passed in
saving = ` 30 z first class = a%.
100 2
Expenses = ` 70 = 10 × 100% = % = 14 % Then, by condition given in question,
7z 7 7
New expenses = ( 100 + 30)% of ` 70 a × 30
10 a% of 30 = 24 ⇒ = 24
= ` 91 100
28. (c) Glycerine in the given sample = 80%
New saving = ` ( 100 − 91) = ` 9 ∴ a = 80%
of 5 L
He saves ` 9, his salary = ` 100 80 Now, for class-Y let the student passed
If he saves ` 1215. = ×5= 4L in first class = b%.
100
Then, his salary = `  × 1215
100 According to the question,
 9  Let x L of glycerine be added, then
4+ x b% of 35 = 28
= ` 13500 × 100 = 95 b
(5 + x ) ⇒ × 35 = 28
23. (b) Let income of man be ` 100. 100
⇒ 80 + 20x = 95 + 19x
Then, his expenditure = ` 75 ∴ b = 80%
∴ x = 15 L
and savings = ` 25 Hence, both classes have equal
New income = ` ( 100 + 20) = ` 120 29. (b) Increased wages of the worker percentage of students getting first class.
= 200 + 20% of 200 = ` 240
New expenditure = ` ( 75 + 7.5) 34. (c) Given, R = 15% and R = 20% .
Also, let he worked for x h. 1 2
= ` 82.50 ∴ Required population
New saving = ` ( 120 − 825. ) = ` 37.50 ∴ Reduced working hours
 R   R 
=x−
20
x = 080 = P 1+ 1  1− 2  [Rule 10]
Saving difference = 37.50 − 25.0 = 12.5 . x
 100   100 
100
∴ Percentage increase saving
= 126800  1 +
240 15   20 
12.5 Required wages = × 08
. x = ` 192  1− 
= × 100 = 50% x  100   100 
25
76 CDS Pathfinder

= 126800  1 +
3  1 = ( 100 + 20) = ` 120 Winner was supported by 47% of total
 1− 
 20   5 5 voter. i.e. 47% of x.
and, the cost of the meal of X = as
Hence, rival got vote = (90% of x − 60)
= 126800     = 116656
23 4 6
 20   5  much as the cost of the meal of − 47% of x.
5
35. (c) Given, R = 15%, R = 15% Z = × 120 = ` 100 = 43% of x − 60
1 2 6
It is given that difference between their
 R  R 
∴ Population = P  1 + 1   1 − 2  ∴ Total amount that all the three of vote is 308.
 100   100  them has paid Then, 47% of x − 43% of x + 60 = 308
= 126800  1 +
15   15  = 100 + 100 + 120 = ` 320 ⇒ 4% of x = 308 − 60
1− 
 100   100  4
41. (b) (Pipe) ⇒ x = 248
115 85 100
= 126800 × × = 123947
248 × 100
100 100
70% 30% ∴ x= = 6200
4
36. (b) Given, R = 15% and R = 20%
1 2 ∴ Increase in percentage of longer piece 48. (c) Let the original salary be x.
∴ Required population compared to shorter piece
Then, increased salary
= P  1 +
15   20  70 − 30
 1+  = × 100% [Rule 4]
= 
 100   100  110  11x
30 x= `
 100  10
= 126800     = 174984
23 6 40 400
 20   5  = × 100% = % Q He received the same salary even after
30 3
increment.
37. (c) Refer to question 21. 42. (c) Refer to question 6.
Amount of salary he did not receive
38. (b) Refer to question 34. 43. (d) Average price increase 11x x
= − x =`
5 + 8 + 77 
= 
39. (a) 5% of 50% of 500 90 10 10
% = % = 30%
=
5
×
50
× 500 = 12.5 [Rule 1]  3  3 ∴ Amount of salary in percentage
100 100
 
44. (a) Refer to question 23. x
40. (d) Given, the cost of meal of Y = ` 100  10 
45. (b) Refer to question 2. = × 100 %
Now, according to the question,  11x 
 
46. (d) Refer to question 18.  10 
Cost of the meal of Z = 20% more than
that of Y x 100
47. (b) Let the number of voters on the voter = × 100% = %
=  100 + × 100
20 list be x. 11x 11
 100  Total cast vote = 90% of x − 60 49. (b) Refer to question 31.
09
SIMPLE INTEREST
Regularly (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally direct formula based
questions are asked from this chapter and hence making it easy to score area.

INTEREST
When money is borrowed by a person, then customarily the money lender used to charge some extra
money in lieu of the money lent by him. This extra money earned by the money lender is called
interest.
Some terms related to interest are given below
Principal (P) The money which is borrowed from a money lender, is called Principal.
Amount (A) The sum of the principal and the interest is called Amount i.e. Amount (A) = Principal ( P ) +
Interest ( I ) .
Rate (R) It is the rate at which the interest is charged on Principal.
Time (T) The time period, for which the money is lent or deposited or borrowed, is called Time.

SIMPLE INTEREST
If the interest is calculated on the original Principal for any length of time, then it is called simple
interest.
Principal × Rate × Time P × R×T
Simple Interest (SI) = or SI =
100 100
100 × A
Amount ( A ) = Principal ( P ) + Interest ( I ) and P =
100 + RT
Where, A → Amount
R → Rate of simple Interest
T → Time

EXAMPLE 1. The sum required to earn a monthly interest of `400 at 10% per annum at simple
interest is
a. ` 2000 b. ` 12000 c. ` 24000 d. ` 48000
78 CDS Pathfinder

1
Sol. d. Given, SI = ` 400, R = 10% and T = 1 month = yr Rule 2 If a certain Principal Amounts to ` A1 in t 1 yr
12
and to ` A 2 in t 2 yr, then the sum ( P ) is given by
P ×R ×T 100 × SI 100 × 400 × 12
SI = or P = = = ` 48000  A t − A1 t 2 
100 R ×T 10 × 1 ` 2 1  and the rate per cent ( R) per annum is
 t1 − t 2 
EXAMPLE 2. In what time will the simple interest on 100 ( A 2 − A1 )
` 400 at 10% per annum be the same as the simple given by  %.
interest on ` 1000 for 4 yr at 4% per annum?  A1 t 2 − A 2 t 1 
a. 2 yr b. 3 yr c. 4 yr d. 6 yr
EXAMPLE 5. A certain sum amounts to ` 1586 in
Sol. c. Here, P = `1000, T = 4 yr, and R = 4% 2 yr and ` 1729 in 3 yr. Find the rate and the sum.
P × R × T 1000 × 4 × 4 a. 8%, ` 1200
∴ Simple interest = = = ` 160
100 100 b. 9%, ` 1300
Now, simple interest = ` 160, P = ` 400, R = 10%, c. 10%, ` 1000
100 × SI 100 × 160 d. 11%, ` 1300
then, T = = = 4 yr
P ×R 400 × 10 Sol. d. Here, A1 = ` 1586, t1 = 2 yr, A2 = 1729 and t 2 = 3 yr
A2t1 − A1t 2 1729 × 2 − 1586 × 3
EXAMPLE 3. A sum at simple interest of 4% per ∴ Required principle = =
annum amounts to ` 3120 in 5 yr. Find the sum. t1 − t 2 2− 3
a. ` 2500 b. ` 1300 c. ` 4000 d. ` 2600 = ` 1300
( A − A1) × 100 
Sol. d. Here, T = 5 yr, R = 4%, A = ` 3120 and required rate R =  2 %
100 × A 100 × 3120 100 × 3120  A1t 2 − A2t1 
We know that, P = = = (1729 − 1586) × 100 143 × 100
100 + RT 100 + 4 × 5 120 = = = 11%
= ` 2600 1586 × 3 − 1729 × 2 1300
Rule 3 At the same rate of simple interest, if a sum of
Important Rules and Formulae money becomes n1 times of itself in t 1 yr and n2 times in
Rule 1 If a sum of money becomes n times in ‘T ’ yr at ( n − 1)
t 2 years, then t 2 = 2 t 1 yr.
simple interest, then rate of interest will be, ( n1 − 1)
 100( n − 1)
R=  % EXAMPLE 6. A sum of money becomes 3 times in 5 yr
 T 
at simple interest. In how many years, will the same sum
become 6 times at the same rate of simple interest?
EXAMPLE 4. At what rate per cent per annum will a
sum of money double in 8 yr? a. 10 yr
1 b. 12 yr
a. 12% b. 12 % c. 12.5 yr
2
c. 13% d. 15% d. 10.5 yr
Sol. b. Here, n = 2 and T = 8 yr Sol. c. Here, n1 = 3, t1 = 5yr and n2 = 6, t 2 = ?
100(n − 1) 100 × ( 2 − 1) 100 1 (n2 − 1) (6 − 1) 25
∴ Rate = = = = 12 % ∴ Required time (t 2) = t1 ×5= = 12.5 yr
T 8 8 2 (n1 − 1) ( 3 − 1) 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Find the amount on a sum of ` 400 for 3 yr at 3. If a certain sum is doubled in 8 yr on simple
simple interest at 5% per annum. interest, in how many years will it be four times?
(a) ` 460 (b) ` 415 (c) ` 435 (d) ` 412 (a) 24 yr (b) 16 yr (c) 32 yr (d) 12 yr
2. Find what sum of money will amount to ` 900 in 4. A sum of money at simple interest amount to
4 yr at 5% per annum on simple interest? ` 1260 in 2 yr and `1350 in 5 yr, then the rate
(a) ` 750 (b) ` 650 per cent per annum is
(c) ` 500 (d) ` 550 (a) 30% (b) 10% (c) 2.5% (d) 5%
MATHEMATICS Simple Interest 79

the same rate of interest. Which of the following

5. The difference of 13% per annum and 12% of a
statement is true in this regard?
sum in 1 yr is ` 110. Then, the sum is
(a) A will get twice the amount of interest that B would get
(a) ` 12000 (b) ` 13000 (c) ` 11000 (d) ` 16000
(b) B will get twice the amount of interest that A would get.
6. The simple interest on a sum of money at 10% per (c) A and B will get the same amount as interest.
annum for 6 yr is half the sum. Then, the sum is (d) B will get four times the amount of interest that A
would get
(a) ` 5000 (b) not possible (c) ` 4000 (d) ` 6000
18. Out of a sum of ` 625 a part was lent at 5% and
7. The sum which amounts to ` 840 in 5 yr at the the other at 10% simple interest. If the interest
rate of 8% per annum simple interest is on the first part after 2 yr is equal to the
100 × 8 × 5 + 100 100 + 840 interest on the second part after 4 yr, then the
(a) ` (b) `
840 100 + 5 × 8 second sum (in `) is
100 × 840 840 × 5 × 8 (a) ` 125 (b) ` 200 (c) ` 250 (d) ` 300
(c) ` (d) `
100 + 5 × 8 100
19. A man invests an amount of ` 15860 in the
8. A certain sum at simple interest amounts to names of his three sons A, B and C in such a way
` 1040 in 3 yr and to ` 1360 in 7 yr. Then, the sum is that they get the same interest after 2, 3 and 4
(a) ` 750 (b) ` 800 (c) ` 900 (d) ` 1000 yr, respectively. If the rate of simple interest is
9. A sum becomes 6 fold at 5% per annum. At what 5%, then the ratio of the amounts invested
rate, the sum becomes 12 fold? among A, B and C will be
1 1 1
(a) 10% (b) 12% (c) 9% (d) 11% (a) 10 : 15 : 20 (b) : :
10 15 20
10. A man borrowed ` 40000 at 8% simple interest (c) 110 : 115 : 120 (d)
1
:
1
:
1
per year. At the end of second year he paid back 110 115 120
certain amount and at the end of fifth year he
paid back ` 35960 and cleared the debt. What is
20. A sum was put at simple interest at a certain
rate for 2 yr. Had it been put at 3% higher rate,
the amount did he pay back after the second year?
it would have fetched ` 72 more. The sum is
(a) ` 16200 (b) ` 17400
(a) ` 1200 (b) ` 1600 (c) ` 1900 (d) ` 1400
(c) ` 18600 (d) None of these
11. A sum of ` 1550 was lent partly at 5% and partly 21. Harsha makes a fixed deposit of ` 20000 in Bank
at 8% simple interest. The total interest received of India for a period of 3 yr. If the rate of
after 3 yr was ` 300. The ratio of money lent at interest be 13% SI per annum charged half
5% to 8% is yearly, what amount will he get after 42 months?
(a) 11 : 12 (b) 16 : 15 (c) 12 : 21 (d) 11 : 13 (a) ` 27800 (b) ` 28100 (c) ` 29100 (d) ` 30000

12. Rahim buys a house and pays ` 8000 cash 22. A sum of money lent on simple interest triples
and ` 9600 at 5 yr credit at 4% per annum simple itself in 15 yr and 6 months. In how many year
interest. Then, the cash price of the house still it be doubled?
(a) ` 10000 (b) ` 9600 (c) ` 17000 (d) ` 16000 (a) 6 yr and 3 months (b) 7 yr and 9 months
(c) 8 yr and 3 months (d) 9 yr and 6 months
13. At what rate per cent per annum simple interest,
will a sum of money triple itself in 25 yr? 23. Mr Pawan invests an amount of ` 24200 at the
(a) 8% (b) 9% (c) 10% (d) 12% rate of 4% per annum for 6 yr to obtain a simple
interest, later he invests the principal amount as
14. A man invested ` 1000 on a simple interest at a well as the amount obtained as simple interest
certain rate and ` 1500 at 2% higher rate. The
for another 4 yr at the same rate of interest.
total interest in 3 yr is ` 390. What is the rate of
What amount of simple interest will be obtained
interest for ` 1000?
at the end of the last 4 yr?
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 6% (d) 8%
(a) ` 4800 (b) ` 4850.32 (c) ` 4801.28 (d) ` 4700
15. In what time the simple interest on a sum of 24. A person invested some amount at the rate of
money be 3 / 8 of the principal with rate of 12% simple interest and the remaining at 10%.
interest 3(1 / 8)%? He received yearly an interest of ` 130. Had he
(a) 9 yr (b) 6 yr (c) 12 yr (d) 15 yr
interchanged the amounts invested, he would
16. If the rate of simple interest is 12% per annum have received an interest of ` 134. How much
the amount that would fetch interest of ` 6000 money did he invest at different rates?
per annum is (a) ` 500 at the rate of 10%, ` 800 at the rate of 12%
(a) ` 7200 (b) ` 72000 (c) ` 50000 (d) ` 48543.69 (b) ` 700 at the rate of 10%, ` 600 at the rate of 12%
17. A lends a sum of money for 10 yr at 5% simple (c) ` 800 at the rate of 10%, ` 400 at the rate of 12%
interest, B lends double that amount for 5 yr at (d) ` 700 at the rate of 10%, ` 500 at the rate of 12%
80 CDS Pathfinder

Directions (Q. Nos. 25-27) If SI for a certain sum P1 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
for time T1 and rate of interest R1 is I1 and SI for
another sum P2 for time T2 and rate of interest R2 is 28. The principal on which a simple interest of ` 55
P R T − PR
1 1T1 will be obtained after 9 months at the rate of
I2, then difference of SI = I2 − I1 = 2 2 2 .
100 3( 2 / 3)% per annum is e 2013 I
(a) ` 1000 (b) ` 1500
25. Simple interest for the sum of ` 1500 is ` 50 in
(c) ` 2000 (d) ` 2500
4 yr and ` 80 in 8 yr, the rate of SI is
(a) 0.6% (b) 5% (c) 0.05% (d) 0.5% 29. In how much time would the simple interest on a
principal amount be 0.125 times the principal
26. Simple interest for the sum of ` 1230 for 2 yr is amount at 10% per annum? e 2015 I
` 10 more than the simple interest for ` 1130 for
1 3 1 3
the same duration. Find the rate of interest. (a) 1 yr (b) 1 yr (c) 2 yr (d) 2 yr
4 4 4 4
(a) 5% (b) 6% (c) 8% (d) 2%
30. If a sum of money at a certain rate of simple
27. If the annual payment oa ` A will discharge a interest per year doubles in 5 yr and at a
debt of ` 1092 due in 2 yr at 12% simple interest, different rate of simple interest per year becomes
then three times in 12 yr, then the difference in
I. A will be ` 515 (approx.). the two rates of simple interest per year is
II. A will be ` 530 (approx.), if interest rate is 6%. e 2016 I
(a) Only I (b) Both I and II 1 1
(a) 2% (b) 3% (c) 3 % (d) 4 %
(c) Only II (d) Neither I nor II 3 3

ANSWERS
1 2 a 3 a 4 c 5 c 6 b 7 c 8 b 9 d 10 b
11 b 12 d 13 a 14 a 15 c 16 c 17 c 18 a 19 b 20 a
21 c 22 b 23 c 24 d 25 d 26 a 27 b 28 c 29 a 30 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Given, P = ` 400, R = 5% Q Sum 4. (c) Simple interest in 3 yr
and T = 3 yr 100 × A 100 × 900 = ` ( 1350 − 1260) = ` 90
= = = ` 750
P × R×T 100 + RT 100 + 5 × 4
Simple interest = ∴ Simple interest for 2 yr
100 3. (a) Let the sum be ` x, so amount 2
400 × 3 × 5 = × 90 = ` 60
SI = = ` 60 = ` 2x 3
100 ∴ SI = ` x
Q Principal = ` ( 1260 − 60) = ` 1200
∴Amount = P + SI = 400 + 60 = ` 460 Let R be rate of interest.
100 × SI 100 × x ∴ Rate,
2. (a) Let the sum of money be ` x. ∴ R= = = 125
. % 100 × SI 100 × 60 60 5
P ×T x ×8 R= = = =
Q Amount = Sum + SI Now, the needed amount = ` 4x P ×T 1200 × 2 24 2
x ×5 × 4
∴ Amount = x + ∴ SI = ` ( 4x − x) = ` 3x R = 25
. %
100
100 × SI 100 × 3x Shortcut Method
Q SI = P × R × T  ∴T= = = 24 yr
 P×R x × 125
. Here, A = ` 1260, t = 2 yr,
100  1 1
But amount = ` 900 Shortcut Method A = ` 1350 and t = 5yr
2 2
Here, n = 2, n = 4 and t = 8 yr
20x 1 2 1 ∴ Required rate
∴ 900 = x + ( n − 1)
100 ∴ Required time = 2 ×t  (A − A ) 
6x 900 × 5 ( n − 1) 1 = 2 1
 × 100% [Rule 2]
⇒ 900 = ⇒x= = ` 750 1  A1 t 2 − A2 t1 
5 6 [Rule 3]
Shortcut Method ( 4 − 1) 3 ( 1350 − 1260)
= × 8 = × 8 = 24 yr = × 100% = 25
. %
Here, A = ` 900, R = 5% and T = 4yr ( 2 − 1) 1 1260 × 5 − 1350 × 2
MATHEMATICS Simple Interest 81

5. (c) Let the sum be ` x. Shortcut Method 13. (a) Let the principal be ` P
x × 13 × 1 x × 12 × 1 As, R = 5%, n = 6, n = 12. As, amount = 3P and T = 25 yr
Then, − = 110 1 1 2
100 100 According to the formula, ∴ SI = 3P − P = 2P
x
⇒ = 110 n −1 100 × SI
100 12 − 1 Q Rate =
R = 2 ×R = × 5 [Rule 3] principal × T
⇒ x = 110 × 100 = ` 11000 2
n −1 1
6−1
1 100 × 2P
Shortcut Method 11 = = 8%
= × 5 = 11% P × 25
Here, P = ` 110 , r = 13%, r = 12% 5
1 2
and t = t = 1yr 14. (a) Let a man invest ` 1000 at a R%.
1 2 10. (b) Total borrowed money = ` 40000
∴ Short trick Now, rate is increased by 2%.
and rate of interest = 8%
110 × 100 ∴ New rate = ( R + 2)%
= 40000 × 8 × 2
13 − 12 The interest for 2 yr = By given condition,
100
= ` 11000 1000 × R × 3 1500 × ( R + 2) × 3
= ` 6400 + = 390
6. (b) Let the sum (principal) be ` x. 100 100
x Let he paid ` x at the end of second
∴ Simple interest = ` year. ⇒ 30R + 45R + 90 = 390
2 ⇒ 75R = 300 ⇒ R = 4%
and T = 6 yr, R = 10% per annum ∴ Interest will be calculated on
1 25
P × R×T ` ( 40000 − x + 6400) 15. (c) Here, rate of interest = 3 % = %
∴ SI = 8 8
100 ( 46400 − x) × 3 × 8
Interest for 3 yr = Let principal be ` x.
x x × 10 × 6 1 6 100 3
⇒ = ⇒ = and simple interest = ` x
2 100 2 10 6
= ` ( 46400 − x) 8
Which is not true, so it is not a possible 25 25
x× × T
case. 6 3 8
∴ ( 46400 − x) + 46400 − x = 35960 ∴ x=
7. (c) Let the sum be ` 100. 25 8 100
300
21576 × 25 ⇒ = T ⇒ T = 12 yr
Then, amount = (Sum + SI) ⇒ x= = ` 17400 25
100 × 8 × 5  31
=  100 +  = ( 100 + 8 × 5) 16. (c) Given, rate of interest = 12% per
 100  11. (b) Let sum lent at rate 5% be ` x. annum
So, when the amount is ( 100 + 8 × 5), Then, sum lent at rate 8% Simple interest = ` 6000 per annum
then sum = 100
= ` ( 1550 − x) Let principal is ` P.
When the amount is ` 840, then sum x ×5 ×3 P × 1 × 12
100 × 840  ∴ Simple interest at rate 5% = ∴ 6000 =
= `   100 100
 100 + 8 × 5  6000 × 100
Simple interest at rate 8% Q P= = ` 50000
8. (b) Simple interest for 4 yr ( 1550 − x) × 8 × 3 12
=
= ` ( 1360 − 1040) = ` 320 100 Hence, the required Principal amount is
Simple interest for 3 yr x × 15 ( 1550 − x) × 24 ` 50000.
∴ + = 300
= `  × 3 = ` 240
320 17. (c) For A Let the amount be ` x.
100 100
 4  15x 37200 24x Rate of interest = 5% and Time = 10 yr
⇒ + − = 300 x × 5 × 10 x
∴ Sum or principle 100 100 100 ∴ Simple interest = =
= ` ( 1040 − 240) = ` 800 100 2
⇒ x = ` 800
Shortcut Method Amount lent at rate 8% For B The amount be ` 2x.
Here, A = ` 1040 , t = 3 yr, = ` ( 1550 − 800) = ` 750 Rate of interest = 5% and Time = 5 yr
1 1
2x × 5 × 5 x
A = ` 1360 and t = 7yr ∴ Required ratio =
800 16
= = 16 : 15 SI = =
2 2
100 2
∴ Required principle (sum) 750 15
So, A and B both will get the same
A t −At  12. (d) Let the amount remaining to pay be amount as interest.
= ` 2 1 1 2 [Rule 2]
 t −t  ` x.
 1 2  18. (a) Let the first part and the second part
∴ Price of house = ` ( x + 8000) be ` x and ` ( 625 − x), respectively.
1360 × 3 − 1040 × 7 x × 4 ×5
= = `800 ⇒ 9600 − =x Q The simple interest on both part in
3−7 100 same.
9. (d) SI at 5% = 6 P − P = 5P x
⇒ 9600 − = x x × 5 × 2 ( 625 − x) × 10 × 4
P ×5 ×T 5 So, =
∴ 5P = ⇒ T = 100 yr 6x 9600 × 5 100 100
100 ⇒ 9600 = ⇒ =x ⇒ 10x = ( 625 − x)40
Now, for new rate ( R), 5 6
⇒ x = ( 625 − x)4
P × R × 100 ⇒ x = ` 8000
11P = ∴ x = ` 500
100 ∴ Cash price of the house ∴ Second part
∴ R = 11% = ` (8000 + 8000) = ` 16000 = ` ( 625 − 500) = ` 125
82 CDS Pathfinder

19. (b) Let the amount of A = ` a, Let amount doubled be t yr. 27. (b) Case I Annual payment
1
time = 2 yr and rate = 5% Now, SI = 2P − P = ` P =
100P
∴ Simple Interest of SI × 100 RT (T − 1)
∴ t = 100T +
a × 2 × 5 10a 1
P×R 2
A= =
100 100 1092 × 100
P × 100 × 31 =
⇒ t = 24( 2 − 1)
Let the amount of B = ` b, rate = 5% 1
P × 400 100 × 2 +
and time = 3 yr. 31 2
∴ Simple interest of = = 7 yr and 9 months 1092 × 100
b × 3 × 5 15b
4 = = 515.09 ≈ ` 515
`
B= = P × R×T
212
100 100 23. (c) Case I SI = Case II Annual payment
Let the amount of C = ` c, time = 4 yr 100
24200 × 4 × 6 1092 × 100
and rate = 5% R= = ` 5808 =
12( 2 − 1)
c × 4 × 5 20c 100 100 × 2 +
∴Simple interest of C = = 2
100 100 ∴ Amount = Principal + SI
a × 10 b × 15 c × 20 1092 × 100
But = = = = ` 530.09 ≈ ` 530
SI = 24200 + 5808 = 30008 206
100 100 100
⇒ 10 a = 15 b = 20 c = k 30008 × 4 × 4 28. (c) Let P be the principal amount.
Case II SI = = ` 4801.28
k k k 100 9
So, a= , b= , c= SI = ` 55, time, t = 9 months = yr
10 15 20 24. (d) Let the person invest amount x and y 12
1 1 1 2 11
∴ a : b :c = : : into two different rates of interest. and rate, r = 3 % = %
10 15 20 3 3
x × 12 × 1 y × 10 × 1
∴ + = 130 P × R×T
20. (a) Let the sum be ` x and the original 100 100 Q SI =
rate r%, then 100
x×r×2 Q SI = PRT  SI × 100 55 × 100
Simple interest =  100  ⇒ P= = × 3 × 12
100 R×T 11 × 9
Now, rate is increased by 3%. ⇒ 12x + 10 y = 13000 …(i)
∴ New rate = ( r + 3)% y × 12 × 1 x × 10 × 1 = 5 × 100 × 4 = ` 2000
x × ( r + 3) × 2
and + = 134
Q Simple interest = 100 100 ∴ Principal ( P ) = ` 2000
100 ⇒ 12 y + 10x = 13400 …(ii) 29. (a) Let the principal be ` x and the time
x × ( r + 3) × 2 x × r × 2
∴ − = 72 be t yr.
100 100 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Rate = 10%
( xr + 3x)2 2xr
⇒ − = 72 x = ` 500 and y = ` 700 P × R×T
100 100 Q Simple interest =
25. (d) Here, I = 50, I = 80, T = 4 yr, 100
2xr + 6x − 2xr
⇒ = 72 1 2 1
According to the question,
100 T = 8 yr, and P = ` 1500
∴ x = ` 1200 2 0.125 × Principal = Simple interest
According to formula,
P × 10 × T
21. (c) As rate of interest is charged half P × R × (T − T ) ∴ 0.125 P =
yearly, I −I = 2 1 100
2 1
13 100 125P 10 × P × T
So, rate = % half yearly 1500 × R × (8 − 4) ⇒ =
2 ⇒ 80 − 50 = 1000 100
100
time  × 2 half yearly = 7 half yearly
42 125
⇒ =T
 12  ⇒ 30 = 15 × R × 4 100
20000 × 13 × 7 ⇒ 2R = 1 5 1
SI = = ` 9100 ⇒ T = = 1 yr
100 × 2 ⇒
1
R = = 0.5% 4 4
∴ Amount ( A ) = 20000 + 9100 2 30. (c) Let principal = ` P, then amount of
= ` 29100 26. (a) Here, I − I = ` 10, P = ` 1230, money = ` 2P
1 2 1
22. (b) Let initial amount be ` P, then P = ` 1130 and T = 2 yr ∴ SI = 2P − P = `P
A = ` 3P and 2
P × r ×5
31 According to formula, Now, P= ⇒ r = 20%
T = 15 yr and 6 months = yr 100
2 T × R × (P − P )
I −I = 2 1 Amount of money after 12 yr = `3P
Q SI = A − P = 3P − P = ` 2P 2 1
100
∴ SI = 3P − P = 2P
⇒ P×
31
×
R
= 2P R × 2( 1130 − 1230)
−10 = P × R × 12 50
2 100 100 Now, 2P = ⇒ R= %
2 × 2 × 100 −200R 100 3
⇒ R= % −10 =
31 100 ∴ Difference between two interest rates
=  20 −  % =
400 50 10 1
= % ∴ R = 5% %=3 %
31  3 3 3
10
83

COMPOUND INTEREST
Usually (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Questions from this chapter are based on
the direct application of compound interest formula.

COMPOUND INTEREST
When the interest is calculated on the amount of previous year, then it is known as compound interest.
It will make a deposit or loan grow at a faster rate than simple interest.

Important Rules and Formulae

Consider P = Principal (amount borrowed) , A = Amount (Principal + Interest)
R = Rate of interest per annum and n = Number of years
Rule 1 When interest is compounded annually, then
 R
n  R
n 
(i) Amount = P 1 +  (ii) CI = A – P = P 1 +  − 1
 100   100  

EXAMPLE 1. The amount and the compound interest on ` 24000 compounded annually for 2 yr at
the rate of 10% per annum is
a. ` 39040 and ` 4040 b. ` 29040 and ` 5040 c. ` 19040 and ` 3040 d. None of these
Sol. b. Here, P = ` 24000, R = 10% per annum and n = 2 yr
R n 10  2 110 2
Q A = P 1 +  = 24000 1 +  = 24000 
110 110
 = 24000 × × = ` 29040
 100   100   100  100 100
Q Compound interest = Amount − Principal = ` 29040 − ` 24000 = ` 5040
So, amount = ` 29040 and compound interest = ` 5040
Rule 2 When interest is compounded half-yearly (every 6 months), then
 r 
2n  R 
2n 
(i) Amount = P 1 +  (ii) CI = 1 +  − 1
 100 × 2  100 × 2 
84 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 2. The compound interest on ` 24000

1 Rule 4 When interest is compounded annually but time
compounded semi-annually for 1 yr at the rate of a
2 is given in fraction (say, t yr), then
b
10% per annum is t
 R  1 + ( a/b)R
a. ` 3783 b. ` 2783 c. ` 2763 d. ` 3763 Amount = P 1 +  × 
 100   100 
Sol. a. Given, P = ` 24000
Rate of interest = 10% per annum EXAMPLE 4. The amount and compound interest on
and
1
time = 1 yr = yr
3 ` 5000 compounded annually for 2 yr 6 months at the
2 2 rate of 10% per annum is
Since, the interest is compounded half-yearly. a. ` 6252.5 and ` 1342.5 b. ` 6000 and ` 1300
10
Then, rate (R) = % half-yearly c. ` 6250 and ` 1340 d. ` 6352.5 and ` 1352.5
2
3 Sol. d. Here, time = 2 yr and 6 months
and time (n) = 2 × = 3 half-yearly a 1
2 ∴ t = 2 yr and = yr
 b 2
5 3 R  n
∴ A = 24000 1 +  Q A = P 1+   1+ a R 
 100  100  R t 
  
Amount = P 1+  × b 
 100  100 
Q
3 3
= 24000 1 +  = 24000    
1 21

[Rule 1]  
20  20
21 21 21  1
⋅ 10
= 24000 × × × = ` 27783  10  2  2
20 20 20 ∴ A = 5000 1 +  1 + 
 100  100 
Now, compound interest = A − P  
= ` 27783 − ` 24000 = ` 3783
110 2  105
Rule 3 When interest is compounded quarterly = 5000    
 100  100
(every 3 months), then 11 11 21
= 5000 × × × = ` 6352.50
4n 10 10 20
 R 
(i) Amount = P 1 +  ∴ Compound interest = A − P
 100 × 4 CI = 6352.50 − 5000 = ` 1352.50
 R 
4n 
(ii) CI = P 1 +  − 1 Rule 5 When rate of interest for n1 , n2 and n3 yr are
 100 × 4 
R1 , R2 and R3 respectively, then
n1 n2 n3
EXAMPLE 3. The amount and the compound  R   R2   R3 
Amount = P 1 + 1  1 +  1 + 
interest on ` 100000 compounded quarterly for 9  100   100   100 
months at the rate of 4% per annum is
a. ` 106060 and ` 6060.10 b. ` 103030 and ` 3030.10 EXAMPLE 5. The compound interest on ` 5000 for
c. ` 103030.10 and ` 3030.10 d. ` 106060.10 and ` 6060.10 4 yr if the rate of interest is 10% per annum for the
Sol. c. Given, P = ` 100000, rate of interest = 4% per annum first two years and 15% for the next two years is
and time = 9 months a. ` 3000 b. ` 3001 c. ` 3002 d. None of these
Since, the interest is compounded quarterly. Sol. b. Here, R1 = 10%, n = n 1 + n2 = 4 yr
4 n 1 = 2 yr, R2 = 15% , n2 = 2 yr
Then, rate (R) = = 1% quarterly
4
and principal = ` 5000
9
and time (n) = 9 months = × 4 = 3 quarter yearly R n1 R n2
12 Q Amount = P 1 + 1  1+ 2 
 100  100
R n
Q Amount, A = P 1+  10  2  15  2
 100 ∴ A = 5000 1 +  1 + 
 100  100
1 3 101 3
∴ A = 100000 1 +  = 100000   110 2  115 2
 100  100
= 5000 ×    
 100  100
101 101 101 11 11 23 23
= 100000 × × × = ` 103030.10 = 5000 × × × × = ` 8001.125
100 100 100 10 10 20 20
∴Compound interest = A − P = ` 103030.10 − ` 100000 ∴ Compound interest
= ` 3030.10 = A − P = ` 8001125
. − ` 5000 ~
− ` 3001
MATHEMATICS Compound Interest 85

Rule 6 The difference D between simple and compound EXAMPLE 7. A sum of money on compound interest
amount to ` 9680 in 2 yr and to ` 10648 in 3 yr. What
interest accrued on ` P at the rate of interest of R% is is the rate of interest per annum?
given by a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20%
PR2
(i) For 2 yr, D = Sol. b. Given, A1 = ` 10648 and A2 = ` 9680
(100 )2
( A2 − A1)
PR2 ( 300 + r ) ∴ Rate of compound interest = × 100%
(ii) For 3 yr, D = A1
(100 )3 10648 − 9680
= × 100% = 10%
EXAMPLE 6. The difference between the compound 9680
interest and the simple interest on a certain sum at
12% per annum for 2 yr is ` 90. Then, sum is DEPRECIATION
a. ` 6250 b. ` 6350 c. ` 6520 d. ` 6950
The value of certain things like the machine, vehicle etc.,
Sol. a. Let the sum be ` 100. decreases over a period of time. The decrement in the
Case I Then, simple interest on ` 100 for 2 yr value things is called depreciation. The depreciation per
unit time is called the rate of depreciation.
 100 × 12 × 2
=   = ` 24 Rule 8 If the present value of a article is P and it
 100 
Case II Amount when ` 100 is borrowed for 2 yr depreciate at the rate of R% per annum. Then,
12  2  R n  n
= 100 × 1 +   A = P 1+  ,Rule 1 (i)  
(i) Value of article after n yr = P × 1 −
R 

 100  100
   100 
= 100 ×
28 28
× 
=` 
3136
 P
25 25  25  (ii) Value of article n yr ago = n
 R 
∴ Compound interest for 2yr =  − 100 = ` 
3136 636
 1 − 
 25   25   100 
Difference between CI and SI =  − 24 = `
636 36
 25  25 EXAMPLE 8. Given that carbon − 14 (C 14 ) decays at a
36 constant rate in such a way that it reduces to 50% in
If the difference between CI and SI is ` , then the 5568 yr. Then, the age of an old wooden piece in
25
sum = ` 100 which the carbon is only 12.5% of the original is
If the difference between CI and SI is ` 1, a. 16000 yr b. 16244 yr c. 16702 yr d. None of these
 100 × 25
then the sum = `   Sol. d. Let the rate of decay be R% and the age of the
 36  wooden piece be n yr.
If the difference between CI and SI is ` 90, then the sum
R  5568
Then, 
50  
⇒ 1 −
R 
 = 1 −   = (0.5)1/ 5568 …(i)
= 100 × × 90 = ` 6250
25
 100  100   100
 36 
12.5  R n R n
Here, the sum is ` 6250. ⇒ = 1 −  ⇒ (0.125) = 1 − 
100  100  100
Shortcut Method
⇒ (0.125)1/ n = 1 −
R 
 ⇒ (0. 5) 3/ n = 1 −
R 
Let the required sum be ` P.  …(ii)
 100  100
Here, difference = ` 90 and R = 12% 1
∴ Difference between CI and SI From Eqs. (i) and (ii), (0.5) 3/ n = (0.5) 5568
PR 2 (P)(12) 2 P × 144
90 = 2 = ⇒ 90 = On comparing both sides, we get
(100) (100) 2 100 × 100 3 1
= ⇒ n = 3 × 5568 = 16704 yr
∴ P = ` 6250 n 5568
Required sum = ` 6250
Rule 7 If a certain sum at compound interest becomes INSTALMENTS
A1 , in n yr and A 2 in ( n + 1) yr, then When a borrower pays the sum in parts, then we say
that he/she is paying in instalments.
(A 2 − A1 )
(i) Rate of compound interest = × 100% x x x
n A1 ∴ P= + +…+
A   R  2 n
(ii) Sum = A1  1  1 +  1 + R  
1 +
R

 A2   100   100   100 
86 CDS Pathfinder

x = value of each instalment  100 (100) 2 (100) 3 

⇒ P =x + + 
(100 + R) (100 + R) (100 + R) 3 
n 2
 R
Total amount paid in instalments, A = P 1 + 
 100   100   100  2  100  3 
= 486680   +  +  
n = number of instalments  100 + 15  100 + 15  100 + 15 

EXAMPLE 9. Sapna borrowed some money on  20  20 2  20 3 
= 486680 ×  +  +  
compound interest and returned it in 3 yr in equal  23  23
 23 
annual instalments. If rate of interest is 15 % per
20  20 400
annum and annual instalment is ` 486680, then the = 486680 × 1 + + 
sum borrowedes. 23  23 529

a. 111300 b. 122400 = 1111200

c. 1111200 d. 154320 ∴ Principal borrowed = ` 1111200

Sol. c. Given that, rate of interest, R = 15% pa

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
Annual instalment, x = ` 486680
Total number of instalments, n = 3 1. Simple interest and compound interest are equal for first
year period on the same sum and at the same rate.
 
 x x x  2. If A and B are the amounts of a certain sum for two
∴ P= + 2 + 3
consecutive years, then simple interest for 1 yr = B − A

 1 + R 
 1 + R  1 + R  
 3. If certain sum at compound interest becomes x times in
 100  100  100  n 1 yr and y times in n 2 yr, then x 1 /n 1 = y 1 /n 2
MATHEMATICS Compound Interest 87

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Kiran purchased a scooter for ` 24000. The value 11. A saving bank gives interest which compounds
of scooter is depreciating at the rate of 5% per annually. Raju deposited ` 100 and received
annum. Then, its value after 3 yr is ` 121 at the end of second year. Rate of
(a) ` 20577 (b) ` 20977 (c) ` 20677 (d) ` 20877 compound interest per annum is
(a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 11.5% (d) 20.5%
2. If P be the principal amount and the rate of
interest be r% per annum and the compound 12. The amount of a certain sum at compound
interest is calculated k times in a year, then interest for 4 yr at 10% in ` 4410. The sum is
what is the amount at the end of n yr? (a) 3012.08 (b) 3015 (c) 3020.16 (d) 3016.9
nk nk
(a) P  1 +
r 
(b) P  1 +
kr 
  13. The compound interest on ` 5000 for 3 yr at 8%
 100k   100  for first year, 10% for second year and 12% for
n/ k n/ k
(c) P  1 +
kr 
(d) P  1 +
kr  third year will be
 
 100   100k  (a) ` 1560.40 (b) ` 1500 (c) ` 1565.60 (d) ` 1652.80

3. The amount of a certain sum at compound 14. An amount of ` x at compound interest at 20%
interest for 2 yr at 5% is ` 4410. The sum is per annum for 3 yr becomes y. What is y : x?
(a) ` 4000 (b) ` 4200 (c) ` 3900 (d) ` 3800 (a) 3 : 1 (b) 36 : 25
(c) 216 : 125 (d) 125 : 216
4. A person borrowed ` 7500 at 16% compound
interest. How much does he have to pay at the 15. The compound interest on ` 2000 for 1 yr at the
end of 2 yr to clear the loan? rate of 8% per annum, when the interest is
(a) ` 9900 (b) ` 10092 (c) ` 11000 (d) ` 11052 compounded semi-annually
(a) ` 163.20 (b) ` 2163.20 (c) ` 3153.20 (d) ` 1163
5. If the rate of interest is 10% per annum and
is compounded half-yearly, then the principal of 16. ` 16000 invested at 10% per annum compounded
` 400 in 3/2 yr will amount to semi-annually amounts to ` 18522. Then, the
(a) ` 463.00 (b) ` 463.05 period of investment is
(c) ` 463.15 (d) ` 463.20 1 5
(a) 1 yr (b) 3 yr (c) 2 yr (d) yr
2 2
6. At compound interest, if a certain sum of money 25
doubles in n yr, then the amount will be four 17. A sum compounded annually becomes times
fold in 16
(a) 2 n2 yr (b) n2 yr (c) 2n yr (d) 4n yr of itself in 2 yr. Then, the rate of interest per
annum is
7. The simple interest on a certain sum of money (a) 25% (b) 20% (c) 15% (d) 7
1
%
for 3 yr at 8% per annum is half the compound 2
interest on ` 4000 for 2 yr at 10% per annum.
What is the sum placed on simple interest? 18. A sum of ` 3200 invested at 10% per annum
(a) ` 1550 (b) ` 1650 (c) ` 1750 (d) ` 2000
compounded quarterly amounts to ` 3362, then
the time period is
8. What is the least number of complete years in (a) 1
1
yr (b)
1
yr (c) 2 yr (d) 1 yr
which a sum of money at 20% compound interest 2 2
will be more than doubled?
19. A sum amount to ` 9680 in 2 yr and to ` 10648
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 4
in 3 yr compounded annually. Then, the sum and
9. The difference between the simple interest and rate of interest, respectively are
the compound interest (compounded annually) on (a) ` 8000, 10% (b) ` 8500, 10%
` 1250 for 2 yr at 8% per annum will be (c) ` 8500, 9% (d) ` 8000, 9%
(a) ` 18 (b) ` 2 (c) ` 8 (d) ` 4
20. If the value of a machine depreciates by 10% of
10. The compound interest on a sum for 2 yr is ` 832 its value at the beginning of the year and its
and the simple interest on the same sum at the present value is estimated as ` 10935, then what
same rate for the same period is ` 800. What is was its value three years back?
the rate of interest? (a) ` 15000 (b) ` 7000
(a) 6% (b) 8% (c) 10% (d) 12% (c) ` 8050 (d) None of these
88 CDS Pathfinder

21. A sum of money doubles itself at compound 26. From the given statements, identify which of the
interest in 15 yr. It will becomes 8 times in following or both are correct and then select the
(a) 30 yr (b) 40 yr appropriate option.
(c) 60 yr (d) 45 yr I. The Present worth of ` 169 due in 2 yr at 4% Pa
compound interest is 156.25.
22. A man borrows ` 4000 at 8% per annum on
compound interest. At the end of every year he II. If the simple interest on a certain sum for 2 yr is
` 120 and compound interest is ` 129, then the
pays ` 1500 as part payment of loan and
rate of interest must be 15%.
interest. How much does he still owe to the bank
after three such annual payments? Which statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) ` 1799 (b) ` 2000 (a) Only II (b) Only I
(c) ` 169.25 (d) None of these (c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I and II

23. A sum of ` 10000 deposited at compound interest

becomes double after 5 yr. After 20 yr, the
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
amount will be 27. What is the compound interest on ` 1600 at 25%
(a) ` 160000 (b) ` 40000 per annum of 2 yr compound annually? e 2012 II
(c) ` 50000 (d) ` 60000 (a) ` 700 (b) ` 750 (c) ` 800 (d) ` 900
24. Vinod and Karan each invested ` 15000 for 3 yr 28. The difference between compound interest and
at the same rate of interest but Vinod's simple interest for 2 yr at the rate of 10% over
investment is compounded annually while principal amount of ` X is ` 10. What is the
Karan’s investment is charged on simple value of X? e 2014 II
interest. (a) ` 100 (b) ` 1000 (c) ` 500 (d) ` 5000
I. Vinod receive more interest than karan. 29. The difference between compound interest and
II. Data is insufficient to calculate the interest. simple interest at the same rate of interest R per
Which one is correct? cent per annum on an amount of ` 15000 for
2 yr is ` 96. What is the value of R? e 2015 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 8% (b) 10%
(c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I and II
(c) 12% (d) Cannot be determined
25. An amount is invested in a bank at compound
rate of interest. The total amount, including 30. There is 60% increase in an amount in 6 yr at
interest, after first and third year is ` 1200 and simple interest. What will be the compound
` 1587, respectively. interest on ` 12000 after 3 yr at the same rate of
interest? e 2015 I
I. The principal amount will be ` 1403. (a) ` 2160 (b) ` 3120 (c) ` 3972 (d) ` 6240
II. The rate of interest is 16%
31. A sum of ` 10000, is deposited for 1 yr at the
Which statement(s) is/are correct? rate of interest 10% compounded half yearly.
(a) Both I and II (b) Only I What will be the interest at the end of one year?
(c) Only II (d) Neither I nor II e 2015 II
(a) ` 1000 (b) ` 1025 (c) ` 1050 (d) ` 1100

ANSWERS
1 a 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 b 6 c 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 b
11 a 12 a 13 d 14 c 15 a 16 a 17 a 18 b 19 a 20 a
21 d 22 c 23 a 24 b 25 d 26 d 27 d 28 b 29 a 30 c
31 b
MATHEMATICS Compound Interest 89

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

n
1. (a) Given, P = ` 24000, R = 5% per ∴ x  1 +
R  9. (c) Given, P = ` 1250, R = 8% per
 = 2x
 100  annum and n = 2 yr
annum and n = 3 yr P × R×T
n 1 + R  = 2
n
Q Simple interest =
⇒
∴ A = P  1 −
R    …(i) 100
 [Rule 8 (i)]  100 
 100  1250 × 8 × 2
∴ Simple interest =
3 Let it becomes four fold in N yr.
= 24000  1 −
5  100
 N
x  1 +
 100  R  = ` 200
Then,  = 4x
3
 100 
Compound interest
= 24000 × 
95  Q
 1 + R 
N
 100  ⇒ =4  n

= P   1 +
  R 
 100   − 1 [Rule 1. (ii)]
= ` 20577   100  
N
22 =  1 +
R 
2. (a) Given, principal amount = ` P ⇒ 
2
Q CI = 1250  1 +
8 
r  100   − 1250
Rate of interest, R = % per annum and  100 
k 2n N
⇒  1 +
R 
=  1 +
R  2
= 1250 × 
Time, T = nk   108 
 100   100   − 1250
T  100 
A = P  1 +
R 
Q  [Rule 1. (i)] [from Eq. (i)]
 100  = 1458 − 1250 = ` 208
∴ N = 2n yr
 
nk
∴ Difference in SI and CI
A = P 1 +
r  7. (c) Let the principal amount be ` P.
∴ = 208 − 200 = ` 8
 100 k  1
  By given condition, SI = CI Shortcut Method
2
3. (a) Let the principal be = ` x. P ×8 ×3 1 Here, p = ` 1250 and R = 8%
⇒ =
Given, n = 2 yr, R = 5% , A = ` 4410 100 2 PR2
∴ Required difference =
n
 2
 ( 100)2
A = P  1 +
R   10 
Q

 [Rule 1. (i)]  4000  1 +  − 4000
100   100   [Rule 6. (i)]
2 1250 × 64
4410 = x  1 +
5  = = `8
∴  [Rule 1 (ii)]
 100  100 × 100
24P 1 
− 4000
121
2 ⇒ = 4000 × 10. (b) Given, CI = ` 832, SI = ` 800,
⇒ 4410 = x  
21 100 2  100 
 20  n = 2 yr
1
= [ 4840 − 4000] 
n

CI = P  1 +
4410 × 400 R 
⇒ x= = ` 4000 2  − 1
  100  
441 24P
⇒ = 420
4. (b) Given, P = ` 7500, R = 16% and 100 [Rule 1. (ii)]
n = 2 yr 420 × 100  2

832 = P  1 +
∴ P= = ` 1750 R 
n ∴  − 1 …(i)
Q A = P  1 +
R  24  100 
 [Rule 1. (i)]  
 100  8. (d) Let the sum of money be ` P. P × R×T
2 Also, SI =
= 7500  1 +
16  ∴ Amount = ` 2P 100

 100  n
P × R× 2
A = P  1 +
R 
2 ⇒  [Rule 1. (i)] ⇒ 800 =
 100 
= 7500 
116  100

 100  n 40000
2P = P  1 +
20  ⇒ P=
29 29 ⇒ 
= 7500 × ×  100  R
25 25 n From Eq. (i),
2P  6 
= 12 × 841 = ` 10092 ⇒ = 
P 5 40000  R2 2R 
832 =  + 
5. (b) Refer to example 2. n R  10000 100 
2 =  
6
⇒
6. (c) Let the principal be ` x. 5 40000  R
⇒ 832 =  + 2
∴ Rate = ` R, Amount = ` 2x 100  100 
On putting n = 4, we get
and Time = n yr 4
 6  = 1296 = 2 (approx) ⇒ 832 = 4R + 800
 
n
A = P  1 +
R 
 [Rule 1. (i)] 5 625 32
∴ R= = 8%
Q
 100 
∴ Least number of years = 4 4
90 CDS Pathfinder

n
11. (a) Given, principal (P) = ` 100 and time ( n) = 1 × 2 = 2 half-yearly  
3362 = 3200  1 +
10 
Amount (A) received after 2 yr = ` 121  n
 ⇒
CI = P   1 +
R   4 × 100 
Q  − 1  
Let rate of interest = R% per annum   100   n 2 n
n 3362  410   41   41 
Q A = P  1 +
R  [Rule 1. (ii)] ⇒ =  ⇒  =  
 [Rule 1. (i)]
3200  400   40   40 
 100  2
CI = 2000  1 +
4 
 − 2000 ⇒ n = 2 ⇒ 4t = 2 yr [as n = 4t ]
2
 100 
121 = 100  1 +
R 
∴  2 1
 100  ∴ t = yr
= 2000 ×   − 2000
26
2  25  2
121  100 + R 
⇒ =  = 2163. 20 − 2000 = ` 163.20 19. (a) Given, A = ` 9680, A = ` 10648
100  100  1 2
2 2 16. (a) Given, principal (P) = ` 16000 and n = 2 yr
100 + R 
⇒   = 
11
 Amount received at the end of period ∴ Rate of compound interest
 10   100  A −A
(A) = ` 18522 2 1
11 100 + R = × 100% [Rule 7 (i)]
⇒ = Let time = t yr A
10 100 1
11 × 100 ∴ n = 2t 10648 − 9680
⇒ 100 + R = Rate = 10% per annum i.e 5% half-yearly = × 100% = 10%
10 n
9680
A = P  1 +
R  A 
n
⇒ 100 + R = 110 Q  [Rule 1. (i)]
 100  ∴ Sum = A  1  [Rule 7 (ii)]
∴ R = 110 − 100 = 10 1 
n  A2 
18522 = 16000  1 +
5 
∴ Rate of interest = 10% ∴  2
 100  = 9680 
9680 
12. (a) Refer to example 3. 
n  10648 
⇒ 
18522   21 
 =  2 2
13. (d) Given, P = ` 5000,  16000   20 
= 9680 
110   10 
 = 9680  
R = 8%, R = 10%, R = 12% n 3 n  121   11 
⇒ 
9261  21   21   21 
1 2 3
 =   ⇒  =   9680 × 100
and n = n = n = 1 yr  8000   20   20   20  = = ` 8000
1 2 3
121
Q Amount ⇒ n=3
n n n
n = 2t ⇒ 2t = 3 20. (a) Let the value of machine 3 yr ago be
 R  1 R  2 R  3 Q
= P1 + 1  1+ 2  1+ 3  3 1 ` x.
 100   100   100  ∴ t = yr = 1 yr and given, P = ` 10935, R = 10% and
2 2
[Rule 5] n = 3 yr
17. (a) Let sum/ principal be ` x and the rate n
x = P  1 −
R 
 12    [Rule 8 (i)]
= 5000 ×  1 +
8  10   be R% per annum. Q

 1+ 1+  100 
 100   100   100   ∴ Amount, A =
25
x and n = 2 yr 3
∴ x  1 −
10 
 27 11 28  16  = 10935
=  5000 × × ×  = ` 6652.80  100 
 25 10 25 
n
A = P  1 +
R 
Q  [Rule 1. (i)] 3
x 
  90 
∴Compound interest = 665280
. − 5000 100 ⇒  = 10935
2  100 
x = x  1 +
= ` 1652.80 25 R 
∴  10935 × 10 × 10 × 10
16  100  ∴ x= = ` 15000
14. (c) Given, P = ` x , R = 20% per annum, 9×9×9
n = 3 yr 25  R 
2
⇒ = 1 +  21. (d) Let the sum be ` x and rate be R %
and A=` y 16  100  per annum.
n
A = P  1 +
R  2
 5 = 1+ R 
2
∴ Amount, A = ` 2x
Q  [Rule 1. (i)] ⇒    
 100   4  100  and time, n = 15 yr
3 n
y = x  1 +
20 
A = P  1 +
5  R  R 1 R 
∴  ⇒ = 1 +  ⇒ = Q  [Rule 1. (i)]
 100  4  100  100 4  100 
3 15
y = x   ⇒ x  1 +
R 
6 y 216 ∴ R = 25%
⇒ = Then,  = 2x
5 x 125  100 
18. (b) Here, P = ` 3200,
⇒ y : x = 216 : 125 1 + R 
15
A = ` 3362 ⇒   =2 …(i)
15. (a) Given, principal ( P ) = ` 2000  100 
[since, amount is payable quarterly]
Time = 1 yr 10 Suppose the sum becomes eight times in
∴ R = 10% per annum = % quarterly ‘n’ yr, then
Rate of interest = 8% per annum 4 n
x  1 +
and let time = t R 
Since, the interest is compounded  = 8x [by given condition]
 100 
semi-annually. ⇒ n = 4t
n n
A = P  1 +
R 
⇒  1 +
8 R 
Then, rate ( R) = % = 4 half-yearly  =8= 2
3
Q  [Rule 1. (i)] …(ii)
2  100   100 
MATHEMATICS Compound Interest 91

3
 R  
15 Amount after 3rd yr = ` 1587 27. (d) P = ` 1600, r = 25% and n = 2 yr
[but 23 =   1 +   from Eq. (i)] n
∴ A = P 1+
R 
  100  
3
x  1 +
R  [Rule 1. (i)]
 = ` 1587 …(ii)  100 
n 45  100 
⇒  1 + R  = 23 =  1 + R 
    2
= 1600  1 +
 100   100  On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get 25 
[on comparing] 2  100 
 1 + R  = 1587 = 529
∴ n = 45 yr   5 5
 100  1200 400 = 1600 × × = ` 2500
Shortcut Method 4 4
R 23 R 3
1+ = ⇒ =
Since, a sum of money at compound 100 20 100 20 ∴ Compound interest
interest doubles itself in 15 yr. = ` 2500 − `1600 = ` 900
∴ R = 15%
Hence, it will becomes eight times
Put R = 15% in Eq. (i), 28. (b) Refer to example 6.
(23 times) in = 15 × 3 = 45 yr 1200 × 100
x  1 +
15  29. (a) Given, principal = ` 15000
 = ` 1200 ⇒ x =
22. (c) Amount due at the end of 1 yr  100  115
= 4000  1 +
8  ∴ x = ` 1043.478 Rate, R = ?
 = ` 4320
 100  Difference, D = ` 96
26. (d) I. Given, R = 4%, n = 2 yr and
∴ Amount due after 1 yr PR2
A = ` 169, P = ? For 2 yr Difference, D =
= ( 4320 − 1500) = ` 2820 n ( 100)2
A = P  1 +
R 
 [Rule 1. (i)]
Amount due at the end of second year  100  [Rule 6 (i)]
= 2820  1 +
8  15000 × R2
 = ` 3045.60
2
169 = P  1 +
4  ⇒ 96 =
 100   100 × 100
 100 
∴ Amount due after second year 2 ⇒ R2 = 64
⇒ 169 = P  
26
= (3045.60 − 1500) = ` 1545.60  25  ∴ R = 8%
Amount due at the end of third year
169 × 25 × 25 30. (c) ∴ Let the principal be `x.
= 1545.60  1 +
8  P= = ` 156.25
 = ` 1669.25 26 × 26 Then, SI = `
60x
 100 
100
Amount due after the payment of third II. Given, SI = ` 120 , n = 2 yr
Principal × Rate × Time
instalment Q SI =
and CI = ` 129. 100
= ( 1669. 25 − 1500) = ` 169.25 P × R×T 60x x × Rate × 6
SI = ⇒ = [QTime = 6 yr]
23. (a) Let the sum be ` x, then 100 100 100
5 5 P × R× 2 60 = Rate × 6
x  1 +
R   R  120 = ⇒ PR = ` 6000
 = 2x ⇒  1 +  =2
 100   100  100
∴ Rate = 10%
6000
…(i) ∴ P= …(i) Again principal = ` 12000, Time = 3 yr
The amount after 20 yr, R
Time
Amount = Principal  1 +
4  n
 Rate 
CI = P   1 +
 R 
R  
20 5
 − 1 [Rule 1. (ii)] 
x  1 +
R 
 = x   1 +      100 
 100   100 
  100   3
= 12000  1 +
 2
 10 
129 = P   1 +
= 2 x = 16x [from Eq. (i)]
4 R  
 − 1 .  100 
= 16 × 10000 = ` 160000   100   3
= 12000  
11
[put x = ` 10000] 1290000 = P [( 100 + R)2 − 1002 ].
 10 
24. (b) Data is insufficient as the rate of = P [ R2 + R × 200].
11 × 11 × 11
interest is not given to calculate further. 6000 2 = 12000 ×
= [ R + R × 200] 1000
25. (d) Let amount be ` x and rate of R
interest is R % annually. [from Eq. (i)] = 12 × 121 × 11 = ` 15972
1290000 = 6000R + 1200000 ∴ CI = Amount − Principal
According to the questions,
90000
Amount after 1st yr = ` 1200 R= = 15% = 15972 − 12000 = ` 3972
6000
x  1 +
R  31. (b) Refer to example 2.
 = 1200 …(i) Hence, both statement are correct.
 100 
11
92 C D S Pathfinder

PROFIT AND LOSS

Generally (2-4) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are based on basic
formulae and tricks explained in this chapter which are helpful to solve the problems more easily
and quickly.

Cost Price (CP)

The price, at which an article is bought is called its cost price. All the overhead expenses in the
transection like freight, damage etc., are added to the cost price.

Selling Price (SP)

The price at which an article sold is called its selling price.
Profit (SP>CP) When an article is sold at a price more than its cost price, then profit is earned.
• Profit = Selling price − Cost price
• Loss = Cost price − Selling price
Loss (CP>SP) When an article is sold at a price lower than its cost price, then loss is incurred.
Profit (SP − CP)
• Profit % = × 100% = × 100%
CP CP
Loss (CP − SP)
• Loss % = × 100 % = × 100%
CP CP
Note Profit and loss percentage is always calculated as the percentage of CP unless otherwise specified.

List Price/Marked Price

The price of an article which is displayed on the price tag is known as marked price. It is the normal
price of the thing/products without a discount. Sometimes the shopkeeper increases or decreases the
cost price, then this price is taken as the list price of the article.
MATHEMATICS Profit and Loss 93

Important Rules and Formulae Rule 4 When two different articles are sold at the
Rule 1 If there is a profit of r%, then same selling price, getting gain/loss of x% on the first and
gain/loss of y% on the second, then the overall % gain or
(100 + r ) × CP 100 × SP % loss in the transection is given by
(i) SP = (ii) CP =
100 (100 + r )
 100( x + y) + 2xy 
%. The above expression represent
(100 + x) + (100 + x)
EXAMPLE 1. If cost price of a fan is ` 720. If there is  
2 overall gain or loss accordingly as its sign is positive or
a profit of 16 %. Then, selling price is
3 negative.
a. ` 840 b. ` 940
c. ` 1050 d. None of these When two different articles are sold at the same selling
2
price getting a gain of x% on the first and loss of x% on
Sol. a. Given, r = 16 % and cost price = ` 720 the second, then the overall % loss in the transection is
3 2
given by   %.
x
720 × 100 + 16 
2
CP × (100 + r)  3  10 
∴Selling price (SP) = =
100 100

720 × 100 +
50

Note That in such questions there is always a loss.
 3  = 720 × 350 = ` 840
= EXAMPLE 4. A trader sells two cycles at ` 1188 each
100 300
and gains 10% on the first and loses 12% on the
Rule 2 If there is a loss of r%, then second. What is the profit or loss percent on the
whole?
(100 − r ) 100 × SP
(i) SP = × CP (ii) CP = a. 1% loss b. 1% gain c. No loss no gain d. 3.2% loss
100 (100 − r )
Sol. d. When there is a profit of x% and loss of y%, then
EXAMPLE 2. When Selling price is ` 75 and there is the resultant
Profit/Loss percentage =  x − y −
a loss of 12%. Then, cost price is xy 
%
 100
a. ` 22 b. ` 44
c. ` 55 d. ` 85.22 Here, x = 10% and y = 12
10 × 12
Sol. d. Given, r = 12% and selling price = ` 75 ∴Profit/Loss percentage = 10 − 12 −  % = −3.2%
 100 
100 × SP 100 × 75 100 × 75
∴ Cost price = = = = 85.22
(100 − r) (100 − 12) 88 EXAMPLE 5. Harish sold two scooters, each for
` 24000. If he makes 20% profit on the first and 15%
Rule 3 (i) When there are two successive profits or losses
loss on the second. What is his gain or loss percent in
of x% and y%, then the resultant profit or the transection?
loss percent is given by 20 20 32 32
( ± x)( ± y) a. loss % b. gain % c. loss % d. gain %

± x ± y +  %. 41 41 73 73
 100  Sol. a. Here, x = 20 and y = −15
Note l Take positive for profit and negative for loss.  100( x + y) + 2xy 
∴ Overall gain/loss % =  %
(100 + x) + (100 + y) 
l If the sign of result is positive, then there is a total gain.
l If the sign of result is negative, then there is a total loss.
100( 20 − 15) + 2 × 20 × −15
EXAMPLE 3. By selling a watch for ` 132 a trademan = %
 (100 + 20) + (100 − 15) 
got two successive profits of 10% and 20%, then the
−100 −20
resultant profit percentage is = %= %
205 41
a. 22% b. 30%
c. 32% d. 34% Which represents loss.
Sol. c. Given, the successive profits are 10%, 20%. EXAMPLE 6. Vikram sold two horses for ` 990 each
 20 × 10 gaining 10% on the one and lossing 10% on the
So, resultant profit percentage = 10 + 20 + %
 100  other. Find his gain or loss percent.
= 32% a. 1% gain b. 1% loss c. 4 % gain d. 4 % loss
94 CDS Pathfinder

Sol. b. Here, x = 10 EXAMPLE 9. If the cost price of 18 chairs be equal

2 to selling price of 16 chairs. The gain percent is
Overall loss % =   %
x
∴
 10 a. 12% b. 12.5%
2 c. 14% d. 15.5%
=   % = 1%
10
 10 Sol. b. Given, n = 18, m = 16 [Q n > m]

Rule 5 A person buys two items for ` S. One is sold at  18 − 16 Q n − m × 100
∴ Profit percentage =   × 100
 16   m 
a loss of r% and the other at a gain of R%, if each item
was sold at the same price, then 2 100
= × 100 = = 12.5%
S × (100 + R) 16 8
Cost price of item sold at loss =
(100 − r ) + (100 + R)

Cost price of item sold at gain =

S × (100 − r ) DISCOUNT
(100 − r ) + (100 + R) The reduction allowed on the marked price of an article
is called as discount. Discount is always reckoned on the
EXAMPLE 7. Sudhir bought two boxes for ` 1300. marked price.
He sold one box at a profit of 20% and the other at a
loss of 12%. If the selling price of both boxes is the Selling price = Marked price − Discount
same, then the cost price of each box is Rule 8 If discount allowed is r%, then
a. ` 700 and ` 500 b. ` 750 and ` 550 (100 − r )
c. ` 800 and ` 600 d. None of these Selling price = × Marked price
100
Sol. b. Given, cost of two boxes S = ` 1300, profit on first
box R = 20% EXAMPLE 10. If the marked price of a fan is ` 700
and loss on second box r = 12% and a discount of 10% is given on it, then what is the
Cost price of box sold at loss selling price of the fan?
1300 × (100 + 20) 1300 × 120 a. ` 500 b. ` 575
= = = ` 750 c. ` 610 d. ` 630
(100 − 12) + (100 + 20) 88 + 120
Cost price of box sold at gain Sol. d. Given, r = 10%
1300 × (100 − 12) 1300 × 88 (100 − 10)
= = = ` 550 Selling price = × 700
(100 − 12) + (100 + 20) 88 + 120 100
Rule 6 If a trader professer to sell his goods at cost 90 × 700
= = ` 630
price, but uses false weights, then gain % 100
true weight − false weight Rule 9 If a shopkeeper marks his items at x% above the
= × 100
false weight cost price and allows customers a discount of y% then
 xy 
EXAMPLE 8. A dishonest dealer sell his goods at there is  x − y −  % profit or loss according to
cost price, but he uses a weight of 960 gm for the kg  100 
weight, then the percentage of gain is positive or negative sign, respectively.
1 1 1 1
a. 2 % b. 4 % c. 6 % d. 3 %
3 6 9 2 EXAMPLE 11. A dealer marked his goods 20% above
true weight − false weight the cost price and allows a discount of 10%. Then, his
Sol. b. Gain % = × 100
false weight gain percent is
1000 − 960 40 1 a. 2% b. 4%
= × 100 = × 100 = 4 % c. 6% d. 8%
960 960 6
Rule 7 If cost price of ‘n’ articles is equal to the selling Sol. d. Given, x = 20% and y = 10%
Profit/Loss percentage =  x − y −
price of ‘m’ articles, then xy 
%
 100
 n − m
Profit percentage =   × 100% ( n > m) 20 × 10
 m  =  20 − 10 −  % = 8%
 100 
 m − n
and loss percentage =   × 100% ( m > n)
 m  Hence, positive sign shows profit i.e. profit of 8%.
MATHEMATICS Profit and Loss 95

Successive Discounts Rule 11 If marked price of an item is ` x and the

(Discount Series) successive discount rates are r1 %, r 2 %, r 3 % and so on,
then selling price of the item
Rule 10 Single discount equivalent to three successive
 r  r  r 
discounts r1 %, r 2 % and r 3 % SP = x × 1 − 1  1 − 2  1 − 3 
 100   100   100 
  r   r2   r3  
= 1 − 1 − 1  1 −  1 −  × 100%
  100   100   100  
 EXAMPLE 13. The marked price of a watch is ` 1600.
Note This formula also can be apply for more than three
The shopkeeper gives successive discount of 10%, r%
successive discounts. to the customer. If the customer pays ` 1224 for the
watch, then the value of r is
EXAMPLE 12. A single discount which is equivalent a. 20% b. 35% c. 37% d. 15%
to two successive discounts of 20% and 5% is
Sol. d. Given, cost price x = ` 1600, r1 = 10%
a. 20% b. 22% c. 24% d. 25%
and r2 = r %
Sol. c. Given, r1 = 20%, r2 = 5%
∴ Selling price = Cost price 1− 1  1− 2 
r r
∴Single discount equivalent to two succesive discount  100  100
20% and 5%
1224 = 16001−
10   r 
= 1− 1−
20   5   1− 
 1−  × 100%  100  100
  100  100 
r 1224 r 1224
= 1− ×  × 100% = 1−  × 100%
4 19 19 ⇒ 1− = ⇒ = 1−
 5 20  25 100 160 × 9 100 1440
6 ∴ r = 15%
= × 100% = 24%
25

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. By selling an article for ` 247.50, Sonu get a 7. Sneha gains 10% on selling a pen. If she sells it
profit of 12.5%. The cost of the article is at double the price, the profit per cent is
(a) ` 220 (b) ` 205 (c) ` 210 (d) ` 200 (a) 120% (b) 60% (c) 100% (d) 200%

2. If cost price of a fan is ` 720 and its SP is ` 840. 8. On selling an article for ` 240, a trader loses
4%. In order to gain 10%, he must sell the article
Find the gain percent. for
2 1 7
(a) 16% (b) 16 % (c) 16 % (d) 16 % (a) ` 275 (b) ` 280 (c) ` 285 (d) ` 300
3 3 3
9. By selling 8 dozen pencils, a shopkeeper gains
3. By selling an article for ` 110, a man losses 12%. the selling price of 1 dozen pencils. What is the
For how much should he sell it to gain 8%? gain?
(a) ` 120 (b) ` 125 (c) ` 135 (d) ` 140 1 1 2 1
(a) 12 % (b) 13 % (c) 14 % (d) 87 %
2 7 7 2
4. A man buys 4 tables and 5 chairs for ` 1000. If
he sells the tables at 10% profit and chairs 20% 10. A man purchased a watch for ` 400 and sold it at
profit, he earns a profit of ` 120. Then, what is a gain of 20% of the selling price. The selling
the cost of one table? price of the watch is
(a) ` 300 (b) ` 320 (c) ` 440 (d) ` 500
(a) ` 200 (b) ` 220 (c) ` 240 (d) ` 260
11. A person A sells a table costing ` 2000 to a
5. If selling price of 8 articles is equal to the cost person B and earns a profit of 6%. The person B
price of 10 articles, then per cent gain or loss is sells it to another person C at a loss of 5%. At
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 35% what price did B sell the table?
6. A man sells fans at the same price on one he (a) ` 2054 (b) ` 2050 (c) ` 2024 (d) ` 2014
gain 20% and losses 20% on the other. His gain 12. What price did the seller mark at the printed
or loss is price of a watch purchased at ` 380, so that after
(a) 4% loss (b) 4% gain giving 5% discount, there is 25% profit?
(c) Neither gain nor loss (d) 1% loss (a) ` 400 (b) ` 450 (c) ` 500 (d) ` 600
96 CDS Pathfinder

13. A discount series of 10%, 20% and 40% is equal 23. A fruit-seller buys lemons at 2 for a rupee and
to a single discount of sells them at 5 for three rupees. What is his gain
(a) 50% (b) 60% (c) 56.8% (d) 70.28% per cent?
1 1 (a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 20% (d) 25%
14. Successive discounts of 12 % and 7 % are
2 2 24. A trader marks 10% higher than the cost price.
given on the marked price of a cupboard. If the He gives a discount of 10% on the marked price.
customer pays ` 2590, then what is the marked In this kind of sales how much per cent does the
price? trader gain or loss?
(a) ` 3108 (b) ` 3148 (c) ` 3200 (d) ` 3600 (a) 5% gain (b) 2% gain (c) 1% loss (d) 3% loss
15. The difference between a discount of 40% on 25. One saree was purchased for ` 564 after getting
` 1000 and two successive discounts of 35% and a discount of 6% and another saree was
5% on the same amount is purchased for ` 396 after getting a discount of
(a) ` 15.50 (b) ` 16.50 (c) ` 17.50 (d) ` 18.00 1%. Taking both the items as a single
transaction, what is the percentage of discount?
16. A dealer buys an article listed at ` 100 and gets
(a) 3.5% (b) 4% (c) 7% (d) 7.5%
two successive discounts of 10% and 20%. He
spends 10% of the cost price on transport etc. At 26. A dishonest dealer professes to sell his good at
what price should he sell the article to earn a cost price but uses a false weight and thus gains
profit of 15%? 25%. For a kilogram he uses a weight of
(a) ` 90 (b) ` 91 (c) ` 91.08 (d) ` 91.10 (a) 700 g (b) 750 g (c) 800 g (d) 850 g
17. An item costing ` 200 is being sold at 10% loss. 27. A person bought two old scooters for ` 9000. By
If the price is further reduced by 5%, then the selling one at a profit of 25% and the other at a
selling price will be loss of 20%, to neither gain nor loses. The cost of
(a) ` 170 (b) ` 171 (c) ` 175 (d) ` 179 each scooter is
18. A man bought a number of oranges at 3 for a (a) ` 3500, ` 500 (b) ` 4500, ` 4500
rupee and an equal number at 2 for a rupee. At (c) ` 4000, ` 5000 (d) ` 5300, ` 3700
what price per dozen should he sell them to 28. The manufacturer of a certain item can sell all
make a profit of 20%? he can produce at the selling price of ` 60 each.
(a) ` 4 (b) ` 5 (c) ` 6 (d) ` 7 It costs him ` 40 in materials and labour to
19. A milk vendor bought 28 L of milk at the cost of produce each item and he has overhead expenses
` 8.50 per L. After adding some water, he sold of ` 3000 per week in order to operate the plant.
the mixture at the same price. If he gains 12.5%, The number of items he should produce and sell in
then how much water did he add? order to make a profit of atleast ` 1000 per week is
(a) 5.5 L (b) 4.5 L (a) 400 (b) 300 (c) 250 (d) 200
(c) 3.5 L (d) 2.5 L 1
29. A person sold a table at a profit of 6 %. If he
20. A man sold two watches, each for ` 495. If he 2
gained 10% on one watch and suffered a loss of had sold it for ` 1250 more, he would have
10% on the other, then what is the loss or gain gained 19%
percentage in the transaction? I. The CP of the table is ` 10000.
(a) 1% gain (b) 1% loss II. CP will ` 19000, if he had sold it for ` 2400 more
(c) 100/99% loss (d) No gain no loss and gained same profit
21. Jyoti bought a computer system for ` 40000. She Which one is correct?
sold it to Brajesh at a loss of 4%. If Brajesh sells (a) Only II (b) Only I
it for ` 40320 to Yash, then the profit per cent (c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I and II
earned by Brajesh is
30. A bookseller sells a book at a gain of 10%. If he
(a) 3% (b) 5%
had bought it at 4% less and sold it for ` 6 more,
(c) 7% (d) 10% 3
he would have gained 18 %
22. List price of a video cassette is ` 100. A dealer 4
sells three video cassettes for ` 274.50 after I. The SP of the book is ` 165.
allowing discount at certain rate. The rate of II. The CP of the book is ` 150.
discount allowed is Which one is correct?
(a) 7% (b) 7.5% (a) Neither I nor II (b) Both I and II
(c) 8% (d) 8.5% (c) Only I (d) Only II
MATHEMATICS Profit and Loss 97

e 2013 II
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
(a) 10% loss (b) 10% profit
31. A person bought 8 quintal of rice for certain (c) 20% profit (d) 20% loss
rupees. After a week, he sold 3 quintal of rice at
10% profit, 3 quintal of rice with neither profit 39. On a 20% discount sale, an article costs ` 596.
nor loss and 2 quintal at 5% loss. In this What was the original price of the article?
transaction, what is the profit? e 2012 I e 2014 I
(a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 25% (d) None of these (a) ` 720 (b) ` 735 (c) ` 745 (d) ` 775

32. The cost of two articles are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 40. A man buys 200 oranges for ` 1000. How many
there is 30% loss on the first article and 20% oranges for ` 100 can be sold, so that his profit
gain on the second article, then what is overall percentage is 25%? e 2014 II
percentage of loss or gain? e 2012 I (a) 10 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 20
(a) 2.25% gain (b) 5.25% loss 41. When an article is sold at 20% discount, the
(c) 2% loss (d) None of these selling price is ` 24. What will be the selling
33. A cloth store is offering Buy 3, get 1 free. What price when the discount is 30%. e 2014 II
is the net percentage discount being offered by (a) ` 25 (b) ` 23 (c) ` 21 (d) ` 20
the store? e 2012 II 42. A shopkeeper sells his articles at their cost price
1 but uses a faulty balance which reads 1000 g for
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 33 %
3 800 g. What is his actual profit percentage?
34. A person sold an article for ` 136 and got 15% (a) 25% (b) 20% e 2014 II
loss. Had he sold it for ` x, he would have got a (c) 40% (d) 30%
profit of 15%. Which one of the following is 43. A person selling an article for ` 96 finds that his
correct? e 2012 II
loss per cent is one-fourth of the amount of
(a) 190 < x < 200 (b) 180 < x < 190
rupees that he had paid for the article. What can
(c) 170 < x < 180 (d) 160 < x < 170
be the cost price? e 2014 II
35. A man buys a television set which lists for (a) Only ` 160 (b) Only ` 240
` 5000 at 10% discount. He gets an additional (c) Either ` 160 or ` 240 (d) Neither ` 160 nor ` 240
2% discount (after the first discount) for paying
cash. What does he actually pay for the set? 44. A milkman claims to sell milk at its cost price
e 2012 II but he is making a profit of 20% since, he has
mixed some amount of water in the milk. What
(a) ` 4410 (b) ` 4400 (c) ` 4000 (d) ` 4500
is the percentage of milk in the mixture? e 2015 I
36. A merchant earns a profit of 20% by selling a 250 200
basket containing 80 apples which costs ` 240 (a) 80% (b) % (c) 75% (d) %
3 3
but he gives one-fourth of it to his friend at cost
price and sells the remaining apples. In order to 45. The value of a single discount on some amount
earn the same profit, at what price must he sell which is equivalent to a series of discounts
each apple? e 2012 II of 10%, 20% and 40% on the same amount, is
(a) ` 3.00 (b) ` 3.60 (c) ` 3.80 (d) ` 4.80 equal to e 2015 II
37. A person sold an article for ` 3600 and got a (a) 43.2% (b) 50% (c) 56.8% (d) 70%
profit of 20%. Had he sold the article for ` 3150, 46. A cloth merchant buys cloth from a weaver and
how much profit would he have got? e 2013 II cheats him by using a scale which is 10 cm longer
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 6% (d) 10% than a normal metre scale. He claims to sell
38. Two lots of onions with equal quantity, one cloth at the cost price to his customers, but while
costing ` 10 per kg and the other costing ` 15 per selling uses a scale which is 10 cm shorter than
kg, are mixed together and whole lot is sold at a normal metre scale. What is his gain? e 2016 I
2 1
` 15 per kg. What is the profit or loss? (a) 20% (b) 21% (c) 22 % (d) 23 %
9 3

ANSWERS
1 a 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 a 8 a 9 c 10 d
11 d 12 c 13 c 14 c 15 c 16 c 17 b 18 c 19 c 20 b
21 b 22 d 23 c 24 c 25 b 26 c 27 c 28 d 29 b 30 b
31 d 32 d 33 b 34 b 35 a 36 c 37 b 38 c 39 c 40 c
41 c 42 a 43 c 44 b 45 c 46 a
98 CDS Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Given, selling price of article Selling price of an article for a profit of ⇒ Selling price
25 10%
= ` 247.50 and gain =
= 1000 ×  1 −
% 35   5 
2 240 × 100 110 240 × 110 1− 
= × =  100   100 
∴ Cost price 96 100 96
  = ` 275 [Rule 11]
  65 95
100 = × × 1000 = ` 617.50
= ` × 247.50 [Rule 1] 9. (c) Let selling price of 1 dozen pencil be
100 100

  100 + 25 
  ` x.
  2  ∴ Selling price of 8 dozen pencils = ` 8x ∴Difference = ( 617. 50 − 600) = ` 17.50
100 × 2 × 24750
. and profit = `x 16. (c) List price of article be ` 100.
=` = ` 220
225 Q Cost price of 8 dozen pencils Cost price for dealer
2. (b) Total gain = SP – CP = 8x − x = ` 7x ( 100 − 20) ( 100 − 10)
= (840 − 720) = ` 120
x 2 = × × 100
∴ Gain, percent = × 100% = 14 % 100 100
120 2 7x 7
∴ Gain percent = × 100 = 16 % 80 × 90 × 100
720 3 10. (d) Given, CP = ` 400, let selling price be = = ` 72
100 × 100
3. (c) Given, SP = ` 110 and loss = 12% ` x.
Money spent on transport
Then, 400 + 20% of x = x
∴ Costprice = `  × 110 = ` 125
100 10
 88  x 4x = × 72 = ` 7.20
⇒ 400 + = x ⇒ = 400 100
5 5
Now, CP = ` 125, gain required = 8% 400 × 5 ∴Total cost price = 72 + 7. 20 = ` 79.20
⇒ x= ⇒ x = ` 500
( 100 + 8)
∴ SP = `  × 125 = ` 135 4 ∴ Selling price
 100  ∴ Selling price = ` 500 ( 100 + 15)
= × 79. 20
4. (a) Let cost of one table and one chair 11. (d) The cost price of table for person B 100
be ` x and ` y, respectively. 2000 115 × 79.20
= 2000 + 6 × = = ` 91.08
∴ Cost of 4 tables and 5 chairs 100 100
= ` 4x + 5 y = 2000 + 120 = ` 2120 17. (b) Given, cost of article = ` 200
∴ 4x + 5 y = 1000 ...(i) Selling price for person B ∴ Selling price of article = 95% of
∴ Now, profit on 4 tables 2120 × 5 ( 90% of 200)
4x = 2120 −
= 4x × 10% = ` 100
=
95
×
90
× 200 = ` 171
10 = 2120 − 106 = ` 2014 100 100
Profit on 5 chairs = 5 y × 20% = ` y
4x 12. (c) Let marked price be ` x. 18. (c) Given, CP of 3 oranges of Ist variety
∴ + y = 120 ...(ii)
10 Selling price after 5% discount =`1
5 19 1
Now, on solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =x− x = x CP of 1 orange of Ist variety = `
x = ` 200 100 20 3
5. (b) Refer to example 9. Profit = SP − CP =
19
x − 380 CP of 2 oranges of IInd variety = ` 1
20 1
6. (a) Refer to example 4. CP of 1 orange of IInd variety = `
19
7. (a) Let the selling price be ` 100. x − 380 2
SP × 100 Profit % = 20 × 100 Total CP of 2 oranges of different
∴ Cost price = [Rule 1] 380 1 1 5
100 + 10 19 variety = + = `
100 × 100 1000 x − 380 3 2 6
= =` 25 = 20 × 100
110 11 380 Profit on 2 oranges of different variety
Now, if SP is ` 200. 20 5 20 5 1
x = 475 × = ` 500 = 20% of = × =`
∴ Gain = `  200 −
1000  1200 6 100 6 6
 =` 19
 11  11 ∴ SP of 2 oranges of different variety
13. (c) Refer to example 12.
1200 / 11
Gain percent = × 100 = 120% 14. (c) Refer to example 13.
5
= + =`1
1
1000 / 11 6 6
8. (a) Given, selling price of an article 15. (c) Case I Discount = 40 % Hence, SP of 12 oranges is ` 6.
⇒ Selling price = 60% of 1000 19. (c) Given, cost price of 1L = ` 8.50
= ` 240
60
Loss = 4% = × 1000 = ` 600 ∴Total CP of milk = 28 × 850
. = ` 238
100
∴Cost price of an article for the loss of 4% ∴ Profit = 125. % of 238
Case II Two successive discounts are
240 × 100 125
.
=` [Rule 2] of 35% and 5%. = × 238 = ` 29.75
96 100
MATHEMATICS Profit and Loss 99

Let he added x L of water. Total amount after discount 19x 213x

⇒ − = 1250
∴ Profit = x × 85
. ⇒ 29. 75 = x × 85
. = 564 + 396 = ` 960 100 200
∴ Discount per cent ⇒ x = 1250 × 8 = 10000
∴ x = 3 .5 L
213x
20. (b) Refer to example 6. 1000 − 960 40 II. If SP = + 2400 and gain
= × 100 = % = 4% 200
1000 10
21. (b) Cost price of computer for Brajesh = 19%, then
4 26. (c) Here, true weight = 1000 213x
= 40000 − ( 40000) = ` 38400 + 2400 − x
100 and gain = 25% 19 = 200 × 100
Selling price of computer for Brajesh 1000 − false weight x
= ` 40320 ⇒ 25 = × 100 19x 13x
false weight ⇒ − = 2400
∴ Profit amount = (40320 − 38400) 100 200
= ` 1920 false weight ⇒ x = 2400 × 8 = 19200
⇒ = 1000 − false weight
∴ Profit percentage earned by Brajesh 4 Hence, I is correct but II is incorrect.
1920 4
= × 100 = 5% ⇒ false weight = 1000 × = 800 30. (b) Let CP = x
38400 5 110x 11x
22. (d) Given, list price of a video cassette then SP = =
Hence, he uses the weight 800 g. 100 10
= ` 100 27. (c) Let cost price of one scooter be ` x. 96x 24x
Now, CP = 96% of x = =`
Let the rate of discount be r%. ∴ Cost price of other scooter 100 25
Selling price of 3 video cassette According to the questions
= ` ( 9000 − x)
= ` 274.50 SP = ` 
11x
+ 6
∴ Selling price of Ist scooter
∴ Selling price of 1 video cassette  10 
25x 125x
=x+ =
∴  + 6 = 118 % of
27450
. 11x 3 24x
=` = ` 91.50 100 100
3  10  4 25
r Also, selling price of 2nd scooter
∴ 100 − × 100 = ` 91.50 11x + 60 475 24x 57x
⇒ = × =
= ( 9000 − x)  1 −
100 20 
 10 400 25 50
⇒ 100 − 91.50 = r ⇒ 8.50 = r  100 
⇒ 570x = 550x + 3000
= ( 9000 − x) 
80 
∴ Rate of discount = 85
. %  3000
 100  ⇒ x= = 150
1
23. (c) CP of 1 lemon = Total selling price of both scooters
20
2 ∴ CP = ` 150
125x 80
SP of 1 lemon =
3 = + ( 9000 − x) 11
100 100 ∴ SP = × 150 = ` 165
5 10
125x 80
∴ Gain % ∴ + ( 9000 − x) = 9000 Hence, I and II both are correct.
3 1 100 100
− [given] 31. (d) Let CP of 8 quintal be ` x.
6 −5
= 5 2 × 100 = × 2 × 100 = 20% 45x ∴ CP of 1 quintal = `
x
1 10 ⇒ + 7200 = 9000
100 8
2
∴ x = 4000 ∴ SP of 3 quintal rice at 10% profit
24. (c) Let the cost price be ` x. ∴ Cost price of 1st scooter = ` 4000 3x 3x 1 3x 3x 33x
x × 110 11x Hence, cost price of 2nd scooter = + × = + =
Marked price = =`f 8 8 10 8 80 80
100 10 = ( 9000 − x) = ` 5000 SP of 3 quintal rice without profit or
11x 90 99x 3x
∴ SP = × = 28. (d) Let the number of items be x. loss = `
10 100 100 8
Then, selling price of items = 60 x
∴ Required gain/loss per cent SP of 2 quintal rice at 5% loss
99x Cost of material of items = 40 x
−x 2x 2x 5 x x
Overhead expenses = ` 3000 = − × = −
= 100 × 100 = − 1% [Rule 8] 8 8 100 4 4 × 20
x ∴ 60 x − ( 40 x + 3000) = 1000
19x 19x
⇒ 20 x = 4000 = =
[negative sign i.e. loss] 4 × 20 80
4000 33x 3x 19x
25. (b) Let marked price of two sarees be ` x ∴ x= = 200 ∴ Total SP = + +
and ` y, respectively. 20 80 8 80
6x 94x 29. (b) I. Let CP = x 33x + 30x + 19x 82x
∴ x− = 564 ⇒ = 564 = =
100 100 213 80 80
Then, SP = x.
y SP − CP
⇒ x = ` 600 and y − = 396 200 ∴ Profit percentage = × 100%
100 213x CP
If SP = + 1250, then gain = 19% 82x
⇒
99 y
= 396 ⇒ y = ` 400 200 −x
(82 − 80)x
100 213x = 80 × 100% = × 100%
+ 1250 − x x 80x
∴ Total MP amount = 600 + 400 ⇒ 19 = 200 × 100 2
= × 100 = 2.5%
= ` 1000 x 80
100 CDS Pathfinder

32. (d) Let the CP of two articles be 3x and 1 20 x

But he sold of his apples i.e. 20 apples ⇒ x = 24 + x ⇒ x = 24 +
5 x, respectively. 4 100 5
3x × 70 21x for ` 60. x 4x
∴ SP of first article = = ⇒ x− = 24 ⇒ = 24
100 10 ∴ SP of remaining 60 apples 5 5
= ( 288 − 60) = ` 228 24 × 5
[Rule 2] ⇒ x= = 30
and SP of second article 228 4
∴ SP of 1 apple = = ` 3.80
5x × 120 60 ∴ Cost price of an article = ` 30
= = 6x
100 37. (b) Let the cost price of the article be ` x. Now, selling price after 30% discount
∴ Total SP Given, profit percentage = 20% 30
= 30 − 30% of 30 = 30 − × 30
21x 60x + 21x 81x 20x 120x 100
= 6x + = = Now, x + = 3600 ⇒ = 3600
10 10 10 100 100 = 30 − 9 = ` 21
∴ Total CP = 3 x + 5 x = 8x ∴ x = ` 3000 42. (a) Q Actual profit percentage
81x 81x − 80x x Fair weight − Unfair weight
∴ Profit = − 8x = = Now, profit percentage when the article = × 100 %
10 10 10 is sold for ` 3150 Unfair weight
∴Overall percentage of gain percentage 3150 − 3000 150 1000 − 800
× 100 = × 100 = 5% = × 100% = 25%
x 3000 3000
× 100 800
x × 100
= 10 = = 1. 25% 38. (c) Let each lot of onion contains x kg. 43. (c) Let the cost price of an article be ` x.x
8x 10 × 8x Then, total cost price of these two lots
and selling price of an article = ` 96
33. (b) We know that, together = 10 x + 15x = 25x
[given]
Net percentage discount Selling price of whole lot
x − 96 1
Discount 1 = 15 × ( x + x) = 15 × 2x = 30 x × 100 = x
= × 100% = × 100% = 25% x 4
Cost price 4 30x − 25x
∴ Profit percentage = × 100 ⇒ x2 − 400 x + 38400 = 0
34. (b) We know that, 25x
5x ⇒ x2 − 160 x − 240 x + 38400 = 0
Cost price = 
100  × SP = × 100 = 20%
 25x ⇒ ( x − 160) ( x − 240) = 0
 100 − Loss% 
Hence, the profit is 20%. ∴ x = 160 or 240
[Rule 2]
39. (c) Let the original price be ` x. Hence, the cost price of the article is
= 
100 
 × 136 either
 100 − 15  Since, at discount of 20% article costs
` 596. ` 160 or ` 240.
136 × 100
= = ` 160 80 596 × 100
85 Then, 596 = ×x ⇒x= 44. (b) Let CP of 1 L of milk be ` x.x
100 80 ∴
Q Given, profit percentage = 15% SP of 1 L of milk
= ` 745 = xx × 120% = ` 1. 2x
∴ Selling price (x)
Hence, the original price of an article is Now, as in ` 12. x,x the quantity of milk
160 × ( 100 + 15) 160 × 115 sold = 1 L
= = = ` 184 ` 745.
100 100 ∴ In ` x,x quantity of milk sold
40. (c) Given, cost price of 200 oranges
So, option (b) is correct because 1 5
= ` 1000 = ×x= L
180 < x < 190. 12
. x 6
1000
35. (a) Given, list price of television = ` 5000 ∴ Cost price of 1 orange = = `5
200 According to the question,
and discount = 10% 100 + 25 
Selling price of 1 orange = 5 
CP of milk and SP of mixture are same,
∴ After discount television cost  100  therefore in mixture, quantity of milk
5
= 5000 − 5000 × 10% =5×
125
= ` 6.25
must be L.
5000 × 10 6
= 5000 − = ` 4500 100
100 Hence, the required percentage
Now, in ` 6.25 number of oranges can be
5 250
Additional discount = 2% sold = 1 = × 100% = %
6 3
∴ Actually price of television In ` 100, number of oranges can be sold
4500 × 2 1 45. (c) Refer to example 12.
= 4500 − = ` 4410 = × 100 = 16
100 6.25 46. (a) Let the amount of cloth = 100 cm
36. (c) Q CP of 80 apples = ` 240 Hence, 16 oranges can be sold in ` 100 Then, amount of cloth purchased
240 for profit 25%. = 110 cm
∴ CP of 1 apple = =`3
80 41. (c) Let the cost price of article be ` x. and amount of cloth sold = 90 cm
∴ CP of 20 apples = `3 × 20 = ` 60 Discount = 20% and selling price = 24 110 − 90
∴ Gain % × 100%
To earn a profit of 20%, SP = 120% of [given] 100
20
240 = ` 288 ∴ x = 24 + 20% of x = × 100% = 20%
100
MATHEMATICS Simple Interest 101

12
RATIO AND
PROPORTION
Regularly (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally both the topics i.e. ratio and
proportion have same importance but more emphasis is given on proportion. The concepts of this
chapter are extremely used in other chapters like-age, average. etc.

RATIO
A ratio is the comparison of two or more quantities of the same type (or kind) by division. i.e. if a and
b are two quantities of same kind (or same unit), then the fraction a / b is called the ratio a to b and
we write it as a : b. Here, a is called antecedent and b is called the consequent.
e.g. If a fruit box contains 8 oranges and 7 lemons then the ratio of oranges to lemons is 8 to 7 or 8:7.

Note If both terms a and b of a ratio are multiplied or divided by the same quantity, then ratio remains unchanged.
a na a b a a/n
i.e. a : b is same as na : nb ⇒ = and a : b is same as : ⇒ = .
b nb n n b b/n

EXAMPLE 1. If the ratio of 90 cm to 1.5 m is same as 3 : x, then x is

a. 4 b. 5 c. 2 d. 1
Sol. b. 1.5 m = 150 cm (units must be same)
90 90 / 30 3
Ratio of 90 cm to 1.5 m = = = .
150 150 / 30 5
As this ratio is same as 3 : x
3 3
∴ =
x 5
⇒ 3x = 5 × 3
⇒ x=5
102 CDS Pathfinder

1 1
Types of Ratios 6. Reciprocal Ratio If a : b is a ratio, then : is its
a b
1. Compound Ratio When two or more ratios are reciprocal ratio, i.e. b : a .
multiplied together, they are said to be compound 1 1
ratio. e.g. Reciprocal ratio of 3 : 7 is : i.e. 7 : 3.
3 7
a c e g
If , , and are all ratios, then their compound EXAMPLE 4. Compound ratio of the duplicate ratio
b d f h
of 5 : 6, the reciprocal ratio of 25:42 and the
ratio is aceg : bdfh.
2 4 1 2× 4×1 8 subduplicate ratio of 36:49 is
e.g. Compound ratio of , and = = . a. 1 : 2 b. 2 : 3 c. 1 : 1d. 4 : 9
3 7 3 3 × 7 × 3 63
5 5 25
2. Duplicate Ratio When a ratio is compounded with Sol. c. The duplicate ratio of 5 : 6 is × =
6 6 36
itself, the resulting ratio is called the duplicate ratio.
1 1 42
So, a 2 : b 2 is duplicate ratio of a : b. The reciprocal ratio of 25 : 42 is : i.e.
25 42 25
EXAMPLE 2. The duplicate ratio of the ratio 2 2 : 3 5 36 36 6
and subduplicate ratio of is =
is 49 49 7
a. 4 : 9 b. 8 : 45 c. 2 : 3 d. 6 : 45 25 42 6 1
∴ Compound ratio is × × = = 1: 1
Sol. b. The duplicate ratio of 2 2 : 3 5 is 36 25 7 1
2 2 2 2 4 4 8
× = = = 8 : 45 IMPORTANT POINTS
3 5 3 5 9 25 45
3. Triplicate Ratio If a ratio is compounded three l Usually, the ratio is expressed in its lowest terms.
times with itself, then resulting ratio is called l Ratio exists only between quantities of the same kind.
triplicate ratio. l Ratio is a fraction, so it has no units.
So, a 3 : b 3 is the triplicate ratio of a : b. l Ratio is taken only between positive quantities.

EXAMPLE 3. If 4x + 3 : 9x + 10 is the triplicate ratio

of 3 : 4. Then, the value of x is PROPORTION
a. 2 b. 6 c. 8 d. 12 The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
Sol. b. Since, 4x + 3 : 9x + 10 is the triplicate ratio of 3 : 4. ‘: :’ is the sign of proportion.
4x + 3 3 3 3 4x + 3 27 So, if a : b = c : d , we write it as
Therefore, = × × ⇒ =
9x + 10 4 4 4 9x + 10 64 a : b : : c : d and say that a, b, c and d are in proportion.
⇒ 64( 4x + 3) = 27(9x + 10) The quantities a, b, c and d are called the first, second,
⇒ 256x + 192 = 243x + 270
third and fourth terms of proportion respectively. First
and fourth terms are called extreme terms and second
⇒ 256x − 243x = 270 − 192 ⇒ 13x = 78 and third terms are called means or middle terms.
78
∴ x= =6 If quantities a, b, c and d are in proportion, then
13
a c
Hence, the value of x is 6. = ⇒ ad = bc
b d
4. Subduplicate Ratio If two numbers are in ratio, i.e. product of extreme terms = product of middle terms.
then the ratio of their square roots is called sub This is also called cross-product rule.
duplicate ratio.
If a : b is ratio, then the subduplicate ratio is a : b. Types of Proportion
e.g. Subduplicate ratio of 9 : 16 is 9 : 16 = 3 : 4. 1. Continued Proportion The non-zero quantities of
same kind, a, b, c, d, e, f, … are said to be continued
5. Subtriplicate Ratio If two numbers are in ratio, a b c e
proportion, if = = = = …
then the ratio of their cube roots is called b c d f
subtriplicate ratio.
EXAMPLE 5. If a, b, c, d and e are in continued
If a : b is ratio, then the subtriplicate ratio is 3 a : 3 b.
proportion, then a/e is equal to
e.g. Subtriplicate ratio of 64 : 27 is 3 64 : 3 27 = 4 : 3 a. a3 /b3 b. a 4 /b 4 c. b3 /a3 d. b 4 /a 4
MATHEMATICS Ratio and Proportion 103

Sol. b. Since, , , , and are in continued proportion. EXAMPLE 8. The fourth proportional to
2
Q = = = ⇒ = = = ⇒ = p 2 − pq + q 2 , p 3 + q 3 , p − q is
2 4 3 2 6 4 a. p + q b. p − q c. p2 + q2 d. p2 − q2
1
= = 2 ⋅ = 2 , = = 4 ⋅ 2 = 3 Sol. d. Let the fourth proportional be x.
4
Then, 2
− + 2
: 3
+ 3
= − :x
∴ = =
( 4
/ 3
) 4 2
− + 2
− ( − )( 3
+ 3
)
⇒ = ⇒x=
2. Mean Proportional If a, b and c are in continued
3
+ 3
x 2
− + 2

proportion, then b is called the mean proportional of ( − )( 3

+ 3
)
a and c. ∴ x= =( − )( + ) =( 2
− 2
)
2
− + 2
a b
i.e. = ⇒ b 2 = ac ⇒ b = ac
b c
Properties of Proportion
EXAMPLE 6. What is the mean proportional between If four non zero quantities a, b, c and d are in proportion,
(15 + 200 )and (27 − 648)? e 2012 I then properties of proportion are as follows.
a. 4 b. 14 7 c. 3 5 d. 5 3 1. Invertendo If a : b : : c : d, then b : a : : d : c
Sol. c. Let mean proportional between (15 + 200) and a c b d
i.e. = ⇒ =
( 27 − 648) is x b d a c
Then, x = (15 + 200)( 27 − 648) 2. Alternendo If a : b :: c : d, then a : c :: b : d
a c a b
= (15 + 10 2)( 27 − 18 2) i.e. = ⇒ =
b d c d
= 5 ( 3 + 2 2).9( 3 − 2 2) = 45[( 3) 2 − ( 2 2) 2 ] 3. Componendo (Adding the Denominator)
= 45 (9 − 8) = 45 = 3 5 If a : b :: c : d, then ( a + b): b : : ( c + d ): d
3. Third Proportional If a : b : : b : c, then c is called a c a + b c +d
i.e. = ⇒ =
the 3rd proportional to a and b. Now, c will be b d b d
calculated as below: 4. Dividendo (Subtracting the Denominator)
b2 If a : b :: c : d, then a : ( a − b): : c : ( c − d )
a : b :: b : c ⇒ a : b = b : c ⇒ c =
a a c a c
i.e. = ⇒ =
EXAMPLE 7. The two numbers such that their mean b d a − b c −d
proportional is 24 and the third proportional is 1536, are 5. Componendo and Dividendo
a. 3 and 98 b. 6 and 96 c. 4 and 92 d. None of these If a : b :: c : d, then ( a + b): ( a − b): : ( c + d ): ( c − d )
Sol. b. Let and be the required numbers, then mean a c a + b c +d
proportional between and is 24. i.e. = ⇒ =
b d a − b c −d
∴ : 24 = 24 : ⇒ = 242, = 576 …(i)
EXAMPLE 9. If (a − b) : (a + b) = 1 : 5, then what is
and third proportional to and is 1536.
⇒ : = : 1536 (a 2 − b 2 ) : (a 2 + b 2 ) equal to?
2
⇒ 2
= 1536 ⇒ = …(ii) 13 4 5
1536 a. b. c. d. None of these
5 13 13
On putting the value of in Eq. (i), we get
1 − + 5 + + − 5+ 1
2
Sol. c. Given, ⇒ = ⇒ = =
⇒ ⋅ = 576 ⇒ 3
= 576 × 1536 5 + − 1 + − + 5−1
1536
(using componendo and dividendo rule)
⇒ = (96 × 6) × (96 × 16) = 963 ⇒
3
= 96 2
2 6 3 3 9
576 576 ⇒ = = ⇒ = ⇒ 2 =
∴ = = =6 [from Eq. (i)] 2 4 2 2 4
96
Again, using componendo and dividendo rule
Hence, the required numbers are 6 and 96. 2
+ 2
9 + 4 13
4. Fourth Proportional If four numbers or quantities ⇒ = =
2
− 2
9−4 5
a, b, c and d are in proportion, then d is known as
fourth proportional.
2
− 2 5
⇒ = ∴( 2
− 2
) :( 2
+ 2
) = 5 : 13
2
+ 2 13
i.e. a:b::c:d
104 CDS Pathfinder

MIXTURE OR ALLIGATION VARIATIONS

If two or more quantities are mixed together in a certain When a change in a certain quantity leads to a certain
ratio, then the product is called mixture. change in another quantity then it is called variations.

Mean Price Direct Variation

Cost price of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the If x varies directly with y, then as x increses (decrease) y
mean price. also increases (decreases)
i.e. x ∝ y
Rule of Mixture or Alligation
It is the rule to find the ratio in which two or more ⇒ x = ky. where, k is the constant of variation.
ingredients are mixed or to be mixed.
If two quantities are mixed in the ratio n1 : n2 , then
Inverse Variation
n1 P2 − Pm If x varies inversely with y, then an increase is the value
= of x causes a decreases in the value of y.
n2 Pm − P1
1
where P1 , P2 and Pm are cheaper price, dearer price and i.e. x ∝
mean price respectively. y
k′
It can also be expressed as ⇒ x=
Cheaper price Dearer price y
P1 P2 where, k ′ is the constant of variation.
Mean price
EXAMPLE 11. If a quantity y varies as the sum of
Pm three quantities of which the first varies as x, the
second varies as − x + x 2 , the third varies as x 3 − x 2 ,
P2 – Pm Pm– P1
then what is y equal to?
Cheaper quantity n1 P2 − Pm
∴ = = a. kx3 , where k is a constant
Dearer quantity n2 Pm − P1 b. kx + lx2 + mx3 , where k , l and m are constants
c. kx2 , where k is a constant
Note P1 < Pm < P2
d. kx, where k is a constant
EXAMPLE 10. In what proportion, must wheat at Sol. b. Since, first term ∝ x
` 6.20 per kg be mixed with wheat at ` 7.20 per kg, so
that the mixture be worth ` 6.50 per kg? ⇒ First term= 1x ,
a. 6 : 4 b. 7 : 4 c. 7 : 3 d. 5 : 2 ⇒ Second term ∝ ( − x + x2)

Sol. c. Given, cost price of cheaper quantity = ` 6.20 per kg ⇒ Second term = 2( − x + x2 )

Cost price of dearer quantity ` 7.20 per kg and third term ∝ ( x − x ) ⇒ Third term =
3 2
3 ( x3 − x 2 )
Mean price = ` 6.50 per kg Also, ∝ [ 1x + 2 ( − x + x2 ) + 3 ( x − x )] (given)
3 2

According to the rule of alligation, ⇒ = 4[( 1 − 2) x +( 2 − 3) x + 3x ]

2 3

CP of cheaper CP of dearer = 4( 1− 2) x + ( 2 − 3) 4x + 3 4x
2 3

(620 paise) (720 paise)

= x+ x + 2
x 3
Mean price
(650 paise) where, = 4( 1− 2 ),

(650 – 620) =( 2 − 3) 4,
(720 – 650) = 30 paise
= 70 paise and = 3 4

∴ Required ratio = 70 : 30 = 7 : 3
MATHEMATICS Ratio and Proportion 105

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The compounded ratio of 2a : 6b, 7a : 49b and 15. Divide 1870 into three parts in such a way that
3a : 12b is half of the first part, one-third of the second part
(a) a : 84 b 3
(b) a : 84 b 3
(c) a : 24 b (d) 2 a : 3 b and one-sixth of the third part are equal. Then,
the third part is
2. The subduplicate ratio of 16x 4 : 625 y 6 is (a) 340 (b) 510 (c) 1020 (d) 1320
2 3 2 2 2 3
(a) 4x : 25 y (b) 4x : 25 y (c) 4x : 25 y (d) 8x : 125 y 16. Out of the ratios 7 : 20, 13 : 25, 17 : 30 and
11 : 15, the smallest one is
3. If x + 5 : 3x + 4 is the duplicate ratio of 5 : 8 , then (a) 11 : 15 (b) 7 : 20 (c) 11 : 16 (d) 17 : 30
the value of x is
17. What is the ratio of the numbers of 0.5 of a
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 22 number is equal to 0.07 of another ?
4. If x : 6 : : 5 : 3 , then the value of x is (a) 50 : 7 (b) 5 : 7 (c) 1 : 14 (d) 7 : 50

(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 13 18. What is the ratio whose terms differ by 40 and
2
5. The third proportional to 9 and 12 is the measure of which is ?
7
(a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 18 (a) 14 : 56 (b) 15 : 56 (c) 16 : 56 (d) 16 : 72
3 5 3 2
19. If P : Q = : and Q : R = : , then what is
6. The mean proportional between ( 2 + 3 ) and 5 7 4 5
( 8 − 48 ) is P : Q : R equal to?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 3 5 2 9 15 2 3 3 2 3 5 3
(a) : : (b) : : (c) : : (d) : :
5 7 5 20 28 7 5 4 5 5 7 4
7. The fourth proportional to 7, 11, 14 is
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 22 20. Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 9 is
subtracted from each number, then they are in
8. In a ratio which is equal to 7 : 8, if the the ratio of 12 : 23. What is the second number?
antecedent is 35, then the consequent is (a) 44 (b) 55 (c) 66 (d) 77
(a) 30 (b) 32 (c) 36 (d) 40
21. The mean proportional between two numbers is
9. If x : y = 1 : 3, y : z = 5 : k, z : t = 2 : 5 and t : x = 3 : 4, 28 and their third proportional to them is 224.
then what is the value of k? The two numbers are
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 2 (d) 3 (a) 7 and 112 (b) 14 and 56 (c) 28 and 28 (d) 21 and 36
10. If the ratio of x to y is 25 times the ratio of y to 22. ` 770 have been divided among A, B, C in such a
x, then what is the ratio of x to y? 2
way that A receives th of what B and C together
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 5 : 1 (c) 25 : 1 (d) 1 : 25 9
receive. What is A’s share?
11. If p% of ` x is equal to t times q% of ` y, then
(a) ` 154 (b) ` 140 (c) ` 250 (d) ` 254
what is the ratio of x to y ?
(a) pt : q (b) p : qt (c) qt : p (d) q : pt 23. x varies directly as y and inversely as square of
z. When y = 4 and z = 14, then x = 10. If y = 16
12. If a : b = 2 : 3 and x : y = 3 : 4 , then the value of and z = 7, what is x?
4ay − 3bx
is (a) 180 (b) 160 (c) 154 (d) 140
5ax − 2by
m + 3n + m − 3n
(a)
5
(b)
5
(c)
4
(d)
5 24. If x = , then
3 6 5 4 m + 3n − m − 3n
x3 + 3x 341 (a) 3 nx2 − 2 mx + 3 n = 0 (b) 2 nx2 − 2 mx + 3 n = 0
13. If = , then the value of x is
3x 2 + 1 91 (c) 3 nx2 − 2 mx − 3 n = 0 (d) 3 nx2 + 3mx + 3 n = 0

(a) 16 (b) 14 (c) 13 (d) 11 1 1 2

25. If p + r = 2q and + = , then
14. What is the number which has to be added to each q s r
term of the ratio 49 : 68, so that it becomes 3 : 4? (a) p : s = r : q (b) p2 : r 2 = q : s
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 9 (c) p : q = r : s (d) p2 = 2 r + s
106 CDS Pathfinder

26. If q is the mean proportional between p and r, 36. A mixture contains milk and water in the ratio
p − q +r
2 2 2 5 : 1. On adding 5 L of water, the ratio of milk
then −2 −2 −2
is equal to and water becomes 5 : 2. What is the quantity of
p −q +r milk in the original mixture?
2 3
(a) p q (b) q 3 (c) q 4 (d) p2 r 2q 4 (a) 5 L (b) 25 L
27. The monthly incomes of A and B are in the ratio (c) 27.5 L (d) 32.5 L
4 : 3. Each of them saves ` 600. If the ratio of the 37. If x varies as the mth power of y , y varies as the
expenditure is 3 : 2, then what is the monthly
nth power of z and x varies as the p th power of
income of A ?
z, then which one of the following is correct?
(a) ` 2400 (b) ` 1800 (c) ` 2000 (d) ` 3600
(a) p = m + n (b) p = m − n
28. Three numbers are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 5 and the (c) p = mn (d) None of these
sum of their squares is 1862. What are the three
numbers?
38. The wages of labourers in a factory has increased
in the ratio 22 : 25 and their number decreased in
(a) 18, 12, 30 (b) 24, 16, 40
the ratio 3 : 2. What was the original wage bill of
(c) 15, 10, 25 (d) 21, 14, 35
the factory, if the present bill is ` 5000?
29. The speeds of three cars are in the ratio 4 : 3 : 2. (a) ` 4000 (b) ` 6000
What is the ratio between the times taken by the (c) ` 8000 (d) None of these
cars to cover the same distance?
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 3 : 4 : 6
39. The ratio of A to B is x : 8 and the ratio of B to C
(c) 1 : 2 : 3 (d) 4 : 3 : 2 is 12 : z. If the ratio of A to C is 2 : 1, then what
is the ratio of x : z ?
30. The ratio between the ages of A and B is 2 : 5. (a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
After 8 yr, their ages will be in the ratio 1 : 2.
What is the difference between their present 40. A bag contains ` 112 in the form of ` 1, 50 paise
ages? and 10 paise coins in the ratio 3 : 8 : 10. What is
(a) 20 yr (b) 22 yr (c) 24 yr (d) 25 yr the number of 50 paise coins?
(a) 112 (b) 108 (c) 96 (d) 84
31. Let y is equal to the sum of two quantities of which
one varies directly as x and the other inversely as x. 41. In a class, the number of boys is more than
If y = 6 when x = 4 and y = 10/ 3, when x = 3, then the number of girls by 12% of the total students.
what is the relation between x and y? What is the ratio of number of boys to that of
(a) y = x + (4/ x) (b) y = − 2 x + (4/ x) girls?
(c) y = 2 x + (8/ x) (d) y = 2 x − (8/ x) (a) 11 : 14 (b) 14 : 11
(c) 28 : 25 (d) 25 : 28
32. If ` 8400 is divided among A, B and C in the
1 1 1 42. A sum of ` 53 is divided among A, B, C in such a
ratio : : , what is the share of A?
5 6 10 way that A gets ` 7 more than what B gets and B
(a) ` 1800 (b) ` 3000 (c) ` 3600 (d) ` 4000 gets ` 8 more than what C gets. The ratio of
their shares is
33. A certain amount of money has to be divided (a) 25 : 18 : 10 (b) 6 : 7 : 8
between two persons P and Q in the ratio 3 : 5. (c) 12 : 14 : 9 (d) 15 : 8 : 30
But it was divided in the ratio of 2 : 3 and there
by Q loses ` 10. What was the amount? 43. A person P started a business with a capital of
` 2525 and another person Q joined P after some
(a) ` 250 (b) ` 300 (c) ` 350 (d) ` 400
months with a capital of ` 1200. Out of the total
34. 20 L of a mixture contains milk and water in the annual profit of ` 1644, P ′s share was ` 1212.
ratio 4 : 3. If 6 L of this mixture are replaced by When did Q join as partner?
6 L of milk, the ratio of milk to water in the new (a) After 2 months (b) After 3 months
mixture will become (c) After 4 months (d) After 5 months
(a) 7 : 3 (b) 8 : 3 (c) 9 : 7 (d) 4 : 6
44. Seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology in a
35. Two vessels are full with milk and water in the school are in the ratio 5 : 7 : 8. There is a proposal
ratios 1 : 3 and 3 : 5, respectively. If both are to increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75%,
mixed in the ratio 3 : 2, what is the ratio of milk respectively What will be the ratio of increased
and water in the new mixture? seats?
(a) 4 : 15 (b) 3 : 7 (a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 6 : 7: 8
(c) 6 : 7 (d) None of these (c) 6 : 8: 9 (d) 5 : 7 : 12
MATHEMATICS Ratio and Proportion 107

45. The ratio between the number of passengers PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
travelling by I and II class between the two
railway stations is 1:50, whereas the ratio of I 51. If x : y = 7 : 5, then what is the value of
and II class fares between the same station is ( 5x − 2 y ) : ( 3x + 2 y )? e 2012 I
3:1, If on a particular day, ` 1325 were collected (a) 5/4 (b) 6/5 (c) 25/31 (d) 31/42
from the passengers travelling between these
stations, then what was the amount collected 52. Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3. If 9 is added
from the II class passengers? to each number, they will be in the ratio 3 : 4.
What is the product of the two numbers? e 2012 I
(a) ` 750 (b) ` 1000
(a) 360 (b) 480 (c) 486 (d) 512
(c) ` 850 (d) ` 1250
46. If x varies inversely as the square of y in such a 53. A milkman bought 15 kg of milk and mixed 3 kg
way that, if x = 1, then y = 6. of water in it. If the price per kg of the mixture
becomes ` 22, what is cost price of the milk
I. If y = 3, then x = 4 II. If y = 6, then x = 1 per kg? e 2012 II
Which of the following options is correct? (a) ` 28.00 (b) ` 26.40 (c) ` 24.00 (d) ` 22.60
(a) Only II (b) Both I and II
54. Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per
(c) Only I (d) Neither I nor II
1000 males. In a place, the total inhabitants are
47. If a : b = c : d = e : f = 1 : 2, then 1935000, out of which 935000 are females. What
3a + 5c + 7e 1 a 2 + c2 + e2 1 is the sex ratio for the place? e 2012 II
I. = II. = (a) 935 (b) 1000
3b + 5d + 7 f 3 b2 + d 2 + f 2 2
(c) 1935 (d) 9350
Which of the following option is correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II 55. In a certain school, the ratio of boys to girls is
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 7 : 5. If there are 2400 students in the school,
then how many girls are there? e 2013 I
48. A cat takes 5 leaps for every 4 leaps of a dog but
(a) 500 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) 1000
3 leaps of the dog are equal to 4 leaps of the cat.
Now, the 56. If A : B = 2 : 3, B : C = 5 : 7 and C : D = 3 : 10, then
I. Ratio of the speeds of the cat to that of the dog what is A : D equal to? e 2014 I
is 15 : 16. (a) 1 : 7 (b) 2 : 7 (c) 1 : 5 (d) 5 : 1
II. Ratio of the distance of the cat to that of the dog 57. ( x + y ) : ( x − y ) = 3 : 5 and xy = positive imply that
is 15:16, covered in 30 min.
(a) x and y are both positive e 2014 II
Which of the following option is correct? (b) x and y are both negative
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) one of them is positive and one of them is negative
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (d) no real solution for x and y exists

49. Determine the ratio of the number of people 58. The ratio of ages of A and B is 2 : 5 and the ratio
having characteristic X to the number of people of ages of B and C is 3 : 4. What is the ratio of
having characteristic Y in a population of 100 ages of A, B and C? e 2014 II
subjects from the following table: (a) 6 : 15 : 20 (b) 8 : 5 : 3
Having X and Y 10 (c) 6 : 5 : 4 (d) 2 : 15 : 4
Having X but not Y 30
Having Y but not X 20 59. The height of a tree varies as the square root of
Having neither X nor Y 40 its age (between 5 to 17 yr). When the age of the
(a) 4:3 (b) 3:2 (c) 1:2 (d) 2:3 tree is 9 yr, its height is 4 ft. What will be the
50. Fresh grapes contain 90 percent water by weight height of the tree at the age of 16 yr? e 2014 II
while dried grapes contain 20 percent water by (a) 5 ft 4 inch (b) 5 ft 5 inch
weight. What is the weight of dry grapes contain (c) 4 ft 4 inch (d) 4 ft 5 inch
20 percent water by weight. What is the weight 60. 16 L of a mixture contains milk and water in the
of dry grapes available from 20 kg of fresh ratio 5 : 3. If 4 L of milk is added to this mixture,
grapes? the ratio of milk to water in the new mixture
(a) 2 kg (b) 2.4 kg would be e 2015 I
(c) 2.5 kg (d) None of these (a) 2 : 1 (b) 7 : 3 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 8 : 3
108 CDS Pathfinder

61. If a : b = 3 : 5 and b : c = 7 : 8 , then 2a : 3b : 7c is 64. The annual incomes of two persons are in
equal to e 2015 II the ratio 9 : 7 and their expenses are in the ratio
(a) 42 : 105 : 320 (b) 15 : 21 : 40 4 : 3. If each of them saves ` 2000 per year, what
(c) 6 : 15 : 40 (d) 30 : 21 : 350 is the difference in their annual incomes?
e 2016 I
62. The speeds of three buses are in the ratio 2 : 3 : (a) ` 4000 (b) ` 4500 (c) ` 5000 (d) ` 5500
4. The time taken by these buses to travel the
a b c
same distance will be in the ratio. e 2015 II 65. If = = , then which of the following is/are
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 3 : 2 b c d
(c) 4 : 3 : 6 (d) 6 : 4 : 3 correct?
b3 + c3 + d3 d a 2 + b2 + c2 a
63. In a mixture of milk and water of volume 30 L, I. = II. =
a3 + b3 + c3 a b2 + c2 + d 2 d
the ratio of milk and water is 7 : 3. The quantity
of water to be added to the mixture to make the Select the correct answer using the code given
ratio of milk and water 1 : 2 is e 2015 II below. e 2016 I
(a) 30 (b) 32 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) 33 (d) 35 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 b 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 c 6 a 7 d 8 d 9 a 10 b
11 c 12 b 13 d 14 c 15 c 16 b 17 d 18 c 19 b 20 b
21 b 22 b 23 b 24 a 25 c 26 c 27 a 28 d 29 b 30 c
31 d 32 c 33 d 34 a 35 b 36 b 37 c 38 d 39 c 40 a
41 b 42 a 43 b 44 a 45 d 46 b 47 d 48 c 49 a 50 c
51 c 52 c 53 b 54 a 55 d 56 a 57 d 58 a 59 a 60 b
61 c 62 d 63 c 64 a 65 a

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (b) The required compounded ratio is 5. (c) Let the third proportional to 9 and 8. (d) Let the consequent be x.
2a 7a 3a a3 12 be x. ∴ 35: x = 7:8
× × = = a 3 : 84b 3
6 b 49 b 12 b 84 b 3 ∴ 9 : 12 : : 12 : x 35 7
Then, = [by given condition]
9 12 x 8
⇒ = ⇒ 9x = 144
2. (a) The subduplicate ratio of 12 x 35 × 8
⇒ 7x = 35 × 8 ∴ x = = 40
16x4 : 625 y 6 is 144 7
∴ x= = 16
9 9. (a) Given, x : y = 1 : 3, y : z = 5 : k,
16x4 4x 2
= = 4x2 : 25 y 3
6 25 y 3 6. (a) Mean proportional between z : t = 2 : 5 and t : x = 3 : 4
625 y
( 2 + 3 ) and (8 − 48 ) x y z t
52 × × × =1
3. (c) Duplicate ratio of 5 : 8 = = (2 + 3 ) (8 − 48 ) y z t x
82
52 x+5 x+5 1 5 2 3 1
⇒ = ⇒
25
= = (2 + 3 ) 4( 2 − 3 ) ⇒ × × × = 1⇒ k =
8 2 3x + 4 64 3x + 4 3 k 5 4 2
10. (b) Given, = 25  
x y
⇒ 25(3x + 4) = 64 ( x + 5) = 2 (2 + 3) (2 − 3)
y  x
⇒ 75x + 100 = 64x + 320
= 2 ( 4 − 3) = 2 × 1 = 2 x2 25 x 5
⇒ 75x − 64x = 320 − 100 ⇒ = ⇒ = or , 5 : 1
[Q ( a − b )( a + b ) = a − b ]
2 2
y2 1 y 1
⇒ 11x = 220
220 7. (d) Let fourth proportional be x, then 11. (c) According to the question,
∴ x= = 20
11 7 : 11 : : 14 : x p % of x = t ( q% of y )
7 14 xp yq
4. (b) Given, x : 6 : : 5 : 3 ⇒ = ⇒ 7x = 11 × 14 ⇒ = ×t
x 5 30 11 x 100 100
∴ = ⇒ 3x = 30 ⇒ x = = 10 ⇒ x = 2 × 11
6 3 3 ∴ x : y = qt : p
∴ x = 22
MATHEMATICS Ratio and Proportion 109

4ay − 3bx 17 17 10 170 ⇒ b 3 = 28 × 28 × 224

12. (b) ⇒ = × =
5ax − 2by [dividing numerator and 30 30 10 300 ⇒ b = 56
denominator by by] 11 11 20 220
and = × = Again from Eq. (i) say,
4ay 3bx 4  a  − 3  x  15 15 20 300 28 × 28
−     105 7 a= = 14
by by  b  y As, is the smallest, so or, 7 : 20 is 56
= = 300 20
5ax 2by  
5     − 2 22. (b) As, A : ( B + C ) = 2 : 9
− a x [given]
the smallest ratio.
by by  b  y Sum of ratios = 2 + 9 = 11
17. (d) Let the numbers be A and B.
4  − 3  8 − 9
2 3 2
∴ 0.5 A = 0.07B [by given condition] So, A ’s part = 770 × = ` 140
3  4 3 4 11
= = ⇒
A 0.07
= =
7
i.e. 7 : 50
5    − 2
2 3 5 1
−2 B 0.5 50 23. (b) Given, x ∝ y and x ∝ 2
 3   4 2 z
32 − 27 5 18. (c) Let the ratio be x and ( x + 40). y
Now, x ∝ 2 ⇒ x = 2
ky
12 12 5 2 5 x 2 z z
= = = × = Then, by given condition, =
5−4 1 12 1 6 x + 40 7 Q x = 10 , y = 4 and z = 14
2 2 k⋅4 1960
x3 + 3x 341 ⇒ 7x = 2x + 80 ⇒ x = 16 ∴ 10 = ⇒k = = 490
13. (d) Given, 2 = 196 4
3x + 1 91 So, the required ratio is 16 : 56. Now, z = 7 and y = 16, then
By componendo and dividendo rule, 3 5
19. (b) Given, P : Q = : …(i) 490 × 16
x3 + 3x + 3x2 + 1 341 + 91 432 5 7 x= = 160
= = 3 2 7×7
x3 + 3x − 3x2 − 1 341 − 91 250 and Q:R= : …(ii)
4 5 m + 3n + m − 3n
x
( x + 1)
3
216 3 3 5 3 24. (a) =
⇒ = From Eq. (i), P : Q = × : × 1 m + 3n − m − 3n
( x − 1)3 125 5 4 7 4
[Q ( a + b )3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab( a + b )] 9 15 By componendo and dividendo rule,
= : …(iii)
On cube roots both sides, we get 20 28 x+ 1 m + 3n + m − 3n
x+ 1 6 3 5 2 5 =
⇒ = ⇒ 5( x + 1) = 6( x − 1) From Eq. (ii), Q : R = × : × x−1 m + 3n + m − 3n
x−1 5 4 7 5 7
15 2 + m + 3n − m − 3n
∴ x = 11 = : …(iv)
28 7
14. (c) Let the number be x − m + 3n + m − 3n
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
49 + x 3
∴ = 9 15 2 x+ 1 m + 3n
68 + x 4 P :Q: R = : : ⇒ =
20 28 7 x−1 m − 3n
⇒ 196 + 4x = 204 + 3x
∴ x=8 20. (b) Let two numbers be 3x and 5x, On squaring both sides, we get
respectively. ( x + 1)2 m + 3n
15. (c) Let the three parts be A , B and C . =
By given condition, According to the question, ( x − 1)2 m − 3n
1 1
A= B= C =x
1
[say] (3x − 9) : ( 5x − 9 ) :: 12 : 23 Again applying componendo and
2 3 6 3x − 9 12 dividendo rule,
1 ⇒ =
∴ A = x ⇒ A = 2x 5x − 9 23 ( x + 1)2 + ( x − 1)2 m + 3n + m − 3n
2 =
1 ⇒ 69x − 207 = 60x − 108 ( x + 1)2 − ( x − 1)2 m + 3n − m + 3n
B = x ⇒ B = 3x 69x − 60x = 207 − 108 ⇒ 9x = 99 2( x2 + 1) 2m
3 ⇒ =
1
C = x ⇒ C = 6x ∴ x = 11 2 ( 2x) 2(3n)
6 ∴ Second number = 5x = 5 × 11 = 55 x2 + 1 m
As, A + B + C = 1870 ⇒ = ⇒ 3n( x2 + 1) = 2mx
21. (b) Let the numbers are a and b and its 2x 3n
[by given condition]
mean proportional is x ∴ 3nx2 − 2mx + 3n = 0
∴ 2x + 3x + 6x = 1870
∴ a : x :: x : b p+ r
⇒ 11x = 1870 25. (c) Given, p + r = 2q ⇒ 2 =
a : 28 : : 28 : b (Q x = 28) q
1870
∴ x= = 170 ⇒ 282 = ab 1 1 2
11 …(i) and + =
q s r
∴ Third part i.e. C = 6 × 170 = 1020 Again, a : b : : b : 224
1 1 p+ r s + q p+ r
b2 ⇒ + = ⇒ =
16. (b) LCM of 20, 25, 30, 15 is 300. ⇒ b 2 = a × 224 ⇒ a = …(ii) q s qr sq qr
7 7 15 105 224
So, = × = ⇒ r ( s + q ) = s( p + r )
20 20 15 300 From Eq. (i) say, p r
⇒ rq = sp ⇒ =
13 13 12 156 b2
⇒ = × = 282 = ×b q s
25 25 12 300 224 ∴ p: q = r: s
110 CDS Pathfinder

26. (c) As, given q 2 = pr 10 37. (c) Given, x ∝ y m ...(i)

when y = and x = 3 ,
p2 − q2 + r2 p2 − q2 + r2 3 y ∝ zn ...(ii)
= 10 m
then = 3l + ⇒ 9 l + m = 10…(iii) x ∝z p
p −2 − q −2 + r −2 1
−
1
+
1 3 3 ...(iii)
p2 pr r 2 On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), On putting the values of x and y from
p 2 − q 2 + r 2 ( p 2 r 2 )( p 2 − q 2 + r 2 ) l = 2 and m = −8 Eqs. (ii) and (iii) in Eq. (i), we get
= = z p ∝ (z n )m ⇒ z p ∝ z mn
r 2 − pr + p 2 ( r 2 − pr + p 2 ) From Eq. (i),
8
y = 2x −
2 2
p r x ∴ p = mn
1 1 1 38. (d) Let the initial and final salary be
( p r )( p − pr + r )
2 2 2 2
32. (c) Given, A : B : C = : :
= 5 6 10 ` 22x and ` 25x, respectively.
( r 2 − pr + p 2 )
= 6:5:3 and let initial and final number of
= p r = ( pr )2 = ( q 2 )2 = q 4
2 2
6
∴ Share of A = × 8400 employees be 3y and 2y, respectively.
27. (a) Let monthly incomes of A ’s and B’s 6+5+3
∴ Present bill = Final salary × Final
be 4x and 3x respectively 6
= × 8400 = ` 3600 number of employees
Each saving = ` 600 14 5000 = 25x × 2 y
Q Income − saving = Expenditure 33. (d) Let the amount be ` x. 5000
⇒ = xy ⇒ xy = 100
4x − 600 3 5x 5 50
∴ = In first condition,Q’s part = = x
3x − 600 2 5+3 8 ∴ Original bill = Initial salary × Initial
⇒ 2 ( 4x − 600) = 3 (3x − 600) number of employees
In second condition, Q’s part
= 22x × 3 y
8x − 1200 = 9x − 1800 3x 3
= = x = 66 xy = 66 × 100 = ` 6600
⇒ 1800 − 1200 = 9x − 8x ⇒ x = 600 2+3 5
39. (c) Given,
∴ A ’s income = 4x = 4 × 600 = ` 2400 5 3
By given condition, x − x = 10 A : B = x : 8 and B : C = 12 : z
28. (d) Let three numbers be 3x, 2x and 5x, 8 5 A A B x 12 3x
respectively. x ⇒ A :C = = × = × =
⇒ = 10 ⇒ x = ` 400 C B C 8 z 2z
According to the question, 40
But A :C = 2: 1
(3x)2 + ( 2x)2 + ( 5x )2 = 1862 34. (a) Remaining mixture = 20 − 6 = 14 L 3x 2
⇒ = ⇒ x:z = 4:3
4 2z 1
⇒ 9x2 + 4x2 + 25x2 = 1862 Quantity of milk = 14 × =8L
1862 7 40. (a) Let the number of coins of ` 1, 50
⇒ x2 = = 49 ∴ x =7 ∴ Water contents = 14 − 8 = 6 L paise and 10 paise be 3x, 8x and 10x,
38
Q Milk in new mixture respectively
Hence, the numbers are 3 × 7, 2 × 7 and
= 8 + 6 = 14 L and water = 6 L According to the question,
5 × 7 i.e. 21, 14 and 35.
3x 8x 10x
1 ∴ Ratio of milk and water in new + + = 112
29. (b) Speed ∝ 1 2 10
Time 14 7
mixture = = ⇒ 3x + 4x + x = 112
1 1 1
∴ Required ratio = : : = 3 : 4 : 6 6 3 112
4 3 2 ⇒ x= = 14
Hence, the required ratio 7 : 3. 8
30. (c) Let the ages of A and B be 2x yr and 35. (b) Let x be the part of milk in new ∴ Number of 50 paise coins
5x yr, respectively. mixture. = 14 × 8 = 112
After 8 yr age of A = ( 2x + 8) yr By law of mixture, 41. (b) Let the number of boys and girls be x
and age of B = ( 5x + 8) yr 3 and y , respectively.
2x + 8 1 −x
According to the question, = 8 3 3 3 ∴ Total number of students = ( x + y )
5x + 8 2 ∴ = ⇒ − 2x = 3x −
1 2 4 4 According to the question,
x−
⇒ 4x + 16 = 5x + 8 4 Number of boys = Number of girls
⇒ x=8 ⇒ 5x = =
6 3
∴ x=
3 + Total Number of students × 12%
∴ Difference between their present ages 4 2 10 x = y + ( x + y ) × 12%
= 5x − 2x = 3x = 3 × 8 = 24 yr Required ratio =
3 3
= or, 3 : 7 ( x + y ) × 12
x− y =
31. (d) By given condition, 10 − 3 7 100
m 36. (b) Let quantities of milk and water be ⇒ 25x − 25 y = 3x + 3 y
y = lx + …(i)
x 5x and x L, respectively. ⇒ 22x = 28 y
5x 5
where, l and m are proportionality According to the question, = ∴ x : y = 14 : 11
constants. x+5 2
42. (a) Let C gets ` x .
when y = 6 and x = 4, ⇒ 10x = 5x + 25
m Now, by given conditions,
then 6 = 4l + ∴ x=5
4 Hence, the quantity of milk in the Amount of B = ` ( x + 8)
⇒ 16 l + m = 24 …(ii) original mixture = 5 × 5 = 25 L Amount of A = ` ( x + 15)
MATHEMATICS Ratio and Proportion 111

∴ x + ( x + 8) + ( x + 15) = 53 II. On putting y = 6 in Eq. (ii), we get 53. (b) Let cost price of milk be ` x per kg.
⇒ x = 10 36 Then, according to the rule of mixture,
x = =1
∴ A : B : C = ( 10 + 15) : ( 10 + 8) : 10 36 22 : ( x − 22) = 15 : 3
= 25 : 18 : 10 x =1 22 15
⇒ =
Both statements I and II are correct. x − 22 3
43. (b) Let Q join for x months. a c e 1
= = = 22
∴ Ratio of capital 47. (d) Given that, ⇒ =5
= 2525 × 12 : 1200 × x
b d f 2 x − 22
b d f ∴ x = ` 26.40
= 2525 : 100x = 101 : 4x ⇒ a= , c= , e=
2 2 2
101 54. (a) Total number of inhabitants = 1935000
∴ P’s profit = × 1644  3b + 5d + 7 f 
101 + 4x 3a + 5c + 7e   Total number of females = 935000
I. = 2 2 2 
101 × 1644 3b + 5d + 7 f  3b + 5d + 7 f  ∴ Total number of males
⇒ 1212 =  
101 + 4x = 1935000 − 935000 = 1000000
1
⇒
1
=
1 (3b + 5d + 7 f ) 1 ∴ sex ratio =
935000
× 1000 = 935
137 101 + 4x = 2 = 1000000
3b + 5d + 7 f 2
⇒ 4x = 36 ⇒ x=9 55. (d) Given, ratio of boys to girls = 7 : 5
b2 d 2 f2
Hence, Q joined for 9 months i.e. he + + and total number of students = 2400
a 2 + c2 + e 2 4 = 1
joined after 3 months. II. = 42 4
Sum of ratio = 7 + 5 = 12
b2 + d 2 + f 2 b + d2 + f 2 4
44. (a) Originally, let the numbers of seats 5
∴ Number of girls = × 2400 = 1000
for Mathematics, Physics and Biology ∴ Neither I nor II correct. 12
be 5x, 7x and 8x, respectively. 48. (c) I. 4 leaps of cat = 3 leaps of dog 56. (a) Given, A : B = 2 : 3, B : C = 5 : 7
Number of increased seats are (140% of 3
⇒ 1 leap of cat = leap of dog and C : D = 3 : 10
5x) (150% of 7x) and (175% of 8x). 4 A A B C
Required ratio can be obtained as ∴ = × ×
Cat takes 5 leap for every 4 leaps of dog. D B C D
⇒  × 5x  :  × 7x 
140 150 ∴ Required Ratio 2 5 3 1
 100   100  = × × =
= (5 × cat’s leap) : (4 × dog’s leap) 3 7 10 7
:  × 8x 
175
=  5 × dog' s leap : (4 × dog’s leap) ∴ A : D = 1: 7
3
 100   4 
 21  57. (d) Given that, ( x + y ) : ( x − y ) = 3 : 5
⇒  7x : x : 14x  × 2 = 15 : 16 x+ y 3
 2  ∴ =
⇒ ( 14x : 21x : 28x ) ÷ 7x Thus,
Speed of cat
=
15 x− y 5
Speed of dog 16 On applying componendo and dividendo
∴ 2:3: 4
Distance (cat) s (cat) × t rule, we get
II. =
45. (d) Let the number of passengers
Distance (dog) s (dog) × t (x + y) + (x − y) 3 + 5
travelling by class I and class II be x and =
(x + y) − (x − y) 3 − 5
50x respectively. s (cat) × 30  s (cat) 15 
= = =  2x 8 x
Then, amount collected from class I and s (dog) × 30  s (dog) 16  ⇒ = ⇒ = −4
II will be ` 3 × x and ` 50x respectively. 2 y −2 y
Thus, both statements I and II are ∴ x = − 4y
Given, 3x + 50x = 1325 correct.
But it is given , xy = positive
53x = 1325 ⇒ x = 25 49. (a) Number of people having ∴ − 4 y × y = positive
∴ Amount collected from class II characteristic X
⇒ − 4 y 2 = positive, which is not possible.
= 50 × 25 = ` 1250 = 10 + 30 = 40
Hence, no real solution for x and y exists.
1 k Number of people having characteristic Y
46. (b) As x ∝ 2 ⇒ x = 2 …(i) 58. (a) Given, ratio of ages of A and B i.e.
y y = 10 + 20 = 30 A : B = 2:5
If x = 1 Required ratio = 40:30 = 4:3. Ratio of ages of B and C i.e.
and y=6 50. (c) Fresh grapes contain 10% pulp. B :C = 3 : 4
2:5
k ∴20 kg fresh grapes contain 2 kg pulp. ∴ Ratio of ages of A, B and C =
1= 2 ⇒ k = 36
6 3:4
Dry grapes contain 80% pulp.
On putting the value of k in Eq. (i), we
2 kg pulp would contain = 2 × 3 : 3 × 5 : 5 × 4 = 6 : 15 : 20
get
36 2 20 59. (a) Let height of tree be h ft and age be
x = 2 …(ii) = = 25
. kg dry grapes.
08
. 8 a yr.
y
36 51. (c) Refer to question 12 Then, according to the question,
I. On putting y = 3 in Eq. (ii), x =
9 h∝ a ⇒ h=k a ..(i)
52. (c) Refer to question 20
x =4 where, k is a constant.
∴ Their product = 18 × 27 = 486
112 CDS Pathfinder

If age = 9 yr, then height = 4 ft 40 a ⇒ 9 + y = 42

From Eq. (i), we get 4 = k 9 Now, 2a : 3b : 7c = 2a : 5a :
3 ∴ y = 33 L
4
⇒ 4 = k ×3 ∴ k = = 2:5:
40
= 6 : 15 : 40
3 64. (a) Refer to question 27.
4 3
If age = 16 yr, then h = k 16 = × 4 a b c
62. (d) Let the distance be x. 65. (a) = = = k (say)
3 b c d
Q k = 4  Now, ratio of time taken to travel the
 ⇒ a = bk , b = ck, c = dk
3  distance by each bus is
x x x 12 12 12 ∴ a = dk 3 , b = dk 2 , c = dk
16 1 ⇒
∴ h= ft = 5 = 5 ft 4 inch : : : : b 3 + c3 + d 3
3 3 2 3 4 2 3 4 I. 3
a + b 3 + c3
60. (b) Refer to question 34. ⇒ 6:4:3
b 3 + c3 + d 3
a 3 63. (c) Since, milk = 7x and water = 3x =
61. (c) We have, = ( bk ) + ( ck )3 + ( dk )3
3
b 5 Then, 7x + 3x = 30 ⇒ 10x = 30
1 ( b 3 + c3 + d 3 ) 1 d
b=
5a
and
b 7
= ∴ x =3 = = =
k 3 ( b 3 + c3 + d 3 ) k 3
Q
3 c 8 a
So, milk = 21 L and water = 9 L
8 8 5a 40 a Hence, statement I is correct.
⇒ c= b= × = Let y L of water to be added.
a 2 + b 2 + c2 b
7 7 3 21 21 1 II. Similarly 2 = k2 =
Then, = b + c2 + d 2 d
5a 40 a 9+ y 2
Q a:b:c= a: :
3 21 Hence, statement II is incorrect.
13
MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 113

LOGARITHM
Usually (2-3) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are based on
fundamental rules of logarithm. It is especially used to solve complicated mathematical calculations.
Applications of square, cube, surds and indices are extremely used here.

DEFINITION
If ‘a’ is a positive real number, other than 1 and ‘b’ is a rational number such that a b = N, then we say
that logarithm of N to base ‘a’ is b or ‘b’ is the logarithm of N to base ‘a’, written as log a N = b
So, a b = N ⇔ log a N = b , e.g. 7 0 = 1 ⇔ log 7 1 = 0, 811/4 = 3 ⇔ log 81 3 = 1 / 4

EXAMPLE 1. Which one of the following has the value of x = 4?

3
a. log2 x = 3 b. log5 x = 3 c. log81 x = d. log 2
x=4
2
Sol. d. a. log 2 x = 3 ⇔ x = 23 = 8 b. log 5 x = 3 ⇔ x = 53 = 125 [by definition]
c. log 81 x = 3 / 2 ⇔ x = (81) 3/ 2
= (3 )4 3/ 2
, ⇔ x = 36 ⇔ x = 729
d. log 2
x = 4 ⇔ x = ( 2) 4, x = ( 21/ 2) 4 = 22 = 4

EXAMPLE 2. If log5 y = x and log 2 z = x, then the value of 20 x in terms of y and z is

a. zy b. z2 y c. xy 2 d. z/y
Sol. b. Given, log 5 y = x and log 2 z = x ⇒ y = 5x and z = 2x …(i)
Now, 20 = ( 2 × 5) = 2
x 2 x 2x
× 5 = (2 ) ⋅ 5 = z ⋅ y
x x 2 x 2
[from Eq. (i)]
∴ 20x = z 2 ⋅ y

Fundamental Rules of Logarithms

Rule 1 If m and n are positive rational number, then log a ( mn) = log a m + log a n
If m1 , m2 , m3 , . . . , mn are positive rational numbers, then
log a ( m1 m2 m3 . . . mn ) = log a m1 + log a m2 + . . . + log a mn
114 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 3. The value of log10 (15) is Sol. b. log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ log 5 6 ⋅ log 6 7 ⋅ log 7 8 ⋅ log 8 9
a. log10 2 − log10 5 b. log10 5
log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9
c. log10 3 + log10 5 d. log10 2 + log10 5 = × × × × ×
log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8
Sol. c. log10 15 = log 10 ( 3 × 5) = log10 3 + log10 5
log 9 log 32 2 log 3
= = = =2
Rule 2 If m and n are positive rational numbers, then log 3 log 3 log 3

 m
log a   = log a m − log a n
 n SOME USEFUL RESULTS
logarithm of 1 with any base is always zero i.e.
EXAMPLE 4. The value of x in
l

loga 1 = 0
log x − log (x − 1) = log 3 is
l logarithm of base to itself is always 1 i.e. loga a = 1
a. 2/3 b. 3/2 c. 1/2 d. 1/4
l x > y ⇒ loga x > loga y for a > 1
Sol. b. log x − log ( x − 1) = log 3
l x > y ⇒ loga x < loga y for 0 < a < 1
x x 1
⇒ log = log 3 ⇒ =3 for x > 0, 1 ≠ a > 0, loga n ( x ) = loga x
x−1 x−1
l

n
⇒ x = 3 ( x − 1) ⇒ x = 3x − 3 ⇒ −2x = − 3 l for 1 ≠ a ,b > 0, x > 0, a logb x = x logb a
If ‘a’ is a positive real number and n is a positive
∴ x = 3/ 2 l

rational number, then

Rule 3 If m and n are positive rational numbers, then, x
(i) log y n x = loga n .
log a ( mn ) = n log a m a
y
(ii) a log a n = n
EXAMPLE 5. The value of x in
(iii) loga n = log n 2 = log n 3 = loga m n m
log x 4 + log x 16 + log x 64 = 12 is a2 a3

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
Sol. b. log x 4 + log x 16 + log x 64 = 12 Common Logarithm and Natural
⇒ log x 2 + log x 2 + log x 2 = 12
2 4 6
Logarithm
⇒ 2 log x 2 + 4 log x 2 + 6 log x 2 = 12 Logarithm can have any positive base other than 0. But
⇒ 12 log x 2 = 12 ⇒ log x 2 = 1
there are two most important base which are generally used.

∴ x=2
1. Common Logarithm Logarithm to the base ‘10’ is
called common logarithm. It is also called Brigg’s
log 256 logarithm.
EXAMPLE 6. The value of x in = log x is
log 16 e.g. log 100 = log 10 100 = 2
a. 1 b. 10 c. 100 d. 0 log 1000 = log 10 1000 = 3
log 256 log 162 2 log 16 2. Natural Logarithm Logarithm to the base e is
Sol. c. = = =2
log 16 log 16 log 16 called natural logarithm. It is also called Napier
⇒ log x = 2 ⇒ log10 x = 2 [Q log x = log10 x] logarithm. log e x is usually denoted by ln x. e is
∴ x = 10 = 100
2 irrational number between 2 and 3.
Rule 4 If m is a positive rational number and a, b are ln x = y ⇒ e y = x
positive real numbers i.e. a ≠ 1 and b ≠ 1, then

log a m =
log b m ANTILOGARITHM
log b a The positive number ‘a’ is called the antilogarithm of a
EXAMPLE 7. The value of number b, if log a = b. If ‘a’ is antilogarithm of b, it is
log3 4 ⋅ log4 5 ⋅ log5 6 ⋅ log6 7 ⋅ log 7 8 ⋅ log8 9 is written as a = antilog b.
So, a = antilog b ⇔ log a = b
a. 1 b. 2 c. −1 d. None of these
MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 115

Characteristic and Mantissa first significant figures is at nth place, where n is the
characteristic.
of a Logarithm
The logarithm of positive real number ‘n’ consists of EXAMPLE 8. The characteristic of the logarithm of
two parts the number 0.00000014 is
1. The integral part is known as the characteristic. It is a. 1 b. 7
always an integer (positive, negative or zero). c. −7 d. None of these
1
2. The decimal part is called as the mantissa. The Sol. c. 0.00000014 = 1.4 × = 1.4 × 10−7
mantissa is never negative and is always less than 10000000
one. ∴ The characteristic of log 0.00000014 = − 7

To Find the Characteristic EXAMPLE 9. The characteristic of the logarithm of

the number 8.188 is
Case I The characteristic of the log of a number
greater than 1 is positive and numerically one less than a. 2 b. 1
the number of digits to the left of the decimal part. c. −1 d. 0

e.g. Sol. d. 8.188 = 8.188 × 1 = 8.188 × 100

Value Characteristic
∴ The characteristic of log 8.188 = 0
log 3.257 1− 1 = 0
log 32.57 2 −1= 1 EXAMPLE 10. The characteristic of the logarithm of
log 3257
. 3−1= 2 the number 566.37 is
a. 2 b. −2
Case II The characteristic of log of a number less than c. 4 d. None of these
1 is negative and numerically one more than the number Sol. a. 566.37 = 56637
. × 102
of zeroes immediately after the decimal point. It is
represented by bar over the digit. ∴ The characteristic of log 566. 37 = 2
The bar over the characteristic indicates that it is negative. EXAMPLE 11. The characteristic of the logarithm of
e.g. the number 313 is
Value Characteristic
a. 3 b. 2
log 0.3257 − ( 0 + 1) = −1 i.e. 1 c. 1 d. 0
log 0.03257 − (1 + 1) = −2 i.e. 2
Sol. b. 313 = 313
. × 102
log 0.003257 − (2 + 1) = −3 i.e. 3
∴ The characteristic of log 313 = 2

Rules for Inserting Decimal Point

Two rules are used for inserting a decimal point. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
Rule 5 When the characteristic of the logarithm is 1. The base of a logarithm is never taken as zero and
negative.
positive, we insert the decimal point after the ( n + 1) th 2. Log of negative integers are not defined and also
digit, where n is the characteristic. loge 0 is not defined.
3. Logarithmic function is positive as well as negative
Rule 6 When the characteristic of the logarithm is
but exponential function is always positive.
negative, we insert the decimal point such that the
116 CDS Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. What is the value of log100 0. 1 ? 1 1 1
16. The value of + + is
(a) 1/2 (b) –1/2 (c) –2 (d) 2 logxy ( xyz ) log yz ( xyz ) logzx ( xyz )
(a) xyz (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1
2. The value of 3 log 3 + 2 log 2 is
(a) log 108 (b) log 106 (c) log 109 (d) None of these 17. The value of
1 1 1
1 + + is
3. If loga 2 = , then the value of a is 1 + logx ( yz ) 1 + log y ( xz ) 1 + logz ( xy )
6
1
(a) ( 2 )6 (b) (6)1/ 2 (c) 3 (d) −6 (a) 1 (b) (c) x = yz (d) 0
xy2
4. If log3 x = − 2, then the value of x is 18. If log4 ( x 2 + x ) − log4 ( x + 1) = 2, then the value of x
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − is
9 9 8 8 (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 1
5. Find the logarithm of 1728 to the base 2 3. 19. If log4 x + log2 x = 6, then the value of x is
(a) 3.124 (b) 3.1732 (c) 6 (d) 5 (a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
6. What is the value of 20. Given log10 2 = 0.3010, the value of log10 5 is
(log1/ 2 2)(log1/ 3 3)(log1/ 4 4) . . .(log1/ 1000 1000)? (a) 0.6990 (b) 0.6919 (c) 0.6119 (d) 0.7525
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 1 or –1 (d) 0 x y
21. If log + log = log ( x + y ), then
7. What is the value of y x
1 (a) x + y = 1 (b) x − y = 0 (c) x − y = 1 (d) x = y
log 10 25 − 2log 10 3 + log 10 18?
−5
2 22. The characteristic in log 6.7482 × 10 is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
(a) 6 (b) − 4 (c) 5 (d) − 5
8. What is the value of [log 10 (5 log 10 100)] 2 ?
23. If 10 = 1.73 and log10 1730 = 3. 2380, then x
x
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
equals to
9. The value of log y x ⋅ logz y ⋅ logx z is (a) 2.380 (b) 0.2380 (c) 2.2380 (d) 1.380
2x + 3 x −1
(a) log xyz (b) xyz (c) 1 (d) 0 24. If 2 =6 , then x equals
10. The value of log3 ( 27 × 9 × 9 ) is 4 3 4 log 2 + log 3 3 log 2 + 2 log 3
(a) (b)
1 1 1 log 3 − log 2 log 3 − 2 log 2
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 4 log 48
3 3 6 (c) (d) None of these
log 7
11. The value of log2 [log2 log2 log2 ( 65536)] is
25. The value of 10log10 m + 2 log10 n + 3 log10 p is
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 4 (d) 1
(a) m2 np3 (b) mn2 p3 (c) m3 np2 (d) None of these
12. What is the value of [log 13(10)]/[log 169(10)] ?
26. Given that log10 2 = 0.3010, log10 3 = 0.4771 and
1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) log10 13 108
2 log10 7 = 0.8491, then log10 is equal to
7
13. What is the value of (a) 2.6123 (b) 1.6088 (c) 1.6320 (d) 2.4558
1 
 log 10 125 − 2log 10 4 + log 10 32 + log 10 1 ? 27. If a , b and c are three consecutive integers, then
3 
1 2 log ( ac + 1) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d)
5 5 (a) log (2b ) (b) (log b )2 (c) 2 log b (d) None of these
14. If log r 6 = m and log r 3 = n , then what is 28. If logr p = 2, logr q = 3, then the value of log p q is
log r (r / 2) equal to? 1 2 3
(a) m − n + 1 (b) m + n − 1 (c) 1 − m − n (d) 1 − m + n (a) (b) (c) (d) 6
3 3 2
3 4 5 x log x
15. What log 10   + log 10   + log 10   + L
is 29. If log x 2 y 2 = a and log = b, then is equal to
2 3 4 y log y
upto 8 terms equal to? a − 3b a + 3b a + 2b a − 2b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) log10 5 (d) None of these a + 2b a − 2b a − 2b a + 3b
MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 117

30. If log10 5 = 0.70, then log5 10 is equal to 37. Consider the following statements
(a) 1.35 (b) 1.40 (c) 1.43143 (d) 1.56 I. (log10 0.1)2 + log10 10 ⋅ log10 100 = 3
II. log10log10 10 = 1 III. log10 10 + log10 10 = 1
31. The value of
 1  1  1 Which of the statements given above are correct?
log3 1 +  + log3 1 +  + log3 1 + 
 3  4  5 (a) I and III (b) II and III
 1 (c) I and II (d) All are correct
+ . . . + log3 1 +  is
(a) −1 + 2 log 5
 24 x
) ... ∞
3 (b) 2 38. If y = ( a x )( a , then which one of the following
(c) 3 (d) 4 is correct?
32. If log ( x + y ) = log x + log y and x = 1.1568, then y (a) log y = xy log a (b) log y = x + y log a
is equal to (c) log y = y + x log a (d) log y = ( y + x) log a
(a) 7.3776 (b) 7 .3776 (c) 5.3776 (d) 5.3116
33. If log8 x + log4 x + log2 x = 11. Then, the value of x PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
is 39. What is the logarithm of 0.0001 with respect to
(a) 128 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64 base 10? e 2012 II
5 2 3 (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) − 4 (d) − 3
34. What is the value of log y x logx y logz z ?
(a) 10 (b) 30 (c) 20 (d) 60 40. If log10 a = p and log10 b = q , then what is the
value of log10( a pbq )? e 2012 II
35. If (log3 x )(log x 2x )(log2x y ) = logx x 2, then what is
p2
the value of y? (a) p2 + q 2 (b) p2 − q 2 (c) p2 q 2 (d) 2
9 q
(a) (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 27
2 41. What are the possible solutions for x of the
n
equation x x
= x x , where x and n are positive
36. If log10 2, log10( 2 − 1), log10 ( 2 + 3) are three
x x
integers? e 2015 I
consecutive terms of AP, then which one of the (a) 0, n (b) 1, n (c) n, n2 (d) 1, n2
following is correct?
I. x = 1 II. x = log 2 5
1
42. The value of log10 3125 − 4 log10 2 + log10 32 is
(a) Both I and II (b) Only II 5 e 2016 I
(c) Only I (d) None of these (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

ANSWERS
1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 b 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 d
11 d 12 b 13 c 14 d 15 c 16 b 17 a 18 c 19 a 20 a
21 a 22 d 23 b 24 a 25 b 26 b 27 c 28 c 29 c 30 c
31 a 32 a 33 d 34 b 35 b 36 b 37 a 38 a 39 c 40 a
41 a 42 b

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

0.1 = log  1 2=
1
⇒ a1 / 6 = On comparing both sides, we get x = 6
1. (b) log   3. (a) Q log a 2
100 10 2  10  6
6. (b) (log 2)(log 3)(log 4)
∴ a = ( 2 )6 1/2 1/3 1/4
log   = log ( 10)−1
1 1 1
= . . . (log 1000)
10 
2 10  2 10
4. (a) log x = − 2 ⇒ x = 3 −2 =
1
=
1 1 /1000
 log 2   log 3   log 4 
1 1 3
32 9 =     
= − log 10 = − [Rule 3]  log 1 / 2   log 1 / 3   log 1 / 4 
10
2 2 5. (c) Let log 1728 = x
2 3  
2. (a) 3 log 3 + 2 log 2 = log 33 + log 22  log a 
... 
⇒ ( 2 3 )x = 1728 log 1000 
 log 1/ 1000  Q log b a = log b 
= log 27 + log 4 [Rule 3] Q 1728 = 26 ( 3 )6 = ( 2 3 )6    
= log ( 27 × 4) = log 108 [Rule 1] ( 2 3 )x = ( 2 3 )6 [Rule 4]
118 CDS Pathfinder

 log 2   log 3   log 4  = log 5 − 4 log 2 + 5 log 2 19. (a) Given, log x + log x = 6
=      10 10 10 4 2
 − log 2   − log 3   − log 4  = log 5 + log 2 = log 5 × 2 log x log x
10 10 10 ⇒ + =6
 log 1000  = log 10 = 1 [Rule 1] log 4 log 2
...   10
 − log 1000  14. (d) Given, log r 6 = m and log r 3 = n ⇒
log x
+
log x
=6
Q log r 6 = log r ( 2 × 3) = log r 2 + log r 3 2 log 2 log 2
= ( −1) × ( −1) × ( −1) × . . . × ( −1)
[Q number of terms is odd] ∴ log r 3 + log r 2 = m ⇒ 3 log x = 12 log 2
= −1 ⇒ n + log r 2 = m ⇒ log x = 4 log 2 ⇒ log x = log 24
1 ⇒ log r 2 = m − n ⇒ log x = log 16
7. (c) log 25 − 2 log 3 + log 18
10 10 10 On comparing both sides, we get
2
∴ log r   = log r r − log r 2 [Rule 2]
r
= log 251 / 2 − log 32 + log 18  2 ∴ x = 16
10 10 10
[Rule 3] = 1−m + n 20. (a) log 5 = log
10
10 10
15. (c) log   + log   + log  

= log 5 − log 9 + log 18 3 4 5 2
10 10 10 10   10   10   = log 10 − log 2 = 1 − 0.3010
2 3 4
5 × 18 90 10 10
= log = log + L + 8th term
10
9 10
9 = 0.6990
 n + 2 x y
= log 10 = 1 Q Tn = log   21. (a) Given, log + log = log ( x + y )
10 10  
 n + 1 
y x
8. (d) [log (5 log 100)]2 x y
10 10 ⇒ log ⋅ = log ( x + y )
= [log (5 log 102 )]2  10  y x
10 10 ⇒ T = log  
= [log (10 log 10)]2 8 10  9 ⇒ log 1 = log ( x + y )
10 10
= [log log   + log   + log   ∴ x+ y =1
2 3 4 5
10] [Q log 10 = 1] ∴
10 10
10   10   10  
= 12 = 1 2 3 4 22. (d) The characteristic in
9. (c) log y x ⋅ log z y ⋅ log x z 
+ L + log  
10 log 6.7482 × 10−5 is −5.
10 
log x log y log z 9 23. (b) Given, 10x = 1. 73, x = log 1. 73
= × × =1 10
= log  × × × L ×  [Rule 1]
log y log z log x 3 4 5 10 = log 1730 − log 1000
10 
9
10 10
 log b  2 3 4 = log 1730 − log 103
Q log a b = log a  10 10
= log   = log 5
  10
= 3.2380 − 3 = 0.2380
10 
2 10
10. (d) Let log ( 27 × 4
9× 3
9) = x 24. (a) 22 x + 3
= 6x − 1
3
16. (b) The given expression is
⇒ 3 = 27 ×
x 4
9× 3
9 Taking log on both sides, we get
= log xyz ( xy ) + log xyz ( yz ) + log xyz (zx)
⇒ 3 =3 ×3
x 3 2/4
×3 2/3
( 2x + 3) log 2 = ( x − 1) log 6
= log xyz ( xy ⋅ yz ⋅ zx) [Rule 1]
3x = 325 / 6 ⇒ 2x log 2 + 3 log 2
= log xyz ( xyz )2 = 2 log xyz xyz = 2
On comparing both sides, we get = ( x − 1) (log 2 + log 3)
25 1 ⇒ 2x log 2 + 3 log 2 = x (log 2 + log 3)
⇒ x= =4 17. (a) The given expression is
6 6 1 − log 2 − log 3
=
11. (d) log log log log 216 log x ( yz ) + log x x ⇒ x (log 2 − log 3) = − 4 log 2 − log 3
2 2 2 2
= log log log ( 16) [Q log 2 = 1] 1 4 log 2 + log 3
2 2 2 2
+ ∴ x=
= log log log ( 2 ) = log log ( 4) 4
log y ( xz ) + log y y log 3 − log 2
2 2 2 2 2

= log log ( 22 ) = log ( 2) = 1 1

2 2 2 + 25. (b) 10 log 10 m + 2 log
10
n + 3 log
10
p
log z ( xy ) + log z z 2
log (10) log (10) m + log n + log p3
12. (b) 13 = 13 = 10 log 10 10 10
1 1 1
log
169
(10) log (10) = + + ⇒ 10 log 10 mn 2 p 3
= mn2 p 3 [Q
13 2 log x xyz log y xyz log z xyz
log 10  = p]
log a p
Q log c = log a c 
1 a
= 13
= log xyz x + log xyz y + log xyz z
 
log 10 
1 ab b 108
= log xyz xyz = 1 [Rule 1] 26. (b) log = log 108 − log 7
2 13 10
7 10 10

1
= =2 18. (c) log ( x2 + x) − log ( x + 1) = 2 = log 22 × 33 − log 71 / 2
1/ 2 4 4 10 10
 x2 + x  x2 + x
1 ⇒ log   = 2⇒4 =2
= 2 log 2 + 3 log 3−
1
13. (c) We have, log 125 − 2 log 4 4  
log 7
 x+ 1 x+ 1 10 10 10
3 10 10 2
+ log 32 + log 1 = 2 × (0. 3010) + 3(0.4771)
10 10 ⇒ 16x + 16 = x2 + x
= log (125)1 / 3 − 2 log (2)2 1
10 10 ⇒ x − 15x − 16 = 0
2 − (0.8491)
2
+ log (2)5 + 0 [Q log 1 = 0] ∴ x = 16 or x = − 1 [not possible]
10 10 = 0.6020 + 1.4313 − 0.4245 = 1.6088
MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 119

x ...∞
27. (c) Let first integer be a. 11log x 38. (a) Given, y = ( a x )(a )
⇒ = 11 ⇔ log x = 6 log 2
Then, b = a + 1 and c = a + 2 6 log 2
⇒ x = 26 , ∴ x = 64 ∴ y = ( ax ) y
∴ ac + 1 = a ( a + 2) + 1
34. (b) ∴ log y x5 log x y 2 log z z 3 On taking log both sides, we get
= a 2 + 2a + 1 = ( a + 1 )2
= 5 log y x ⋅ 2 log x y ⋅ 3 log z z log y = y log a x
ac + 1 = b 2
[Qlog a b n = n log a b] ∴ log y = xy log a
So, log ( ac + 1) = log b 2 = 2 log b
28. (c) Given, log r p = 2 and log r q = 3 = 5 log y x ⋅ 2 log x y ⋅ 3 × 1 39. (c) Let, log 0.0001 = x
10
log r q 3 5 log x log y  log b  1
= × 2⋅ × 3 Q log a b = Then, x = log
By relation, log q =
p
= log y log x  log a  10
( 10)4
log r p 2
= 5 × 2 × 3 = 30
= log 1 − log ( 10)4
29. (c) Given, log x2 y 2 = a 35. (b) (log x) (log x 2x) (log y ) = log x x2
10 10
3 2x =0−4=−4
[Q log (mn) = log m + log n] log x log 2x log y log x2
⇒ × × = 40. (a) Given, log a = p and log b = q
∴ log x2 + log y 2 = a log 3 log x log 2x log x 10 10
⇒ 2 log x + 2 log y = a …(i) log ( a p b q ) = log a p + log b q
 log a 
Q log b a = log b 
10 10 10
Also, log x − log y = b …(ii)
  ⇒ log ( a p b q ) = p log a + q log b
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 10 10 10
log y 2 log x ∴ log ( a p b q ) = p × p + q × q
a + 2b a − 2b ⇒ = [Q log a b = b log a ] 10
log x = and log y = log 3 log x
4 4 = p2 + q2
log x a + 2b ⇒ log y = 2 log 3 ⇒ log y = log 32
∴ = [Q log m = log n ⇒ m = n]
log y a − 2b 41. (a) Given, x x
= n
xx , where x and n
log 10 ⇒ log y = log 9 are positive integers.
10 1
30. (c) log 10 = = = 143143
. ∴ y=9 On taking log both sides, we get
5 log 5 0.70
10 36. (b) Given that, log 2, log ( 2x − 1) and
[Q log 10 = 1] 10 10 log x x
= log[ n xx ]
10 log ( 2x + 3) are in AP.
10
⇒ x log x = log( xx )1 / n = log xx/n
31. (a) log  1 +  + log  1 + 1
1
3
  then,
3 3  4 2 log ( 2x − 1) = log 2 + log ( 2x + 3) ⇒
x
x log x = log x
10 10 10
+ log  1 + 1 + . . . + log 1 + 1  ⇒ log ( 2x − 1)2 = log ( 2 x + 1 + 6)
n
   
3  5 3  24 
10 10
⇒
x
x log x − log x = 0
⇒ ( 2x − 1)2 = ( 2x + 1 + 6)
4 5 6 n
= log + log + log + ⇒ 2 + 1 − 2.2x = 2 ⋅ 2x + 6
2x

log x x −  = 0

3 3 3 x
3 4 5 ⇒ 22 x − 4.2x − 5 = 0 ⇒
25  n 
. . . + log ⇒ ( 2 ) − 4 ( 2x ) − 5 = 0
x 2
3
24 log x ≠ 0
⇒ y2 − 4y − 5 = 0
Q
x
= log 4 − log 3 + log 5 − log 4 ∴ y = 5, − 1 ∴ x−
=0
3 3 3 3
n
+ log 6 − log 5 Hence, 2x = −1 or 2x = 5 x
3 3
⇒ x=
+ . . . + log 25 − log 24 ∴ x = log ( −1) is not possible n
3 3 2
or x = log (5) ∴
x
=n
= − log 3 + log 25 = − 1 + 2 log 5 2
3 3 3 Then, x = log ( 5 ) is answer. x
32. (a) Given, log ( x + y ) = log x + log y 2
On squaring both sides, we get
Hence, II is correct.
⇒ log ( x + y ) = log xy x2
37. (a) I. [log (0.1)]2 + log 10 ⋅ log 100 =n
10 10 10
⇒ x + y = xy x
= [ − log 10]2 + log 10 ⋅ log 102
⇒y=
x
=
11568
.
=
11568
. 10 10 10
⇒ x 2 − nx = 0
x − 1 11568
. − 1 0.1568 = ( −1)2 + (1) ⋅ 2 log 10
10 ⇒ x( x − n) = 0
= + 1 + (1) ⋅ 2 = 1 + 2 = 3 ∴ x = 0, x = n
= 7.37755 = 7.3776
Hence, statement I is correct.
33. (d) Given, log x + log x + log x = 11 Hence, the possible solution of x is 0, n.
8 4 2 II. log log 10 = log (1) = 0 ≠ 1
log x log x log x 10 10 10
1
⇒ + + = 11 Hence, statement II is incorrect. 42. (b) log 3125 − 4 log 2 + log 32
10 10 10
log 8 log 4 log 2 III. log 10 + log 10 5
10 10
log x log x log x
1
= log 10 + log 10
1 = log [(5)5 ]1 / 5 − log ( 2)4 + log 32
⇒ + + = 11 2 10
2 10
10 10 10
log 23 log 22 log 2
1 1 = log 5 − log 16 + log 32
log x log x log x = + =1 10 10 10

⇒ + + = 11 2 2
5 × 32 
3 log 2 2 log 2 log 2 Hence, statement III is correct. = log   = log10 = 1
10 
16 
14
120 CDS Pathfinder

ALGEBRAIC
OPERATIONS
Generally (3-4) questions have been asked from this chapter. Questions which are asked from
this chapter are mostly based on direct identities and factor theorem.

Algebraic Expressions
A combination of constants and variables connected by the four fundamental operations +, −, × and ÷ is
called an algebraic expression.

POLYNOMIALS
A polynomial is an algebraic expression consisting of variables and coefficients, having non-negative
integral powers. e.g. x 3 + 5x 2 − 1, 3x 3 + 4x 2 y + 17 etc.
(i) 3x 2 + 9x − 1 + 7 / x is not a polynomial as it contains a term, namely 7 / x, having negative integral
power of variable x.
(ii) 5x 2 − 7 x 7/2 + x − 1 is not a polynomial as the term −7 x 7/2 contains rational power of variable x.

Degree of a Polynomial
The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial, is known as degree of polynomial.
e.g. (i) 4x 3 − 9x 2 + 7 x + 9 is a polynomial with variable x of degree 3.
(ii) 4x 3 y − 3x 2 + 2xy + 1 is a polynomial of degree 4.

Various Types of Polynomials

Polynomials are classified on the basis of degree of polynomial and number of terms which are given
below.
Based on Degree of Polynomial
(i) Constant polynomial A polynomial of degree zero, is called constant polynomial. e.g. f ( x) = 8.
Note The polynomial f( x) = 0 is called the zero polynomial. The degree of zero polynomial is not defined.
MATHEMATICS Algebraic Operations 121

(ii) Linear polynomial A polynomial of degree 1, is • ( a 3 − b 3 ) = ( a − b) ( a 2 + b 2 + ab)

called linear polynomial. e.g. 9x + 7, x − 9, x + 2 etc. • ( a + b + c ) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ac )
(iii) Quadratic polynomial A polynomial of degree 2, is • a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc = ( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2
called quadratic polynomial. − ab − ac − bc)
The general form of quadratic polynomial in x is • If a + b + c = 0, then a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are real and a ≠ 0. • a 4 + a 2 b 2 + b 4 = ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 )
e.g. x 2 − 7 x + 12, 5 y 2 − 7, z 2 − 4 etc., are all quadratic
polynomials. Methods of Factorisation
(iv) Cubic polynomial A polynomial of degree 3, is These methods are given below
called cubic polynomial.
Factorisation by Taking Out the
The general form of a cubic polynomial in x is
Common Factor
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , where a, b, c and d are real and a ≠ 0.
If each term of an expression has a common factor, take
e.g. 3x 3 + 2x 2 + 7 x − 1 , 8 y 3 + 5 y + 2, x 3 − 8 etc., are out the common factors.
all cubic polynomials.
EXAMPLE 1. Factorise value of 4(3a −2b) 2 − 5(3a −2b) is
(v) Biquadratic polynomial A polynomial of degree 4,
is called a biquadratic polynomial. a. ( 3a − 2b)(12a − 8b − 5) b. ( 2a − 3b)(12a − 8b)
The general form of a biquadratic polynomial in x is c. ( 2a − 3b)( 8 a − 12b − 5) d. None of these
ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e, where a, b, c, d and e are Sol. a. 4 ( 3a − 2b) 2 − 5( 3a − 2b) = ( 3a − 2b)[ 4( 3a − 2b) − 5]
real numbers and a ≠ 0. = ( 3a − 2b)[12a − 8b − 5]
e.g. 6x 4 + 3x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2, x 4 − 8 etc.,
Factorisation by Grouping
are all biquadratic polynomials.
Sometimes in a given polynomial, it is not possible to
Based on Number of Terms take out a common factor directly. However, on
rearranging the terms of the polynomial and grouping
(i) Monomial A polynomial containing only one term them such that all the terms have a common factor, the
is called a monomial. e.g. 6x 2 polynomial can be easily factorised.
(ii) Binomial A polynomial containing two terms is
called a binomial. e.g. 5x 3 + 7 xy EXAMPLE 2. Factorise x 2 + y − xy − x
(iii) Trinomial A polynomial containing three terms is a. ( x − y )( x + 1) b. ( x − y )( x 2 − 1)
called a trinomial. e.g. 7 x 2 y + 5x + 6 c. ( x + y )( x2 + 1) d. ( x − y )( x − 1)

Sol. d. Method I x2 + y − xy − x = x2 − x + y − xy
FACTORISATION = x ( x − 1) + y(1 − x) = x ( x − 1) − y( x − 1) = ( x − 1)( x − y)
To express a polynomial as the product of other Method II x2 + y − xy − x = x2 − xy + y − x
polynomials of degree less than that of the given = x ( x − y) − 1( x − y) = ( x − y)( x − 1)
polynomial is called as factorisation.
4 4
e.g. x 2 − 49 = x 2 − 7 2 = ( x − 7 )( x + 7 ) EXAMPLE 3. Factorise x 2 + 2 + 4 − 2x −
x x
Important Identities  2  2   2  2 
a.  x −   x + + 2 b.  x −   x + − 2
 x  x   x  x 
• ( a 2 − b 2 ) = ( a + b)( a − b)  2  2 
c.  x +  x + − 2 d. None of these
• ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab and ( a − b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab  x  x 
( a + b) 2 − ( a − b) 2 = 4ab
Sol. c.  x2 + 2 + 4 − 2x −  =  x2 + 2 + 4 − 2  x + 
• 4 4 4 2
• ( a + b) 2 + ( a − b) 2 = 2 ( a 2 + b 2 )  x x  x   x
( a + b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab ( a + b) 2
=  x +
2
 − 2  x +
2  2 
  x + − 2
• 2
 = x +
• ( a − b) 3 = a 3 − b 3 − 3ab ( a − b)  x  x  x  x 
• ( a 3 + b 3 ) = ( a + b) ( a 2 + b 2 − ab)
122 CDS Pathfinder

Factorisation of Perfect Sol. c. 4 3x2 + 5x − 2 3 = 4 3x2 + 8x − 3x − 2 3

Square Polynomials [Q 4 3 × ( − 2 3) = − 24 = 8 × ( − 3)]
= 4x ( 3x + 2) − 3( 3x + 2)
If the polynomial is given as the perfect square
= ( 3x + 2)( 4x − 3)
quadratic polynomial, then use the following Identities
to factorise it. Factorisation of Sum and
• a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = ( a + b) 2 • a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = ( a − b) 2 Difference of Cubes
In case, the polynomial is given in the form of a 3 + b 3 or
EXAMPLE 4. Factorise 16 x 2 − 8x + 1
a 3 − b 3 . To factorise it, following identities can be
a. ( 2x − 1)2 b. ( x − 4)2 c. ( x − 2)2 d. ( 4 x − 1)2 applied.
Sol. d. 16x2 − 8x + 1 = ( 4x) 2 − 2( 4x) + 12 = ( 4x − 1) 2 • a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b)( a 2 − ab + b 2 )
= ( 4x − 1)( 4x − 1) • a 3 − b 3 = ( a − b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 )

EXAMPLE 5. Factorise x 2 − 2 5x + 5 EXAMPLE 9. Factorise (2x + 3y ) 3 − (2x − 3y ) 3

a. ( x 5 − 1)2 b. ( x − 5)2 c. ( x + 5)( x − 5) d. ( x − 5)2 a. 18( 4 x2 + 3y 2 ) b. 18 y ( 3x2 + 4 y 2 )
c. xy ( 4 x2 + 3y 2 ) d. 18 y ( 4 x2 + 3y 2 )
Sol. d. x2 − 2 5x + 5 = x2 − 2 5x + ( 5) 2 = ( x − 5) 2
= ( x − 5)( x − 5) Sol. d. ( 2x + 3y) 3 − ( 2x − 3y) 3
Put 2x + 3y = a and 2x − 3y = b
Factorising the Difference of Two Squares
⇒ a3 − b3 = ( a − b)( a2 + ab + b2) = ( 2x + 3y − 2x + 3y)
In case, the polynomial is given in the form of a 2 − b 2 , [( 2x + 3y) 2 + ( 2x + 3y)( 2x − 3y) + ( 2x − 3y) 2 ]
to evaluate it, following identity is applied. = 6y[ 4x2 + 9y 2 + 12xy + 4x2 − 9y 2 + 4x2
• a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b)( a + b) + 9y 2 − 12xy ]
= 6y[12x + 9y ] = 18y[ 4x + 3y 2 ]
2 2 2

EXAMPLE 6. Factorise 2a 5 − 32a

Hence, ( 2x + 3y) 3 − ( 2x − 3y) 3 = 18y[ 4x2 + 3y 2 ]
a. ( a + 4)( a − 2)( a + 2)
2
b. 2a ( a + 4)( a − 2)( a + 2)
2

c. 2a ( a + 4)
2
d. None of these Factorisation of Polynomial of form
a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc
Sol. b. 2a5 − 32a = 2a( a4 − 16)
Here, it is easy to use.
= 2a[( a2) 2 − ( 4) 2 ] = 2a( a2 + 4)( a2 − 4)
• a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc
= 2a( a2 + 4)( a2 − 22) = 2a( a2 + 4)( a − 2)( a + 2) = ( a + b + c )( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac )
• If a + b + c = 0, then a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials
Quadratic polynomials of the type ax 2 + bx + c, where EXAMPLE 10. Factorise x 3 + 27 y 3 + 8x 3 − 18xyz
a ≠ 0, a and b are coefficients of x 2 and x respectively a. ( x + 3y + 2z)( x2 + 9 y 2 + 4 z2 + 3xy + 6 yz + 2xz)
and c is constant, can be factorised by splitting the
b. ( x + 3y + 2z)( x2 + 9 y 2 + 4 z2 − 3xy − 6 yz − 2xz)
middle term. We find two numbers p and q such that
c. ( x − 3y − 2z)( x2 + 9 y 2 − 4 z2 − 3xy + 6 yz + 2xz)
p + q = b and pq = ac, then
d. None of the above
ax 2 + bx + c = ax 2 + ( p + q)x + c = ax 2 + px + qx + c
Sol. b. x3 + 27y 3 + 8z 3 − 18xyz
EXAMPLE 7. Factorise x 2 + 9x + 14 = x3 + ( 3y) 3 + ( 2z) 3 − 3( x)( 3y)( 2z)
= ( x + 3y + 2z)[ x2 + 9y 2 + 4z 2 − x ( 3y)
a. ( x + 2)( x + 7) b. ( x − 2)( x − 7) − 3y( 2z) − x ( 2z)]
c. ( x + 2)( x − 7) d. ( x − 2)( x + 7) = ( x + 3y + 2z)([ x2 + 9y 2 + 4z 2 − 3xy − 6yz − 2xz ])

Sol. a. x2 + 9x + 14 = x2 + (7 + 2) x + 14 = x2 + 7x + 2x + 14 EXAMPLE 11. Factorise

= x ( x + 7) + 2( x + 7) = ( x + 7)( x + 2) (2x − 3y ) 3 + (3y − 5z) 3 + (5z − 2x) 3
a. 3( 2x − 3y )( 3y − 5z)( 5z − 2x)
EXAMPLE 8. Factorise 4 3x 2 + 5x − 2 3 b. ( 2x − 3y )( 3y − 5z)( 5z − 2x)
a. ( 2x + 3)( 4 x − 3) b. ( 2x − 3)( 4 x + 3) c. 3( 2x − 3y )( 3y + 5z)( 5z − 2x)
c. ( 3x + 2)( 4 x − 3) d. None of these d. None of the above
MATHEMATICS Algebraic Operations 123

Sol. a. Here, 2x − 3y = a, 3y − 5z = b and 5z − 2x = c EXAMPLE 14. If two factors of a 4 − 2a 3 − 9a 2 + 2a + 8

Q a + b + c = 0 ⇒ a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc are (a +1) and (a −1), then what are the other two
∴ ( 2x − 3y) 3 + ( 3y − 5z) 3 + ( 5z − 2x) 3 factors?
= 3( 2x − 3y)( 3y − 5z)( 5z − 2x) a. ( a − 2) and ( a + 4) b. ( a + 2) and ( a + 4)
c. ( a + 2) and ( a − 4) d. ( a − 2) and ( a − 4)
Remainder Theorem
Sol. c. Let f ( a) = a4 − 2a3 − 9a2 + 2a + 8
Let p( x) be a polynomial of degree n greater than or and ( a + 1) and ( a − 1) are two factors of f ( a).
equal to 1 (i.e. n ≥ 1) and a be any real number. If p( x) is Now, by division method,
divided by the linear polynomial ( x − a), then the a2 –1) a4 – 2a3 – 9a2 + 2a + 8 (a2 – 2a – 8
remainder is p( a). Remainder can be evaluated by a4 – a2
substituting x − a = 0, i.e. x = a in p( x) .
– 2a3 – 8a2 + 2a + 8
EXAMPLE 12. The remainder when – 2a3 2a
12x 3 − 13x 2 − 5x + 9 is divided by (3x + 2) is
– 8a2 +8
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 0 – 8a2 +8
Sol. c. Let p( x) = 12x3 − 13x2 − 5x + 9 and q( x) = 3x + 2 ×
−2
When p ( x) is divided by ( 3x + 2), then remainder is p   . So, the required factor of f ( a) is ( a2 − 2a − 8).
 3 Further factorise it by splitting the middle term, i.e.
−2 −2 3 −2 2 −2
Now, p   = 12   − 13   − 5   + 9 a2 − 2a − 8 = a2 − 4a + 2a − 8
 3  3  3  3
= a( a − 4) + 2( a − 4) = ( a + 2)( a − 4)
−8
= 12 ×   − 13 × +
4 10 Hence, ( a + 2) and ( a − 4) are other two factors of f ( a).
+9=3
 27 9 3
Hence, the required remainder is 3. Factorisation of Polynomials
Factor Theorem Using Factor Theorem
Let p( x) be a polynomial, if degree n ≥ 1 and a be any To factorise the polynomial, follow the following steps
real number. Then, (i) Let p ( x) be a given polynomial.
(i) If p( a) = 0, then ( x − a) is a factor of p( x) . (ii) find all the possible factors of constant term in p ( x).
(ii) If ( x − a) is a factor of p( x), then p( a) = 0. (iii) Take any one of the factors, say (α ) and find p (α ). If
p (α ) = 0 the ( x − α ) is a factor of p ( x).
EXAMPLE 13. For what values of k will
4x 5 + 9x 4 − 7 x 3 − 5x 2 − 4kx + 3k 2 (iv) Divide the polynomial p ( x) by ( x − α ) to find its all
contain x −1 as a factor? other factors.
1 1 1
a. 3, − b. 3, −1 c. 0, d. 1, EXAMPLE 15. Factorise 2x 3 − 5x 2 − 19x + 42 .
2 3 3
Sol. d. Given, P( x) = 4x5 + 9x4 − 7x3 − 5x2 − 4kx + 3k 2 a. ( x − 2) ( 2x − 7) ( x + 3) b. ( x + 2) ( 2x + 7) ( x − 3)
Since, ( x − 1) is a factor of P( x). ∴ P(1) = 0 c. ( x − 1) ( 3x − 7) ( x − 4) d. ( 2x + 3) ( 4 x − 7) ( x − 1)
⇒ 4 × (1) 5 + 9 × (1) 4 − 7 × (1) 3 − 5 × (1) 2 −4 × k × (1) + 3 × k 2 = 0 Sol. a. Let p ( x) = 2x3 − 5x2 − 19x + 42
⇒ 3k 2 − 4k + 1 = 0 ⇒ 3k 2 − 3k − k + 1 = 0 Hence, constant term is 42 and its all factors are = ± 1,
1 ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ± 7, ± 14, ± 21 and ± 42.
⇒ ( 3k − 1)( k − 1) = 0 ⇒ k = , 1
3
At x = 1, p (1) = 2(1) 3 − 5(1) 2 − 19 + 42
Division Synthetic Algorithm = 2 − 5 − 19 + 42 = 20 ≠ 0
So, ( x − 1) is not a factor of p ( x).
If p( x) and g( x) any two polynomials with g( x) ≠ 0, then
At x = 2, p ( 2) = 2( 2) 3 − 5( 2) 2 − 19( 2) + 42 = 58 − 58 = 0
we can find polynomials q( x) and r ( x) such that
So, ( x − 2) is a factor of p ( x).
p( x) = g( x) × q( x) + r ( x) Now, on dividing p ( x) by ( x − 2), we get ( 2x 2 − x − 2) as
i.e. Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder quotient i.e. other factor of p( x).
where, r ( x) = 0 or degree of r ( x) < degree of g( x) , then So, p ( x) = ( x − 2)[ 2x2 − x − 21]
we say that p( x) divided by g( x), gives q ( x) as quotient = ( x − 2) ( 2x2 − 7x + 6x − 21)
and r ( x) as remainder.
= ( x − 2)[ x ( 2x − 7) + 3 ( 2x − 7)]
If the remainder r ( x) is zero, we say that divisor g ( x) is ∴ p ( x) = ( x − 2)( 2x − 7)( x + 3)
a factor of p ( x).
124 CDS Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
x = 5, y = 3 and z = 2, then 10. What are the factors of  x 2 − 2x − 9 ?
1. If the value of 1
x + y 2 + z 2 − 2xy + 2 yz − 2zx is
2 3 
1 1
(a) 125 (b) 0 (c) −25 (d) 10 (a) (x − 9)(x + 3) (b) (x − 9)(x − 3)
3 3
2. The factors of x 2 − 2 3x + 3 are 1 1
(c) (x + 9)(x + 3) (d) (x + 9)(x − 3)
(a) (x + 3 )2 (b) (x − 3 )2 3 3
(c) (x + 3 )(x − 3) (d) (x + 2 )(x + 3) 11. What are the factors of ( 6 3x 2 − 47x + 5 3 )?
3. The factors of ( a b − 16c ) are 4 4 4
(a) (3 3x + 5 3 )(2 x − 5 3 )
(a) 4(a2 b 2 + c 2 )(ab − 2c )(ab + 2c ) (b) (3 3x − 5 3 )(x 3x + 1)
(b) (a2 b 2 − 4 c 2 )(ab + 2c )2 (c) (2 x + 5 3 )(3 3x + 1)
(c) (a2 b 2 + 4 c 2 )(ab + 2c )(ab − 2 c ) (d) (2 x − 5 3 )(3 3x − 1)
(d) (a2 b 2 − 4 c 2 )2 (ab + 2c )(ab + 4 c ) 12. The factors of ( 8a3 + 125b3 − 64c3 + 120abc) are
4. The factors of ( x 8 − y 8 ) are (a) (2 a + 5b − 4 c ) (2 a + 5b + 4c )
(b) (2 a − 5b − 4 c ) (2 a + 5b + 4c )
(a) (x + y )(x + y )(x + y)(x − y)
4 4 2 2
(c) (2 a + 5b − 4c ) (4a2 + 25b 2 + 16c 2 − 10ab + 20bc + 8ac )
(b) (x2 + y2 )2 (x + y)(x − y)
(d) (2 a + 5b + 4c ) (4a2 + 25b 2 + 16c 2 − 10ab + 20bc + 8ac )
(c) (x4 + y4 )(x2 + y2 )2
(d) (x2 + y2 )(x − y)2 13. If x1/ 3 + y1/ 3 + z1/ 3 = 0, then
5. The factors of  a 2 + a +  are (a) x + y + z = 0 (b) ( x + y + z)3 = 27 xyz
1
 4 (c) x + y + z = 3 xyz (d) x3 + y3 + z3 = 0
2
(a)  a +  (b)  a +  (a + 2 )
1 1 1 1
 2  2 14. If x + = 5, then the value of x3 + 3 is
x x
2
(c)  a +   a −  (d)  a − 
1 1 1 (a) 8 5 (b) 2 5 (c) 5 5 (d) 7 5
 2  2  2
15. If  x +  = 6, then  x 2 + 2  is equal to
1 1
6. The factors of 8 − 4x − 2x3 + x 4 are   x  x
(a) (2 − x)(4 − x3 ) (b) (2 + x)(4 − x3 ) (a) 32 (b) 38 (c) 34 (d) 44
(c) (2 + x)(3 − x3 ) (d) (2 − x)(x3 − 4) 1 1 9
16. If x − = , then what is 9x 2 + 2 equal to?
7. The factors of ( a 2 − b2 − 4ac + 4c2 ) are x 3 x
(a) (a + 2c + b )(a − 2c − b ) (b) (a − 2c + b )(a − 2c − b ) (a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 21
(c) (a − 2 b + c )(a + b + 2c ) (d) (a − 2 b )(a + 2 b + 2c )
17. If a + b + c = 6 and a 2 + b2 + c2 = 26, then what is
8. What are the factors of x + 4 y + 4 y − 4xy
2 2
ab + bc + ca equal to?
−2x − 8? (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
(a) (x − 2 y − 4) and (x − 2 y + 2 )
−4
(b) (x − y + 2 ) and (x − 4 y + 4) 18. If ( x + x ) = 322, then what is one of the value
4

(c) (x − y + 2 ) and (x − 4 y − 4) of ( x − x − 1 )?
(d) (x + 2 y − 4) and (x + 2 y + 2 ) (a) 18 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 4
2 1
9. Factorise a − 3 − 2a +3
19. If a + b + c = 0, then what is the value of
a a
a 2 b2 c2
(a)  a +   a2 + 2  − 2  a −  + +
1 1 1 ?
 a  a   a bc ca ab
1  2 
(b)  a −   a + 2 + 1 + 2  a − 
  (a) − 3
1 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
 a  a   a
 1  1 20. If a + b + c = 10 and ab + bc + ca = 31, then the
(c)  a +   a − 
 a  a value of a 2 + b2 + c2 is
(d) None of the above (a) 48 (b) 38 (c) 28 (d) 18
MATHEMATICS Algebraic Operations 125

1 1 32. If the remainder of the polynomial

21. The factors of x 2 + + 1 − 2x − are
4x 2
x a0 + a1x + a2x 2 + L + an x n when divided by ( x − 1)
(a)  x −
1 
+ 2  (b)  x +
1 
− 2 
1 1
 x −  x + is 1, then which one of the following is correct?
 2x  2x   2x  2x  (a) a0 + a2 + L = a1 + a3 + L
(c)  x −
1   (d)  x +
1 1  1  a0 + a2 + L = 1 + a1 + a3 + L
 x − − 2  x − − 2 (b)
 2x  2x   2x  2x 
(c) 1 + a0 + a2 + L = − (a1 + a3 + L )
22. The factors of ( a 2 − b2 ) ( c2 − d 2 ) − 4abcd are (d) 1 − a0 − a2 − L = a1 + a3 + L
(a) (ac + bd + bc + ad ) (ac − bd − bc − ad ) 33. If u , v and w are real numbers such that
(b) (ac − bd − bc + ad ) (ac + bd + dc + ab ) u3 − 8v3 − 27w3 = 18 uvw, then which one of the
(c) (ac − bd + bc + ad ) (ac − bd − bc − ad )
following is correct?
(d) (ac − bd − bc − ad ) (ac + bd + dc + ab )
(a) u − v + w = 0 (b) u = − v = − w
1 17 (c) u − 2 v = 3w (d) u + 2 v = − 3w
23. If ‘a’ is an integer such that a + = , then the
a 4
 1 34. The value of ( a1/ 8 + a − 1/ 8 ) ( a1/ 8 − a − 1/ 8 ) ( a1/ 4 + a − 1/ 4 )
value of  a −  is
 a ( a1/ 2 + a − 1/ 2 ) is
(a) 4 (b)
13
(c)
17
(d)
15 (a) (a + a− 1 ) (b) (a − a− 1 ) (c) (a2 + a− 2 ) (d) (a2 − a− 2 )
4 4 4
24. x 4 + 4 y 4 is divisible by which one of the following? 35. The polynomial f ( x ) = x 4 − 2x3 + 3x 2 − ax + b,
(a) (x2 + 2 xy + 2 y2 ) (b) (x2 + 2 y2 )
when divided by ( x − 1) and ( x + 1) leaves the
remainders 5 and 19, respectively. The values of
(c) (x − 2 y )
2 2
(d) None of these a and b are
25. If x ( x + y + z ) = 9, y ( x + y + z ) = 16 and (a) a = 4, b = 3 (b) a = 3, b = 4
z ( x + y + z ) = 144, then x equal to (c) a = 5, b = 8 (d) a = 9, b = 7
9 9 9 16
(a) (b) (c) (d) 36. If the expression ax 2 + bx + c is equal to 4 when
5 7 13 13
x = 0, leaves a remainder 4 when divided by x + 1
26. If x = ( b − c) ( a − d ), y = ( c − a ) ( b − d ) and z = ( a − b) and a remainder 6 when divided by x + 2., then
( c − d ), then what is x3 + y3 + z3 equal to? the values of a , b and c are respectively:
(a) xyz (b) 2xyz (c) 3xyz (d) − 3xyz (a) 1, 1, 4 (b) 2, 2, 4 (c) 3, 3, 4 (d) 4, 4, 4

27. If the expression ( px3 + x 2 − 2x − q ) is divisible by 37. If ( x3/ 2 − xy1/ 2 + x1/ 2 y − y3/ 2 ) is divided by
( x − 1) and ( x + 1), what are the values of p and q x1/ 2
− y1/ 2 the quotient is
respectively? (a) x − y (b) x + y (c) x1/ 2 + y1/ 2 (d) x2 − y2
(a) 2, − 1 (b) − 2, 1 (c) − 2, − 1 (d) 2, 1
38. If, 9x 2 + 3 px + 6q when divided by 3x + 1 leaves a
28. If the expression px + 3x − 3 and 2x3 − 5x + p
3 2
3
when divided by x − 4 leave the same remainder,
remainder −
and qx 2 + 4 px + 7 is exactly
4
then what is the value of p? divisible by x + 1, then the values of p and q
(a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) − 2 (d) 2 respectively are
29. Let f ( x ) = a0x + a1x
n n −1
+ a2 x n −2
+...+ an −1x + an , (a) 0, 7 / 4 (b) −7 / 4, 0
7
where a0 , a1 , a2... an are constants. If f ( x ) is (c) , 0 (d) None of these
4
divided by ax − b, the remainder is
−b  −a 39. If a + b + c = 1, then which of the following
(a) f   (b) f  (c) f   (d) f  
b a
 statements are true?
 a  a   b  b
I. (a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) = bc + ac + ab − abc
30. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Remainder theorem is a special case of factor II. a 2 + b2 − c2 + 2ab = a + b − c
theorem (a) Only I (b) Only II
(b) Factor theorem is a special case of remainder (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
theorem
1
(c) Factor theorem and remainder theorem are two 40. If x + = 4, then the value of expression
independent results x
(d) None of the above 1
I. x3 + = 52 II. x = 2 + 3
31. What is x ( y − z ) ( y + z ) + y ( z − x ) ( z + x ) + z( x − y ) x3
( x + y ) equal to? Which of the following is correct?
(a) (x + y) ( y + z) ( z + x) (b) (x − y) (x − z) ( z − y) (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) (x + y) ( z − y) (x − z) (d) ( y − x) ( z − y) (x − z) (c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I and II
126 CDS Pathfinder

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 52. x( y 2 − z 2 ) + y( z 2 − x 2 ) + z( x 2 − y 2 ) is divisible by

(a) Only ( y − z) e 2013 II
41. What is the value of k that ( 2x − 1) may be a (b) Only ( z − x)
factor of 4x 4 − ( k − 1)x3 + kx 2 − 6x + 1? e 2012 I (c) Both (y − z) and ( z − x)
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 13 (d) Neither ( y − z) nor ( z − x)
42. x 4 + xy3 + x3 y + xz3 + y 4 + yz3 is divisible by 53. Consider the following statements
(a) Only (x − y) e 2012 I I. x + 3 is the factor of x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 8.
(b) Only (x 3 + y 3 + z 3) II. x − 2 is the factor of x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 8.
(c) Both (x + y) and (x 3 + y 3 + z 3 ) Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(d) None of the above correct? e 2013 II
43. If x3 + 5x 2 + 10k leaves remainder −2x when (a) Only I (b) Only II
divided by x + 2, then what is the value of k?
2 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

e 2012 I 54. x3 + 6x 2 + 11x + 6 is divisible by e 2014 I

(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2 (a) Only (x + 1) (b) Only (x + 2 )
1 (c) Only (x + 3) (d) All of these
44. If x + = a , then what is the value of
x 55. What should be added to the x ( x + a ) ( x + 2a )
1 1
x3 + x 2 + 3 + 2 ? ( x + 3a ), so that the sum be a perfect square?
x x e 2012 I
(a) 9 a2 (b) 4a2 e 2014 I
(a) a + a
3 2
(b) a + a − 5a
3 2
(c) a4 (d) None of these
(c) a3 + a2 − 3a − 2 (d) a3 + a2 − 4a − 2
56. If  x 2 +
1  17  1
45. If p ( x ) is a common multiple of degree 6 of the 2
= , then what is  x3 − 3  equal to?
 x  4  x 
polynomials f ( x ) = x3 + x 2 − x − 1 and e 2014 I
75 63 95
g ( x ) = x3 − x 2 + x − 1, then which one of the (a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
16 8 8
following is correct? e 2012 I
(a) p(x) = (x − 1)2 (x + 1)2 (x2 + 1) 57. What is the remainder when x5 − 5x 2 + 125 is
(b) p(x) = (x − 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)2 divided by x + 5? e 2014 II
(c) p(x) = (x − 1)3 (x + 1) (x2 + 1) (a) 0 (b) 125 (c) − 3125 (d) 3125
(d) p(x) = (x − 1)2 (x4 + 1) 58. If ax + by − 2 = 0 and axby = 1, where a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0,
46. What is the value of k which will make the then what is ( a 2x + b2 y ) equal to? e 2014 II
expression 4k + 12k + k a perfect square?e 2012 II
2
(a) a + b (b) 2ab (c) a 3 + b 3 (d) a 4 + b 4
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
47. The factors of 5 px − 10qy + 2rpx − 4 qry is/are 59. If ( x + k) is the common factor of x 2 + ax + b and
(a) Only (5 + 2 r ) e 2013 I x 2 + cx + d, then what is k equal to? e 2014 II
(b) Only ( px − 2qy) (a) (d − b ) / (c − a ) (b) (d − b ) / (a − c )
(c) Both (5 + 2 r ) and ( px − 2qy) (c) (d + b ) / (c + a ) (d) (d − b ) / (c + a )
(d) Neither (5 + 2 r ) nor ( px − 2qy)
60. Consider the following statements:
48. ( a + 1)4 − a 4 is divisible by e 2013 I I. (a − b − c) is one of the factors of
(a) − 2 a 2 + 2 a − 1 (b) 2 a 3 − 2 a − 1 3abc + b3 + c3 − a3 .
(c) 2 a 3 − 2 a + 1 (d) 2 a 2 + 2 a + 1 II. (b + c − 1) is one of the factors of 3bc + b3 + c3 − 1.
49. One of the factors of the polynomial Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
x 4 − 7x3 + 5x 2 − 6x + 81 is e 2013 I correct? e 2014 II
(a) x + 2 (b) x − 2 (c) x + 3 (d) x − 3 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
50. If the expression x3 + 3x 2 + 4x + k has a factor
x + 5, then what is the value of k? e 2013 II
61. For what value of k is ( x − 5) a factor of
(a) −70 (b) 70 (c) 48 (d) −48 x3 − 3x 2 + kx − 10 ? e 2015 I
(a) −8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
51. The quantity which must be added to
(1 − x )(1 + x 2 ) to obtain x3 is e 2013 II
62. If x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 + 3xyz is equal to
(a) 2 x3 + 3x2 + x + 1 (b) 2 x3 + x2 + x − 1 e 2015 I
(c) 2 x3 − x2 + x − 1 (d) − x3 + x − 1 (a) 0 (b) 6xyz (c) 12xyz (d) xyz
MATHEMATICS Algebraic Operations 127

63. The expression x3 q 2 − x3 pt + 4x 2 pt −4x 2q 2 66. If the polynomial x 6 + px5 + qx 4 − x 2 − x − 3 is

+3xq 2 − 3xpt is divisible by divisible by ( x 4 − 1), then the value of
e 2015 I
(a) Only (x − 1) (b) Only (x − 3) p2 + q 2 is e 2016 I
(c) Both (x − 1) and (x − 3) (d) Neither (x − 1) nor (x − 3) (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 13

64. Which one of the following is correct? e 2015 II 67. If the linear factors of ax 2 − ( a 2 + 1) x + a are p
(a) (x + 2 ) is a factor of x4 − 6x3 + 12 x2 − 24x + 32 and q, then p + q is equal to e 2016 I

(b) (x + 2 ) is a factor of x4 + 6x3 − 12 x2 + 24x − 32 (a) (x − 1) (a + 1) (b) (x + 1) (a + 1)

(c) (x − 1) (a − 1) (d) (x + 1) (a − 1)
(c) (x − 2 ) is a factor of x − 6x + 12 x − 24x + 32
4 3 2

(d) (x − 2 ) is a factor of x4 + 6x3 − 12 x2 + 24x − 32 x 10 y

68. If = − and x − y = 8, then the value of
65. For what value of k ( x + 1) is a factor of y 3 x
x3 + kx 2 − x + 2 ? e 2016 I
xy is equal to e 2016 I

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) −2 (a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 16 (d) 9

ANSWERS
1 b 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 a 6 a 7 b 8 a 9 d 10 a
11 d 12 c 13 b 14 b 15 c 16 b 17 d 18 d 19 d 20 b
21 b 22 c 23 d 24 a 25 c 26 c 27 d 28 b 29 a 30 b
31 b 32 d 33 c 34 b 35 c 36 a 37 b 38 c 39 c 40 d
41 d 42 c 43 c 44 c 45 a 46 d 47 c 48 d 49 d 50 b
51 c 52 c 53 d 54 d 55 c 56 b 57 c 58 a 59 a 60 c
61 a 62 b 63 c 64 c 65 d 66 c 67 a 68 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (b) x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2xy + 2 yz − 2zx 5. (a)  a 2 + a +  = a 2 + a + a + ∴ z 2 − 2z − 8 = z 2 − 4z + 2z − 8
1 1 1 1
 4 2 2 4 = z(z − 4) + 2(z − 4)
= ( x − y − z ) = (5 − 3 − 2 ) = 0
2 2
= (z + 2)(z − 4)
= a  a +  +  a + 
1 1 1
[Q x = 5, y = 3 and z = 2]
 2  2  2 Now, put z = x − 2 y
2. (b) x − 2 3 x + 3
2
2 ∴ ( x − 2 y + 2)
=  a +   a + 1 =  a + 1
1
= x2 − 3 x − 3 x + 3     and ( x − 2 y − 4) are required factors.
 2  2  2
= x( x − 3 ) − 3 ( x − 1 2
3) 9. (d) a 3 − 3 − 2a +
6. (a) 8 − 4x − 2x3 + x4 a a
= ( x − 3 ) ( x − 3 ) = ( x − 3 )2 3
= 4 ( 2 − x) − x 3 ( 2 − x)
= a −   − 2  a − 

3 1  1
3. (c) ( a b − 16c ) = [( a b ) − ( 4c ) ]
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2
= ( 2 − x) ( 4 − x 3 )  a  a
=  a −   a 2 + 2 + 1 − 2  a − 
1 1 1
= [ a 2 b 2 + 4c 2 ] [ a 2 b 2 − 4c 2 ] 7. (b) ( a 2 − b 2 − 4ac + 4c 2 )
 a  a   a
[Q a − b = ( a − b ) ( a + b )]
2 2 = ( a 2 − 4ac + 4c 2 ) − b 2
=  a −   a 2 + 2 − 1
1 1
= [ a 2 b 2 + 4c 2 ] [( ab )2 − ( 2c )2 ] [( a )2 − 2( 2c )( a ) + ( 2c )2 ] − b 2  a  a 
= ( a − 2c )2 − b 2 ( x2 − 6x − 27)
= [ a 2 b 2 + 4c 2 ] [( ab + 2c ) ( ab − 2c )] 10. (a)  x2 − 2x − 9 =
1
= ( a − 2c − b ) ( a − 2c + b ) 3  3
4. (a) x8 − y 8 = [( x4 )2 − ( y 4 )2 ] 1 2
8. (a) x + 4 y 2 + 4 y − 4xy − 2x − 8
2
= [ x − 9x + 3x − 27]
= [ x4 + y 4 ][ x4 − y 4 ] 3
= x2 − 4xy + 4 y 2 − 2x + 4 y − 8 1
= [ x4 + y 4 ][( x2 )2 − ( y 2 )2 ] = [ x( x − 9) + 3 ( x − 9)]
= ( x − 2 y )2 − 2 ( x − 2 y ) − 8 3
= ( x4 + y 4 )( x2 + y 2 )( x2 − y 2 ) 1
Let x − 2 y = z = ( x + 3) ( x − 9)
= ( x4 + y 4 ) ( x2 + y 2 ) ( x + y ) ( x − y ) 3
128 CDS Pathfinder

11. (d) 6 3 x2 − 47x + 5 3 1 25. (c) Given, x ( x + y + z ) = 9,

18. (d) Given, x4 + = 322
= 6 3 x2 − 45x − 2x + 5 3 x4 y ( x + y + z ) = 16
2
⇒  x2 + 2  − 2 = 322
1 and z ( x + y + z ) = 144
= 3 3 x ( 2x − 5 3 ) − 1 ( 2x − 5 3 )
 x 
= ( 2x − 5 3 ) (3 3 x − 1) 2 On adding all three equations, we get
⇒  x2 + 1  = 324 = 182
  x( x + y + z ) + y( x + y + z ) + z( x + y + z )
12. (c) 8a 3 + 125b 3 − 64c 3 + 120abc  x 
2

1 = 9 + 16 + 144
= ( 2a )3 + (5b )3 − ( 4c )3 + 120abc ⇒ x2 + 2 = 18
x ⇒ ( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z ) = 9 + 16 + 144
= ( 2a ) + (5b ) + ( − 4c ) − 3( 2a )
3 3 3
2
⇒ ( x + y + z )2 = 169
⇒  x −  + 2 = 18 ⇒ x − = 4
1 1
(5 b ) ( − 4 c )  ⇒ x + y + z = 13
x x
= ( 2a + 5b − 4c ) ( 4a 2 + 25b 2 + 16 c 2 Q x ( x + y + z) = 9
19. (d) Given, a + b + c = 0 9
− 10ab + 20bc + 8ac) ⇒ x ( 13) = 9 ⇒ x =
⇒ a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3 abc 13
[Q a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc = ( a + b + c )
On dividing both sides by abc, we get 26. (c) Given, x = ( b − c ) ( a − d ),
( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac )]
a3 b3 c3 y = ( c − a) ( b − d )
⇒ + + =3
13. (b) Since, x 1 / 3 + y 1 / 3 + z1 / 3 = 0 abc abc abc and z = ( a − b) ( c − d )
∴( x 1 / 3 )3 + ( y 1 / 3 )3 + (z1 / 3 )3 a2 b2 c2 Q x + y + z = ( b − c) ( a − d )
⇒ + + =3
−3 x 1 / 3 y 1 / 3z1 / 3 = 0 bc ac ab + ( c − a) ( b − d )
⇒ x + y + z − 3( xyz )1 / 3 = 0 + ( a − b) ( c − d )
20. (b) Q ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
=0
⇒ x + y + z = 3( xyz )1 / 3 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
Hence, x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz
⇒ ( x + y + z )3 = 27xyz ( 10)2 = ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 2 (31)
3 27. (d) Here, px3 + x2 − 2x − q is divisible
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 100 − 62
14. (b) Q  x +  = x3 + 3 + 3  x + 
1 1 1 by ( x − 1) and ( x + 1).
 x x  x ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 38
1 ∴ p ( 1)3 + ( 1)2 − 2 ( 1) − q = 0
( 5 )3 = x3 + 3 + 3 ( 5 ) 1 1 ⇒ p−q=1 …(i)
x 21. (b) x2 + + 1 − 2x −
4x 2 x and p ( − 1)3 + ( − 1)2 − 2 ( − 1) − q = 0
Q x + 1 = 5 
⇒ p + q =3
=  x2 + + 1 − 2  x +
1 1 …(ii)
 x    

4x 2 2x  On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
⇒ x3 + =5 5 −3 5 = 2 5 2 p = 2 and q = 1
=  x +
x3 1  1
 − 2 x + 
 2x   2x  28. (b) Let f ( x) = px3 + 3x2 − 3
15. (c) Given,  x +  = 6
1
and g ( x) = 2x3 − 5x + p.
=  x +
1 
− 2
 x 1
 x +
 2x   2x  On dividing f ( x ) by ( x − 4), remainder is
On squaring both sides, we get
2
 x + 1  = 62 22. (c) ( a − b )( c − d ) − 4abcd
2 2 2 2 f ( 4) = p ( 4)3 + 3 ( 4)2 − 3
  = 64 p + 48 − 3 = 64 p + 45
 x = a c − a d − b c + b d − 4abcd
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1
⇒ x + 2 + 2 = 36
2 = ( a 2 c 2 + b 2 d 2 − 2abcd ) Similarly g( 4) = 2( 4)3 − 5 ( 4) + p
x − ( b c + a d + 2abcd )
2 2 2 2
= 128 − 20 + p = 108 + p
1
⇒ x + 2 = 34
2
= ( ac − bd )2 − ( bc + ad )2 But f ( 4) = g ( 4) [given]
x
= ( ac − bd + bc + ad )( ac − bd − bc − ad ) ∴ 64 p + 45 = 108 + p
1 1
16. (b) Given, x − = 2 ⇒ 63 p = 63 ⇒ p = 1
23. (d) Q  a −  =  a + 1 − 4
x 3 1
  29. (a) ax − b = 0 ⇒ x = b / a
3  a  a
⇒ 3x − = 1
x  17  − 4
2 By remainder theorem, if f ( x ) is divisible
=   by ax − b, the remainder is f ( b / a ).
On squaring both sides, we get  4
2
 17  30. (b) Factor theorem is a special case of
 3x − 3  = ( 1)2 Q given  a +  =
1
   remainder theorem.
 x  a 4 
9 289 − 64 31. (b) x ( y − z )( y + z ) + y (z − x) (z + x)
9x 2 + 2 − 2 × 9 = 1 = =
225 15
= + z (x − y) (x + y)
x 16 16 4
9 = x ( y 2 − z 2 ) + y (z 2 − x 2 )
⇒ 9x2 + 2 = 19 24. (a) x4 + 4 y 4 + z ( x2 − y 2 )
x
= x 4 + 4 y 4 + 4x 2 y 2 − 4x 2 y 2 = x ( y − z ) + yz − yx2
2 2 2

17. (d) Q ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 = ( x 2 + 2 y 2 ) 2 − ( 2 xy ) 2 + zx2 − zy 2

( ab + bc + ca ) = ( y − z ) ( xy + xz − x − yz )
2
= ( x2 + 2 y 2 − 2xy )
∴ ( 6) = 26 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2 = ( y − z ) [ y ( x − z ) + x (z − x)]
( x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 xy )
⇒ 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) = 10 = ( y − z ) (z − x ) ( x − y )
From above it is clear that x4 + 4 y 4 is
divisible by x2 + 2 y 2 + 2xy = ( x − y ) ( x − z ) (z − y )
⇒ ab + bc + ca = 5
MATHEMATICS Algebraic Operations 129

4 3
32. (d) Let f ( x) = a + a x + a x2 37. (b) x 3 / 2 − xy 1 / 2 + x 1 / 2 y − y 3 / 2
⇒ 4 ×   − ( k − 1) ×  
1 1
0 1 2
+ L + an x n = x ( x 1 / 2 − y 1 / 2 ) + y( x 1 / 2 − y 1 / 2 )  2  2
2
Since, ( x − 1) is a factor of f ( x). = ( x 1 / 2 − y 1 / 2 )( x + y ) + k ×   − 6 × + 1 = 0
1 1
Put x = 1 in f ( x), then  2 2
⇒ Quotient
f ( 1) = a + a + a + L + an ( x 1 / 2 − y 1 / 2 )( x + y ) 1 ( k − 1) k
0 1 2
= =x+ y ⇒ − + −2=0
⇒ 1 = a + a + a + L + an ( x 1 / 2 − y1 / 2 ) 4 8 4
0 1 2
∴ 1− a − a −L= a + a + L k ( k − 1) 1
0 2 1 3 38. (c) Let f ( x ) = 9x 2 + 3 px + 6q ⇒ − =2−
33. (c) Given, (u )3 + ( − 2v )3 + ( − 3w )3 4 8 4
Given, f ( −1 / 3) = −3 / 4
= 3 × ( − 2) ( − 3) uvw 2 2k − ( k − 1 ) 8−1 7
⇒ 9 −  + 3 p  −  + 6q = −3 / 4 ⇒ = =
1 1
∴ u + ( − 2v ) + ( − 3w ) = 0
 3  3 8 4 4
[Q a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc , then
⇒ 1 − p + 6 q = −3 / 4 ⇒ 8k − 4k + 4 = 56
a + b + c = 0]
⇒ u − 2v − 3w = 0 ⇒ 24q − 4 p + 7 = 0 …(i) ⇒ 4k = 52 ⇒ k = 13
∴ u − 2v = 3w Let g( x ) = qx 2 + 4 px + 7 Hence, the value of k is 13.
34. (b) We know that, ( a + b ) ( a − b ) Since, ( x + 1) is a factor of g( x ) 42. (c) Given, x4 + xy 3 + x3 y + xz 3
= a2 − b2 ∴ g( −1) = 0 ⇒ q − 4 p + 7 = 0…(ii) + y 4 + yz 3
− 1/8
So, [( a1/8
+ a ) ( a1 / 8 − a −1 / 8 ) On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get = ( x4 + xy 3 + xz 3 ) + ( x3 y + y 4 + yz 3 )
( a1 / 4 + a − 1 / 4 ) ( a1 / 2 + a − 1 / 2 ) ] q = 0 and p = 7 / 4 = x( x3 + y 3 + z 3 ) + y( x3 + y 3 + z 3 )
= [( a1 / 8 )2 − ( a −1 / 8 )2 ( a1 / 4 + a −1 / 4 )] 39. (c) I. ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = ( x + y ) ( x3 + y 3 + z 3 )
= ( a1 / 4 − a −1 / 4 )( a1 / 4 + a −1 / 4 ) = ( 1 − c )( 1 − a )( 1 − b ) Hence, given polynomial is divisible by
( a1 / 2 + a −1 / 2 ) [Q a + b + c = 1] both
= [ a1 / 2 − a − 1 / 2 ] [ a1 / 2 + a − 1 / 2 ] = ( 1 − c ) [ 1 − b − a + ab ] ( x + y ) and ( x3 + y 3 + z 3 ).
−1
= (a − a ) = 1 − b − a + ab − c + bc + ac − abc
43. (c) x2 + 2 ) x3 + 5x2 + 10k ( x + 5
35. (c) f ( x) = x − 2x + 3x − ax + b
4 3 2 = 1 − ( a + b + c ) + ab + bc + ac − abc
x3 + 2x
= ab + bc + ac − abc − −
Put x = 1 as f ( 1) = 5, f ( − 1) = 19
II. a 2 + b 2 − c 2 + 2ab 5x2 – 2x + 10k
f ( 1) = 14 − 2 ( 1)3 + 3 ( 1)2 − a + b
= a 2 + b 2 + 2ab − c 2 5x2 + 10
⇒1− 2 + 3 − a + b =5 − −
= ( a + b )2 − c 2
⇒ − a + b =3 …(i) - 2x - 10 + 10k = Remainder
= ( a + b + c )( a + b − c ) = a + b − c
and f ( −1) = ( −1) − 2( −1) + 3 4 3 But given that, remainder = − 2x
[Q a + b + c = 1]
( − 1) − a ( − 1) + b
2 ∴ − 2x − 10 + 10 k = − 2x
So, both statements are correct.
⇒ 1 + 2 + 3 + a + b = 19 1 ⇒ −10 + 10 k = 0
40. (d) We have, x + = 4
⇒ a + b = 13 …(ii) x ⇒ 10 k = 10 ⇒ k = 1
3
I.  x +  = x3 + 3 + 3 ( x)
1 1 1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 44. (c) Given that, x + = a ...(i)
a = 5, b = 8  x x x
×    x + 
1 1 1 1
36. (a) Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c Then, x3 + x2 + 3 + 2
 x  x x x
Given f ( 0) = 4 1
( 4)3 = x 3 + 3 + 3 ( 4) =  x3 + 3  +  x2 + 2 
1 1
⇒0 + 0 + c = 4 ⇒a − b + 4 = 4 ⇒c = 4 
x x   x 
On dividing f ( x ) by x + 1, remainder is 4 1 1
64 − 12 = x3 + 3 ⇒ x3 + 3 = 52 3 2
=  x +  − 3  x +  +  x +  − 2
1 1 1
∴ f ( −1) = 4 x x
1  x  x  x
⇒ a−b+ c= 4 ⇒a−b+ 4= 4 II. x + = 4 ⇒ x2 − 4x + 1 = 0
⇒ a−b = 0 …(i) x = a 3 − 3a + a 2 − 2 = a 3 + a 2 − 3a − 2
4 ± 16 − 4 × 1 × 1
On dividing f ( x ) by x + 2, remainder is 6 x= 45. (a) Given, f ( x) = x3 + x2 − x − 1
2×1
∴ f ( −2 ) = 6 and g( x) = x3 − x2 + x − 1
4± 2 3
⇒ 4a − 2b + c = 6 = = 2± 3
2 p( x ) = f ( x) ⋅ g ( x)
⇒ 4a − 2b = 2 …(ii) = ( x3 + x2 − x − 1) ( x3 − x2 + x − 1)
Hence, both statements are correct.
⇒ a−b+ 4= 4 = [ x 2 ( x + 1) − 1( x + 1)]
On solving Eq. (i) and eq. (ii), we get 41. (d) Let f ( x ) = 4x4 − ( k − 1)x3 + kx2
−6x + 1 …(i) [ x 2 ( x − 1) + 1( x − 1)]
a = 1, b = 1
Since, ( 2x − 1) is a factor of f ( x ) = [( x + 1)( x 2 − 1)][( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)]
Hence,
= ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
f   = 0
1
a = 1, b = 1, c = 4. ∴
 2 = ( x + 1)2 ( x − 1)2 ( x 2 + 1)
130 CDS Pathfinder

= x y 2 − x 3 + x 3 − x y2 = 0 − 3 × . x x −  =
46. (d) Put the value of all options in 1 1 1 27
⇒ x3 −
4k 2 + 12k + k So, (z − x) is also a factor, so it is also x3 x  x 8
when, k = 9, divisible by (z − x). 1 27  3
⇒ x − 3 =
3
+3× 
53. (d) Put x = − 3 in p ( x ), we get x 8  2
then, 4( 9)2 + 12( 9) + 9 = 441= ( 21)2
47. (c) Given expression Let p ( x ) = x 3 + 2x 2 + 3x + 8 [From Eq. (i)]
1 27 9
= 5 px − 10 qy + 2rpx − 4 qry p( −3) = ( − 3) + 2 ( − 3) + 3 ( − 3) + 8
3 2
⇒ x − 3 =3
+
x 8 2
= (5 px + 2rpx) − ( 10 qy + 4 qry ) = −27 + 18 − 9 + 8
 1  63
∴ x − 3  =
= px (5 + 2r ) − 2 qy (5 + 2r ) = − 10 ≠ 0
3

= (5 + 2r ) ( px − 2 qy )  x  8
So, ( x + 3) is not the factor of
So, factors of given expression are both x3 + 2x2 + 3 x + 8. 57. (c) Let f ( x ) = x5 − 5x2 + 125
(5 + 2r ) and ( px − 2qy ). put x = −5,
Similarly, put x = 2 in p ( x ), we get Now,
48. (d) Given, ( a + 1)4 − a 4 p( 2) = ( 2) + 2 ( 2) + 3 ( 2) + 8
3 2
∴ Required remainder = f ( − 5)
= {( a + 1)2 − a 2 } {( a + 1)2 + a 2 } = 30 ≠ 0 So, x − 2 is also not the factor
= {( a + 1) + a } {( a + 1) − a } = ( −5)5 − 5 ( − 52 ) + 125
of x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 8.
{ a 2 + 1 + 2a + a 2 } = − 3125 − 125 + 125 = − 3125
= ( 2a + 1) ( 1) ( 2a 2 + 2a + 1) 54. (d) Let f ( x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
58. (a) Given, ax + by − 2 = 0
= ( 2a + 1) ( 2a 2 + 2a + 1) Put x = − 1 in f ( x), we get
So, ( a + 1)4 − a 4 is divisible by ⇒ a x + by = 2
( 2a 2 + 2a + 1) f ( −1) = ( −1)3 + 6( −1)2 + 11( −1) + 6
Squaring on both sides, we get
= −1 + 6 − 11 + 6
49. (d) Let f ( x) = x4 − 7x3 + 5x2 − 6x + 81 ( ax + by )2 = ( 2)2
= −12 + 12 = 0
f (3) = (3) − 7(3) + 5(3) − 6(3) + 81
4 3 2 ⇒ a x + b y 2 + 2axby = 4
2 2 2
Hence, ( x + 1) is a factor of f ( x).
= 81 − 189 + 45 − 18 + 81 = 0 ⇒ a 2 x2 + b 2 y 2 + 2 = 4 [Q axby = 1 ]
∴ f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x2 + 5x + 6 )
∴( x − 3) is a factor of f ( x )
= ( x + 1)( x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 ) ⇒ a 2 x2 + b 2 y 2 = 2
50. (b) Let f ( x) = x + 3x + 4x + k
3 2
= ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3 ) ⇒ a x = 1 and b 2 y 2 = 1
2 2

Q ( x + 5) is a factor of f ( x) Hence, ( x + 1), ( x + 2 ) and ( x + 3 ) are ⇒ ax = 1 and by = 1

∴ f ( −5 ) = 0 the factors of f ( x ). 1 1
⇒ x = and y =
⇒ ( −5)3 + 3( −5)2 + 4( −5) + k = 0 55. (c) x( x + a ) ( x + 2a ) ( x + 3a ) a b
⇒ −125 + 75 − 20 + k = 0 = ( x + a )( x + 2a )x ( x + 3a )
1 1
∴ a2 x + b2 y = a2 ⋅ + b2 ⋅ = a + b
⇒ −70 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 70 a b
= ( x 2 + 3ax + 2a 2 )( x 2 + 3ax )
Hence, the value of k is 70.
= ( x 2 + 3ax + a 2 + a 2 ) 59. (a) Given, x + k is the common factor of
51. (c) Let p( x) be added to obtain x3 . ( x + 3ax + a − a )
2 2 2 x2 + ax + b and x2 + cx + d. Then, put
Then, ( 1 − x)( 1 + x ) + p( x) = x
2 3 x = − k in given polynomial.
= ( x 2 + 3ax + a 2 )2 − a 4
⇒ 1 + x2 − x − x3 + p( x) = x3 ∴ k 2 − ka + b = 0
So, a 4 must be added to and k 2 − kc + d = 0
⇒ p( x) = x3 − 1 − x2 + x + x3 x ( x + a )( x + 2a )( x + 3a ) to make it a
∴ p( x) = 2x3 − x2 + x − 1 perfect square. Then, k 2 − ka + b = k 2 − kc + d
d −b
So, 2x3 − x2 + x − 1 is added to  x2 + 1  = 17 ⇒ k ( c − a) = d − b ⇒ k =
56. (b) Given,   c−a
( 1 − x)( 1 + x2 ) to obtain x3 .  x2  4
60. (c) I. We have, 3abc + b 3 + c 3 − a 3
52. (c) Let f(x) = x( y − z ) + y(z − x )
2 2 2 2 1 17
⇒ x + 2 −2+ 2=
2
x 4 = − ( a 3 − b 3 − c 3 − 3abc )
+ z( x 2 − y 2 ) 2
 x − 1  + 2 = 17 = − [ a 3 + ( − b )3 + ( − c )3 − 3( a )( − b )( − c )]
If it is divisible by ( y − z ), then y − z is ⇒  
 x 4 = − ( a − b − c )( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab
a factor of f ( x ). 2 − bc + ac)
∴ y −z = 0 ⇒ y =z ⇒  x − 1  = 17 − 2
  So, ( a − b − c ) is a factor of
 x 4
On putting y = z, we get 2 3abc + b 3 + c 3 − a 3 .
x(z 2 − z 2 ) + z(z 2 − x 2 ) + z( x 2 − z 2 ) ⇒  x − 1 = 9
  Hence, statement I is correct.
 x 4
= z 3 − zx 2 + zx 2 − z 3 = 0 II. Now, 3bc + b 3 + c 3 − 1
⇒  x − 1 = 3
Hence, y − z is a factor, so it is divisible   …(i)
= b 3 + c 3 − ( 1)3 − 3bc( −1)
 x 2
by ( y − z ).
= ( b + c − 1)[ b 2 + c 2 + 12 − bc + c + b ]
On putting z = x, we get On cubing both sides, we get
3 3 So, ( b + c − 1) is a factor of
x ( y2 − x 2 ) + y(x 2 − x 2 )  x − 1 =  3 
    3bc + b 3 + c 3 − 1 .
 x  2
+ x (x 2 − y 2 ) Hence, statement II is also correct.
MATHEMATICS Algebraic Operations 131

61. (a) Let p( x) = x3 − 3x2 + kx − 10 64. (c) In option (c), we have = x( ax − 1) − a ( ax − 1)

Then, ( x − 5) is a factor of p( x). ( 2)4 − 6 ( 2)3 + 12( 2)2 − 24 × 2 + 32 = ( x − a )( a x − 1)
∴ p(5) = 0 = 16 − 6(8) + 12( 4) − 48 + 32 If p and q are linear factors of f ( x), then
= 16 − 48 + 48 − 48 + 32 = 0 p = ( x − a ) and q = ( ax − 1)
⇒ 53 − 3(5)2 + k × 5 − 10 = 0
Hence, ( x − 2) is a factor of ∴ p + q = ( x − a ) + ( ax − 1)
⇒ 125 − 75 + 5k − 10 = 0
x 4 − 6x 3 + 12x 2 − 24x + 32 = ( x − 1)( a + 1)
⇒ 40 + 5k = 0 ⇒ k = −8.
65. (d) Let f ( x) = x3 + kx2 − x + 2 68. (d) We have, x − y = 8 …(i)
62. (b) Q x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = ( x + y + z ) x 10 y
If ( x + 1) is a factor of f ( x). and = −
( x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx) Then, f ( −1) = 0 y 3 x
Given, x+ y +z = 0 ⇒ ( −1)3 + k( −1)2 − ( −1) + 2 = 0 x y 10
⇒ + =
∴ x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = 0 ⇒ −1 + k + 1 + 2 = 0 ⇒ k = − 2 y x 3
⇒ x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz = 6xyz 66. (c) Let f ( x ) = x6 + px5 + qx4 ( x )2 + ( y )2 10
⇒ =
− x − x−3
2 xy 3
63. (c) x3 q 2 − x3 pt + 4x2 pt − 4x2 q 2
Q f ( x ) is divisible by ( x4 − 1). 10
+ 3xq − 3xpt
2 ⇒ x+ y = xy
Then, f ( 1) = f ( − 1) = 0 3
= x3 q 2 − x3 pt − 4x2 q 2
On squaring both sides, we have
+ 4x pt + 3xq − 3xpt
2 2 Now, f ( 1) = 1 + p + q − 1 − 1 − 3 = 0
100
⇒ p+ q=4 …(i) ( x + y )2 = xy
= x3 ( q 2 − pt ) − 4x2 ( q 2 − pt ) 9
and f ( − 1) = 1 − p + q − 1 + 1 − 3 100
+3x( q − pt ) 2
⇒ ( x − y ) 2 + 4 xy = xy
= ( x3 − 4x2 + 3x)( q 2 − pt ) ⇒ q− p=2 …(ii) 9
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get q = 3 [Q ( x + y )2 = ( x − y )2 + 4xy ]
= x( x − 4x + 3)( q − pt )
2 2
and p = 1 ⇒ (8)2 =  − 4 xy [from Eq. (i)]
100
= x ( x − 3x − x + 3)( q − pt )
2 2
 9 
∴ p 2 + q 2 = 32 + 12 = 10
= x [ x ( x − 3) − 1 ( x − 3)]( q 2 − pt ) 64
67. (a) Let f ( x) = ax2 − ( a 2 + 1) x + a ⇒ 64 = xy ⇒ xy = 9
= x ( x − 3)( x − 1)( q 2 − pt ) 9
= a x2 − x − a 2 x + a
15
132 CDS Pathfinder

HCF AND LCM OF

POLYNOMIALS
Regularly (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are based on your
prior knowledge of GCD and LCM of numbers and expressions.

DIVISOR
A polynomial d ( x) is said to be a divisor of polynomial p( x) if d ( x) is a factor of p( x) i.e., p( x) can be
written as p( x) = d ( x) ⋅ q( x), where q( x) is a quotient polynomial e.g. ( x − 3) is a divisor of ( x − 3) 2 ( x + 1) .

HCF (GCD) of Polynomials

A polynomial h ( x) is called the HCF or GCD of two or more given polynomials, if h( x) is a
polynomial of highest degree dividing each one of the given polynomial without leaving any remainder.

Note The coefficient of highest degree term is always taken as positive.

EXAMPLE 1. The HCF of polynomials (x + 2) 2 (x − 3) 2 and (x + 1) (x + 2) 2 (x − 3) is

a. ( x + 2) ( x − 3) b. ( x + 2)2 ( x − 3) c. ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x − 3) d. ( x + 2)2 ( x − 3)2
Sol. b. Let p( x) = ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 3) 2 and q( x) = ( x + 1) ( x + 2) 2( x − 3)
The common factor between two polynomials is ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 3) , ∴ HCF = ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 3)

HCF by Factorisation Method

Following are the steps for calculating HCF through factorisation method
Step I Resolve the given polynomials in the complete factored form.
Step II Find the HCF of the numerical factors (if any) of given polynomial.
Step III Find the factors of highest degree which is common to all given polynomials.
Step IV The product of all such common factors and HCF of the numerical factors is the HCF of given
polynomials.
MATHEMATICS HCF and LCM of Polynomials 133

EXAMPLE 2. The HCF of p(x) = 24(6 x 4 − x 3 − 2x 2 ) and −39 is taken out as common factor from remainder.
q(x) = 20(2x 6 + 3x 5 + x 4 ) is x3 − 11x − 6) x4 − 39x − 22 (x

a. 4( 2x + 1) b. x2 ( 2x + 1) c. 4 x2 d. None of these x4 − 11x2 − 6x

– + +
Sol. d. Here, P( x) = 24 (6x4 − x3 − 2x2) = 23 ⋅ 3⋅ x2 ⋅ (6x2 − x − 2) 11x2 − 33x − 22
= 2 ⋅ 3⋅ x ⋅ (6x − 4x + 3x − 2) = 2 ⋅ 3⋅ x ( 2x + 1) ⋅ ( 3x − 2)
3 2 2 3 2
Again 11 is taken out as common factor from remainder
and q( x) = 20 ( 2x6 + 3x5 + x4) = 22 ⋅ 5⋅ x4( 2x2 + 3x + 1)
x2 − 3x − 2) x3 − 11x − 6 (x + 3
= 22 ⋅ 5⋅ x4 ⋅ ( 2x2 + 2x + x + 1) = 22. 5. x4( 2x + 1)( x + 1)
x3 − 3x2 − 2x
HCF of numerical factor = 22 = 4 , Highest degree common – + +
factor = x2 ( 2x + 1) 3x2 − 9x − 6
∴ Required HCF = 4x2 ( 2x + 1) 3x2 − 9x − 6
− + +
HCF by Division Method ×
To find the HCF of polynomials which cannot be ∴ HCF of 11x4 − 39x3 − 8
factorised easily, we use successive division method.
and x4 − 39x − 22 is x2 − 3x − 2 .
Step I Arrange the given polynomials in descending order Also, HCF of 2x2 and 2x is 2x.
of powers of its variables.
∴ Required HCF = 2x ( x2 − 3x − 2)
Step II If any common factor is present in the terms of
each polynomial, it should be taken out. LCM of Polynomials
Step III Divide the polynomial of highest degree by the A polynomial h( x) is called the LCM of two or more
polynomial of lowest degree. polynomials, if it is a polynomial of smallest degree
or If both the polynomials are of the same degree then which is divided by each one of the given polynomials
any one of them can be taken as divisor or dividend. without leaving any remainder.
Step IV After the first division take the remainder as the
new divisor and first divisor as new dividend. EXAMPLE 4. The LCM of 12x 2 y 3 z 2 and
Step V Continue this process of dividing the last divisor 18x 4 y 2 z 3 is
by the last remainder until the remainder becomes a. x4 y 3 z3
zero.
b. 9 x2 y 2 z3
Step VI The product of common factors obtained from step
c. 36 x3 y 3 z 4
II and last divisor is the HCF of given polynomials.
d. 36 x4 y 3 z3
Note If the first term of a remainder is negative at any stage, the
Sol. d. Here, 12x2y 3z 2 = 22 × 31 × x2 × y 3 × z 2
l

sign of all of its term must be changed.

l If at any stage, the remainder contains common factor it 18x4 y 2z 3 = 21 × 32 × x4 × y 2 × z 3
should be taken out.
∴ Required LCM = 22 × 32 × x4 × y 3 × z 3
EXAMPLE 3. The HCF of 22x 6 − 78x 5 − 16 x 2 and = 36x4 y 3z 3
2x 5 − 78x 2 − 44x is
a. ( x 2 − 3x − 2) b. 2x( x 2 − 3x − 2) LCM by Factorisation Method
c. 22x ( x − 3x − 2)
2
d. None of these Following are the steps for calculating LCM through
factorisation method
Sol. b. Let p ( x) = 22x6 − 78x5 − 16x2 = 2x2(11x4 − 39x3 − 8)
Step I Resolve the given polynomials in the
q ( x) = 2x5 − 78x2 − 44x = 2x ( x4 − 39x − 22) complete factored form
Let us divide (11x4 − 39x3 − 8) by ( x4 − 39x − 22) Step II Find the LCM of the numerical factors
x4 − 39x − 22) 11x4 − 39x3 − 8 (11 (if any) of given polynomials
11x4 − 242 − 429x Step III The required LCM is the product of LCM
– + + of numerical factors and each factor raised to
− 39x3 + 429x + 234 the highest power.
134 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 5. The LCM of x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 2 and EXAMPLE 6. The HCF of two polynomials is x + 3

x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 4 is and their LCM is x 3 − 7 x + 6. If one of the polynomials
is x 2 + 2x − 3. Then, the other is
a. ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 4) b. ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 − 4)
c. ( x + 1)( x + 2)
2 2
d. None of these a. x2 − x − 6 b. x2 − x + 6
c. x2 + x + 6 d. None of these
Sol. a. Here, x3 − 2x2 − x + 2 = x2( x − 2) − 1( x − 2)
Sol. d. Here, HCF = x + 3 and LCM = x3 − 7x + 6
⇒ ( x − 2)( x2 − 1) = ( x − 2)( x − 1)( x + 1)
= ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 2) Also, one polynomial = x2 + 2x − 3
and x3 − x2 − 4x + 4 = x2( x − 1) − 4( x − 1) As, LCM × HCF = Product of two polynomials
⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 4) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x + 2)
2 LCM × HCF
Other polynomial =
∴ Required LCM = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 2)( x + 2) One polynomial
= ( x2 − 1)( x2 − 22 ) ( x + 3) × ( x3 − 7x + 6)
=
[Q ( a − b )( a + b) = a2 − b2] x2 + 2x − 3
= ( x − 1)( x 2 − 4 )
2
( x + 3)( x3 − 7x + 6)
=
( x + 3)( x − 1)
For any two polynomials p( x) and q( x)
p ( x) × q ( x) = (Their HCF) × (Their LCM) ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x2 + x − 6)
i.e. Product of two polynomials
= = x2 + x − 6
( x + 3)( x − 1)
= Product of their HCF and LCM
So, other polynomial is x2 + x − 6.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The LCM of ( x − 1)( x − 2) and x 2( x − 2)( x + 3) is 6. What is the HCF of ( x4 − x2 − 6) and ( x4 − 4x2 + 3)?
(a) (x − 1) (b) (x − 1)(x − 2 )(x + 3) (a) x2 − 3 (b) x + 2 (c) x + 3 (d) x2 + 3
(c) x2 (x − 1)(x − 2 )(x + 3) (d) None of these
7. The HCF of the polynomial A and B where
2. The LCM of 2 ( a 2 − b2 ), 3 ( a3 − b3 ), 4 ( a 4 − b4 ) is A = ( x + 3)2( x − 2)( x + 1)2
(a) 6(a − b )(a + b )(a + b ) (b) 12(a − b )(a + ab + b )
2 2 4 4 2 2
and B = ( x + 1)2( x + 3)( x + 4) is given by
(c) a3 − b 3 (d) 12(a4 − b 4 ) (a) (x + 1) 2 (x + 3) (b) (x + 1)(x + 3)2
3. The HCF of two expressions a and b is 1. Their (c) (x + 1)(x + 3) (d) (x + 3)2 (x + 1)2
LCM is
1 8. The HCF of 22x( x + 1)2 and 36x 2( 2x 2 + 3x + 1) is
(a) (a + b ) (b) a − b (c) ab (d)
ab (a) 2 x(x + 1) (b) x(x + 1) (c) 2(x + 1) (d) 2 (x + 1)2
4. The LCM of the polynomials
( x + 3)2( x − 2)( x + 1)2; ( x + 1)3 ( x + 3)( x + 4) is 9. The LCM of a 2 − b2 − c2 − 2bc,
b2 − c2 − a 2 − 2ac and c2 − a 2 − b2 − 2ab is
(a) (x − 2 )(x + 1)3 (x + 3)2 (x + 4)
(a) (a + b + c )
(b) (x − 2 )(x + 1)3 (x + 3)(x + 4) (b) (a − b − c ) (a + b + c )
(c) (x − 2 )(x + 3)(x + 4) (c) (a + b + c ) (c − a − b )
(d) (x − 2 )2 (x + 1)(x + 3)2 (x + 4) (d) (a + b + c ) (a − b − c ) (b − c − a) (c − a − b )

5. HCF of 4 y 4x − 9 y 2x3 and 4 y 2x 2 + 6 yx3 is 10. LCM of [( x + 3) ( x − 2)]2 and [( x − 2) ( x − 6)] is

(a) y x (2 y + 3x)
2
(b) yx (3x + 2 y) (a) (x + 3) (x − 2 )3 (x − 6) (b) (x + 3) (x − 2 )2 (x − 6)
(c) yx2 (x + 3) (d) None of these (c) (x + 3) (x − 2 ) (x − 6) (d) (x + 3) (x − 6)
MATHEMATICS HCF and LCM of Polynomials 135

11. If ( z − 1) is the HCF of ( z 2 − 1) and pz 2 − q( z + 1), 21. If f( x ) and g( x ) are two polynomials with integral
then coefficients which vanish at x = 1 / 2, then what is
(a) 2 p = q (b) p = 2q (c) 3 p = 2q (d) 3 p = 2 p the factor of HCF of f( x) and g( x) ?
12. The HCF of two expressions is 3x 2 + 4x − 4 and (a) x − 1 (b) x − 2 (c) 2 x − 1 (d) 2 x + 1

their LCM is 3x + 4x − 7x − 4x + 4.
4 3 2
The 22. The HCF of two polynomials p( x ) and q( x ) is
expressions are 2x ( x + 2) and LCM is 24x ( x + 2)2 ( x − 2). If
(a) (x − 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4) and (3x2 + 4x − 4) p( x) = 8x3 + 32x2 + 32x, then what is q ( x ) equal to?
(b) (x + 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4) and (x + 2 )(3x2 + 4x − 4) (a) 4x3 − 16x (b) 6x3 − 24x (c) 12 x3 + 24x (d) 12 x3 − 24x
(c) (x + 2 )(3x2 + 4x + 4) and (x − 1)
23. If ( x − 2) is the HCF of ( ax 2 + bx + c) and
(d) (x + 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4) and (x − 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4)
( bx 2 + ax + c), then value of c is
13. The LCM and HCF of two polynomials p ( x ) and (a) 2 (a + b ) (b) (a + b ) (c) −3 (a + b ) (d) − (a + b )
q( x ) are 36x 2( x + a )( x3 − a3 ) and x 2( x − a ), 24. We have three polynomials A = 8 p + p2 + 12,
respectively. If p ( x ) = ( 4x 2 )( x 2 − a 2 ), then q( x ) B = p2 + 2 p − 24 and C = p2 + 15 p + 54
(a) 4x3 (x3 − a3 ) (b) 12 x3 (x2 − a2 )
I. Their LCM is ( p + 6) ( p − 4) (p + 2) ( p + 9)
(c) 9x3 (x3 − a3 ) (d) 36x3 (x3 − a3 ) II. Their HCF is ( p + 6)( p − 2)
14. The LCM of two polynomials p ( x ) and q ( x ) is Then, which of the following codes is/are correct
x − 7x + 6.
3
If p ( x ) = x + 2x − 32
and (a) Only I (b) Only II
q( x ) = x 2 + x − 6, then the HCF is (c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I and II

(a) (x + 3) (b) (x − 3) 25. Which of the following statements are true?

(c) (x + 3)(x − 2 ) (d) (x − 1) I. HCF of x2 − 6x + 9 and x3 − 27 is (x − 3).
15. If ( x + k) is the HCF of ( x 2 + ax + b) and II. LCM of 10x2yz, 15xyz , 20xy2z 2 is 120x2y2z 2.
( x 2 + px + q ), then the value of k is III. HCF of (6x2 − 7x − 3) and (2x2 + 11x − 21) is
(2x − 3).
b + q b −q  a + b  a − b
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)   Select the correct answer using the codes given below
 a + p  a − p  p+ q  p−q (a) I and III (b) I, II and III
(c) II and III (d) None of these
16. What is the value of k for which the HCF of
2x 2 + kx − 12 and x 2 + x − 2k − 2 is ( x + 4)? 26. Consider the following statements :
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) −4 I. The HCF of x+ y and x10 − y10 is x + y.
17. If the HCF of ( x + x − 12) and ( 2x − kx − 9) is
2 2 II. The HCF of x+ y and x10 + y10 is x + y.
III. The HCF of x− y and x10 + y10 is x − y.
( x − k), then what is the value of k?
(a) − 3 (b) 3 (c) − 4 (d) 4 IV. The HCF of x− y and x10 − y10 is x − y.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
18. If GCD of the polynomials ( x − 2x + px + 6) and
3 2
correct?
( x 2 − 5x + q ) is ( x − 3). Then, the value of 5q + 6 p is (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and IV (d) II and IV
(a) −1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these Directions (Q. Nos. 27-29) A student wrote five
polynomials such as A = pq − np, B = pq − mq,
19. The sum and the difference of two expressions is
C = q 2 − 3nq + 2n2, D = pq − 2 pn − mq + 2mn,
5x − x − 4 and x + 9x − 10 respectively, then
2 2

their LCM would be equal to E = pq − np − mq + mn. Now, he divide the

(a) (x − 1) (b) (2 x + 3)(3x + 7 )
polynomials into groups and calculate the HCF and
LCM.
(c) (2 x − 3)(3x + 7 ) (d) (x − 1)(2 x − 3)(3x + 7 )
27. Calculate the HCF of A, C and E
20. Find the values of a and b so that the polynomials (a) (q − 2 n) (b) ( p − n) (c) (q − n) (d) (q − n)(q − 2 n)
p ( x ) and q( x ) have ( x + 1)( x + 3) as their HCF
28. Calculate the LCM of D and E
p ( x ) = ( x 2 + 3x + 2)( x 2 + 2x + a ) (a) ( p − m)(q − 2 n) (b) ( p − m)(q − n)(q − 2 n)
and q( x ) = ( x 2 + 7x + 12)( x 2 + 7x + b) (c) (q − n)(q − 2 n)(m − p) (d) (q − n)( p − m)
(a) −3, 6 (b) 3, − 6 29. The HCF of all five polynomials together is
(c) 6, − 3 (d) None of these (a) (q − n) (b) (q − 2 n) (c) 1 (d) ( p − m)
136 CDS Pathfinder

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 37. What is the HCF of 8 ( x5 − x3 + x ) and 28 ( x 6 + 1) ?

30. What is the LCM of a3 b − ab3 , a3 b2 + a 2b3 and (a) 4(x4 − x2 + 1) (b) 2(x4 − x2 + 1) e 2014 I
ab ( a + b) ? e 2012 I (c) (x4 − x2 + 1) (d) None of these
(a) a2 b 2 (a2 − b 2 ) (b) ab (a2 − b 2 )
38. What is the highest common factor of
(c) a2 b 2 + ab 3 (d) a3 b 3 (a2 − b 2 ) 2x3 + x 2 − x − 2 and 3x3 − 2x 2 + x − 2 ? e 2014 II
31. What is the HCF of 36 ( 3x4 + 5x3 − 2x2 ), (a) x − 1 (b) x + 1 (c) 2 x + 1 (d) 2 x − 1
9 ( 6x + 4x − 2x) and 54 ( 27x − x) ?
3 2 4
e 2012 I 39. The HCF and LCM of two polynomials are ( x + y )
(a) 9x (x + 1) (b) 9x (3x − 1) (c) 18x (3x − 1) (d) 18x (x + 1) and ( 3x5 + 5x 4 y + 2x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y3 − 5xy 4 − 2 y5 ),
32. What is the HCF of the polynomials respectively. If one of the polynomials is ( x 2 − y 2 ),
x3 + 8, x2 + 5x + 6 and x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 8 ? e 2013 II then the other polynomial is e 2015 I
(a) x + 2 (b) x + 3 (c) (x + 2 )2 (d) None of these (a) 3x4 − 8x3 y + 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 − 2 y4
33. The LCM of ( x3 − x2 − 2x) and ( x3 + x2 ) is e 2013 II (b) 3x4 − 8x3 y − 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 + 2 y4
(a) x 3 − x 2 − 2 x (b) x 2 + x (c) x 4 − x 3 − 2 x 2 (d) x − 2 (c) 3x4 + 8x3 y + 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 + 2 y4
(d) 3x4 + 8x3 y − 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 + 2 y4
34. The HCF of ( x4 − y 4 ) and ( x6 − y 6 ) is e 2013 II
(a) x 2 − y 2 (b) x − y (c) x 3 − y 3 (d) x4 − y4 40. If ( x + 1) is the HCF of Ax 2 + Bx + C and
35. What is the LCM of x 2 + 2x − 8, x3 − 4x 2 + 4x and Bx 2 + Ax + C where A ≠ B, then the value of C is
x + 4x ?
2
e 2013 II e 2015 II
(a) x(x + 4)(x − 2 )2 (b) x(x + 4)(x − 2 ) (a) A (b) B (c) A − B (d) 0
(c) x(x + 4)(x + 2 )2 (d) x(x + 4)2 (x − 2 ) 41. The sum and difference of two expressions are
36. What is the HCF of a 2b4 + 2a 2b2 and ( ab)7 − 4a 2b9 ? 5x 2 − x − 4 and x 2 + 9x − 10 respectively. The HCF
of the two expressions will be e 2016 I
e 2013 II
(a) ab (b) a2 b 3 (c) a2 b 2 (d) a3 b 2 (a) x + 1 (b) (x − 1) (c) (3x + 7 ) (d) (2 x − 3)

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 a 8 a 9 d 10 b
11 b 12 d 13 c 14 a 15 b 16 a 17 b 18 c 19 d 20 a
21 c 22 b 23 c 24 a 25 a 26 c 27 c 28 b 29 c 30 a
31 c 32 a 33 c 34 a 35 a 36 c 37 a 38 a 39 c 40 d
41 b

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (c) LCM = product of the largest power Product of expressions 6. (a) Let p( x ) = x 4 − x 2 − 6
3. (c) LCM =
of each factor HCF
= x 4 − 3x 2 + 2x 2 − 6
= x2 ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x + 3) a×b
= = ab = x 2 ( x 2 − 3) + 2( x 2 − 3)
2.(b) Here, 2 ( a 2 − b 2 ) = 2 ( a + b ) ( a − b ) 1
= ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 − 3)
3 ( a 3 − b 3 ) = 3 ( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 4. (a) Given, ( x + 3)2 ( x − 2)( x + 1)2
q( x ) = x 4 − 4x 2 + 3
and 4 ( a 4 − b 4 ) = 4 ( a + b ) ( a − b ) and ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 3)( x + 4)
= x 4 − 3x 2 − x 2 + 3
( a2 + b2 ) LCM
= ( x − 2)( x + 1) 3 ( x + 3)2 ( x + 4) = x 2 ( x 2 − 3) − 1( x 2 − 3)
LCM of numerical coefficients = 12
and LCM of algebraic expressions = ( x 2 − 3)( x 2 − 1)
5. (b) 4 y 4 x − 9 y 2 x3 = y 2 x( 4 y 2 − 9x2 )
= ( a − b )( a + b )( a 2 + b 2 ) HCF of p( x ), q( x ) = x 2 − 3
= y 2 x( 2 y − 3x)( 2 y + 3x)
( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 7. (a) A = ( x + 3)2 ( x − 2)( x + 1)2 and
4 y x + 6 yx3 = 2 yx2 ( 2 y + 3x)
2 2
= ( a 4 − b 4 )( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) B = ( x + 1)2 ( x + 3)( x + 4)
∴ Required HCF = xy( 2 y + 3x)
∴ LCM of polynomials ∴ HCF of polynomials
= 12( a 4 − b 4 )( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) = ( x + 3)( x + 1)2
MATHEMATICS HCF and LCM of Polynomials 137

8. (a) Here, HCF of 22 and 36 is 2. 14. (a) Given, Subtracting Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
Now, x ( x + 1)2 = x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) p( x) = x2 + 2x − 3 = ( x + 3)( x − 1) 2q( x) = 4x2 − 10x + 6
x ( 2x + 3x + 1) = x ( 2x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2 2 q( x) = x2 + x − 6 = ( x + 3)( x − 2) ⇒ q( x) = 2x2 − 5x + 3
Common factors of x ( x + 1) 2 and LCM = 2x 2 − 3x − 2x + 3
and x ( 2x + 3x + 1) are x ( x + 1).
2 2 = x − 7x + 6 = ( x − 1)( x + x − 6)
3 2
= x( 2x − 3) − 1( 2x − 3)
Hence, required HCF = 2x ( x + 1) = ( x − 1)( x + 3)( x − 2) = ( x − 1)( 2x − 3)
p ( x) × q ( x)
∴ HCF = ∴ LCM of p( x) and q( x)
9. (d) a 2 − b 2 − c 2 − 2bc = a 2 − ( b 2 + c 2 + 2bc )
LCM = ( x − 1)( 2x − 3)(3x + 7)
= a − ( b + c) = ( a + b + c) ( a − b − c)
2 2
( x + 3)( x − 1) × ( x + 3)( x − 2)
b − c − a − 2ac = b − ( c + a + 2ac )
2 2 2 2 2 2 = 20. (a) p ( x) = ( x + 2)( x + 1)( x2 + 2x + a )
( x − 1)( x + 3)( x − 2)
= b 2 − ( c + a )2 q ( x) = ( x + 3)( x + 4)( x2 + 7x + b )
= ( x + 3) As HCF is ( x + 1)( x + 3), then both
= ( b − c − a) ( b + c + a)
15. (b) Since, ( x + k ) is the HCF, it will ( x + 1) and ( x + 3) must be factors of
= ( a + b + c) ( b − c − a ) divide both the polynomials without p( x) and q( x).
and c 2 − a 2 − b 2 − 2ab leaving any remainder, thus x = − k will For p(x), ( x + 1) is already a factor, so
= c 2 − ( a 2 + b 2 + 2ab ) = c 2 − ( a + b )2 make both of them zero.
( x + 3) must be a factor of x2 + 2x + a.
= ( c − a − b) ( c + a + b) ∴ k 2 − pk + q = k 2 − ak + b
So, ( −3)2 + 2( −3) + a = 0
= ( a + b + c) ( c − a − b ) or − ak + b = − pk + q
⇒ 9−6+ a=0
∴ Required LCM ⇒ ak − pk = b − q
= ( a + b + c) ( a − b − c) b−q ∴ a = −3
∴ k=
( b − c − a) ( c − a − b) a− p For q (x), ( x + 3) is already factor.
10. (b) Given, [( x + 3) ( x − 2)2 ] ∴( x + 1) must be a factor of
16. (a) Since, ( x + 4) is HCF, so it will
and [( x − 2) ( x − 6)] divide both the expressions i.e. x = − 4 x2 + 7x + b.
∴ LCM = ( x + 3) ( x − 2)2 ( x − 6)
will make each one zero. ∴( −1) + 7( −1) + b = 0
2

∴ 2( −4)2 + k( −4) − 12 = 0 ∴ b=6

11. (b) Since, (z − 1) is the HCF, so it will
divide each one of the given polynomials. ⇒ 32 − 12 = 4k So, a = − 3 and b = 6 is solution.
So, z = 1 will make each one zero. ∴ 20 = 4k ⇒ k =5 1
21. (c) Given, f ( x) and g( x) vanish at x =
∴ p ( 1) − q ( 1 + 1) = 0 ⇒ p = 2q
2
17. (b) Since, HCF of x + x − 12 and
2 2
12. (d) Let p( x ) and q( x ) be two polynomials 2x2 − kx − 9 is ( x − k ), then ( x − k ) will So, ( 2x − 1) is a factor of f ( x) and g( x)
and p( x ) ÷ HCF = a be the factor of 2x2 − kx − 9. both.
and q( x ) ÷ HCF = b ∴ 2k 2 − k 2 − 9 = 0 Hence, HCF of f ( x) and
⇒ k2 − 9 = 0 g( x) = 2x − 1 .
∴ p( x ) × q( x ) = LCM × HCF
⇒ k = ±3
⇒ a × HCF × b × HCF = LCM × HCF 22. (b) Refer to question 13.
and factor of x2 + x − 12 are
⇒ a × b × HCF = LCM 23. (c) As ( x − 2) is the HCF of
( x + 4)( x − 3).
LCM ( ax 2 + bx + c ) and ( bx 2 + ax + c )
ab = Hence, value of k is 3.
HCF So, it will divide both the expressions,
3x 4 + 4x 3 − 7x 2 − 4x + 4 18. (c) Here, ( x − 3) is GCD, so is a factor of
∴ a ( 2)2 + b( 2) + c = 0
= both of them.
3x 2 + 4x − 4 ∴ Putting x = 3, in both makes each ⇒ 4a + 2b + c = 0 …(i)
= ( x + 1)( x − 1) polynomial zero. and b ( 2)2 + a ( 2) + c = 0
Let a = ( x + 1) and b = ( x − 1), 3 3 − 2(3)2 + p(3) + 6 = 0 ⇒ p = −5 ⇒ 4b + 2a + c = 0 …(ii)
then the required expression are 32 − 5(3) + q = 0 ⇒ q = 6 adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
( x + 1) (3x2 + 4x − 4) ∴ 5 q + 6 p = 5 ( 6) + ( −5)( 6) ⇒ 6a + 6b + 2c = 0
and ( x − 1) (3x2 + 4x − 4). = 30 − 30 = 0
⇒ 2 c = −6 a − 6 b
13. (c) Here, LCM = 36x3 ( x + a )( x3 − a 3 ) 19. (d) Let the expressions be p( x) and q( x), ⇒ c = −3 ( a + b )
and HCF = x2 ( x − a ) then
p( x) = 4x ( x − a )
2 2 2 p ( x) + q ( x) = 5x2 − x − 4 …(i) 24. (a) A = p 2 + 8 p + 12 = ( p + 2)( p + 6)
But p( x) × q ( x) = HCF × LCM p ( x) − q( x) = x2 + 9x − 10 …(ii) B = p 2 + 2 p − 24 = ( p − 4)( p + 6)
HCF × LCM On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have C = p 2 + 15 p + 54 = ( p + 9)( p + 6)
q ( x) =
p ( x) 2 p( x) = 6x2 + 8x − 14 I. LCM of A, B
x ( x − a ) 36x ( x + a )( x − a )
2 3 3 3
⇒ p( x) = 3x2 + 4x − 7 and C = ( p + 2)( p + 6)( p − 4)( p + 9)
=
4x 2 ( x 2 − a 2 ) = 3x 2 + 7x − 3x − 7 Thus, I is correct
= 9x 3 ( x 3 − a 3 ) = x(3x + 7) − 1(3x + 7) II. HCF of A, B and C = ( p + 6)
∴ p( x) = (3x + 7)( x − 1) Hence, II is incorrect.
138 CDS Pathfinder

25. (a) I. x2 − 6x + 9 = ( x − 3)( x − 3) 31. (c) Let P (x) = 36(3x4 + 5x3 − 2x2 ) Now, LCM of ( x2 + 2x − 8),
and x3 − 27 = x3 − (3)3 = 36x2 (3x2 + 5x − 2) ( x3 − 4x2 + 4x) and ( x2 + 4x)
= ( x − 3)( x2 + 3x + 9)
= 36x ( x + 2) (3x − 1)
2
= x ( x − 2)2 ( x + 4)
∴ HCF = x − 3.
Hence, it is true. Q (x) = 9( 6x3 + 4x2 − 2x) 36. (c) a 2 b 4 + 2a 2 b 2 = a 2 b 2 ( b 2 + 2) ...(i)
II. LCM of 10x2 yz , 15xyz = 18x(3x + 2x − 1) 2
and ( ab )7 − 4a 2 b 9 = a 7 b 7 − 4a 2 b 9
2 2
and 20xy z is 60x y z . 2 2 2 = 18 x(3x − 1)( x + 1) = a 2 b 2 ( a 5 b 5 − 4b 7 ) ...(ii)
Hence, it is false. R (x) = 54( 27x4 − x) = 54x( 27x3 − 1)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), HCF = a b 2 2
III. 6x2 − 7x − 3 = ( 2x − 3)(3x + 1) = 54x (3x − 1)( 9x 2 + 1 + 3x )
37. (a) Let p( x) = 8( x5 − x3 + x)
and 2x2 + 11x − 21 HCF of [36, 18, 54] = 18
= ( x + 7)( 2x − 3) = 4 × 2 × x( x4 − x2 + 1)
∴ HCF of [P (x ), Q (x ), R (x )]
Hence, HCF = ( 2x − 3), it is also and q( x) = 28( x6 + 1)
true. = 18x (3x − 1)
= 7 × 4[( x2 )3 + ( 1) 3 ]
Hence, the statement I and III are 32. (a) Let f ( x) = x + 8 = x + 2
3 3 3
correct. = 4 × 7 × ( x2 + 1)( x4 − x2 + 1)
= ( x + 2) ( x 2 − 2x + 4) ∴ HCF of p( x) and q( x)
26. (c) We know that,( x + y ) and ( x − y ) are
= ( x + 2) ( x − 2) ( x − 2) = 4( x4 − x2 + 1)
the factors of ( x 10 − y 10 ).
g( x) = x2 + 5x + 6
Hence, statements I and IV are true. 38. (a) Let f ( x) = 2x3 + x2 − x − 2
= x 2 + 3x + 2x + 6
27. (c) We have, A = pq − np = p ( q − n) …(i) = ( x − 1)( 2x2 + 3x + 2)
= ( x + 3) ( x + 2)
C = q 2 − 3nq + 2n2 and g( x) = 3x3 − 2x2 + x − 2
= q − 2nq − nq + 2n
2 2 and h( x) = x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 8
= ( x − 1)(3x2 + x + 2)
= q ( q − 2n) − n( q − 2n) = ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 4)
Hence, the highest factor of f ( x) and
= ( q − n)( q − 2n) …(ii) ∴ HCF of { f ( x), g ( x), h ( x)} = ( x + 2) g( x) is ( x − 1).
E = pq − np − mq + mn 33. (c) Let f (x) = x3 − x2 − 2x 39. (c) Given, HCF = ( x + y ) and
= p( q − n) − m( q − n) = x ( x 2 − x − 2) LCM = 3x5 + 5x4 y + 2x3 y 2
= ( p − m )( q − n) …(iii) = x ( x + 1) ( x − 2) − 3 x 2 y 3 − 5 xy 4 − 2 y 5
∴ HCF of A, C and E = ( q − n)
and g (x ) = x + x 3 2
= x (3x + 5xy + 2 y 2 ) − y 3
3 2
28. (b) We have, E = ( p − m )( q − n) ... (i)
= x ( x + 1) = x ⋅ x ( x + 1)
2
(3x 2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
D = pq − 2np − mq + 2mn
∴ LCM of [ f ( x), g( x)] = (3x + 5xy + 2 y )( x3 − y 3 )
2 2
= p( q − 2n) − m ( q − 2n)
= x2 ( x + 1) ( x − 2) We know that,
= ( p − m )( q − 2n) …(ii)
∴ LCM of D and E = x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2) Product of two polynomials
= ( p − m )( q − n)( q − 2n) = HCF × LCM
= x − x − 2x
4 3 2

29. (c) The factors of given polynomials are ∴ Required polynomial

34. (a) Let f ( x) = ( x 4 − y 4 )
as follows ( x + y )( x3 − y 3 )(3x2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
= ( x2 − y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 ) =
A = pq − np = p ( q − n) …(i) ( x − y )( x + y )
= ( x − y ) ( x + y ) ( x2 + y 2 )
B = pq − mq = q ( p − m ) …(ii) ( x − y ) ( x 2 + y 2 + xy )
and g( x) = ( x6 − y 6 )
C = ( q − n)( q − 2n) (3x 2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
…(iii) = ( x3 + y 3 ) ( x3 − y 3 ) =
D = ( p − m )( q − 2n) …(iv) = ( x + y ) ( x2 − x y + y 2 ) ( x − y ) (x − y)

E = ( p − m )( q − n) …(v) (x + x y + y )
2 2 = ( x + y + xy )(3x2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
2 2

There is no such factor which is = ( x − y ) ( x + y ) ( x2 − x y + y 2 ) = 3x4 + 8x3 y + 10x2 y 2 + 7xy 3 + 2 y 4

common to all given five polynomials. 40. (d) ( x + 1) is the HCF of
( x2 + x y + y 2 )
Thus, HCF (A, B, C , D, E) = 1
Ax 2 + Bx + C and Bx 2 + Ax + C
∴ HCF of
30. (a) Here, a 3 b − ab 3 = ab ( a 2 − b 2 ) ∴ A( −1)2 + B( − 1) + C = 0
[ f ( x), g( x)] = ( x − y ) ( x + y )
= ab ( a − b ) ( a + b ) ⇒ A−B+C =0
= x2 − y 2 ⇒ C =B− A
a3b2 + a2b3 = a2b2 ( a + b)
35. (a) x 2 + 2 x − 8 = ( x − 2) ( x + 4) and B( − 1)2 + A ( −1) + C = 0
∴ LCM [( a 3 b − ab 3 ), ( a 3 b 2 + a 2 b 3 ), ⇒ B− A+C =0
ab ( a + b )] x 3 − 4x 2 + 4x = x [ x 2 − 4x + 4] ⇒ C = A−B
= a b ( a + b) ( a − b)
2 2
= x ( x − 2)2 ∴ C =0
= a b (a − b )
2 2 2 2
x + 4x = x ( x + 4)
2
41. (b) Refer to question 19.
16
MATHEMATICS Rational Expressions 139

RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Usually (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are asked from this
chapter are based on simplification of rational expressions.

EXAMPLE 1. The lowest term of an expression

RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS a3 −b3
p ( x) is
An expression in the form of , where p ( x) and q ( x) a 2 + ab + b 2
q ( x) a
a. a + b b. a − b c. ab d.
are polynomials and q ( x) ≠ 0 is called a rational b
expression. Sol. b. Rational expression
p ( x) a3 − b 3 ( a − b) ( a2 + ab + b2)
• In the rational expression , p ( x) is called the = 2 = =a−b
q ( x) a + ab + b
2
( a2 + ab + b2)

numerator and q ( x) is called the denominator of the [Q( a3 − b3) = ( a − b)( a2 + ab + b2)]
rational expression. EXAMPLE 2. The lowest term of an expression
• Every polynomial is a rational expression. Since, p ( x) 3x 2 − 11x − 4
p ( x) is
can always be written as and a constant function 1 6x 2 − 7x − 3
1
x+ 4 x+ 4 x−4 x−4
is a polynomial of degree 0. a. b. c. d.
2x + 3 2x − 3 2x + 3 2x − 3
• Every rational expression need not be a polynomial.
3x2 − 11x − 4 3x2 − 12x + x − 4
Sol. d. =
Working Rule to Reduce the Given 6x − 7x − 3
2
6x2 − 9x + 2x − 3
3x ( x − 4) + 1( x − 4) ( 3x + 1) ( x − 4) x−4
Rational Expression in its Lowest Term = = =
3x ( 2x − 3) + 1( 2x − 3) ( 3x + 1) ( 2x − 3) 2x − 3
1. Firstly, factorize both the polynomials p ( x) and q ( x).
EXAMPLE 3. The lowest term of an expression
2. Find the HCF of p ( x) and q ( x). If HCF of p ( x) and 12x 3 y 5 z 4
p ( x) is
q ( x) is one, then rational expression is in its 18x 2 y 6 z 5
q ( x)
2x xy 2x 3x
lowest terms. a. b. c. d.
yz z 3yz 2yz
3. If HCF is not equal to 1. Then, divide both p ( x) and
12x3y 5z 4 6 × 2 × x2 × x × y 5 × z 4 2x
q ( x) by their HCF and the rational expression is Sol. c. 2 6 5 = =
18x y z 6 × 3 × x2 × y × y 5 × z × z 4 3yz
obtained in the lowest terms.
140 CDS Pathfinder

p ( x)
Operations on Rational 3. Multiplication of Rational Expressions If
q ( x)
and
Expressions g ( x)
are two rational expressions, then their product
1. Addition or Subtraction of Rational Expressions h ( x)
with like denominators p ( x) g ( x) p ( x) ⋅ g ( x)
is given by × =
P ( x) h ( x) q ( x) h ( x) q ( x) ⋅ h ( x)
It and are two rational expressions then
q ( x) q ( x) p ( x) q ( x)
• Multiplicative inverse of is .
p ( x) h ( x) p ( x) ± h ( x) q ( x) p ( x)
± =
q ( x) q ( x) q ( x) • 1 is the multiplicative identity.
2. Addition or subtraction of Rational Expressions
with unlike denominators x2 −1 x +2
EXAMPLE 6. The product of and is
To add or subtract rational expressions with unlike x +1
2
x +1
denominators, follow the steps given below ( x − 1) ( x − 2)
a. b.
Step I Write each denominator in the factor form ( x2 + 1) ( x2 + 1)
Step II Find the LCM of the denominators ( x − 1)( x + 2) x+ 2
c. d.
Step III Rewrite each rational expression with LCM as ( x2 + 1) ( x2 − 1)
the denominator
x2 − 1 ( x + 2) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
Step IV Add or subtract the numerators. Sol. c. Here, product = × =
x2 + 1 ( x + 1) ( x2 + 1) ( x + 1)
x +1 x −1 [Q a2 − b2 = ( a − b)( a + b)]
EXAMPLE 4. The sum of and is ( x − 1) ( x + 2)
x −1 x +1 =
( x2 + 1)
x +12
1 2x + 2
2
x +2 2
a. 2 b. 2 c. 2 d. 2 p ( x) g ( x)
x −1 x +1 x −1 x −1 4. Division of Rational Expressions If and
q ( x) h ( x)
x + 1 x − 1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
Sol. c. + = × + × are two rational expressions, then their division is
x − 1 x + 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
p ( x) g ( x) p ( x) h ( x)
( x + 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2
given by ÷ = ×
= q ( x) h ( x) q ( x) g ( x)
( x2 − 1)
p ( x) g ( x)
= Product of and the reciprocal of
x2 + 1+ 2x + x2 + 1− 2x 2x + 2
2
= = q ( x) h ( x)
x2 − 1 x2 − 1
h ( x)
i.e. .
g ( x)
[Q ( a + b) 2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab and ( a − b) 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab]

EXAMPLE 5. What should be subtracted from EXAMPLE 7. The lowest term of an expression
7x 4 x 2 + 8x + 12 x 2 + 4x − 12
to get ? ÷ is
x + x − 12
2
x+4 x 2 − 7 x + 12 x −4
a.
1
b.
3
c.
1
d.
3 ( x − 2) x−2
a. b.
x−3 x−3 x+ 3 x+ 3 ( x − 3)( x + 2) x+ 2
( x + 2) x+ 3
Sol. b. Let p( x) is to be subtracted, then c. d.
7x 4 ( x − 3)( x − 2) x−2
− p( x) =
x2 + x − 12 x+ 4 x2 + 8x + 12 x2 + 4x − 12
7x 4 7x 4 Sol. c. Here, ÷
⇒ p( x) = 2 − = − x2 − 7x + 12 x−4
x + x − 12 x + 4 ( x + 4) ( x − 3) ( x + 4)
x2 + 6x + 2x + 12 x−4
7x 4( x − 3) 7x − 4 ( x − 3) = ×
= − = x2 − 4x − 3x + 12 ( x2 + 6x − 2x − 12)
( x + 4)( x − 3) ( x + 4)( x − 3) ( x + 4) ( x − 3)
( x + 6) ( x + 2) x−4 x+ 2
3x + 12 3 ( x + 4) 3 = × =
= = = ( x − 4) ( x − 3) ( x + 6) ( x − 2) ( x − 3) ( x − 2)
( x + 4) ( x − 3) ( x + 4) ( x − 3) x − 3
MATHEMATICS Rational Expressions 141

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which of the following are rational expressions?  x − 1  x + 1
8. If A =   and B =  x − 1 , then ( A + B ) is
2

I.
x3 − 3x2 + 2
II.
z3 − 3z 2  x + 1  
x2 + 1 2z + 3 4x4 + 8x2 − 4 4x4 + 8x2 + 4
(a) (b)
x −x+2
2
x + 3x − 1
3 2
x − 2x + 1
4 2
x4 − 2 x2 + 1
III. IV.
x+3 x2 + x − 1 4x + 8x + 4
4 2
(c) (d) None of these
Select the correct answer using the codes given below x4 + 2 x + 1
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
9. The value of
(c) All of these (d) None of these
1 a2 b2
a + 2 ( a + 1) + − is
2. The simplified form of − . (1 − a ) (1 − b) (1 − a ) ( b − a ) ( b − 1) ( a − b)
a + 3 ( a + 2)
1 a+2 (a) 1 + a (b) 1 − a2
(a) (b)
a2 + 5a + 6 a2 + 5a + 6 (c) 1 − b 2 (d) None of these
(a + 2 ) 2
(c) 0 (d)  x y  y z   z x
a 2 + 5a + 6  y − x   z − y  x − z 
10. The value of    is
 x + 1 2 1 11 11 1
3.  2 −  expressed as a rational expression is  2 − 2  2 − 2  2 −
x − 1 x x y  y z  z x 2 
x −22
− (x − 2 ) (a) x2 y2 z2 (b) − x2 y2 z2
(a) (b)
x (x − 1) 2
x (x − 1) (c) 1 (d) None of these
2 (x + 1) 1
(c) (d) 11. What is the simplified form of
(x3 − 1) x (x + 1)
 x 2 − 3x + 2  x 2 − 9   x3 + 2x 2 + 4x 
( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 9x + 14)
2   ÷   ×   ?
4. The expression in  x3 − 8   x 2 + 7x + 12  x 2 + 3x − 4 
( x − 7) ( x 2 − 3x + 2) x x −2
(a) (b)
lowest terms is x−3 x−3
(a)
1
(b) (x − 7 ) (c) (x − 2 ) (d)
1 x x+ 3
(c) (d)
x−7 x−2 x+ 3 x+ 4
a−c b− c 12. If pq + qr + rp = 0, then what is the value of
5. + is equal to
( a − b) ( x − a ) ( b − a ) ( x − b) p2 q2 r2
b−a x−c + + ?
(a) (b) p − qr
2
q − rp
2
r − pq
2
( x − b ) ( x − a) ( x − a) ( x − b )
(a) 0 (b) 1
b−a
(c) (d) None of these (c) −1 (d) 3
(x − b) (x − c )
13. If x + y + z = 0, then what is the value of
x−3
6. The sum of the rational expression and its 1 1 1
x2 + 1 + + ?
reciprocal is x +y −z
2 2 2
y +z −x
2 2 2
z + x2 − y2
2

x3 − 3x2 + x − 3 x4 + 3x2 − 6x + 10
(a) (b) 1
x + 3x − 6x + 10
4 2
x3 − 3x2 + x − 3 (a) (b) 1
x2 + y2 + z2
x − 3x + 6x + 10
4 2
(x − 1) 3
(c) (d) (c) −1 (d) 0
x − 3x + x − 3
3 2
(x + 3)2
1+ x 1 2a + 1
14. If a = , then what is + equal to?
7. The value of 2− x a + 1 a2 − 1
a b c (1 + x)(2 + x) (1 − x)(2 − x)
+ + (a) (b)
( a − b) ( a − c) ( b − c) ( b − a ) ( c − a ) ( c − b) 2x − 1 x −2
(a) 2a (b) 0 (c) 2b (d) b − c (1 + x)(2 − x ) (1 − x)(2 − x)
(c) (d)
2x − 1 2x + 1
142 CDS Pathfinder

15. If
1
+
2
+
1009
= 1, then what is the PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
x + 1 y + 2 z + 1009
x y z ( x 2 + y 2 )( x − y ) − ( x − y )3
value of + + ? 18. What is equal to?
x + 1 y + 2 z + 1009 x 2 y − xy 2 e 2013 II
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) − 2
1 1 2b 4b3 8b7
x − 3x + 2
2
x − 5x + 4
2
19. What is − − 2 − 4 − 8
16. What is ÷ equal to? a−b a+b a +b 2
a +b 4
a − b8
x 2 − 5x + 6 x 2 − 7x + 12
x +3 x+ 1 equal to? e 2014 II
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
x−3 x+ 3 (a) a + b (b) a − b (c) 1 (d) 0

17. If x + y + z = 0, then what is

xyz 20. If a − by − cz = 0, ax − b + cz = 0 and
2 2

( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) ax + by − c2 = 0, then the value of

equal to (where, x ≠ − y , y ≠ − z , z ≠ − x ) ? x y z
+ + will be
(a) −1 (b) 1 a+ x b+ y c+ z e 2016 I
(c) x y + yz + zx (d) None of these (a) a + b + c (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0

ANSWERS
1 a 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 b 6 b 7 b 8 b 9 d 10 b
11 a 12 b 13 d 14 c 15 b 16 b 17 a 18 b 19 d 20 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

x 3 + 3x 2 − 1 a−c b−c −a b
1. (a) Here, is not a rational 5. (b) Here, + = −
x2 + x − 1 ( a − b )( x − a ) ( b − a )( x − b ) ( a − b )( c − a ) ( b − c )( a − b )
( a − c )( x − b ) − ( b − c )( x − a ) c
expression, since the denominator is not
= −
a polynomial. ( a − b )( x − a )( x − b ) ( c − a )( b − c )
a + 2 ( a + 1) ( − a )( b − c ) − b( c − a ) − c( a − b )
− ax − ab − xc + bc − ( bx − ab − cx + ac ) =
2. (a) We know = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
a + 3 ( a + 2) ( a − b )( x − a )( x − b )
( a + 2) − ( a + 1)( a + 3)
2 − ab + ac − bc + ab − ac + bc
= ax + bc − bx − ac =
( a + 3)( a + 2) = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
( a − b )( x − a )( x − b ) 0
a 2 + 4 + 4a − ( a 2 + 4a + 3) x( a − b ) − c ( − b + a ) = =0
= = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
a 2 + 5a + 6 ( a − b )( x − a )( x − b )
1 8. (b) Here,
= 2 ( x − c )( a − b ) ( x − c)
a + 5a + 6 = = x − 1   x + 1 
2
( a − b )( x − a )( x − b ) ( x − a )( x − b ) ( A + B )2 =   + 
x + 1 2   x + 1  x − 1  
3. (b) Here,  2
1 2
−  = − x −3 x2 + 1
 x − 1 x x − 1 x 6. (b) Here, reciprocal of is
2
 (x − 1)2 + (x + 1)2   2 (x2 + 1) 
2

x + 1 ( x − 3)
2
=  = 2 
[Q x2 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)]  (x + 1) (x − 1)   x − 1 
x − 2x + 2 −( x − 2) So,
= = x −3 x2 + 1 ( x − 3)2 + ( x2 + 1)2 [Q ( a + b )2 + ( a − b )2 = 2( a 2 + b 2 )]
x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1) + =
x +1
2
x −3 ( x2 + 1)( x − 3) 4( x 4 + 2x 2 + 1) 4x 4 + 8x 2 + 4
= = 4
4. (c) We know that, x + 9 − 6x + x + 1 + 2x 2
2 4
x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 x − 2x 2 + 1
=
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x2 − 9x + 14) x 3 − 3x 2 + x − 3
9. (d) Given,
( x − 7)( x2 − 3x + 2) x4 + 3x2 − 6x + 10
= 1 a2
x 3 − 3x 2 + x − 3 +
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x2 − 7x − 2x + 14) ( 1 − a )( 1 − b ) ( 1 − a )( b − a )
=
( x − 7)( x2 − 2x − x + 2) 7. (b) We know that, b2
−
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 7)( x − 2) a
+
b ( b − 1)( a − b )
= =x−2
( x − 7)( x − 2)( x − 1) ( a − b )( a − c ) ( b − c )( b − a ) ( b − a) + a2( 1 − b) − b 2( 1 − a)
c =
+ ( 1 − a )( 1 − b )( b − a )
( c − a )( c − b )
MATHEMATICS Rational Expressions 143

b − a + a 2 − a 2 b − b 2 + ab 2 1
+
2
+
1009
=1
= 15. (b) Given,
( 1 − a )( 1 − b )( b − a ) x + 1 y + 2 z + 1009
( b − a ) + ( a 2 − b 2 ) + ab( b − a ) 1 2 1009
= ⇒ − 1+ − 1+ − 1 = 1− 3
( 1 − a )( 1 − b )( b − a ) x+ 1 y+2 z + 1009
( b − a ) − ( a + b )( b − a ) + ab( b − a ) 1 − a − b + ab x y z
= = =1 ⇒ − − − = −2
( 1 − a )( 1 − b )( b − a ) 1 − b − a + ab x + 1 y + 2 z + 1009
x y z
∴ + + =2
 x y   y z  z x x + 1 y + 2 z + 1009
 −   −   − 
 y x z y x z
10. (b) Given, x 2 − 3x + 2 x 2 − 5x + 4
 1 1 1 1 1 1 16. (b) Given, ÷
 2 − 2  2 − 2  2 − 2 x2 − 5x + 6 x2 − 7x + 12
x y  y z  z x  x2 − 3x + 2 ( x2 − 7x + 12)
= 2 ×
 x2 − y 2   y 2 − z 2  z 2 − x 2  x − 5x + 6 ( x 2 − 5x + 4)
   
=  2
xy   zy   xz  ( x − 1)( x − 2) ( x − 4)( x − 3)
= × =1
 y − x2  z 2 − y 2   x2 − z 2  ( x − 3)( x − 2) ( x − 4)( x − 1)
 2 2  2 2  2 2 
 x y  z y  xz  17. (a) Given, x + y + z = 0
( x2 − y 2 )( y 2 − z 2 )(z 2 − x2 ) ⇒ x + y = −z , y + z = − x and z + x = − y
x2 y 2 z2 x 4 y 4z 4 ∴
xyz
=
xyz
=
xyz
= −1
=− =− = − x 2 y 2z 2 ( x + y )( y + z )(z + x) ( −z )( − x)( − y ) − xyz
( x2 − y 2 )( y 2 − z 2 )(z 2 − x2 ) x 2 y 2z 2
x 4 y 4z 4 ( x 2 + y 2 )( x − y ) − ( x − y )3
18. (b) Given,
 x − 3x + 2  
2
x − 9   x + 2x + 4x 
2 3 2 x 2 y − xy 2
11. (a) Given,   ÷ 2  × 2 
 x − 8   x + 7x + 12   x + 3x − 4 
3
x 3 + xy 2 − x 2 y − y 3 − ( x 3 − y 3 − 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 )
=
 x2 − 3x + 2 x2 + 7x + 12   x3 + 2x2 + 4x  x 2 y − xy 2
= ×  × 
 x −8
3
x 2 − 9   x 2 + 3x − 4  x 3 + xy 2 − x 2 y − y 3 − x 3 + y 3 + 3x 2 y − 3xy 2
=
( x − 1)( x − 2) ( x + 4)( x + 3) x( x2 + 2x + 4) x 2 y − xy 2
= × ×
( x − 2)( x + 4 + 2x) ( x − 3)( x + 3) ( x − 1)( x + 4)
2 2x 2 y − 2xy 2 2( x 2 y − xy 2 )
= = =2
=
x
[Q a 3 − b 3 = ( a − b )( a 2 + b 2 + ab )] x 2 y − xy 2 x 2 y − xy 2
x −3 1 1 2b 4b 3 8b 7
19. (d) − − 2 − 4 − 8
12. (b) Given, pq + qr + r p = 0 a−b a+ b a + b 2
a +b 4
a − b8
p2 q2 r2 ( a + b) − ( a − b) 2b 4b 3
8b 7
∴ + 2 + 2 = − 2 − 4 − 8
p − qr q − r p r − pq
2 ( a − b )( a + b ) a +b 2
a +b 4
a − b8
3 7
p2 q2 r2 2b 2b 4b 8b
= + 2 + 2 = 2 − − −
p + rp + pq q + pq + qr r + qr + rp
2 a − b2 a2 + b2 a4 + b4 a8 − b8
2b( a 2 + b 2 ) − 2b( a 2 − b 2 ) 4b 3 8b 7
p2 q2 r2 p+ q+ r = − 4 − 8
= + + = =1 ( a − b )( a + b )
2 2 2 2
a +b 4
a − b8
p ( p + r + q) q ( p + q + r) r ( p + q + r) p + q + r 3 3 7
4b 4b 8b
= 4 − −
13. (d) Given, x + y + z = 0 ⇒ x + y = − z. a − b4 a4 + b4 a8 − b8
On squaring both sides, we get x2 + y 2 + 2xy = z 2 4b 3 ( a 4 + b 4 ) − 4b 3 ( a 4 − b 4 ) 8b 7
= − 8 =0
x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = − 2 xy ( a − b )( a + b )
4 4 4 4
a − b8

Similarly, y 2 + z 2 − x 2 = −2 yz and z 2 + x 2 − y 2 = −2zx 20. (c) Given, a 2 − by − cz = 0 …(i)

∴
1
+
1
+
1 ax − b 2 + cz = 0 …(ii)
x2 + y 2 − z 2 y 2 + z 2 − x2 z 2 + x2 − y 2 and ax + by − c 2 = 0 …(iii)
1 1 1 1z + x + y  On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
= + + =  =0
−2xy −2 yz −2zx 2  xyz  b 2 − a 2 + c2 x b2 − a 2 + c2
x= ⇒ = 2
2a a+ x a + b 2 + c2
1+ x
3   y a 2 − b 2 + c2 z a 2 + b 2 − c2
1+ x 1 2a + 1 3a  2 − x Similarly, = and =
14. (c) Given, a = So, + 2 = 2 = b + y a 2 + b 2 + c2 c+z a 2 + b 2 + c2
2−x a + 1 a − 1 a − 1  1+ x 2
  −1
 2 − x ( b 2 − a 2 + c2 ) + ( a 2 − b 2 + c2 )
3( 1 + x)( 2 − x) 3( 1 + x)( 2 − x) ( 1 + x)( 2 − x) + ( a 2 + b 2 − c2 )
= = = x y z
∴ + + = =1
1 + x + 2x − ( 4 + x − 4x)
2 2
6x − 3 ( 2x − 1) a+ x y + b c+z a 2 + b 2 + c2
17
144 CDS Pathfinder

LINEAR EQUATIONS
Generally (3-5) questions have been definitely asked from this chapter in CDS examination. Beside this,
the linear equations are also applicable in solving various word problems related to number system,
mensuration, time and work, etc.

A linear equation is an equation for a straight line.

So, the equation which has degree 1, i.e., which has linear power of the variables, is called a linear
equation.

LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

A linear equation in one variable is an equation which can be written in the form of ax + b = 0,
or ax = c, where a, b, c are real numbers with a ≠ 0.
2 y
e.g. 5x + 8 = 9 − x , y + 7 = and t + 3t = 9 − t are linear equations in one variable.
3 2

Solving a linear Equation in One Variable

1. Simplify both sides of the equation.
2. Use the addition and subtraction properites to get all variables of terms on the LHS and all constant
terms on the RHS.
3. Simplify and divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the variable.

EXAMPLE 1. Solve 2(x − 3) − (5 − 3x) = 3 (x + 1) − 4 (2 + x).

a. 1 b. −1 c. 0 d. 3
Sol. a. 2 ( x − 3) − ( 5 − 3x) = 3 ( x + 1) − 4 ( 2 + x) ⇒ 2x − 6 − 5 + 3x = 3x + 3 − 8 − 4x
⇒ 5x − 11 = − x − 5 ⇒ 6x = 6 ⇒ x = 1, Hence, the value of x is 1.

LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

An equation which can be put in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers and a, b
both are not zero, is called a linear equation in two variables.
e.g. 2x + 3y = 5, 2x + 3y = 0 and 2a + 3b = 0 are linear equations in two variables.
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 145

Sol. a. Given equations are, kx + 2y − 5 = 0 and

Pair of Linear Equations
3x + y − 1 = 0
Two linear equations in the two same variables are called On comparing the given equations, with standard form
pair of linear equations in two variables. The general form of equations
of pair of linear equations in two variables x and y is a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 We have, a1 = k, b1 = 2, c1 = − 5
where, a1 , a 2 , b1 , b2 and c1 , c 2 are all real numbers and and a2 = 3, b2 = 1, c2 = − 1
a12 + b12 ≠ 0, a 22 + b22 ≠ 0.
(i) Here, the equations have a unique solution, if
a1 b1
≠
Consistency Pair of a2 b2
k 2
linear Equations i.e. if ≠
3 1
⇒ k ≠6
A pair of linear equations which has no solution is called (ii) The equations have no solution, if
an inconsistent pair of linear equations. A pair of linear a1 b1 c1
= ≠
equations which has atleast one solution is called a a2 b2 c2
consistent pair of linear equations. Let us consider two k 2
linear equations as a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0. ∴ = ⇒ k =6
3 1
Pair of linear equations in two variables will represent
two straight lines, both to be considered together. The EXAMPLE 3. The value of k for which the system
table given below repersents the three possibilities. of equations kx − y = 2, 6 x − 2y = 3 has infinitely many
Ratios Consistency Graphical Algebraic solutions is
Representation interpretation a. 3 b. 4
a1 b Consistent Exactly one c. 12 d. No such value of k exists.
≠ 1
a2 b 2 solution (unique).
Sol. d. Given equations are,
kx − y − 2 = 0 and 6x − 2y − 3 = 0
Intersecting lines. On comparing the given equations, with standard form
a1 b c Dependent of equations
= 1 = 1 Infinitely many
a2 b 2 c 2
(consistent) solutions. a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0
We have, a1 = k , b1 = − 1, c1 = − 2
and a2 = 6, b2 = − 2, c2 = − 3
Coincident lines.
Here, the equations have infinite number of solutions, if
a1 b c Inconsistent No solution.
= 1 ≠ 1 a1 b1 c1
a2 b 2 c 2 = =
a2 b2 c2
a1 k b1 − 1 1 c −2 2
But, = , = = and 1 = =
Parallel lines. a2 6 b2 − 2 2 c2 −3 3
b1 c1
So, ≠ .
b2 c2
HOMOGENEOUS PAIR OF Thus, the system has no such value of k, for which the
LINEAR EQUATIONS given system has infinitely many solutions.

The pair of linear equations a1 x + b1 y = 0, a 2 x + b2 y = 0 has Algebraic Methods of Solutions

a b
1. A unique solution, if 1 ≠ 1 and the solution is Different algebraic methods for solving pair of linear
x = 0, y = 0. a 2 b2 equations are discussed below in detail.
a b
2. An infinite number of solutions, if 1 = 1 .
a 2 b2 1. Substitution Method
This pair of linear equations is always consistent. In this method, we substitute the value of one variable
in terms of other variable to solve the pair of linear
EXAMPLE 2. The values of k for which the system equations, so this method is called substitution method.
kx + 2y = 5 and 3x + y = 1 has
Steps used in this method are given below.
(i) unique solution (ii) no solution are
a. k ≠ 6 and k = 6 b. k ≠ 3 and k = 3 Step I Find the value of one variable x (or y) in terms of
c. k ≠ 2 and k = 2 d. None of these other variable i.e. y (or x) from an equation.
146 CDS Pathfinder

Step II Substitute this value of x (or y) in other equation, 3. Cross-multiplication Method

and reduce it to a linear equation in one variable
Let us consider a general system of two simultaneous
i.e. in terms of y (or x) which can be solved easily.
linear equations
Step III Substitute the value of y (or x) obtained in Step II a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 …(i)
in the equation which is used to obtain the value a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 …(ii)
of the other variable in Step I.
a1 b1
where, ≠ then the solution of the system is given by,
EXAMPLE 4. The solutions of the system of a2 b2
equations x + y = 14 and x − y = 4, is x=
b1c2 − b2 c1 c a − c2 a1
and y = 1 2
a. x = 5 and y = 9 b. x = 9 and y = 5 a1b2 − a2 b1 a1b2 − a2 b1
x y 1
c. x = 5 and y = 3 d. x = 3 and y = 5 ∴ = =
b1c2 − b2 c1 c1a2 − c2 a1 a1b2 − a2 b1
Sol. b. Given equations are, x + y = 14 …(i) This method is called cross multiplication method.
and x−y =4 …(ii)
from eq. (ii), y = x−4 …(iii) Remembering Technique
On substituting the value of y from Eq. (iii) in Eq. (i), we get (Cross-multiplication)
x+ x − 4 = 14 ⇒ 2x = 18 ⇒ x = 9 The following diagram helps in remembering the above
On substituting x = 9 in Eq. (iii), we get solution.
y =9 − 4 = 5 ⇒ y = 5 x y 1
Hence, x = 9 and y = 5 b1 c1 a1 b1

2. Elimination Method b2 c2 a2 b2

In this method, one variable is eliminated from both The arrows between the two numbers indicate that they
equations to have an equation in one variable, so it are to be multiplied. The downward arrows indicate first
is called elimination method. product while upward arrows indicate the second product.
The second product is to be subtracted from the first.
Steps used in this method are given below.
Step I Make the coefficient of one variable ( x or y ) EXAMPLE 6. The system of equations
numerically equal by multiplying both equations ax − by = a 2 − b 2 and x + y = a + b has the solution.
by some suitable non zero constant. a. x = a and y = b b. x = − a and y = − b
Step II Now, add or subtract both equations, so that one c. x = b and y = a d. x = − b and y = − a
variable is eliminated and the remaining equation
Sol. a. Given, pairs of linear equations are
is in one variable only.
a x − by − ( a2 − b2) = 0 ...(i)
Step III Solve the equation in one variable to get the value and x + y − ( a + b) = 0 ...(ii)
of this variable (x or y). On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii) with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
Step IV Substitute this value (x or y) in either of the given and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get
equations to get the value of other variable. a1 = a, b1 = − b, c1 = − ( a2 − b2)
a2 = 1, b2 = 1, c2 = − ( a + b)
EXAMPLE 5. The solution of the given system of
By cross multiplication, we have
equations 2x + 5y = 11 and 3x + 4y = 13 is x y 1
a. (4, 2) b. (3, 1) c. (5, 2) d. (1, 1) –b –(a2–b2) a –b
Sol. b. Given equations are, 2x + 5y =11 ...(i)
1 –(a+b) 1 1
and 3x + 4y = 13 ...(ii) x y 1
⇒ = =
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and Eq. (ii) by 2, we get b( a + b) + ( a2 − b2) − ( a2 − b2 + a( a + b)) a + b
6x + 15y = 33 …(iii) x y 1 ab + a2 b2 + ab
⇒ 2 = 2 = ⇒x= and y =
6x + 8y = 26 …(iv) ab + a b + ab a + b a+ b a+ b
On subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get a( a + b) b ( b + a)
⇒ x= = a and y = =b
(6 x + 15y) − (6x + 8y) = 33 − 26 ⇒ 7y = 7 ⇒ y = 1 a+ b a+ b
So, x = a and y = b is the required solution.
Put y = 1 in Eq. (i), 2x + 5 × 1 = 11
⇒ 2x = 11 − 5 ⇒ 2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3
Hence, solution of system of equations is (3, 1).
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 147

⇒ 4A + 6 = 18 ⇒ 4A = 12 ⇒ A = 3
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO A 1 1 1 1
Now = B = 2 ⇒ x = and = A = 3⇒ y =
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS x 2 y 3
1 1
We have several situations when there are two So, x = and y = is the required solution.
2 3
equations that are not linear, but can be reduced to a pair
of linear equations. By making suitable substitutions. 3 2 9 4
EXAMPLE 9. If + = 2 and − = 1,
2 3 5 4 x+y x−y x+y x−y
EXAMPLE 7. If + = 13 and − = − 2 , then x
x y x y then what is value of ?
x y
what is the value of ? 3 2 1
y a. b. 5 c. d.
2 3 5
2 3 1 1
a. b. c. d.
3 2 3 2 Sol. b. Given equations are,
1 1 3 2
Sol. b. Let = p and = q + =2 …(i)
x y x+ y x−y
So, we have, 2p + 3q = 13 9 4
…(i) and − =1 …(ii)
and 5p − 4q = − 2 …(ii) x+ y x−y
1 1
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 4 and Eq. (ii) by 3 and then Let = a and =b
adding, we get x+ y x−y
8 p + 15p = 52 − 6 ⇒ 23p = 46 ⇒ p = 2 ∴ 3a + 2b = 2 …(iii)
On putting p = 2 in Eq. (i), we get 9a − 4b = 1 …(iv)
9 On multiplying Eq. (iii) by 2 and adding with Eq. (iv), we
2 × 2 + 3q = 13 ⇒ 3q = 13 − 4 = 9 ⇒ q = = 3
3 get
1 1 1 1 ⇒ 6 a + 9 a = 5 ⇒ 15a = 5
Now, x= ⇒ x = and y = ⇒ y= .
p 2 q 3 1
∴ a=
x 3 3
Hence, the value of is . 1 1
y 2 ∴ = ⇒ x+ y =3 …(v)
x+ y 3
EXAMPLE 8. Find the solution of the system of On putting the value of a in Eq. (iii), we get
equations 4x + 3y = 18xy and 2x − 5y = − 4xy. 1
3 × + 2b = 2 ⇒ b =
1
1 1 1 1 3 2
a. x = 2, y = 3 b. x = 3, y = 2 c. x = , y =
d. x = , y = 1 1
3 2 2 3 ⇒ = ⇒ x−y =2 …(vi)
Sol. d. Given equations are, 4x + 3y = 18xy ...(i) x−y 2
5
and 2x − 5y = −4xy ...(ii) On adding Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get, 2x = 5 ⇒ x =
2
On dividing both the equations by xy, we get 5 1
From Eq. (v), x + y = 3 ⇒ y = 3 − =
4x 3y 18xy 2x 5y − 4xy 2 2
+ = and − = 5
xy xy xy x y xy xy
x 2
4 3 2 5 ∴ = =5
or + = 18 and − =−4 y 1
y x y x
2
1 1
On putting = A and = B, we get
y x
4A + 3B = 18 …(iii)
LINEAR EQUATION IN
2A − 5B = − 4 …(iv) THREE VARIABLES
On multiplying Eq. (iv) by 2 and subtracting from Eq. (iii), An equation in the form of ax + by + cz = r , where a, b, c
we get and r are real numbers and a, b and c are not all zeros is
4A + 3B = 18
called a linear equation in three variables
4A − 10B = − 8
− + + e.g. 3x + 4y − 7 z = 2 , −2x + y − z = 6 and x + y + z = 2 are all
13B = 26 linear equation in three variables.
⇒ B=2 Use substitution and elimination method to solve the
On putting, the value of B in Eq. (iii), we get system of three equations in three variables.
148 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 10. Solve the system x + y + z = 5,

2x − y + z = 9 and x − 2y + 3z = 16.
Problem Based on Numbers
Let the digit in unit’s place be x and that in ten’s place
a. ( 2, − 1, 4 ) b. ( 3, 5, 6 ) c. (1, − 2, 5 ) d. ( 6 , 1, − 3)
be y. Then, the two-digits number is given by 10 y + x.
Sol. a. Given equations are, x + y + z = 5 …(i) On interchanging the positions of the digits, the digit in
2x − y + z = 9 …(ii) unit place becomes y and that in ten’s place becomes x,
x − 2y + 3z = 16 …(iii) and the number becomes 10 x + y. Formulate the
First we eliminate y by adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get equations and then solve them.
x+ y + z = 5
2x − y + z = 9 EXAMPLE 12. A number consists of two digits,
3x + 2z = 14 …(iv) whose sum is 8. If 18 is added to the number, the
digits are reversed. The number is equal to
Next we eliminate y by multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and then
adding it to Eq. (iii), we get a. 26 b. 35 c. 53 d. 62
2x + 2y + 2z = 10 Sol. b. Let the unit's place digit and ten's place digit be x
x − 2y + 3z = 16 and y, respectively.
3x + 5z = 26 …(v) ∴Original number = 10y + x
Now subtract Eq. (iv) from Eq. (v), we get Number obtained by reversing the order of digit = 10x+ y
3z = 12 ⇒ z = 4 Condition I Sum of digits = 8
Substitute z = 4 in Eq. (iv), 3x + 2 × 4 = 14 ⇒ 3x = 6 ⇒ x = 2. ⇒ x+ y =8 …(i)
Finally put x = 2 and z = 4 in Eq. (i), we get Condition II 10x + y = 10y + x + 18
2 + y + 4 = 5 ⇒ y = −1 ⇒ 10x − 10y + y − x = 18 ⇒ 9x − 9y = 18
⇒ x−y = 2 …(ii)
∴ (2, −1, 4) is the required solution.
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x + y + x − y = 8 + 2 ⇒ 2x = 10
APPLICATION OF LINEAR ∴ x=5
EQUATIONS On putting x = 5 in Eq. (i), we get
5+ y = 8 ⇒ y = 3
The application of linear equations are discussed below.
Hence, Required number = 10y + x = 10 × 3 + 5 = 35
Problem Based on Ages
If the problem involves finding out the ages of two Problem Based on Fractions
persons, then take the present age of one person as x Let the numerator of the fraction be x and denominator
and that of the other as y. be y, then the fraction is x / y.
Then, ‘a’ years ago, age of Ist person was ( x − a) years Formulate the linear equations on the basis of
and that of 2nd person was ( y − a) years. conditions given and solve them.
After b years, age of Ist person will be ( x + b) years and
EXAMPLE 13. If we add 1 to the numerator and
that of 2nd person will be ( y + b) years. subtract 1 from the denominator, a fraction becomes
Formulate the equations and then solve them. 1
1. It also becomes , if we only add 1 to the
2
EXAMPLE 11. Age of X is six times that of Y. After 4 yr, denominator. The fraction is
X is 4 times elder to Y. What is the present age of Y? a. 4/5 b. 3/5 c. 2/5 d. 1/5
a. 4 yr b. 5 yr c. 6 yr d. 7 yr
Sol. b. Let the numerator and the denominator of the
Sol. c. Let the present age of X and Y be x and y yr, fraction be x and y, respectively.
respectively. x
∴ Fraction =
Condition I Age of X = Age of Y × 6, x = 6y ...(i) y
After 4 yr, Age of X = ( x + 4) yr , Age of Y = ( y + 4) yr Condition I When 1 is added to the numerator and 1 is
Condition II ( x + 4) = ( y + 4) × 4, x + 4 = 4y + 16 ...(ii) x+1
subtract from the denominator, then new fraction =
y −1
Put the value of x = 6y in Eq. (ii), we get
⇒ 6y + 4 = 4y + 16 ⇒ 2y = 12 According to the question,
x+1
∴ y =6 = 1 ⇒ x + 1= y − 1 ⇒ x − y = − 2 …(i)
So, the present age of Y is 6 yr. y −1
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 149

Condition II When 1 is added to denominator, then EXAMPLE 15. A railway ticket for a child costs half
x
new fraction = the full fare but the reservation charge is the same on
y+1 half tickets as much as on full ticket. One reserved first
x 1
According to the question, = ⇒ 2x = y + 1 class ticket for a journey between two stations is ` 362,
y+1 2
⇒ 2x − y = 1 …(ii) one full and one half reserved first class tickets cost
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get ` 554. What is the reservation charge?
−x = − 3 ⇒ x = 3 a. ` 18 b. ` 22 c. ` 38 d. ` 46
Put the value of x in Eq. (i), we get Sol. b. Let full fare and reservation charge be ` x and
3 − y = − 2⇒ y = 5 ` y, respectively. Then, full ticket = x + y
x 3
Hence, the fractions is = x
y 5 half ticket = + y
2
According to question, x + y = 362 ...(i)
Problem Based on Distance, and  x  3
( x+ y) +  + y = 554 = x + 2y = 554 ...(ii)
Speed and Time 2  2
Speed is the distance covered by an object per unit time. On multiplying Eq. (i) by 2, we get
Distance 2x + 2y = 724 ...(iii)
i.e. Speed =
Time On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get
If the speed of boat in still water be x km/h and speed x
= 170 ⇒ x = 340
of stream be y km/h. Then, the speed of boat 2
downstream = ( x + y) km/h On putting value of x in Eq. (i), we get
and speed of boat upstream = ( x − y) km/h 340 + y = 362 ⇒ y = 22
Hence, the reservation charge is ` 22.
EXAMPLE 14. A motorboat takes 2h to travel a
distance of 9 km down the current and it takes 6h to Problems Based on Mensuration
travel the same distance against the current. What is Make use of given formulae to formulate the equation
the speed of the boat in still water ?
1. Area of rectangle = length × breadth
a. 3 km/h b. 2 km/h c. 1.5 km/h d. 1 km/h
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (length+Breadth)
Sol. a. Let speed of the motorboat in still water be x km/h
and speed of the stream be y km/h. 2. The sum of angles of a triangle is 180°
Then, speed of the motorboat downstream = ( x + y) km/h 3. The sum of opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral is
and speed of the boat upstream = ( x − y) km/h 180°
Condition I When motorboat goes 9 km downstream, then 4. In parallelogram, opposite angles are equal.
9  Distance 
2= Q Time =  EXAMPLE 16. The length of a rectangle is 8 cm
x+ y  Speed 
more than its breadth. If the perimeter of the
⇒ 2x + 2y = 9 …(i) rectangle of 68 cm, then its length and breadth are
Condition II When motorboat goes 9 km upstream, then a. 21 cm, 13 cm b. 14 cm, 23 cm
9 c. 19 cm, 20 cm d. 9 cm, 15 cm
6= ⇒ 6x − 6y = 9 …(ii)
x−y Sol. a. Let the length and breadth of a rectangle be x and y,
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 3, we get respectively.
6x + 6y = 27 …(iii) Condition I x= y + 8 ⇒ x− y =8 …(i)
Now, adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Condition II Perimeter of rectangle = 68 cm
12x = 36 ⇒ x = 3 km/h
⇒ 2[ x + y ] = 68, x + y = 34 …(ii)
Problem Based on Fixed On adding Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
and running Charges 2x = 42 ⇒ x = 21
Let the fixed charge of any commodity be ` x and rate On putting x = 21in Eq. (ii), we get
of running charges be ` y, then total cost = x + total 21 + y = 34 ⇒ y = 34 − 21 = 13
running charges. Hence, length of rectangle = 21cm
Formulate the equations and then solve them. and breadth of rectangle = 13 cm
150 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 17. The area of a rectangle is decreased ⇒ xy − 2x + 2y − 4 = xy − 28

by 28 m 2 , if the length is increased by 2 m and the ⇒ 2x − 2y = 24 ⇒ x − y = 12 …(i)
breadth is decreased by 2 m. The area of a rectangle Condition II If, length = ( x − 1) m and breadth = ( y + 2) m
is increased by 33 m 2 , if the length is decreased by
1m and the breadth is increased by 2 m, then the area ∴ Now the area of rectangle = ( x − 1)( y + 2) m 2
of rectangle is According to the question,
a. 253 m2 b. 235 m2 c. 532 m2 d. 352 m2 ( x − 1)( y + 2) = xy + 33
Sol. a. Let the length and breadth of a rectangle be x and y, ⇒ xy + 2x − y − 2 = xy + 33
respectively. ⇒ 2x − y = 35 …(ii)
∴ Original area of rectangle = xy m 2 On subtracting Eq. (i) from (ii), we get, x = 23
Condition I If length = ( x + 2) m and breadth = ( y − 2) m On putting x = 23 in Eq. (i), we get,
∴ Area of rectangle = ( x + 2)( y − 2) m 2 23 − y = 12
According to the question, ∴ y = 23 − 12 = 11
( x + 2)( y − 2) = xy − 28 So, original area of rectangle = xy = 23 × 11= 253 m 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Find x, if 25x − 19 − [3 − { 4x − 5}] = 3x − ( 6x − 5). 7. The system of equations 6x + 5 y = 11 and
1 15
(a) x = 1 (b) x = − 1 (c) x = (d) x = 2 9x + y = 21 has
2 2
2. If a number is subtracted from three-fourth of (a) a unique solution (b) many solution
itself, the value so obtained is − 130. Then, what (c) no solution (d) None of these
is the number?
8. The sum of two numbers is 2490 and if 6.5% of
(a) 540 (b) 560 (c) 420 (d) 520
one number is equal to 8.5% of the other, then
3. Sum of two numbers is 21 and their difference is numbers are
11, then the greatest number is (a) 1414, 1076 (b) 1411, 1079
(a) 5 (b) 16 (c) 9 (d) 10 (c) 1412, 1078 (d) None of these
4. Which of the following equations have x = 2 and 9. Given two linear equations a1x + b1 y = c1 and
y = 1 as a solution? a1 b1
a2x + b2 y = c2 , if ≠ , then the graph is
I. 2x + 5 y = 9 II. 5x + 3 y = 14 a2 b2
III. 2x + 3 y = 7 IV. 2x − 3 y = 1 (a) parallel (b) intersection at one point
Select the correct answer using the codes given (c) coincident (d) None of these
below
10. For what value of k, the following equations will
(a) I and IV (b) II and III (c) Only I (d) I, III and IV
be inconsistent? 4x + 6 y = 11 and 2x + ky = 7
x
5. The solution of the pair of equation + y = 0.8 (a) k = − 3 (b) k =
12
(c) k = 12 (d) k = 3
2 5
7
and = 10 is 11. For what value of k, the system of equations has
y
x+ infinitely many solutions 2x − ky = 4 and
2
2 3 2 3x + 2 y = 6?
(a) x = , y = (b) x = , y = 5 4 −4 2 3
5 5 3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 3 2 3 3 3 2
(c) x = , y = (d) x = , y =
5 3 5 5 12. For what value of α, the system of equation
6. A system of two simultaneous linear equations in αx + 3 y = α − 3, 12x + αy = α will have a unique
two variables has a unique solution if their graphs solution?
(a) are coincident (b) are parallel
(a) α = ± 6 (b) α = 6 (c) α ≠ ± 6 (d) α = − 6
(c) intersect in one point (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 151

13. Consider the following statements: 44 30 55 40

23. If + = 10, + = 13, then find
I. The solution of equation 2x + 3 y = 425 and x+ y x − y x+ y x − y
3x + 2 y = 350 is a positive integral pair. the value of x and y.
II. for k = −2, the equations x − ky = 2 and 3x + 6 y = −5 (a) x = 2, y = 8 (b) x = 8, y = 3
have infinitely many solutions. (c) x = 8, y = 2 (d) x = 3, y = 8
III. (2, 5) and (−1, 3) are solutions of 2x + 5 y = 13 24. Consider the following sets of equations
Select the correct answer using the codes given I. 2x − y = 0 and 6x − 3 y = 0
below: II. 3x − 4 y = 0 and 12x − 20 y = 0 Then,
(a) Only I (b) Both I and II (a) Both sets I and II possess unique solution
(c) Both II and III (d) All of these (b) Set I possesses unique solution and set II has
infinitely many solutions
14. A horse and two cows together cost ` 680. If a
horse costs ` 80 more than a cow, then the cost (c) Set I possesses infinitely many solutions and set II
possess unique solution
of horse is
(d) None of the sets I and II possesses a unique solution
(a) ` 170 (b) ` 280 (c) ` 200 (d) ` 220
4
15. Sunita has 10 paise and 50 paise coins in her 25. A fraction becomes , if 1 is added to both
5
purse. If the total number of coins is 17 and numerator and denominator. If however 5 is
their total value is ` 4.50, then number of 10 subtracted from both numerator and denominator
paise coins is 1
(a) 9 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) 5 the fraction becomes . Then, the fractions is
2
7 9 3 4
16. The solution of the equation (a) (b) (c) (d)
3x − y + 1 2x + y + 2 3x + 2 y + 1 9 7 5 3
= = is given by
3 5 6 26. For what value of k, the following system of
which one of the following? equations 3x + 4 y = 6 and 6x + 8 y = k represents
(a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 1 coincident lines?
(c) x = − 1, y = − 1 (d) x = 1, y = 2 (a) 12 (b) 11 (c) 13 (d) 10

17. The line 3x − 5 y = −10 cuts Y-axis at 27. The area of a rectangle remains the same if the
(a) (0, 2) (b) (0, 1) (c) (0, 3) (0, 4) length is increased by 7 m and the breadth is
decreased by 3 m. The area remains unaffected if
18. The equations px + q = 0 and rx + s = 0 are the length is decreased by 7 m and the
consistent, if breadth is increased by 5 m, then area of
(a) ps = qr (b) ps + qr = 0 (c) pq − rs = 0 (d) pq + rs = 0 rectangle is
(a) 280 m2 (b) 320 m2 (c) 420 m2 (d) 400 m2
19. A streamer goes downstream and covers the
distance between two ports in 4 h while it covers 28. The value of x in the solution of the equation
the same distance upstream in 5 h. If the speed 2x + y
= 2x − y
= 8 is
of the stream is 2 km/h, then the speed of the 3 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
streamer in still water is 2 4 8
(a) 20 km/h (b) 19 km/h (c) 18 km/h (d) 19.5 km/h
29. A and B each have a certain number of mangoes.
20. The solution of the system of linear equations A says to B : “If you give 30 of your mangoes, I
0.4x + 0.3 y = 1.7 and 0.7x − 0.2 y = 0.8 is will have twice as many as left with you” B
(a) x = 3, y = 2 (b) x = 2, y = −3 replies “If you give me 10, I will have thrice as
(c) x = 2, y = 3 (d) None of these many as left with you”. How many mangoes did
A has?
21. If 2x − 3 y = 0 and 7x + 2 y = 0, then find the (a) 41 (b) 62 (c) 34 (d) 32
value of x + y.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 30. There are two examination rooms A and B. If 10
candidates are sent from room A to room B,
22. A man starts his job with a certain monthly the number of students in each room is the
salary and earns a fixed increment every year. If same. If 20 candidates are sent from B to A, the
his salary was ` 1500 after 4 yr of services and number of students in A is double the number
` 1800 after 10 yr of service. What was his starting of students in B. Then, number of students in
salary? room B is
(a) ` 1300 (b) ` 1200 (c) ` 50 (d) ` 1100 (a) 40 (b) 100 (c) 80 (d) 60
152 CDS Pathfinder

31. A train started from a station with a certain 41. What is the value of k for which the system of
number of passengers. At the first halt, 1/3rd of equations x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and 5x + ky + 7 = 0 has no
its passengers got down and 120 passengers got solution?
in. At the second halt, half of the passengers 3 14 1
(a) − (b) − (c) (d) 10
got down and 100 persons got in. Then, the 14 3 10
train left for its destination with 240 passengers.
How many passengers were there in the train 42. What is the solution of the equation x − y = 0.9
when it started ? and 11( x + y )−1 = 2 ?
(a) 540 (b) 480 (c) 360 (d) 240 (a) x = 3.2 and y = 2.3 (b) x = 1 and y = 0.1
(c) x = 2 and y = 11
. (d) x = 1.2 and y = 0. 3
32. The system of equations x + 2 y = 3 and 3x + 6 y = 9
has 43. Pooja started her job with certain monthly
(a) unique solutions (b) no solution salary and gets a fixed increment every year.
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) finite number of solutions If her salary was ` 4200 after 3 yr and ` 6800
after 8 yr of service, then what are her
33. The sum of digits of a two-digit number is 8 and initial salary and the annual increment,
the difference between the number and that respectively ?
formed by reversing the digits is 18. What is the (a) ` 2640, ` 320 (b) ` 2460, ` 320
difference between the digits of the number? (c) ` 2460, ` 520 (d) ` 2640, ` 520
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
44. A person bought 5 tickets from the station P to a
34. If ( x , y ) = ( 4, 1) is the solution of the pair of linear station Q and 10 tickets from the station P to a
equations mx + y = 2x + ny = 5, then what is station R. He paid ` 350. If the sum of fare of a
m + n equal to? ticket from P to Q and a ticket from P to R is `
(a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) 1 42, then what is the fare from P to Q ?
(a) ` 12 (b) ` 14
35. If 2a + 3b = 17 and 2a + 2 − 3b + 1 = 5, then
(c) ` 16 (d) ` 18
(a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = − 2, b = 3
(c) a = 2, b = − 3 (d) a = 3, b = 2 45. The Community Relief fund receives a large
donation of $ 2800. The foundation agrees to
36. The sum of two numbers is 80. If the larger spend the money on $ 20 school bags, $ 25
number exceeds four times the smaller by 5, sweaters, $ 5 books. They want to buy 200 items
what is the smaller number ? and send them to schools in earthquake-hit
(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25
areas. They must order as many books as school
2 3 9 4 9 21 bages and sweaters combined.
37. If + = and + = , where x, y ≠ 0
x y xy x y xy How many of each item should they order?
and y ≠ 0, then what is the value of x + y ? (a) (40, 60, 100) (b) (20, 30, 80)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 8 (c) (50, 100, 60) (d) 40, 80, 25)

38. Under what condition do the equation kx − y = 2 Directions (Q. Nos. 46-47) Some money is divided
and 6x − 2 y = 3 have a unique solution? among Rajesh, Sonal and Chetan in such a way that
(a) k = 3 (b) k ≠ 3 (c) k = 0 (d) k ≠ 0 2 times share of Rajesh, 3 times share of Sonal and
5 times share of Chetan are all equal.
39. Let there be three simultaneous linear equations
in two unknowns, which are non-parallel and Now, answer the following questions based on above
information.
non-collinear. What can be the number of
solutions (if they do exist)?
46. If the sum of 6 times the share with Rajesh and
(a) One or infinite (b) Only one
6 times the share with Sonal is ` 150, then find
(c) Exactly two (d) Exactly three
the share of Chetan?
40. A number consists of two digits, whose sum is (a) ` 5 (b) ` 6 (c) ` 10 (d) ` 12
10. If 18 is subtracted from the number, digits of
the number are reversed. What is the product? 47. If the sum of shares of Rajesh, Chetan and Sonal
is ` 155, then find the share of Rajesh.
(a) 15 (b) 18
(c) 24 (d) 32 (a) ` 75 (b) ` 35 (c) ` 50 (d) ` 25
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 153

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 57. A bus starts with some passengers. At the first
stop, one-fifth of the passengers gets down
48. The graphs of ax + by = c, dx + ey = f will be and 40 passengers get in. At the second stop,
I. Parallel, if the system has no solution. half of the passengers gets down and 30 get in.
II. Coincident, if the system has finite number of The number of passengers now is 70. The
solutions. number of passengers with which the bus started
III. Intersecting, if the system has only one solutions was e 2013 II
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 70
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? e 2012 I 58. If x + y − 7 = 0 and 3x + y − 13 = 0, then what is
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III 4x 2 + y 2 + 4xy equal to? e 2013 II
(c) Both I and III (d) All of these
(a) 75 (b) 85 (c) 91 (d) 100
49. The sum of two numbers is 20 and their product is x y 2 3
75. What is the sum of their reciprocals? e 2012 I 59. If + = 4 and + = 1, then what is x + y
2 3 x y
1 1 4 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) equal to? e 2013 II
15 5 15 15
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8
50. If 3x + y = 81 and 81x − y = 3, then what is the value
60. If x + y = 5, y + z = 10 and z + x = 15, then which
of x? e 2012 I
17 17 17 15 one of the following is correct? e 2014 I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 8 4 4 (a) z > x > y (b) z > y > x (c) x > y > z (d) x > z > y
a b x a b 61. The present age of Ravi’s father is 4 times Ravi’s
51. If − = and + = x − y, then what is the
b a y b a present age. 5 yr back, Ravi’s father was seven
value of x ? e 2013 I
times as old as Ravi was at that time. What is
a+ b a+ b a−b the present age of Ravi’s father? e 2014 I
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
a b a (a) 84 yr (b) 70 yr (c) 40 yr (d) 35 yr

52. The system of equations 3x + y − 4 = 0 and 62. The sum of two positive number x and y is 2.5
6x + 2 y − 8 = 0 has e 2013 I times their difference. If the product of numbers
(a) a unique solution x = 1, y = 1 is 84, then what is the sum of those two
(b) a unique solution x = 0 , y = 4 numbers? e 2014 I
(c) no solution (a) 26 (b) 24 (c) 22 (d) 20
(d) infinite solutions 63. Two chairs and one table cost ` 700 and one
53. The sum of two numbers is 7 and the sum of chair and Two tables cost ` 800. If cost m tables
their squares is 25. The product of the two and m chairs is ` 30000, then what is m equal
numbers is e 2013 I to? e 2014 I
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 15 (a) 60 (b) 55 (c) 50 (d) 45

Directions (Q. Nos. 54-55) A number consists of two 64. A certain number of two digits is three times the
sum of its digits. If 45 is added to the number,
digits whose sum is 10. If the digits of the number
then the digits will be reversed. What is the sum
are reversed, then the number is decreased by 36.
of the squares of the two digits of the number?
54. Which of the following is/are correct? (a) 41 (b) 45 e 2014 II
I. The number is divisible by a composite number. (c) 53 (d) 64
II. The number is a multiple of a prime number. 65. A student was asked to multiply a number by 25.
Select the correct answer using the codes given He instead multiplied the number by 52 and got
below e 2013 I the answer 324 more than the correct answer.
(a) Only I (b) Only II The number to be multiplied was e 2015 I
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 32

55. What is the products of the two digits? 4

e 2013 I 66. A tin of oil was full. When 6 bottles of oil were
(a) 21 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 42 5
taken out from this tin and 4 bottles of oil were
56. Ten chairs and six tables together cost ` 6200, poured into it, it was 3 / 4 full. Oil of how many
three chairs and two tables together cost ` 1900. bottles can the tin contain? (All bottles are of
The cost of 4 chairs and 5 tables is e 2013 I equal volume) e 2015 II
(a) ` 3000 (b) ` 3300 (c) ` 3500 (d) ` 3800 (a) 35 (b) 40 (c) 45 (d) 50
154 CDS Pathfinder

67. A number consists of two digits, whose sum is 7. 70. There are three brothers. The sums of ages of
If the digits are reversed, the number is increased two of them at a time are 4 yr, 6 yr and 8 yr.
by 27. The product of digits of the number is The age difference between the eldest and the
e 2015 II youngest is e 2016 I
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12 (a) 3 yr (b) 4 yr (c) 5 yr (d) 6 yr
p q q p x 71. The annual incomes of two persons are in the
68. If + = m and + = n, then what is equal
x y x y y ratio 9 : 7 and their expenses are in the ratio
to? e 2016 I 4 : 3. If each of them saves ` 2000 per year, then
np + mq np + mq what is the difference in their annual incomes?
(a) (b)
mp + nq mp − nq e 2016 I
np − mq np − mq (a) ` 4000 (b) ` 4500 (c) ` 5000 (d) ` 5500
(c) (d)
mp − nq mp + nq
72. Let a two digits number be k times the sum of its
69. The value of k, for which the system of equations digits. If the number formed by interchanging
3x − ky − 20 = 0 and 6x − 10 y + 40 = 0 has no the digits is m times the sum of the digits, then
solution, is e 2016 I the value of m is e 2016 I
(a) 10 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 3 (a) 9 − k (b) 10 − k (c) 11 − k (d) k − 1

ANSWERS
1 a 2 d 3 b 4 d 5 a 6 c 7 c 8 b 9 b 10 d
11 b 12 c 13 a 14 b 15 c 16 b 17 a 18 a 19 c 20 c
21 d 22 a 23 b 24 c 25 a 26 a 27 c 28 b 29 c 30 c
31 d 32 c 33 b 34 a 35 d 36 b 37 c 38 b 39 b 40 c
41 d 42 a 43 d 44 b 45 a 46 b 47 a 48 c 49 c 50 b
51 d 52 d 53 c 54 b 55 a 56 a 57 b 58 d 59 b 60 a
61 c 62 d 63 a 64 c 65 a 66 b 67 c 68 c 69 c 70 b
71 a 72 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) We have, 25 x − 19 − [3 − { 4x − 5}] 3. (b) Let numbers be x and y, respectively. ⇒ 13 = 14, it is false.
= 3x − ( 6x − 5) Then by given condition, III. 2x + 3 y = 7 ⇒ 2 ( 2) + 3 ( 1) = 7
⇒ 25x − 19 − [3 − 4x + 5] x + y = 21 …(i) 7 = 7 , it is true.
= 3x − 6x + 5 x − y = 11 …(ii) IV. 2x − 3 y = 1 ⇒ 2 ( 2) − 3 ( 1) = 1
⇒ 25x − 19 + 4x − 8 = − 3x + 5 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 = 1 , it is true.
⇒ 29x + 3x = 5 + 27 2x = 32
32 So, x = 2 and y = 1
32 x= = 16
⇒ 32x = 32 ⇒ x = =1⇒ x=1 2 is a solution of I, III and IV.
32
On putting y = 16 in Eq. (i), we get
Hence, the value of x is 1. 5. (a) Given equations are,
x + 16 = 21
x + 2 y = 16
. ...(i)
2. (d) Let the number be x. ∴ x=5
y 7
According to the question, Hence, the greatest number is 16. and x+ = ...(ii)
3x 3x − 4x 2 10
− x = − 130 ⇒ = − 130 4. (d) Put x = 2 and y = 1in each equation
4 4 On multiplying Eq. (i) by 10 and
I. 2x + 5 y = 9 ⇒ 2 ( 2) + 5 ( 1) = 9
−x Eq. (ii) by 10, we get
⇒ = − 130 ⇒ x = 520 9 = 9 , it is true.
4 or 10x + 20 y = 16 …(iii)
II. 5x + 3 y = 14
Hence, the number is 520. ⇒ 5( 2) + 3( 1) = 14 and 10x + 5 y = 7 …(iv)
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 155

On subtracting, Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), a 2 b1 −k c 4 On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (iii), we
we get Now, 1 = , = and 1 = get
a 3 b 2 c 6
( 10x + 20 y ) − ( 10x + 5 y ) = 16 − 7
2 2 2 ( x + 5 y ) − ( x + y ) = 45 − 17
Since, the system has infinitely many 28
⇒ 15 y = 9 ⇒ y =
9
⇒y=
3 ⇒ 4 y = 28 ⇒ y = =7
solutions 4
15 5
1 = 1 = 1, 2 = − k = 2 ∴ Number of 10 paise coins
a b c
On putting the value of y in Eq (i), we
get a
2
b
2
c 3
2
2 3 = x = 17 − y = 17 − 7 = 10
8 6 8 −4
x + 2y = , x + = ⇒ − 3k = 4 ⇒ k = 16. (b) Given,
5 5 5 3
8 6 2 3x − y + 1 2x + y + 2 3x + 2 y + 1
⇒ x= − = 12. (c) Given equations are, = =
5 5 5 3 5 6
αx + 3 y = α − 3 and 12x + αy = α ( I) ( II) ( III)
6. (c) A pair of linear equations in two
Here, a = α, b = 3, c = α − 3 Taking Ist and IInd terms,
variables has a unique solution if their 1 1 1
graphs intersect in one point. a = 12, b = α, c = α 5(3x − y + 1) = 3( 2x + y + 2)
2 2 1
a 6 2 b 5 2 Since, system has unique solution, ⇒ 9x − 8 y = 1 …(i)
7. (c) Here, 1 = = , 1 = = a b
1 ≠ 1 ⇒ α 3 Taking IInd and IIIrd terms
a 9 3 b
2
15 / 2 3
2 So, ≠
c a b c a b 12 α 6 ( 2x + y + 2) = 5(3x + 2 y + 1)
11 2 2
and 1 = ⇒ 1 = 1 ≠ 1 ⇒ α 2 ≠ 36 ⇒ α≠± 6 ⇒ 3x + 4 y = 7 …(ii)
c 21 a b c
2 2 2 2
13. (a) I. 2x + 3 y = 425, 3x + 2 y = 350 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get y = 1
So, the system has no solution. and x = 1
Solving both the equations, we get
8. (b) Let the numbers be x and 2490 − x. x = 40 and y = 115.
65
. 13x 17. (a) Given, 3x − 5 y = −10
6.5% of x = ×x= II. When k = −2
100 200 At Y-axis, x = 0
1 = 1, 1 = 2 = 1, 1 = −2
.
85 a b c 10
8.5% of ( 2490 − x) = ( 2490 − x) ⇒ 0 − 5 y = −10 ⇒ y = =2
100 a 3 b 6 3 c 5 5
2 2 2
17 a b c So, the point on Y-axis is (0, 2).
= ( 2490 − x) Q 1 = 1 ≠ 1
200 a b c 18. (a) Given, px + q = 0 and rx + s = 0
13x 17( 2490 − x) 2 2 2
−q −s
By given condition, = Hence, the given equations have no ⇒ x= and x =
200 200 solution. p r
⇒ 13x = 17( 2490 − x) −q −s
III. (2, 5) is not a solution of So, = ⇒ ps = qr
⇒ 13x + 17x = 42330 2x + 5 y = 13 as p r
42330
⇒ x= = 1411 2( 2) + 5( 5) = 4 + 25 = 29 ≠ 13. 19. (c) Let the speed of the streamer in still
30
Hence, only I is correct. water = x km/h
∴ Second number = ( 2490 − x)
then speed of streamer downstream
= 2490 − 1411 = 1079 14. (b) Let cost of one horse and one cow be
`x and `y, respectively. = ( x + 2) km/h
9. (b) As this is the case of unique solution speed of streamer upstream
a b Condition I x + 2 y = 680 ...(i)
1 ≠ 1 , so the graph of the equations
= ( x − 2) km/h
a
2
b Condition II x = y + 80
2
Distance travelled by streamer
will intersect at one point. ⇒ x − y = 80 ...(ii)
downstream in 4h
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we
10. (d) Given equations are, = 4 ( x + 2) km
get
4x + 6 y = 11 and 2x + ky = 7 ( x + 2 y) − ( x − y ) = 680 − 80 [Q distance = time × speed]
Here, a = 4, b = 6, c = 11 ⇒ 3 y = 600 and distance travelled by streamer
1 1 1
and a = 2, b = k , c = 7 ∴ y = 200 upstream in 5 h = 5( x − 2)
2 2 2
a 4 b 6 c 11 On putting y = 200 in Eq. (i), we get So, 4 ( x + 2) = 5 ( x − 2)
Here, 1= , 1 = and 1 =
a 2 b k c 7 x + 2 × 200 = 680 ⇒ 4x + 8 = 5x − 10
2 2 2
Since, system is inconsistent, so ⇒ x + 400 = 680 ⇒ x = 680 − 400 Hence, x = 18 km/h is the speed of
a b c ∴ x = 280 streamer in still water.
1 = 1 ≠ 1 ⇒ 4 = 6
a b c 2 k Hence, the cost of one horse is ` 280. 20. (c) Given, 0.4x + 03
. y = 17
. and
2 2 2
0.7x − 0.2 y = 0.8
⇒ 4k = 12 ⇒ k = 3 15. (c) Let number of 10 paise coins be x and
Hence, the value of k is 3. number of 50 paise coins be y. On multiplying above equation by 10,
we get
11. (b) Given equations are, According to the questions,
x + y = 17 4x + 3 y = 17 ...(i)
2x − ky = 4 and 3x + 2 y = 6 Then, …(i)
and 7x − 2 y = 8 ...(ii)
Here, a = 2, b = − k, c = 4 and 10x + 50 y = 450 …(ii)
1 1 1
and a = 3, b = 2, c = 6 On multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and Eq. (ii)
From Eq. (ii), x + 5 y = 45 …(iii)
2 2 2 by 3, we get
156 CDS Pathfinder

8x + 6 y = 34 ...(iii) 24. (c) Set I 2x − y = 0 and 6x − 3 y = 0 27. (c) Let the length of rectangle be x m
and 21x − 6 y = 24 ...(iv) Here, a = 2, b = − 1 and breadth be y m.
1 1
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get and a = 6 , b = −3 ∴ Original area of rectangle = xy
2 2
(8x + 6 y ) + ( 21x − 6 y ) = 34 + 24 a
1 = 2 = 1 ⇒
b
1 = 1
Case I Length = ( x + 7) m and breadth
⇒
⇒ 29x = 58 a 6 3 b 3 = ( y − 3) m
∴ x=2 2 2
∴ New area of rectangle
a b
On putting x = 2 in Eq. (i), we get ∴ 1 = 1
a b = ( x + 7) ( y − 3)
8 + 3 y = 17 ⇒ y = 3 2 2
Given, xy = xy − 3x + 7 y − 21
Hence, x = 2 and y = 3 is the required So, system of equations have infinitely
⇒ 3x − 7 y = − 21 …(i)
solution. many solutions.
21. (d) Given, 2x − 3 y = 0 Case II Length = ( x − 7)
Set II 3x − 4 y = 0 and 12x − 20 y = 0
7x + 2y = 0 and Breadth = ( y + 5)
and Here, a = 3, b = − 4
Here, a = 2, b = − 3
1 1
∴ New area of rectangle
1 1 and a = 12, b = − 20
2 2 = ( x − 7) ( y + 5)
a = 7 and b = 2 a b −4
2 2
∴ 1 =
3
=
1
⇒ =
1 =
1 Given, xy = xy + 5x − 7 y − 35
As the equations are homogeneous a 12 4 b −20 5
equations and also 2 2 ⇒ 5x − 7 y = 35 …(ii)
a b 1 1 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we
1 ≠ 1 . So, equation has one solution, Here ≠
4 5 get
a b 3x − 7 y = − 21
2 2 So, system of equatons has unique
∴ x = y = 0 ⇒x+ y = 0 solution. 5x − 7 y = 35
Hence, the value of x + y is zero. x
25. (a) Let the fraction be . – + −
22. (a) Let the starting salary be ` x and y − 2x = − 56
x+ 1 4
annual increment be ` y.
Condition I = ∴ x = 28 m
By given condition, x + 4 y = 1500 ...(i) y+ 1 5 On putting x = 28 in Eq. (ii), we get
and x + 10 y = 1800 ...(ii) 5 × 28 − 7 y = 35 ⇒ − 7 y = 35 − 140
⇒ 5( x + 1) = 4 ( y + 1)
On subtructing Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we
⇒ 5x − 4 y = − 1 …(i) ∴ y = 15
get ∴ Area of rectangle
x −5 1
6 y = 300 ⇒ y = 50 Condition II =
y −5 2 = xy = 15 × 28 = 420 m 2
On putting y = 50 in Eq. (i), we get x+ y
⇒ 2( x − 5) = ( y − 5) 28. (b) Given, 2 = 8 , 2x − y
= 8
x + 200 = 1500 ⇒ 2x − y = 5 x+ y x− y
…(ii) or 2 = 2 2, 2 =2 2
∴ x = ` 1300 x+ y x− y
On multiplying Eq. (ii) by 4 and or 2 =2 3/2
,2 = 23 / 2
1 1
23. (b) Put = A and =B subtracting from Eq. (i), we get On comparing both sides, we get
x+ y x− y
5x − 4 y = − 1 x+ y =
3
...(i)
⇒ 44 A + 30 B = 10 ...(i) 8x − 4 y = 20 2
and 55A + 40B = 13 ...(ii) − + − 3
and x − y = ...(ii)
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 4 and Eq. (ii) −3 x = − 21 2
by 3 and subtracting, we get ∴ x=7 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2x = 3
176 A + 120B = 40 Put the value of x in Eq. (i), 3
⇒ x=
⇒ 35 − 4 y = − 1 ⇒ y = 9 2
165 A + 120B = 39 3
− − − 7 Hence, the value of x is .
Hence, the fraction is .
11A =1 9 2
⇒ A = 1 / 11 ⇒ x + y = 11 ...(iii) 26. (a) Given equations are, 29. (c) Let A has x mangoes and B has y
On putting the value of A in Eq. (i), we 3x + 4 y = 6 ...(i) mangoes.
get and 6x + 8 y = k ...(ii) Case I x + 30 = 2 ( y − 30)
4 + 30 B = 10 ⇒ 30B = 6 Here, a = 3, b = 4, c = b ⇒ x + 30 = 2 y − 60
1 1 1
1 a = 6, b = 8, c = k
∴ B = , x− y =5 ...(iv) 2 2 2 x − 2 y = − 90 …(i)
5 Since the system of equations represents Case II ( y + 10) = 3 ( x − 10)
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get concident line
y = 3x − 30 − 10
2x = 16 a b c 3 4 6
∴ 1 = 1 = 1, i.e. = = 3x − y = 40 …(ii)
∴ x=8 a
2
b
2
c
2
6 8 k
On putting x = 8 in Eq. (iii), we get 48 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ 4k = 6 × 8 ⇒ k = = 12
8 + y = 11 ⇒ y = 3 4 x = 34, y = 62
Hence, x = 8 and y = 3. Hence, the value of k is 12. So, A has 34 mangoes.
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 157

30. (c) Let number of students in room A be 35. (d) Given, 2a + 3b = 17 41. (d) Since, given system of equations
x and in room B be y. and 2a + 2
− 3b +1
=5 x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and 5x + ky + 7 = 0 has
So, by given condition no solution.
⇒ 2a × 22 − 3b × 31 = 5
x − 10 = y + 10 ⇒ x − y = 20 …(i) a b c
⇒ 4 ⋅ 2a − 3 ⋅ 3b = 5 Then, 1 = 1 ≠ 1

and x + 20 = 2 ( y − 20) Let 2 = x and 3b = y

a a
2
b c
2 2
x − 2 y = − 60 …(ii) x + y = 17 1 2 −3
Then, …(i) ∴ = ≠ ⇒ k = 10
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we 5 k 7
4x − 3 y = 5 …(ii)
get
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and adding 42. (a) Given, x − y = 0.9 …(i)
( x − y ) − ( x − 2 y ) = 20 + 60 ⇒ y = 80 to Eq. (ii), we get −1
and 11( x + y ) =2 …(ii)
Hence, number of students in room 3x + 3 y = 51
B is 80. ⇒ 2x + 2 y = 11
4x − 3 y = 5
31. (d) Let the number of passengers in the On multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and adding
7x = 56 Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
starting be x.
∴ x =8
Number of passengers after first halt On putting the value of x in Eq. (i), we 4x = 128
. ⇒ x = 3.2
=  x −  + 120 = x + 120
x 2 get From Eq. (i) y = 3.2 − 0.9 = 2.3
 3  3 8 + y = 17 ⇒ y = 9
43. (d) Let Pooja’s initial salary be ` x and
and number of passengers after second Now, 2a = x ⇒ 2a = 8 = ( 2)3
halt fixed increment every year be ` y.
∴ a = 3 and 3b = y = 9 ⇒ 3b = 32
=  x + 120 + 100
1 2 By given condition, x + 3 y = 4200 …(i)
∴ b=2
2  3  Hence, a = 3 and b = 2 and x + 8 y = 6800…(ii)
But number of passengers after second
36. (b) Let smaller number be x. On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we
halt = 240
and larger number = 80 − x get
1 2
∴ x + 120 + 100 = 240 By given condition, 80 − x = 4x + 5
( x + 3 y ) − ( x + 8 y ) = 4200 − 6800
2  3 
⇒ −5 y = −2600 ⇒ y = `520
2 2 ⇒ 5x = 75 ⇒ x = 15
⇒ x + 120 = 280 ⇒ x = 160 On putting y = 520 in Eq. (i), we get
3 3 Hence, the smaller number is 15.
x = ` 2640
⇒ x = 240 37. (c) Given equations are,
2 3 9 44. (b) Let the fare of ticket from station P
32. (c) Given system of equations are + = ⇒ 2 y + 3x = 9 …(i) to station Q is ` x and that from station
x y xy
x + 2 y = 3 and 3x + 6 y = 9 P to station R is ` y.
4 9 21
a b c
1 = 1 = 1 = 1.
and + = ⇒ 4 y + 9x = 21 …(ii) By given condition, x + y = 42
Here, x y xy
a b c 3 and 5x + 10 y = 350
2 2 2 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Hence, given system of the equation has On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x = 1 and y = 3
infinitely many solutions. x = 14 and y = 28
∴ x + y = 1+ 3 = 4
33. (b) Let x be the ten’s digit and y be the Hence, fare from station P to station Q
38. (b) Since, the equation kx − y = 2 and
unit's digit of two-digit number. is ` 14.
6x − 2 y = 3 have a unique solution
By given condition, x + y = 8 k 1 45. (a) Let x represent school bags, y
∴ ≠ ⇒ k ≠3
and ( 10x + y ) − ( 10 y + x) = 18 …(i) 6 2 represent sweaters, z represent books.
System of equations:
⇒ 9x − 9 y = 18 ⇒ x − y = 2 …(ii) 39. (b) Three lines a x + b y + c = 0
1 1 1 x + y + z = 200 …(i)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a x+b y+c =0
2 2 2 z=x+ y …(ii)
2x = 10 ⇒ x = 5 and a x+b y+c =0
3 3 3 20x + 25 y + 5z = 2800 …(iii)
On putting x = 5 in Eq. (i), we get which are non-parallel and non-collinear
putting z = x + y in Eq. (i)
⇒ y = 8 − 5 = 3 ⇒ x = 5 and y = 3 they have only one solution if they meet
in a common point in this case these ( x + y ) + x + y = 200 , 2x + 2 y = 200
∴ Required difference of digits,
lines are called concurrent lines. x + y = 100 , x = 100 − y
x− y =5−3= 2
40. (c) Let the unit’s digit be x and ten’s putting x = 100 − y in Eq. (iii)
34. (a) Given, ( x, y ) = ( 4, 1) and digit’s be y. Then the two-digit number 20 ( 100 − y ) + 25 y + 5
mx + y = 2x + ny = 5 = 10 y + x [( 100 − y ) + y ] = 2800
On putting x = 4 and y = 1, we get By given condition, x + y = 10 …(i) 2000 − 20 y + 25 y + 500 = 2800
∴ m( 4) + 1 = 2 × 4 + n = 5 and 10 y + x − 18 = 10x + y
5 y = 300 ⇒ y = 60
I II III ⇒ 9x − 9 y = − 18 ⇒ x − y = − 2
∴ 4m + 1 = 5 and 8 + n = 5 x = 100 − 60 ⇒ x = 40
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ n = − 3 and m = 1 z = 40 + 60 ⇒ z = 100
x = 4 and y = 6
∴ m + n = 1−3 = −2 ∴ Required product = xy = 4 × 6 = 24 40 school bags, 60 sweaters, 100 books
158 CDS Pathfinder

46. (b) Let the share of Rajesh be R, Sonal 52. (d) Given equations are, ⇒ 9x + 6 y = 5700 …(ii)
be S and Chetan be C, respectively. 3x + y = 4 …(i) On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we
According to question, 2R = 3S = 5C 6x + 2 y = 8 …(ii) get
also, 6 R + 6S = 150 Here, a = 3 , b = 1 and c = 4 ( 10x + 6 y ) − ( 9x + 6 y ) = 6200 − 5700
1 1 1
3 a = 6 , b = 2 and c = 8
⇒ × 6 S + 6 S = 150 and
2 2 2 ⇒ x = 500
2 a b c
Q 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 ∴ x = `500
⇒ 9S + 6S = 150 ⇒ S = 10 a b c 2
3 3 2 2 2 From Eq. (i), 5000 + 6 y = 6200
∴ C = S = × 10 = ` 6.
5 5 So, the system of equations has ⇒ 6 y = 1200 ⇒ y = ` 200
infinitely many solutions.
47. (a) R + C + S = 155 ∴ Cost of 4 chairs and 5 tables
2 2 53. (c) Let the two numbers be x and y,
R + R + R = 155 = 4x + 5 y = 4 × 500 + 5 × 200
5 3 respectively.
Given, sum of two numbers = 7 = 2000 + 1000 = `3000
15R + 6R + 10R
= 155 ⇒ R = ` 75 ⇒ x+ y =7 …(i) 57. (b) Let bus starts with x number of
15
48. (c) The graph of ax + by = c, and sum of their squares = 25 passengers.
dx + ey = f will be coincident, if the ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 25 …(ii) After 1st stoppage, number of passengers
system has infinite number of solutions. Now, we have x 5x − x + 200
= x − + 40 =
So, statement II is false. ( x + y ) 2 = ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2 xy 5 5
4x + 200
Thus, statements I and III are correct. ⇒ ( x + y ) 2 − ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2 xy =
5
49. (c) Let the two numbers be x and y, 1
⇒ xy = [( x + y )2 − ( x2 + y 2 )] After 2nd stoppage, number of passengers
respectively. According to the question, 2 4x + 200 4x + 200
x + y = 20 …(i) 1 − + 30
= [( 7)2 − ( 25)] 5 5×2
and xy = 75 …(ii) 2 According to question,
1 1 y+x 20 4 4x + 200 4x + 200
⇒ + = = = [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] ⇒ − + 30 = 70
x y xy 75 15 5 10
1 1
= ( 49 − 25) = × 24 = 12 4x + 200  1
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 2 2  1 −  + 30 = 70
50. (b) Given equations are, Hence, the product of the two numbers 5  2
4x + 200 1
3x+ y = 81 ⇒ 3x + y = 34 is 12. ⇒ × = 40
5 2
⇒ x+ y =4 …(i) Solutions (Q. Nos. 54-55) Let the digit in
⇒ 4x + 200 = 400 ⇒ 4x = 200
and 81x − y = 3 ⇒ (34 )x − y = 31 unit’s place by y and that in ten’s place
200
1 be x . ∴ x= = 50
⇒ x− y = …(ii) Then, the two-digit number is given by 4
4
10x + y. Hence, the number of passengers is 50.
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
17 17
Number obtain by reversing the order of 58. (d) We have,x + y − 7 = 0
⇒ 2x = ⇒ x= digit = 10 y + x ⇒ x+ y =7 …(i)
4 8
Now, by given condition, and 3x + y − 13 = 0
51. (d) Given equations are, x + y = 10 …(i) ⇒ 3x + y = 13 …(ii)
a b x
− = …(i) and ( x + 10 y ) + 36 = ( y + 10x) On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we
b a y get
a b ⇒ − 9 y + 9x = 36
and + =x− y …(ii) 3x + y = 13
b a ⇒ x− y =4 ...(ii)
x+ y =7
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get − − −
 a − bx − x 2x = 14, x = 7 2x = 6
 
a b x   ∴ x=3
+ =x− = b a On putting the value of x in Eq. (i), we
b a  a − b a b
− get On putting the value of x in Eq. (i), we
 
 b a b a 7 + y = 10 ⇒ y = 3 get
3+ y =7 ⇒ y =4
⇒  +   −  = x − − 1
a b a b a b 54. (b) The required number is 73.
 b a  b a b a  So, the number is a multiple of a prime Now, 4x2 + y 2 + 4xy = ( 2x + y )2
a 2
b 
2
 a − b − ab 
2 2 number. = ( 2 × 3 + 4)2
⇒  2 − 2 = x 
b a   ab  55. (a) Required product of two digits = ( 6 + 4)2
ab a −b 
4 4
= 3 × 7 = 21 = 102 = 100
⇒ x= 2 × 
( a − b 2 − ab )  a 2 b 2  x y 3x + 2 y
56. (a) Let the cost of one chair and one 59. (b) Given, + = 4 ⇒ =4
(a − b )
4 4
1 table be ` x and ` y, respectively. 2 3 6
⇒ x= 2 ⋅ ⇒ 3x + 2 y = 24 …(i)
a − b 2 − ab ab By given condition,
2 3 2 y + 3x
( a − b )( a + b )( a 2 + b 2 ) 10x + 6 y = 6200 …(i) and + = 1⇒ =1
= x y xy
ab( a 2 − b 2 − ab ) and 3x + 2 y = 1900
⇒ 2 y + 3x = xy …(ii)
MATHEMATICS Linear Equations 159

p q q p
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 63. (a) Let the cost of one chair be ` x and 68. (c) Given, + = m and + = h
xy = 24 that of one table be ` y. x y x y
1 1
There are 8 possibilities for x and y, Then, 2x + y = 700 …(i) Let = u and = v
respectively. x y
and x + 2 y = 800 …(ii)
1 × 24 = 24 6 × 4 = 24 Then, pu + qv = m …(i)
On multiplying Eq. (ii) by 2 and
2 × 12 = 24, 8 × 3 = 24 and qu + pv = n …(ii)
subtracting from Eq. (i), we get
3 × 8 = 24, 12 × 2 = 24 2x + y = 700
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4 × 6 = 24, 24 × 1 = 24 mp − nq mq − np
2x + 4 y = 1600 u= 2 and v = 2
On putting all the values of x and y in − − − p −q 2
q − p2
given equations we get that only x = 4 − 3 y = − 900 ⇒ y = 300 x 1 / u v −(mq − np )
and y = 6 satisfy the equations. ∴ = = =
On putting y = 300 in Eq. (ii), we get y 1/ v u mp − nq
∴ x + y = 4 + 6 = 10 np − mq
x + 2 × 300 = 800 =
60. (a) Given equations are, x = 800 − 600 = 200 mp − nq
x + y =5 …(i) Since, m chairs and m tables are to be 69. (c) Given equations are,
y + z = 10 …(ii) purchased for ` 30000.
z + x = 15 …(iii) 3x − ky − 20 = 0 …(i)
∴Cost of m table and m chairs = 30000
from Eq. (i), we have y = 5 − x 6x − 10 y + 40 = 0 …(ii)
put the value of x in Eq. (ii) , ∴ 200m + 300m = 30000
since, the given system has no solution
z + 5 − x = 10 30000
⇒ m= ⇒ m = 60 a b c
∴ 1 = 1 ≠ 1 ⇒ 3 = k ⇒k =5
⇒ z−x =5 …(iv) 500
a b c 6 10
Add Eq. (iv) and Eq. (iii) 64. (c) Let the two-digit number be 10x + y, 2 2 2
(z + x ) + (z − x ) = 15 + 5 Condition I 70. (b) Let the ages of three brothers be a, b
⇒ 2z = 20 ⇒ z = 10 According to the question, and c.
from Eq. (iii), we have 10 + x = 15 10x + y = 3( x + y )
⇒ x =5 Then, a + b = 4, b + c = 6
⇒ 10x + y − 3x − 3 y = 0
and hence y = 5 − x = 5 − 5 = 0 and c+ a =8
⇒ 7x − 2 y = 0 …(i)
∴ correct sequence is z > x > y Condition II On solving these three equations, we get
⇒ 10x + y + 45 − 10 y − x = 0 a = 3, b = 1 and c = 5
61. (c) Let present age of Ravi be x yr.
⇒ 9x − 9 y + 45 = 0 ∴ Age difference between eldest and
∴ Present age of Ravi’s father = 4x yr
⇒ x − y = − 5 …(ii) youngest = 5 − 1 = 4 yr
Now, 5 yr ago, age of Ravi’s father
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 71. (a) Let annual incomes of two persons
= ( 4x − 5) yr
x = 2 and y = 7 be 9x and 7x and expenses be 4 y and 3 y,
and age of Ravi = ( x − 5) yr respectively.
∴ Sum of the squares of digits
According to the question, Then, according to the question,
= ( 2)2 + ( 7)2 = 4 + 49 = 53
4x − 5 = 7( x − 5) 9x − 4 y = 2000 …(i)
⇒ 4x − 5 = 7x − 35 ⇒ 3x = 30 65. (a) Let x be the required number.
and 7x − 3 y = 2000 …(ii)
∴ x = 10 ∴ 52x − 25x = 324
324 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ Present age of Ravi = x = 10 yr ⇒ 27x = 324 ⇒ x = = 12
27 9x − 4 y = 7x − 3 y ⇒ y = 2x
Present age of Ravi’s father On putting the value of y in Eq. (i), we
Hence, the required number is 12.
= 4x = 4 × 10 = 40 yr get
66. (b) Let a tin of oil contain x bottles of 9x − 8x = 2000 ⇒ x = ` 2000
62. (d) Let the two positive numbers be x oil.
and y, respectively. According to the ∴ Difference between their annual
According to the question, incomes = 9x − 7x = 2 x = ` 4000
question,
4 6 4 3 4 3 6 4
( x + y ) = 25
. (x − y) − + = ⇒ − = − 72. (c) Let the unit’s place number be y and
5 x x 4 5 4 x x
⇒ x + y = 25
. x − 25
. y 1 2
ten’s place number be x.
x 7 7 ⇒ = ⇒ x = 40 Then, number = 10x + y
⇒ 35
. y = 15
. x ⇒ = or x = y 20 x
y 3 3 Now, after interchanging the digits,
∴ A tin contains 40 bottles of oil.
Now, product of numbers xy = 84 New number = 10 y + x and sum of
67. (c) Let the number be 10x + y .
7 84 × 3 digits = x + y
⇒ y × y = 84 ⇒ y 2 = We have, x + y = 7 …(i)
3 7 According to the question,
and 10 y + x = 10x + y + 27
⇒ y = 12 × 3
2 10x + y = k( x + y ) …(i)
⇒ 9 y − 9x = 27 ⇒ y − x = 3 …(ii)
7 and 10 y + x = m( x + y ) …(ii)
∴ y =6⇒ x = × 6 = 14 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get y = 5
3 and x = 2 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ Sum of numbers = x + y ∴ Number is 25. 11 ( x + y ) = ( k + m ) ( x + y )
= 14 + 6 = 20 Product of number = 2 × 5 = 10 ⇒ k + m = 11 ⇒ m = 11 − k
18
160 CDS Pathfinder

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
AND INEQUALITIES
Regularly (9-10) questions have been asked from this chapter. Questions from this section
generally focus on finding roots of quadratic equation and their factorisation.

QUADRATIC EQUATION
A quadratic equation is an equation whose degree is 2, meaning that the highest exponent of variable is 2.
The general form of a quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
e.g. 2x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0, x 2 + x + 1 = 0 and 5x 2 + 6x + 8 = 0 are all quadratic equations.

Roots of a Quadratic Equation

A real number α is said to be a root of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ( a ≠ 0 ) , if it satisfies the
equation i.e. aα 2 + bα + c = 0. We can also say that x = α is a solution of the quadratic equation.
e.g. 2 is the root of the quadratic equation, x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0 since ( 2) 2 − 6( 2) + 8 = 0.
Note A quadratic equation has exactly two roots.
If α be the root of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then ( x − α ) is the factor of ax 2 + bx + c.

Solutions of Quadratic Equations

Solutions of quadratic equations can be determined by using any of the following two methods
1. By Factorisation
In this method, the middle term of the quadratic equation is splitted and the given quadratic equation
is converted into a product of two linear factors. Then, the roots of the equation are obtained by
equating each factor equal to zero.
Let the quadratic equation be ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and its linear factors are ( px + q) and (rx + s ) , then
ax 2 + bx + c = ( px + q)(rx + s )
−q −s
Now, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ ( px + q)(rx + s ) = 0 ⇒ px + q = 0 or rx + s = 0 ⇒ x = or x=
p r
−q −s
Thus, and are the roots of the equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
p r
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 161

EXAMPLE 1. Solve the equation x 2 − 7 x + 12 = 0, and Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equation

find the value of x. Let D = b 2 − 4ac be the discriminant of the quadratic
a. −3, − 4 b. −3, 4 c. 3, − 4 d. 3, 4
equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. Then, the
Sol. d. Given, x − 7x + 12 = 0
2
following cases arise
x2 − 3x − 4x + 12 = 0 [splitting the middle term]
(i) If D > 0, then the two roots are real and distinct.
⇒ x ( x − 3) − 4 ( x − 3) = 0
(ii) If D = 0, then the two roots are real and equal and are
⇒ ( x − 3) ( x − 4) = 0 −b
⇒ ( x − 3) = 0 or ( x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = 3 or x = 4 given by α = β = .
2a
So, x = 3, 4 are roots of the given equation. (iii) If D < 0, then there are no real roots, i.e. given
EXAMPLE 2. Solve the equation equation has imaginary roots.
3a 2 x 2 + 8abx + 4b 2 = 0, a ≠ 0, and find the value of x.
2b 2b − 2b 2b − 2b − 2b 2b −2b IMPORTANT POINTS
a. , b. , c. , d. ,
3a a 3a a 3a a 3a a 1. If a , b , c ∈Q and D is a perfect square, then equation
Sol. c. The equation is 3a2x2 + 8abx + 4b2 = 0 has rational roots.
2. If one roots of quadration equation is p + q , then
⇒ 3a2x2 + 2abx + 6abx + 4b2 = 0
other root will be p − q .
⇒ ax ( 3ax + 2b) + 2b ( 3ax + 2b) = 0
∴ ( 3ax + 2b) ( ax + 2b) = 0 EXAMPLE 4. If the equation x 2 + 2(1 + k )x + k 2 = 0
⇒ 3ax + 2b = 0 or ax + 2b = 0
has equal roots, then what is the value of k?
− 2b − 2b
∴ x= or a.
1
b. −
1
3a a 2 2
2. By Using the Quadratic Formula c. 1 d. − 1
Let the quadratic equation be ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where Sol. b. Given equation, x2 + 2(1 + k ) x + k 2 = 0.
a ≠ 0. Then, solution of this equation can be find using If it has equal roots, then D = 0
the formula.
⇒ {2 (1 + k )}2 − 4k 2 = 0
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x= ⇒ 4(1 + k 2 + 2k ) − 4k 2 = 0
2a
• If α and β be considered as roots of the quadratic
⇒ 4 + 4k 2 + 8k − 4k 2 = 0
4
equation, then ⇒ 4 + 8k = 0 ⇒ k = −
8
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac 1
α= and β = ∴ k=−
2a 2a 2
• The quantity b 2 − 4ac is called the discriminant of the 1
Hence, the value of k is − .
quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and is denoted by D. 2
So, D = b 2 − 4ac.
Roots Under Particular Conditions
EXAMPLE 3. Solve the equation x 2 − 9x + 18 = 0 and Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
find the value of x. (i) Both roots are positive, if a and b are opposite in
a. 3, 6 b. −3, − 6 c. −3, 6 d. 3,− 6 −b c
sign and a and c are same in sign, i.e. > 0 and > 0.
a a
Sol. a. We have, x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
(ii) Both roots are negative, if a, b and c are of same sign.
Here, a = 1, b = − 9 and c = 18
b c
−b± b2 − 4ac − ( − 9) ± ( − 9) 2 − 4 (1) (18) i.e. > 0 and > 0.
∴ x= = a a
2a 2 (1) (iii) Roots are of opposite signs, if a and c are of opposite
9 ± 81 − 72 9± 9 9± 3 −a
= = = sign, i.e. > 0.
2 2 2 c
9+ 3 9−3
∴ x= or x = ⇒ x = 6 or 3 (iv) Roots are equal but opposite in signs, if b = 0.
2 2
Hence, the values of x are 6 and 3. (v) Roots are reciprocal to each other, if a = c.
162 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 5. What is the least integral value of k for ( a2 − b 2 ) 2 a2 − b 2

⇒ α −β = = ...(ii)
which the equation x 2 − 2(k −1) x + (2k + 1) = 0 has both 2 2 2
(a b ) a2 b 2
the roots positive? On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1
a. 1 b. − c. 4 d. 0 α = 2 and β = 2
2 b a
Sol. a. Both the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
x2 x 1
b c
positive, if − > 0 and > 0 EXAMPLE 7. If one root of the equation + + =0
a a a b c
is reciprocal to the other, then which one of the
Given equation is x2 − 2 ( k − 1) x + ( 2k + 1) = 0.
following is correct?
b 2( k − 1) a. a = b b. b = c c. ac = 1 d. a = c
Now, − = ⇒ 2( k − 1) > 0, if k > 1
a 1 2
c 2k + 1 x x 1 ...(i)
and = ⇒ ( 2k + 1) > 0, if k > −
1 Sol. d. Given, + + =0
a 1 2 a b c
∴ k >1 Now, let one root be α, then the other root is 1/ α.
We know that,
Hence, the least value k as per given in options is 1. Constant term 1 /c
Product of roots = =
Coefficient of x2 1 / a
Relation between Roots and ⇒
1 a
α. = ⇒ c=a
Coefficients α c
which is the required relation.
1. Quadratic Equation
Let α, β be the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 Symmetric Functions of the Roots
( a ≠ 0 ) , then Let α and β be the roots of a quadratic equation. An
b − Coeff icient of x expression in α and β which remains same when α and β
Sum of the roots = α + β = − = are interchanged is known as a symmetric function in α
a Coeff icient of x 2
and β. To evaluate the value of symmetric function of the
c Constant term roots, express the given function in terms of (α + β ) and
Product of the roots = αβ = = αβ.
a Coeff icient of x 2
You can use the following results.
2. Cubic Equation • (α 2 + β 2 ) = [(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ ]
If α, β, γ are the roots of the cubic equation • (α 3 + β 3 ) = [(α + β) 3 − 3αβ (α + β )]
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0, a ≠ 0, then
• (α − β ) 2 = [(α + β ) 2 − 4αβ ]
Sum of roots = α + β + γ = − b / a
• (α 3 − β 3 ) = [(α − β ) 3 + 3αβ (α − β )]
Product of roots two at a time = αβ + βγ + γα = c / a
d EXAMPLE 8. If α and β are the roots of the equation
Product of three roots = αβγ = −
a x 2 − 6 x + 6 = 0, what is α 3 + β 3 + α 2 + β 2 + α + β equal
EXAMPLE 6. What are the roots of the quadratic to?
equation a 2b 2 x 2 − (a 2 + b 2 ) x + 1 = 0? a. 150 b. 138 c. 128 d. 124
− Coefficient of x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sol. b. Here, α + β = =6
a. , b. − ,− c. ,− d. − , Coefficient of x2
a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2
Constant term
Sol. a. Let roots of the equation a2b2x 2 − ( a2 + b2) x + 1 = 0 and αβ= =6
Coefficient of x2
be α and β.
∴ (α + β) 2 = 62 ⇒ α 2 + β 2 + 2αβ = 36
a2 + b2
∴ Sum of roots = α + β = ...(i) ⇒ α 2 + β 2 = 36 − 2 (6 ) = 24
a2b2
1 ∴ (α 3 + β 3) + (α 2 + β 2) + (α + β)
and product of roots = αβ = 2 2
a b = (α + β) (α 2 + β 2 − αβ) + (α 2 + β 2) + (α + β)
2 2
 a2 + b  4 = 6 ( 24 − 6) + ( 24) + (6)
Now, α − β = (α + β) 2 − 4 αβ =  2 2  − 2 2
 a b  a b = 6 (18) + 30 = 108 + 30 = 138
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 163

3
Formation of a Quadratic Equation EXAMPLE 11. Solve 2x − = 5. Then, the value of x is
x
If α, β are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the
a. 1/3, −3 b. 1/2, −3 c. −1/2, 3 d. 1/2, 4
equation is ( x − α )( x − β ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
3
Sol. c. Here, 2x − = 5 ...(i)
i.e. x 2 − (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0 x
On multiplying Eq. (i) by x ⇒ 2x − 3 = 5x
2

EXAMPLE 9. The quadratic equation whose roots are ⇒ 2x − 5x − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2x − 6x + x − 3 = 0

2 2
3 and −1, is
⇒ ( 2x + 1) ( x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = − 1/ 2 or x = 3
a. x 2 − 4 x + 3 = 0 b. x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 −1
c. x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0 d. x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0 Hence, the solution is x = , 3.
2
Sol. b. Given that, the roots of the quadratic equation are
3 and – 1.
Rule 3 x + b + x = c or a − x 2 = bx + c
Let α = 3 and β = −1
• Square both sides to get a quadratic equation without
∴ Sum of roots = α + β = 3 − 1 = 2
the radical.
and product of roots = αβ = ( 3)( −1) = −3
• Solve the equation by factorisation or by quadratic
So, required quadratic equation is formula.
x 2− (α + β) x + αβ = 0
⇒ x 2− ( 2 ) x + ( −3 ) = 0
EXAMPLE 12. Solve 2x + 9 + x = 13, then the value
of x is
⇒ x 2− 2x − 3 = 0 a. 4, 10 b. 8, 20 c. 3, 15 d. −4 , − 10
Equations Reducible to Quadratic Equations Sol. b. Given, 2x + 9 + x = 13 ⇒ 2x + 9 = 13 − x
The equations which at the outset are not quadratic On squaring both sides, we get ( 2x + 9) 2 = (13 − x ) 2
equations, but can be reduced to quadratic equations by
suitable substitutions or simplifications are called ⇒ 2x + 9 = 169 + x2 − 26x
equations reducible to quadratic equations. ⇒ x − 28x + 160 = 0
2
⇒ x 2 − 20x − 8x + 160 = 0
⇒ ( x − 8) ( x − 20) = 0 ⇒ x = 8 or x = 20
Rule 1 ax 2n + bx n + c = 0, where n ≥ 2 Hence, the solution is x = 8, 20.
Use substitution x n = y
Rule 4 ax + b ± cx + d = e
⇒ x 2n = y 2 and equation reduces to ay 2 + by + c = 0.
or ax + b ± cx + d ± ex + f = 0
EXAMPLE 10. Solve the quadratic equation To solve such type of equations, follow the steps given
x 4 − 26 x 2 + 25 = 0, and find the value of x. below.
a. ± 1, ± 25 b. ± 1, ± 5 • Square both sides once, so that only one term
c. 1, 5 d. 1, 25 containing radical is obtained.
• Keep the term containing radical on one side and all
Sol. b. Put x = z ⇒ x = z
2 4 2
other terms on the other side.
x4 − 26x2 + 25 = 0 can be written as • Square again to get, the quadratic equation and solve it.

z 2 − 26z + 25 = 0 ⇒ z 2 − 25z − z + 25 = 0 EXAMPLE 13. Solve the following equation

⇒ z ( z − 25) − 1( z − 25) = 0 4 − x + x + 9 = 5. Then, the value of x is
⇒ ( z − 1) ( z − 25) = 0 ⇒ z = 1or z = 25 a. 1, 5 b. −1, 3 c. 0 , − 5 d. 1, 4
when z = 1⇒ x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = ± 1
Sol. c. Given, 4 − x + x + 9 = 5
when z = 25 ⇒ x2 = 25 ⇒ x = ± 5
On squaring both sides, we get ( 4 − x + x + 9) 2 = 25
Hence, the solutions are ± 1 and ± 5.
⇒ ( 4 − x) + ( x + 9) + 2 ( 4 − x x + 9) = 25
Q
Rule 2 Px + = R ⇒ 2 ( 4 − x) ( x + 9) = 12 ⇒ ( 4 − x) ( x + 9) = 6
x Again, squaring both sides, we get
Reduce the given equation to a quadratic equation by ⇒ ( 4 − x ) ( x + 9 ) = 36 ⇒ − x 2 + 36 − 5x = 36
multiplying both sides by ‘x’. So, Px 2 + Q = Rx ⇒ x + 5x = 0 ⇒ x ( x + 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = − 5
2

or Px 2 − Rx + Q = 0 ∴ x = 0, − 5 is the required solution.

164 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 14. Solve 11y − 6 + y − 1 − 4y + 5 = 0. Now,

Then, the value of y is x2 + 5x = − 8 x2 + 5x = − 2
a. {5, 6/5} b. {1, 2} ⇒ x2 + 5x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
c. {3, 5/2} d. None of these
− 5 ± 25 − 32 − 5 ± 25 − 8
Sol. a. Given, 11y − 6 + y − 1 − 4y + 5 = 0 ⇒ x= ⇒ x=
2 2
11y − 6 + y − 1 = 4y + 5 − 5± −7 − 5 ± 17
∴ x= ∴ x=
On squaring both sides, we get 2 2
Hence, the number of real roots of the given equation is 2.
[ 11y − 6 + y − 1]2 = [ 4y + 5]2
 1  1
⇒(11y − 6) + ( y − 1) + 2 (11y − 6) ( y − 1) = ( 4y + 5) Rule 6 (i) a  x 2 +  + b  x +  + c = 0
 x 
2  x
⇒ 12y − 7 + 2 11y 2 − 17y + 6 = 4y + 5  
1  1
(ii) a  x 2 +  + b  x −  + c = 0
⇒ 2 11y 2 − 17y + 6 = 12 − 8y  x 
2  x
⇒ 11y 2 − 17y + 6 = 6 − 4y To solve an equation of the form (i) .
 1
Again, squaring both sides, we get put  x +  = y and to solve an equation of
 x
11y 2 − 17y + 6 = (6 − 4y) 2
 1
⇒ 11y 2 − 17y + 6 = 36 + 16y 2 − 48y
the form (ii), put  x −  = y
 x
⇒ 5y 2 − 31y + 30 = 0
 1 
EXAMPLE 16. Solve 4  x 2 + 2  − 4  x +
1
Here, a = 5, b = − 31and c = 30  − 7 = 0;
 x   x
31 ± ( − 31) 2 − 4 ( 5) ( 30)  − b ± b2 − 4ac  x ≠ 0 and find the real roots of x.
⇒ y= Q y = 
2× 5  2a  a. {−2, −1/2} b. {0, 2}
31 ± 361 31 ± 19 c. {2, 1/2} d. None of these
⇒ y= ⇒y =
Sol. c. 4 x 2 +
1
 − 4  x +
10 10 1
 −7 =0 …(i)
31 + 19 31 − 19  x 2 
x
⇒ y= and y = 1
10 10 Put x+ =y
 6 x
∴ y = 5,  is the required solution. On squaring both sides, we get
 5 2
 x + 1 = y 2 ⇒ x2 + 1 + 2 = y 2 ⇒ x 2 + 1 = y 2 − 2
Rule 5 ( x + a) ( x + b) ( x + c ) ( x + d ) + k = 0, where  x x2 x2
a + b = c + d and k may or may not be zero. ⇒ 4 ( y 2 − 2) − 4y − 7 = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
To solve such type of equations, put x 2 + ( a + b)x = T . ⇒ 4y − 8 − 4y − 7 = 0 ⇒ 4y − 4y − 15 = 0
2 2

EXAMPLE 15. Solve the equation ⇒ 4y − 10y + 6y − 15 = 0 ⇒ 2y( 2y − 5) + 3( 2y − 5) = 0

2

(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) − 8 = 0, and find the number ⇒ ( 2y − 5) ( 2y + 3) = 0 ⇒ y =

5
or −
3
of real roots of this equation. 2 2
5 3
a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. No real roots Now, For y= For y = −
2 2
Sol. b. ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 3) ( x + 4 ) − 8 = 0 ⇒ x+ =
1 5
⇒ x+ =−
1 3
x 2 x 2
Here, 1 + 4 = 2 + 3,
x2 + 1 5 x2 + 1 3
so, [( x + 1) ( x + 4 )][( x + 2) ( x + 3)] − 8 = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ =−
x 2 x 2
[ x2 + 5x + 4][ x2 + 5x + 6] − 8 = 0
⇒ 2x 2 + 2 = 5x ⇒ 2x 2 + 2 = − 3x
Put x2 + 5x = t, so the equation becomes
⇒ 2x 2 − 5x + 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
( t + 4) ( t + 6) − 8 = 0
⇒ ( x − 2) ( 2x − 1) = 0 Here, D = 9 − 16 = −7 < 0
⇒ t 2 + 10 t + 24 − 8 = 0 ⇒ t 2 + 10 t + 16 = 0 1
∴ x = 2 or x = So, there are no real roots.
⇒ t 2 + 8 t + 2t + 16 = 0 2
⇒ t (t + 8) + 2 (t + 8) = 0 ⇒ (t + 8) (t + 2) = 0 [QD = b2 − 4ac ]
⇒ t = − 8 or − 2 1
Hence, the values of x are 2 and .
2
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 165

Rule 7 ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + bx + a = 0 (iii) Sometimes it may happen that, out of the roots of

the quadratic equation only one satisfies the given
• To solve such type of equations, we divide the equation condition in the problem. So, the root which does
by x 2 , to obtain a( x 2 + 1 / x 2 ) + b ( x + 1 / x) + c = 0, and, not satisfy the condition of the problem will be
1 rejected.
then put x + = y
x
EXAMPLE 18. A positive number, when increased by
EXAMPLE 17. If x 4 − 3x 3 − 2x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0, x ≠ 0, 10 equals 200 times its reciprocal. What is number?
then the roots of the equation is a. 100 b. 10 c. 20 d. 200
 −3 ± 13   3 ± 13 
a. ± 2,  b. ± 1,  Sol. b. Let the positive number be x.
 2   2 
Then, according to the question,
 3 ± 11  200
c. ± 3,  d. None of these x + 10 = ⇒ x 2+ 10x = 200
 2  x
⇒ x2 + 10x − 200 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 20x − 10x − 200 = 0
Sol. b. x4 − 3x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
⇒ x ( x + 20) − 10( x + 20) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 10) ( x + 20) = 0
On dividing throughout by x 2 and rearranging the terms, ∴ x = 10, − 20
we get But x ≠ −20, since x is a positive number.
 x2 + 1  − 3  x − 1 − 2 = 0 …(i) So, the required number is 10.
 x2   x
1
Put x− =y EXAMPLE 19. Out of group of swans, 7/2 times the
x square root of the number are swimming in the pool.
On squaring both sides, we get
While the two remaining are playing outside the pool.
1 1
x2 + 2 − 2 = y 2 ⇒ x2 + 2 = y 2 + 2 What is the total number of swans?
x x
⇒ ( y 2 + 2) − 3y − 2 = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16
⇒ y − 3y = 0 ⇒ y ( y − 3) = 0
2 Sol. d. Let total number of swans be x.
7
Number of swans swimming in the pool = x
∴ y = 0 or 3 Remaining swans = 2 2
For y = 0 For y = 3 7 7
1 1 By given condition, x+ 2= x ⇒ x = x−2
⇒ x− =0 ⇒ x− =3 2 2
x x 49
x −1
2
x −1
2 On squaring both sides, we get x = x2 + 4 − 4 x
⇒ =0 ⇒ =3 4
x x ⇒ 4x2 − 65x + 16 = 0, 4x2 − 64x − x + 16 = 0
⇒ x2 = 1 ⇒ x2 − 3x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 4x ( x − 16) − 1( x − 16) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 16)( 4x − 1) = 0
3± 9 + 4 Q x ≠ 1 
∴ x=±1 ⇒ x= ∴ x = 16
2  4 
3 ± 13 Thus, total number of swans = 16
∴ x=
2

So, x = ± 1,
3 ± 13 
 is the required solution. INEQUALITIES
 2 
Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related
Note An equation of degree n has n roots.
by the symbols >, <, ≤ or ≥ form inequality. Here, the
symbols < (less than), > (greater than), ≤ (less than or
Word Problems Involving equal) and ≥ (greater than or equal) are known as
inequality signs.
Quadratic Equation e.g. 5 < 7, x ≤ 2, x + y ≥ 11 are all inequalities.
In this section, we will discuss some problems based on
practical applications of quadratic equation. Linear Inequalities
In such type of problems, A linear inequality is an inequality which involves a
(i) We formulate a quadratic equation in variable x with linear function i.e. each variable occurs in first degree
the help of the given conditions. only and there is no term involving the product of the
(ii) We then solve the quadratic equation to find the variables.
answer to the given problem. e.g. ax + b ≤ 0, ax + by + c > 0, ax ≤ 4.
166 CDS Pathfinder

Clearly, here (0, 0) does not Y

Linear inequality in one variable
satisfies the inequality, so we (0, 2)
A linear inequality which has only one variable is called shade the plane which does not
0)
linear inequality in one variable. contain (0, 0). (3,
 − b Also, since x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0, so the X´ X
e.g. ax + b < 0, where a ≠   , 4x + 7 ≥ 0 solution set must be in Ist
 a
quadrant only.
Linear inequality in two variables Hence, the shaded region Y´
represents the solution set of the given system of
A linear inequality which has two variables, is called linear inequalities.
inequality in two variables.
e.g. 3x + 11y ≤ 0, 4t + 3y > 0 Note (i) If the inequality is strict ( > or <), graph a dashed line. If the
inequality is not strict ( ≥ or ≤), graph a solid line.
General Rules to Solve (ii) In order to solve a system of two or more linear
inequalities with the same variables, graph each inequality
Linear Inequalities on the same set of axes. The intersection of the region of
all the inequalities is the required solution set.
• Equal numbers may be added or subtracted from both
sides of an inequality without changing the sign of in EXAMPLE 21. Find the solution set of −2x + 3y > 6
equality. and 4x − 6 y > 12 .
e.g. If a > b, then for any number c,
a. x < −1, y > −3 b. x < 1, y > 3
a + c > b + c or a − c > b − c.
c. x ≥ 3, y ≥ 2 d. No solution
• If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided by
the same positive number, then the sign of inequality Sol. d. Consider, −2x + 3y = 6
remains the same. e.g. Y
0 −3
a b x
If a > b and c > 0, then > and ac > bc. y 2 0 (0, 2)
c c
• If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided Again, 4x − 6y = 12 X´ X
(– 3, 0) O
by the same negative number, then the sign of x 0 3 (3, 0)
inequality is reversed. y −2 0 (0, – 2)
a b
e.g. If a > b and c < 0, then < and ac < bc. Now, graph each equation. Since,
c c Y´
there is no intersection of these two
shaded regions, therefore there is no
Graphical Solution of Linear solution.
Inequalities in Two Variables
Let the inequality be ax + by + c ≥ 0. Quadratic Inequalities
An equation of the form
Step I Consider it as ax + by + c = 0 by changing the
ax 2 + bx + c ≥ 0 or ax 2 + bx + c ≤ 0
inequality sign to equality sign, Draw the graph
of this equation. or ax 2 + bx + c > 0 or ax 2 + bx + c < 0
Step II Choose any point not on the line, [usually (0, 0 )]. where, a ≠ 0 is called a quadratic inequality in one
variable x. It is same as quadratic equations except for
Find whether this point satisfy the inequality or
the inequality sign.
not. If it does, then shade the half-plane
containing that point. Otherwise shade the other Solution of Quadratic Inequalities
half-plane.
Solving the inequality means finding the values of x
EXAMPLE 20. The solution set of inequality that make the inequality true. Solution sets of
2x + 3y ≥ 6, x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 is quadratic inequalities are expressed in the form of
a. x = 1, y = 1 b. x = − 1, y = − 1 intervals. Here are the steps:
c. x = 3, y = 1 d. None of these • Replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign.
• Solve the quadratic equation by factorisation or by
Sol. d. Draw the graph of 2x + 3y = 6.
quadratic formula and find the real roots of the
The values of ( x, y) satisfying 2x + 3y = 6 are equation.
x 0 3 • Plot the two real roots on the numbers line. They
y 2 0 divide the line into three sections or three intervals.
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 167

• Pick a number from each interval and test it in the Take x = − 4, Take x = −2 , Take x = 0
original inequality. ⇒ ( −4) 2 + 4( −4) + 3 > 0,
• If the inequality holds true for the choosen point. then ( −2) 2 + 4( −2) + 3 < 0, 02 + 4(0) + 3 > 0
that interval is the solution of the given quadratic + – +
inequality.
–3 –1
Note (i) If the quadratic equation does not have real roots, then the So, the intervals which satisfy the given equation are
quadratic expression is always positive (or always negative) (− ∞ , − 3] and [−1, ∞)
depending on the sign of a meaning that the solution set will
either be empty or the entire real number line. i.e. x ≤ −3 and x ≥ −1
e.g. 15x 2 − 18x + 7 > 0 has no real roots as EXAMPLE 23. The real values of x which satisfy
D = b 2 − 4ac = 64 − 420 < 0 . Since a > 0, so the
expression is always positive and hence the solution set x 2 − 4x + 3 ≥ 0 and x 2 − 3x − 4 ≤ 0 is
will be the entire real number line. a. ( −1, 1) ∪ ( 3, 4) b. [ −1, 1] ∩ [ 3, 4]
(ii) When the inequality has an additional ‘=’ sign ( ≥ or ≤), use c. [ −1, 1] ∪ [ 3, 4] d. ( −1, 1) ∪ [ 3, 4]
closed intervals like [a, b] to indicate that the two end points
are also included in the solution set. If the inequality is strict Sol. c. Given, x − 4x + 3 ≥ 0
2
(>or<), use open intervals like (a, b) as end points are not
included. ⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, 3
+ – +
EXAMPLE 22. The solution of the inequality
1 3
x 2 + 4x + 3 ≥ 0 is ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞ , 1] or x ∈[ 3, ∞). ⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞ 1] ∪ [ 3, ∞).
a. x < − 3 and x > − 1 b. x ≤ − 3 and x ≥ − 1 Again, x2 − 3x − 4 ≤ 0 ⇒ x2 − 3x − 4 = 0
c. x < − 3 and x ≥ − 1 d. x ≤ − 3 or x > − 1 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 4
+ – +
Sol. b. We have, x2 + 4x + 3 ≥ 0
Change the inequality to equality sign and solve –1 4
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 3x + x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x ∈[ −1, 4]
∴ Solution set is
⇒ x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) = 0 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = −1, − 3.
x = ( − ∞ , 1] ∪ [ 3, ∞) ∩ [ −1, 4] = [ −1, 1] ∪ [ 3, 4]
Place the value of x on the number line to create
intervals.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The quadratic equation has maximum 4+ 7
5. The quadratic equation whose roots are
(a) one root (b) two roots 2
(c) four roots (d) three roots 4− 7
and is
2
2. The values of x in the equation (a) 4x2 + 16x + 9 = 0 (b) 4x2 − 16x − 9 = 0
a 2b2x 2 − ( a 2 + b2 ) x + 1 = 0, a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 is (c) 4x2 − 16x + 9 = 0 (d) 4x2 + 16x − 9 = 0
2 2
(a) 1/a (b) 1/b 6. If α and β are the roots of the equation
2 2
(c) 1/a , 1/b (d) None of these x 2 − 8x + p = 0 and α 2 + β 2 = 40, then p is equal to
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 11
3. The value of ‘a’ for which the equation
ax 2 − 2 5 x + 4 = 0 has equal roots is
7. If α and β are the roots of the equation
x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0, then the value of α 2 − β 2
(a) 5/4 (b) 4/5
(a) 5 (b) − 5 (c) ± 5 (d) ± 4
(c) − 5/ 4 (d) − 5/ 3
8. If α , β are the roots of the equation
4. If one root of 3x 2 = 8x + ( 2k + 1) is seven times the ax + bx + c = 0, then an equation whose roots are
2
other, then the value of k is 1 / α and 1 / β is
(a) 5/3 (b) − 5/ 3
(a) bx2 + ax + c = 0 (b) ax2 − bx + c = 0
(c) 2/3 (d) − 3/2
(c) cx + ax + b = 0
2
(d) cx2 + bx + a = 0
168 CDS Pathfinder

9. If α , β are the roots of a quadratic equation such 19. Sum of roots is − 1 and sum of their reciprocals is
that α + β = 24 and α − β = 8, then the equation is 1/6, then equation is
(a) x2 − 24x − 128 = 0 (b) x2 + 24x + 128 = 0 (a) x2 − 6x + 1 = 0 (b) x2 − x + 6 = 0
(c) x + 24x − 128 = 0
2
(d) None of these (c) 6x2 + x + 1 = 0 (d) x2 + x − 6 = 0

10. Which one of the following is the equation whose 20. If sum of the roots of the equation
roots are respectively three times the roots of the ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of their squares,
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0? then which one of the following is correct?
(a) ax2 + bx + c = 0 (b) ax2 + 3bx + 9c = 0 (a) a2 + b 2 = c 2 (b) a2 + b 2 = a + b
(c) ax − 3bx + 9c = 0
2
(d) ax + bx + 3c = 0
2
(c) 2 ac = ab + b 2 (d) 2c + b = 0
11. How many real values of x satisfy the equation 21. If the roots of x 2 − lx + m = 0 differ by 1, then
x 2/ 3 + x1/ 3 − 2 = 0?
(a) l 2 = 4m − 1 (b) l 2 = 4m + 2
(a) only one value (b) two values
(c) three values (d) No value (c) l = 4m2 + 1 (d) l 2 = 4m + 1

12. If α , β are the roots of the quadratic equation 22. If α, β arethe roots of the equation
2x − 4x + 1 = 0.
2 1
Then, the value of x − (1 + a ) x + (1 + a 2+ a 4 ) = 0, then α 2 + β 2 is
2 2

1 1 2
+ is equal to equal to
α + 2β β + 2α
12 17 11 13 (a) a4 + a2 (b) a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 12 17 17 (c) (a2 + a4 )2 (d) None of these
x +2 −x 1 1 1
13. Solve the equation 2 +2 = 5 and find the 23. If the roots of + = are equal in
roots of the equation. x+ p x+q r
(a) {0, 2} (b) {−2, 0} (c) {0, 1} (d) {−1, 0} magnitude and opposite in sign, then product of
14. If α and β are roots of the equation x 2 + p = 0 roots is
1 2 p2 + q 2
where p is a prime, then which equation has the (a) − (p + q2) (b)
2 2
roots 1/α and 1/β? p+q 1
1 1 1 1 (c) (d) ( p + q )2
(a) − = 0 (b) px2 + 1 = 0 (c) px2 − 1 = 0 (d) 2 + = 0 2 2
x2 p x p
24. If α , β are the roots of 3x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0, then the
15. The roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 are 1 1−α 1−β
equation whose roots are and is
and 2. The roots of the equation qx 2 − px + 1 = 0 1+α 1+β
must be (a) x2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 (b) x2 − 2 x + 3 = 0
−1 1
(a) and 1 (b) and 1 (c) x + 2 x − 3 = 0
2
(d) x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0
2 2
−1 25. If one root of px 2 + qx + r = 0 is double of the
(c) and − 1 (d) None of these
2
other root, then which one of the following is
16. Which one of the following is the quadratic correct?
equation whose roots are reciprocal to the roots (a) 2 q 2 = 9 pr (b) 2 q 2 = 9 p (c) 4q 2 = 9 r (d) 9q 2 = 2 pr
of the quadratic equation 2x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 ?
(a) 3x2 − 2 x − 4 = 0 (b) 4x2 + 3x − 2 = 0 26. If the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 are in
(c) 3x2 − 4x − 2 = 0 (d) 4x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0
the ratio m : n, then
m n
(a) + + 1= 0 (b) m+ n + 1= 0
17. The value of x satisfying the equation n m
x + 4 = x − 2 is (c)
m n
+ + 1= 0 (d) m + n + 1 = 0
n m
(a) 0, 5 (b) 0, 4
(c) 5 (d) None of these 27. What is one of the value of x in the equation
18. If the roots of the quadratic equation x 1 − x 13
+ = ?
px + qx + r = 0 are reciprocal to each other, then
2
1− x x 6
(a) q = r (b) p = r (a)
5
(b)
7
(c)
9
(d)
11
(c) q divides r (d) p divides q 13 13 13 3
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 169

28. What are the roots of the equation 40. The solution of the equation
−1 −1 −1 −1
(a + b + x) =a +b +x ? x 2 − 16 − ( x − 4) = x 2 − 5x + 4 is
(a) a, b (b) − a, b (c) a, − b (d) − a, − b
(a) 4, 5, −  (b) {4, 5} (d) 5, − 
13 13
(c) {4}
29. The number of roots of the quadratic equation  3  3
8 sec2 φ − 6 sec φ + 1 = 0 is 41. If sinθ and cosθ are the roots of the equation
(a) n (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) No solution ax 2 − bx + c = 0, then which one of the following
2
− 7x + 7
30. The number of real roots of 32x = 9 is is correct?
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 (a) a2 + b 2 + 2 ac = 0 (b) a2 − b 2 + 2 ac = 0
(c) a2 + c 2 + 2 ab = 0 (d) a2 − b 2 − 2 ac = 0
31. If x = 2 + 2, then
(a) x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 − 2 x − 2 = 0 42. The equation (1 + n 2 ) x 2 + 2ncx + ( c2 − a 2 ) = 0 will
(c) x2 − 4x + 2 = 0 (d) x2 − 4x − 2 = 0 have equal roots, if
(a) c 2 = 1 + a2 (b) c 2 = 1 − a2
x 2 − bx (c) c 2 = 1 + n2 + a2 (d) c 2 = (1 + n2 ) a2
32. For what value of k will the equation
ax − c
k−1 43. What is the condition that the equation
= have roots reciprocal to each other?
k+1 ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0 has both the roots
1+ c c+1 b+c
(a) (b) (c) a − c (d) positive?
1− c c −1 c −1
(a) a, b and c are of same sign
33. If ‘α’ and ‘β’ be the roots of ax 2 − bx + b = 0, the (b) a and b are of same sign
(c) b and c have the same sign opposite to that of a
α β
value of + is (d) a and c have the same sign opposite to that of b
β α
44. The equation whose roots are twice the roots of
(a) a / b (b) b/ a (c) a/ b (d) − a / b
the equation x 2 − 2x + 4 = 0 is
34. If the equations 2x − 7x + 3 = 0 and
2
(a) x2 − 2 x + 4 = 0 (b) x2 − 2 x + 16 = 0
4x 2 + ax − 3 = 0 have a common root, then what (c) x2 − 4x + 8 = 0 (d) x2 − 4x + 16 = 0
is the value of a?
(a) − 11 or 4 (b) − 11 or − 4 (c) 11 or − 4 (d) 11 or 4 45. If α and β are the roots of the equation
35. If the roots of x + bx + c = 0 be α and β and those
2 x 2 + px + q = 0, then − α −1 , − β −1 are the roots of
of x 2 + px + q = 0 be k α and k β, then which one of the following equations?
(a) cb 2 = qp2 (b) qc 2 = b 2 p2 (a) qx2 − px + 1 = 0 (b) q 2
+ px + 1 = 0
(c) qb 2 = cp2 (d) None of these (c) x2 + px − q = 0 (d) x2 − px + q = 0

36. If − 4 is a root of the equation x 2 + px − 4 = 0 and 46. If one root of the equation ax 2 + x − 3 = 0 is − 1,
the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 has equal roots, then then what is the other root?
the values of p and q are, respectively 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
9 9 9 4 2 4
(a) − 3 and (b) 3 and (c) and 3 (d) 4 and 3
4 4 4 47. If the equation ( a 2 + b2 ) x 2 − 2 ( ac + bd ) x
37. If α , β are the roots of 2x − 6x + 3 = 0, then the
2
+ ( c + d 2 ) = 0 has equal roots, then which one of
2

α β   1 1 the following is correct?

value of  +  + 3  +  + 2 αβ is
 β α α β (a) ab = cd (b) ad = bc
(c) a 2 + c 2 = b 2 + d 2
(d) ac = bd
(a) 12 (b) 23 (c) 13 (d) − 13
38. If the roots of the equation x 2 + 2ax + b = 0, are 48. What is the solution of the equation
real and distinct and they differ by atmost 2m, x x+3 3
then b lies in the interval − =− ?
x+3 x 2
(a) (a2 − m2 , a2 ) (b) [a2 − m2 , a2 )
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these
(c) (a , a + m )
2 2 2
(d) None of these
49. What are the roots of the equation
39. The solution of the equation
( x + 2) ( x − 5) ( x − 6) ( x + 1) = 144 is 4x − 3 ⋅ 2x + 2 + 32 = 0?
(a) {7, − 3} (b) {7, − 3, 2} (c) {7, − 3, 2, 1} (d) {7, 2} (a) 1, 2 (b) 3, 4 (c) 2, 3 (d) 1, 3
170 CDS Pathfinder

50. If α and β are the roots of the equation 61. An equation equivalent to the quadratic
x 2 − x − 1 = 0, then what is the value of (α 4 + β 4 )? equation x 2 − 6x + 5 = 0 is
(a) 7 (b) 0 (a) x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 (b) 5x2 − 6x + 1 = 0
(c) 2 (d) None of these (c) | x − 3| = 2 (d) 6x2 − 5x + 1 = 0
10
51. When the roots of the quadratic equation 62. If the sum of a number and its reciprocal is ,
ax + bx + c = 0 are negative and reciprocals of each
2
then the numbers are 3
1 1 1 1
other, then which one of the following is correct? (a) 3, (b) 3, − (c) −3, (d) −3, −
(a) b = 0 (b) c = 0 (c) a = c (d) a = − c 3 3 3 3

52. If sum as well as product of roots of a quadratic 63. Divide 16 into two parts such that the twice of
the square of the greater part exceeds, the
equation is 9, then what is the equation?
square of the smaller part by 164. Then, the
(a) x + 9x − 18 = 0
2
(b) x − 18x + 9 = 0
2
greater part is
(c) x + 9x + 9 = 0
2
(d) x2 − 9x + 9 = 0 (a) 58 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 15

53. What are the roots of the equation 64. The number of straight lines that can connect
log10( x − 6x + 45) = 2 ?
2 x ( x − 1)
‘x’ points is given by the equation y = .
2
(a) 9, − 5 (b) − 9, 5 (c) 11, − 5 (d) − 11, 5
How many points does a figure have if only 15
1 1 lines can be drawn connecting them?
54. The sum of the roots of the equation +
x+a x+ b (a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 5
1
= is zero. What is the product of the roots of the 65. The two successive natural numbers whose
c squares have sum 221 are
equation? (a) 10 and 11 (b) 11 and 12
(a + b) (a + b) (c) − 10 and − 11
(a) − (b) (d) None of these
2 2
( a2 + b 2 ) ( a2 + b 2 ) 66. The two consecutive positive odd integers, the
(c) − (d) sum of whose squares is 130.
2 2
(a) − 7 and − 9 (b) 7 and 9
55. For what value of k, will the roots of the equation (c) 7 and 5 (d) 3 and − 5
kx 2 − 5x + 6 = 0 be in the ratio of 2 : 3?
67. The solution set of inequation 2x + 1 ≥ 7 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) − 1 (d) 2
(a) x ≥ 8 (b) x ≥ 3
56. What is the ratio of sum of squares of roots to the (c) x ≥ 6 (d) None of these
product of the roots of the equation
x−1
7x 2 + 12x + 18 = 0 ? 68. The values of x satisfying inequation ≥ 4 is
3
(a) 6 : 1 (b) 1 : 6 (c) − 6 : 1 (d) − 6 : 7
(a) x ≤ 13 (b) x ≥ 12 (c) x ≥ 13 (d) x = 13
x ( x − 1) − ( m + 1) x
57. If the roots of the equation = 69. The values of x satisfying 3x + 2 ≤ 5x − ( 4 − x ) is
( x − 1) ( m − 1) m
(a) x ≤ 2 (b) x ≥ 2
are equal, then what is the value of m ? (c) x = 2 (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) 1 / 2 (c) 0 (d) − 1/2
70. The solution set of x for the inequations
−x
58. If 3 + 27( 3 ) = 12, then what is the value of x?
x
2x + 3 ≥ 8 and 3x + 1 ≤ 12 is
5 11 5 11
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1, 2 (d) 0, 1 (a) < x≤ (b) < x<
2 3 2 3
59. What is the magnitude of difference of the roots of 5
(c ) ≤ x ≤
11 5
(d) ≥ x ≥
11
x 2 − ax + b = 0 ? 2 3 2 3
a2 − 4b b2 − 4 a 1 3  1
(a) (b) 71. The values of x satisfying  x+ 4 ≥ ( x − 6)
2 5  3
(c) 2 a2 − 4b (d) b 2 − 4 ab are
(a) x ≥ 120 (b) x ≤ 120 (c) x ≤ 12 (d) x ≥ 12
60. What can be said about the roots of the equation
x 2 − x − 2 = 0? 72. 4x − 1 ≤ 0, then the solution set is
2

−1 1 −1 1
(a) both of them are integers (a) ≤ x≤ (b) < x<
2 2 2 2
(b) both of them are natural numbers
−1 1
(c) the latter of the two is negative (c) ≥ x≥ (d) None of these
2 2
(d) None of the above
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 171

73. The shaded region, including the boundary in the Select the answer using the codes given below.
given graph, is exactly represented by (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Y
A (0, 6) 81. Consider the following statements
I. Every quadratic equation has atleast one real
root.
II. A quadratic equation with integral coefficients
has integral roots.
X´
O
X III. If the coefficient of x2 and the constant term of
B a quadratic equation have opposite signs, then
(4, 0)
the quadratic equation has real roots.
Y´
(a) 3x + 2 y ≤ 12, x < 0, y ≥ 0 (b) 3x + 2 y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(c) 3x + 2 y < 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 (d) 3x + 2 y > 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 (a) Only I and II (b) Only II and III
(c) Only III (d) All of these
74. When is the expression x + 3x − 10 positive only?
2

(a) x ≤ −5 (b) x ≥ 2 (c) − 5 < x < 2 (d) x < −5 or x > 2

82. Which of the following are quadratic equations?
1 3
75. The solution set for the quadratic inequation I. x 2 + =2 II. x + = x2
x2 x
x 2 − 5x + 6 ≥ 0 is
III. 2x − x + 2 = x + 4x − 4 IV. x + 6x2 + 2x − 1 = 0
2 2 3
(a) [ − ∞, 2 ] ∪ [ 3, ∞ ] (b) [ − ∞, 2 ] ∪ [ 3, ∞ ]
(c) [ − ∞, 2 ] ∪ [ 3, ∞ ] (d) [2, 3] Select the correct answer using the codes given
x−2 x−3 below.
76. All real values of x for which < are (a) I, III are quadratic (b) II, III and IV are quadratic
3x + 1 3x − 2
(c) Only III is quadratic (d) None of these
−1 2 − 1 2 −1 2
(a)  ,  (b)  , (c)  ,  (d) R
 3 3   3 3   3 3  83. Consider the following statements
I. x = 1 is a root of 3x2 − 2x − 1 = 0.
77. If x + 2 y ≤ 3, x > 0 and y > 0, then one of the
solution is II. x = − 2 2 is a root of x2 + 2x − 4 = 0.
(a) x = − 1, y = 2 (b) x = 2, y = 1 III. x2 + x + 1 = 0; x = 1, x = − 1.
(c) x = 1, y = 1 (d) x = 0, y = 0 1 2
IV. 9x2 − 3x − 2 = 0; x = − , x = .
78. The shaded region in the given figure is the 3 3
solution set of the inequalities Which of the equation(s) given above is/are
Y correct?
(a) I and II (b) I, II and IV
x

(c) III and IV (d) Only IV

+
y=

Directions (Q. Nos. 84-86) A ball is thrown

2

x+
3y upwards from a rooftop, 80 m above the ground.
= It will reach a maximum vertical height and
3
X then fall back to the ground. The height of the ball
O
from the ground at time t is h which is given by,
(a) x+ y ≤ 2, x + 3 y ≥ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 h = −16t 2 + 64 t + 80 Now, answer the following
(b) x+ y ≥ 2, x + 3 y ≥ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
questions based on the above information.
(c) x+ y ≥ 2, x + 3 y ≤ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
(d) x+ y ≤ 2, x + 3 y ≤ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 84. What is the height reached by the ball after
1 sec?
79. If a + b = 2m , b + c = 6m, a + c = 2, where m is a
2
(a) 150 m (b) 128 m
real number and a ≤ b ≤ c, then which one of the (c) 64 m (d) None of these
following is correct?
(a) 0 ≤ m ≤ 1/2 (b) − 1 ≤ m ≤ 0 85. What is the maximum height reached by the
(c) 1/ 3 ≤ m ≤ 1 (d) 1 < m ≤ 2 ball?
(a) 110 m (b) 132 m
80. If α and β are the roots of the equation (c) 144 m (d) cannot be determined
( x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0), then which of the following
86. How long will it take before hitting the ground?
equation has the roots (α + 1) and (β + 1)? (a) 5 sec (b) 6 sec
I. x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 II. x2 − 5x − 6 = 0 (c) 3 sec (d) cannot say
172 CDS Pathfinder

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 97. If x 2 = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + L ∞ , then what is one

87. If the roots of the equation x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0 of the values of x equal to? e 2013 II
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
are real and less than 3, then which one of the
following is correct? e 2012 I 98. Consider the following statements in respect of
(a) a < 2 (b) 2 < a < 3 (c) 3 < a < 4 (d) a > 4 the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + b = 0, where
88. If one of the roots of quadratic equation a ≠ 0.
7x 2 − 50x + k = 0 is 7, then what is the value of k? I. The product of the roots is equal to the sum of
e 2012 I
the roots.
(a) 7 (b) 1 (c) 50/7 (d) 7/50 II. The roots of the equation are always unequal
and real.
89. Two students A and B solve an equation of the Which of the above statements is/are correct?
form x 2 + px + q = 0. A starts with a wrong value e 2014 I
of p and obtains the roots as 2 and 6. B starts (a) Only I (b) Only II
with a wrong value of q and gets the roots as (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
2 and – 9. What are the correct roots of the
equation? e 2012 II
99. If the roots of the equation Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0 are
(a) 3 and − 4 (b) − 3 and − 4 (c) − 3 and 4 (d) 3 and 4 −1 and 1, then which one of the following is
correct? e 2014 I
90. If one of the roots of the equation x − bx + c = 0 is 2
(a) A and C are both zero
the square of the other, then which of the (b) A and B are both positive
following option is correct? e 2013 I (c) A and C are both negative
(a) b 3 = 3 bc + c 2 + c (b) c 3 = 3 bc + b 2 + b (d) A and C are of opposite sign
(c) 3 bc = c 3 + b 2 + b (d) 3 bc = c 3 + b 3 + b 2 100. If the roots of the equation ( a 2 − bc) x 2
+ 2 ( b2 − ac) x + ( c2 − ab) = 0 are equal, where
91. The difference of the roots of the equation
2x 2 − 11x + 5 = 0 is b ≠ 0, then which one of the following is correct?
e 2013 I
e 2014 I
(a) 4.5 (b) 4 (c) 3.5 (d) 3
(a) a + b + c = abc (b) a2 + b 2 + c 2 = 0
92. The sum of the squares of two numbers is 97 and (c) a3 + b 3 + c 3 = 0 (d) a3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
the squares of their difference is 25. The product
of the two numbers is e 2013 I 101. If m and n are the roots of the equation
(a) 45 (b) 36 (c) 54 (d) 63 ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then the equation whose roots
1 1 are ( m 2 + 1) / m and ( n 2 + 1) / n is
93. If x + = 2, then what is value of x − ? e 2014 I
x x e 2013 I (a) acx2 + (ab + bc )x + b 2 + (a − c )2 =0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2 (b) acx2 + (ab − bc ) x + b 2 + (a − c )2 =0
(c) acx2 + (ab − bc ) x + b 2 − (a − c )2 =0
94. There are some benches in a classroom having the
number of rows 4 more than the number of (d) acx2 + (ab + bc ) x + b 2 − (a − c )2 =0
columns. If each bench is seated with 5 students, 102. In solving a problem, one student makes a
there are two seats vacant in a class of 158 mistake in the coefficient of the first degree
students. The number of rows is e 2013 I term and obtains −9 and −1 for the roots. Another
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 10 student makes a mistake in the constant term
95. Which one of the following is factor of of the equation and obtains 8 and 2 for the
1  1 roots. The correct equation was e 2014 I
x2 + + 8  x +  + 14 ? (a) x2 + 10x + 9 = 0 (b) x2 − 10x + 16 = 0
x2  x e 2013 II
1 1 (c) x2 − 10x + 9 = 0 (d) None of these
(a) x + +1 (b) x + + 3
x x
103. If m and n ( m > n ) are the roots of the equation
1 1
(c) x + + 6 (d) x + +7 7( x + 2a )2 + 3a 2 = 5a( 7x + 23a ), where a > 0, then
x x
what is 3m − n equal to? e 2014 II
96. If α and β are the roots of the equation (a) 12a (b) 14a (c) 15a (d) 18a
α2 + β2 104. If one of the roots of the equation px 2 + qx + r = 0
x 2 − x − 1 = 0, then what is equal
(α 2 − β 2 ) (α − β ) is three times the other, then which one of the
to? e 2013 II following relations is correct? e 2014 II
2 3 4 (a) 3q 2 = 16 pr (b) q 2 = 24 pr
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 5 5 (c) p = q + r (d) p + q + r = 1
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 173

105. If m and n are the roots of the equation 114. 5x – 2y =10

x 2 + ax + b = 0 and m 2, n 2 are the roots of the 4
equation x 2 − cx + d = 0, then which of the 3
following is/are correct? 2x + 6 y =21
2
I. 2b − a 2 = c II. b2 = d
1
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below. e 2014 II
(a) Only I (b) Only II 0 1 2 3 4
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II The linear inequations, for which the shaded
106. The sign of the quadratic polynomial ax + bx + c 2 area in the figure given above is the solution set,
is always positive, if e 2015 I are e 2016 I
(a) a is positive and b 2 − 4ac ≤ 0 (a) 2 x + 6 y ≤ 21, 5x − 2 y ≤ 10
(b) a is positive and b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 (b) 2 x + 6 y ≤ 21, 5x − 2 y ≥ 10
(c) a can be any real number and b 2 − 4ac ≤ 0 (c) 2 x + 6 y ≥ 21, 5x − 2 y ≤ 10
(d) a can be any real number and b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 (d) 2 x + 6 y ≥ 21, 5x − 2 y ≥ 10
100
107. The number of values of x satisfying x + > 50,
115. Let p and q be non-zero integers. Consider the
x
where x is a natural number less than or equal polynomial A ( x ) = x 2 + px + q. It is given that
to 100, is e 2015 II ( x − m ) and ( x − km ) are simple factors of A ( x ),
(a) 51 (b) 53 (c) 55 (d) 57 where m is a non-zero integer and k is a positive
108. If the roots of the quadratic equation integer, k ≥ 2. Which one of the following is
x 2 − 4x − log10 N = 0 are all real, then the correct? e 2016 I
(a) (k + 1)2 p2 = kq (b) (k + 1)2 q = kp2
minimum value of N is e 2015 II
1 1 1 (c) k 2q = (k + 1)p2 (d) k 2 p2 = ( k + 1)2 q
(a) (b) (c) (d) 10000
100 1000 10000
116. Which of the points P ( 5, − 1), Q ( 3, − 2) and
109. What is 4 + 4 − 4 + ... equal to? e 2015 II R (1, 1) lie in the solution of the system of
13 − 1 13 + 1 inequations x + y ≤ 4 and x − y ≥ 2? e 2016 I
(a) 3 (b) (c) (d) 0
2 2 (a) Q and R (b) P and R
110. If k = x − y + 2z, where −2 ≤ x ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ y ≤ 2 (c) P and Q (d) P, Q and R
and 3 ≤ z ≤ 6, then which one of the following is a + 2b + a − 2b
correct? e 2015 II 117. If x = , then bx 2 − ax + b is
(a) 0 ≤ k ≤ 9 (b) 5 ≤ k ≤ 11 (c) 2 ≤ k ≤ 14 (d) 2 ≤ k ≤ 11 a + 2b − a − 2b
equal to (given that, b ≠ 0) e 2016 I
111. If the sum of the roots of ax + bx + c = 0 is equal
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ab (d) 2ab
to the sum of the squares of their reciprocals,
then which one of the following relations is 118. If 3x 2 − 7x − 30 − 2x 2 − 7x − 5 = x − 5 has α
correct? e 2016 I and β as its roots, then the value of αβ is e 2016 I
(a) ab 2 + bc 2 = 2 a2c (b) ac 2 + bc 2 = 2 b 2 a (a) − 15 (b) − 5 (c) 0 (d) 5
(c) ab 2 + bc 2 = a2c (d) a2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1
119. If the roots of the equation lx + mx + m = 0 are 2
112. If the equations x 2 − px + q = 0 and x 2 + qx − p = 0
p q m
have a common root, then which one of the in the ratio p : q, then + + is equal to
following is correct? e 2016 I q p l
e 2016 I
(a) p − q = 0 (b) p + q − 2 = 0 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(c) p + q − 1 = 0 (d) p − q − 1 = 0
1 1
120. The solution of the inequation 1 + − ≥ 0 is
113. Under what condition on p and q, one of the x x2
roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 is the square (given that, x ≠ 0) e 2016 I
of the other? e 2016 I (a) x > 0 (b) x < 0
(a) 1 + q + q 2 = 3 pq (b) 1 + p + p2 = 3 pq −1 − 5 −1 + 5 −1 − 5 −1 + 5
(c) ≤ x≤ (d) x ≤ or x ≥
(c) p3 + q + q 2 = 3 pq (d) q 3 + p + p2 = 3 pq 5 2 2 2
174 CDS Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 b 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 d 9 d 10 b
11 b 12 a 13 b 14 b 15 c 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 d 20 c
21 d 22 b 23 a 24 b 25 a 26 a 27 c 28 d 29 d 30 c
31 c 32 b 33 b 34 a 35 c 36 b 37 c 38 b 39 b 40 b
41 b 42 d 43 d 44 d 45 a 46 c 47 b 48 a 49 c 50 a
51 c 52 d 53 c 54 c 55 b 56 d 57 d 58 c 59 a 60 a
61 c 62 a 63 b 64 c 65 a 66 b 67 b 68 c 69 b 70 c
71 b 72 a 73 b 74 d 75 a 76 b 77 c 78 d 79 c 80 d
81 c 82 c 83 b 84 b 85 c 86 a 87 a 88 a 89 b 90 a
91 a 92 b 93 a 94 b 95 c 96 b 97 d 98 d 99 d 100 d
101 a 102 c 103 c 104 a 105 b 106 a 107 c 108 c 109 c 110 c
111 a 112 d 113 c 114 a 115 b 116 c 117 a 118 a 119 a 120 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (b) An equation of n degree has n roots. 5. (c) Here, sum of roots, 8. (d) Here, α + β = − b / a and αβ = c / a
So, quadratic equation has two roots. 4+ 7 4− 7 Now, roots of required equation are
S= + =4
2. (c) a b x − a x − b x + 1 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
, .
Product of roots, α β
⇒ a 2 x ( b 2 x − 1) − 1 ( b 2 x − 1) = 0
1 1 α + β −b / a −b
⇒ ( b 2 x − 1) ( a 2 x − 1) = 0 4+ 7   4 − 7  16 − 7 9 ⇒S = + = = =
P=    = = α β αβ c/ a c
So, either a 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ a 2 x = 1  2   2  4 4
1 1 1 a
or b 2 x − 1 = 0 or b 2 x = 1 The required equation is P= ⋅ = =
α β c/ a c
⇒ x = 1/ a 2 or x = 1/ b 2 x − Sx + P = 0
2

9 ∴ Required quadratic equation is

3. (a) Given, ax2 − 2 5x + 4 = 0 has x 2 − 4x + = 0
equal roots.
4 x2 − S x + P = 0
⇒ 4x2 − 16 x + 9 = 0 −b
∴ Discriminant x2 −   x + = 0
a
⇒
6. (a) Given, x2 − 8x + p = 0  c  c
= ( − 2 5 ) 2 − 4 ( a) 4 = 0
[Q D = B 2 − 4 AC ] Sum of roots α + β = 8 and product of ⇒ cx2 + bx + a = 0
⇒ 20 − 16 a = 0 ⇒ a = 5 / 4 roots αβ = p
9. (d) Given, α + β = 24 and α − β = 8
α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2 αβ …(i)
4. (b) Given, 3x2 = 8x + ( 2k + 1) On solving, we get α = 16 and β = 8
⇒ 40 = (8)2 − 2 ( p ) [Q α 2 + β 2 = 40] ∴ Sum of roots = α + β = 24
or 3x2 − 8x − ( 2k + 1) = 0
⇒ 40 − 64 = − 2 p and product of roots = 16 × 8 = 128
Let first and second root be α and 7α ,
respectively. ⇒ − 24 = − 2 p ⇒ p = 12 So, required equation is
8
∴ Sum of roots = α + 7α = 7. (c) Given, x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 x2 − 24x + 128 = 0.
8 1 3
⇒ 8α = ⇒ α = Sum of roots = −
Coefficient of x
3 3 10. (b) Let α and β be the roots of the
Coefficient of x 2
1 7 equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
So, roots are and . ⇒ α+β =5 −b c
3 3 Constant term Then, α + β = and αβ =
1 7 7 Product of roots = a a
Also, product of roots = × = Coefficient of x 2
3 3 9 −3 b 9c
⇒ αβ = 6 Now, 3α + 3β = and 3α ⋅3 β =
7 − ( 2k + 1) a a
⇒ = Now, (α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ
9 3 ∴ Required equation = x2 −
= (5 ) 2 − 4 × 6 = 1
7 (Sum of roots) x
⇒ = − ( 2k + 1) ⇒ α − β = ± 1 and α + β = 5
3 + Product of roots
⇒ α 2 − β 2 = (α + β ) (α − β ) −3 b 
⇒ x2 − 
9c
⇒ 7 = − 6 k − 3 ⇒ 10 = − 6 k x+ =0
= 5 ( ± 1)  a  a
−5
⇒ k= ⇒ α2 − β2 = ± 5 ⇒ ax2 + 3bx + 9c = 0
3
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 175

11. (b) Given equation is 15. (c) The equation is x2 + px + q = 0. By given condition,
x2 / 3 + x1 / 3 − 2 = 0 Sum of roots = − p = 1 + 2 α + β = α2 + β2
⇒ 1/3 2
(x ) + x 1/3
−2=0 ⇒ p = −3 ⇒ α+β = (α + β )2 − 2αβ
Let x1 / 3 = x Product of roots = q = 1 × 2 = 2 2
=  −  − 2  
b b c
⇒ −
⇒ x2 + x − 2 = 0, ∴ Equation qx2 − px + 1 = 0 becomes a  a  a
It is a quadratic equation in x. 2x 2 − ( − 3) x + 1 = 0 −b b 2 2c
⇒ = − ⇒ − ba = b 2 − 2 ca
∴ Discriminant of x + x − 2 = 0 is
2
⇒ 2x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0 a a2 a
B − 4 AC = 1 − 4 ( 1) ( − 2) = 9 > 0
2 2
⇒ ( 2x + 1) ( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ 2 ac = b 2 + ab
Hence, two real values of x satisfy the
∴
1
x = − or x = − 1 21. (d) Here, roots are α and α + 1 .
given equation. 2 ∴ α + (α + 1) = l [sum of roots]
4 1 l −1
12. (a) Here, α + β = = 2, αβ = 16. (b) Given, 2x2 − 3x − 4 = 0 ⇒ 2α = l − 1 ⇒ α =
2 2 For getting a reciprocal roots, we replace 2
1 1 Also, α (α + 1) = m or α 2 + α = m
Now, + 1
x by , we get
α + 2β β + 2α 2
x
⇒  l − 1 +  l − 1 = m
2    
β + 2α + α + 2β 2   − 3   − 4 = 0
1 1  2   2 
=  x  x
(α + 2 β ) (β + 2 α ) ⇒ ( l − 1) 2 + 2 ( l − 1) = 4m
2 3
⇒ − −4= 0 ⇒ l 2 − 1 = 4m ⇒ l 2 = 4 m + 1
3α + 3β x2 x
=
αβ + 2α 2 + 2β 2 + 4αβ 22. (b) Here, α + β = ( 1 + a 2 )
⇒ − 4x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
1
⇒ 4x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0 and αβ = ( a 4 + a 2 + 1)
3(α + β ) 3( 2) 12
= = = 2
2 (α + β ) + αβ 2 ( 2) +
2
2 1 17 17. (c) As, x + 4 = x − 2 Q α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2 αβ
2 On squaring both sides, we get = ( 1 + a 2 ) 2 − ( a 4 + a 2 + 1)
13. (b) Given equation is 2x + 2 + 2− x = 5 ( x + 4) = ( x − 2)2 = 1 + a 4 + 2a 2 − a 4 − a 2 − 1
1
⇒ 2x 22 + 2−x = 5 ⇒ 4 ⋅ 2x + x = 5 ⇒ x + 4 = x 2 + 4 − 4x ∴ α + β2 = a2
2
2 ⇒ x − 5x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 , x = 5
2
1 1 1 1
Put 2x = y, 4 y + = 5 23. (a) Here, + =
y But for x = 0, 0+ 4 = 0 − 2 x+ p x+ q r
4≠−2
⇒ 4y2 + 1 = 5y ⇒ 4y2 − 5y + 1 = 0 ⇒ r ( x + p + x + q) = ( x + p) ( x + q)
So, x = 5 is the only solution.
⇒ ( y − 1) ( 4 y − 1) = 0 ⇒ x2 + ( p + q − 2r ) x + pq
1
⇒ y − 1 = 0 or 4y − 1 = 0 18. (b) Let roots of equation be α and . − ( p + q) r = 0
α
⇒ y = 1 or 4y = 1 Let roots be α and ( − α ), then
∴ Product of roots
1 α + ( − α) = 0
⇒ y = 1, 1 Constant term r p+ q
4 =α × = = ⇒ − ( p + q − 2r ) = 0 ⇒ r =
By condition, α Coefficient of x2 p 2
r So, product of roots = pq − ( p + q ) r
2x = y 2x = y ⇒ 1= ⇒ r= p
p ( p + q)
⇒ 2x = 1 ⇒ 2x =
1 = pq − ( p + q ) ⋅
4 19. (d) Let roots be α and β, then 2
1 α+β=−1 ( p + q ) 2 −1 2
⇒ 2 =2
x 0
⇒ 2 x = 2 = 2 −2 = pq − = ( p + q2 )
1 1 1 β+α 1 2 2
2 + = ⇒ =
∴ x=0 ∴ x = −2 α β 6 αβ 6 2 1
24. (b) Here, α + β = − and αβ =
−1 1 3 3
Hence, the roots of the equation are 0 = ⇒ αβ = − 6
and − 2. αβ 6 1− α 1− β
⇒ S= +
14. (b) Since, α and β are roots of the ∴ Required equation is, 1+ α 1+ β
x2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0 ( 1 − α )( 1 + β ) + ( 1 + α )( 1 − β )
equation x2 + p = 0. =
( 1 + α )( 1 + β )
∴ α + β = 0 and αβ = p ⇒ x2 − ( −1)x + ( −6) = 0 1
1 1 α+β ∴ x2 + x − 6 = 0 2−2×
So, + = =0 2 − 2αβ 3
= =
α β αβ 20. (c) Let α and β be the roots of the 1 + (α + β ) + αβ 1 + ( −2 / 3) + 1 / 3
1 1 1 1 equation 4 3
and ⋅ = = = × =2
α β αβ p ax2 + bx + c = 0 3 2
b
∴ Required equation x2 − 0 ⋅ x +
1
=0 ∴ Sum of roots (α + β ) = − 1 − α 1 − β 1 − (α + β ) + αβ
p a P= × =
c
and product of roots (αβ ) = 1 + α 1 + β 1 + (α + β ) + αβ
⇒ px 2 + 1 = 0 a
176 CDS Pathfinder

1 − ( −2 / 3 ) + 1 / 3 2 29. (d) 8 sec 2 φ − 6 sec φ + 1 = 0 Now, qb 2 = k 2 αβ (α + β )2

= = =3
1 + ( −2 / 3 ) + 1 / 3 2 / 3 ⇒ 8 sec 2 φ − 4 sec φ − 2 sec φ + 1 = 0 = k 2 (α + β )2 αβ
∴ Required equation is
⇒ ( 4 sec φ − 1) ( 2 sec φ − 1) = 0 = [ k (α + β )]2 αβ
x2 − Sx + P = 0 or x2 − 2x + 3 = 0
⇒ sec φ = 1/ 4 or sec φ = 1/ 2 ∴ qb = p 2 c
2

25. (a) Given, px2 + qx + r = 0 But sec φ ≥ 1 or sec φ ≤ − 1 36. (b) Since, − 4 is a root of
Let the roots be α and β. Hence, the equation has no solution. x 2 + px − 4 = 0
By given condition, β = 2α 2x2 − 7x + 7
r 30. (c) Here, 3 = 9=3 2 ( − 4) + p ( − 4) − 4 = 0
2
Product of roots (αβ ) = = 2 α 2
p On comparing, we get ⇒ 16 − 4 p − 4 = 0 ⇒ p = 3
r 2x 2 − 7x + 7 = 2 As roots of x2 + px + q = 0 are equal.
⇒ α =
2
…(i)
2p 2x 2 − 7x + 5 = 0 ∴ D = B 2 − 4 AC = 0
q
Sum of roots (α + β ) = − = 3 α …(ii) Here, D = b − 4 a c = 49 − 4 ( 2) (5) = 9
2
⇒ p − 4 q = 0 or 32 − 4 q = 0 ⇒ q =
2 9
p 4
q2 Since, D > 0, so it has two real roots.
On squaring Eq. (ii), we get 9α 2 = 2 So, p = 3, q =
9
p 31. (c) Here, x= 2 + 2 ⇒x− 2= 2 4
 r  q2 On squaring both sides, we get
⇒ 9  = [from Eq. (i)] 37. (c) Here, α + β = 3 and αβ = 3 / 2
 2 p  p2 ( x − 2)2 = 2 ⇒ x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 2 α β   1 1
  ⇒  +  + 3  +  + 2 αβ
⇒ x2 − 4 x + 2 = 0 β α α β
⇒ 9rp = 2q 2
α m x2 − bx k − 1 α 2 + β 2 3(α + β )
26. (a) Let roots be α , β, then = 32. (b) = = + + 2 αβ
β n ax − c k+1 αβ αβ
[given] ⇒ ( x2 − bx) ( k + 1 ) = ( k − 1 ) ( ax − c ) (α + β )2 − 2αβ 3(α + β )
α + β = − 1, αβ = 1 = + + 2αβ
⇒ x k + x − bxk − bx = kax
2 2
αβ αβ
m n α β − kc − ax + c 32 − 2 ⋅ 3 / 2 3⋅3
+ + 1= + + 1 = + + 2  
3
n m β α ⇒ ( k + 1 ) x2 − x ( bk + b + ka − a ) 3/2 3/2  2
α+β −1 + kc − c = 0 6 9
= + 1= + 1= − 1+ 1= 0 = + + 3 = 4 + 6 + 3 = 13
αβ 1 Since, roots are reciprocal to each other. 3/2 3/2
x 1− x 1 So, product = 1 38. (b) Let α, β be the roots of
27. (c) Let = y ⇒ =
1− x x kc − c x 2 + 2ax + b = 0
y i.e. = 1 ⇒ kc − c = k + 1 …(i)
1 13 ( k + 1) ⇒ α + β = −2a and αβ = b.
∴ y+ = ⇒ ( y 2 + 1) 6 = 13 y
c+ 1
y 6 ⇒ k ( c − 1) = c + 1 ⇒ k = By hypothesis, |α − β| ≤ 2m
⇒ 6 y 2 − 13 y + 6 = 0 c−1
⇒ (α − β)2 ≤ 4m 2
⇒ 6 y2 − 9y − 4y + 6 = 0 33. (b) Here, α + β = b / a and αβ = b / a
⇒ (α + β)2 − 4αβ ≤ 4m 2
⇒ 3 y ( 2 y − 3 ) − 2 ( 2 y − 3) = 0 α β α+β b/a b
So, + = = = ⇒ 4a 2 − 4b ≤ 4m 2
⇒ (3 y − 2 ) ( 2 y − 3 ) = 0 β α αβ b/a a
⇒ a 2− b ≤ m 2 …(ii)
2 3
∴ y = and and discriminant of Eq. (i) is greater
3 2 34. (a) Given, 2x 2 − 7 x + 3 = 0 than 0.
When, y =
2
⇒
x
=
4 ∴ 2x − 6 x − x + 3 = 0
2
⇒ 4a 2 − 4b > 0 ⇒ b < a 2 …(iii)
3 1− x 9 ⇒ 2x ( x − 3) − 1 ( x − 3) = 0 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
4 b ∈[ a 2 − m 2 , a 2 )
⇒ 9x = 4 − 4x ⇒ x = ⇒ ( 2x − 1 ) ( x − 3) = 0
13 1 39. (b) Refer to example 15. [Rule 5]
3 x 9 When, x=
When, y = ⇒ = 2 40. (b) Refer to example 14. [Rule 4]
2 1− x 4 2
4   + a   − 3 = 0
1 1 41. (b) Since, sin θ and cos θ are the roots of
9
⇒ 4x = 9 − 9 x ⇒ x =  2  2 the equation ax2 − bx + c = 0.
13 a a
⇒1 + − 3 = 0 ⇒ =2⇒ a=4 b
1 1 1 1 ∴ sin θ + cos θ = ...(i)
28. (d) Given, = + + 2 2 a
a+ b+ x a b x c
When, x = 3, 4 (3)2 + a (3) − 3 = 0 and sin θ cos θ =
1 1 1 1
∴ − = + ⇒ 36 + 3 a − 3 = 0 ⇒ a = − 11
a
a+ b+ x x a b On squaring both sides of Eq. (i), we get
− ( a + b) ( a + b) ∴ a = − 11 or 4
⇒ = b2
⇒ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ = 2
( a + b + x )x ab 35. (c) Here, for equation x2 + bx + c = 0 a
⇒ x2 + ( a + b ) x + ab = 0 α + β = − b and αβ = c c  b2 c  b2 − a2

⇒ 1 + 2  = 2 ⇒ 2   = 
⇒ ( x + a) ( x + b) = 0 and for x2 + px + q = 0  a a  a a2
⇒ x = − a, − b
kα + kβ = − p and k 2 αβ = q ⇒ 2ac = b 2 − a 2 ⇒ a 2 − b 2 + 2ac = 0
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 177

42. (d) The equation will have equal roots, x x+3 3 1

+
1
=
1
48. (a) Given, − =− 54. (c) Given,
if B 2 − 4 AC = 0 x+3 x 2 x+ a x+ b c
x+3 1 ( x + b) + ( x + a) 1
∴ ( 2nc )2 − 4 ( 1 + n2 ) ( c 2 − a 2 ) = 0 Let, y =
x
, then = ⇒ =
x+3 x y ( x + a )( x + b ) c
⇒ 4n c − 4 ( c + n c − a
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3 ⇒ 2cx + ( a + b ) c = x2 + ( a + b )x + ab
− n2 a 2 ) = 0 y− =− ⇒ 2y2 − 2 = − 3y
y 2 ⇒ x2 + ( a + b − 2c ) x + ab − ac − bc = 0
⇒ − 4 c 2 + 4 a 2 + 4 n2 a 2 = 0 Let the roots of above equation be α
⇒ 2y2 + 3y − 2 = 0
⇒ c 2 = a 2 ( 1 + n2 ) ⇒ 2y + 4y − y − 2 = 0
2 and β.
43. (d) a and c have the same sign opposite ⇒ 2 y ( y + 2) − 1 ( y + 2) = 0 Given, α+ β=0
to that of b.
⇒ ( 2 y − 1) ( y + 2) = 0 ⇒ − ( a + b − 2c ) = 0 ⇒ a + b = 2c …(i)
44. (d) Let the roots of equation If, ( 2 y − 1) = 0 Now, αβ = ab − ac − bc
x2 − 2x + 4 = 0 be α and β. 1 x x 1 = ab − ( a + b ) c
⇒ y= ⇒ y= ⇒ = ( a + b)
Then, α + β = 2 and αβ = 4 2 x+3 x+3 2 = ab − ( a + b )
2
On taking, α → 2α and β → 2β On squaring both sides, we get
[from Eq. (i)]
2α + 2β = 4 and 2α ⋅ 2β = 4 × 4 = 16 x 1
= 2ab − ( a 2 + b 2 + 2ab ) ( a2 + b2 )
So, the new equation becomes x+3 4 = =−
2 2
x2 − 4x + 16 = 0 ⇒ 4x = x + 3 ⇒ x = 1
55. (b) Let the roots of the equation
45. (a) Since, α and β are the roots of the or y + 2=0 ⇒ y=−2
kx2 − 5x + 6 = 0 be α and β.
equation x2 + px + q = 0 Since, y cannot be negative. 5 6
∴ α + β = and αβ =
∴ α + β = − p and αβ = q Hence, x = 1 is the required solution. k k
 1 1 49. (c) Given, 4x − 3 ⋅ 2x + 2
+ 32 = 0 α 2 2
Now, − α −1 − β −1 = −  +  Given, = ⇒ α= β
α β ⇒ 2 2x
− 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 22 + 32 = 0
x β 3 3
α + β p ⇒ 22x − 12 ⋅ 2x + 32 = 0 ∴
2 5 2
β + β = and β 2 =
6
=−  =
 αβ  q ⇒ 2 2x
− 8 ⋅ 2x − 4 ⋅ 2x + 32 = 0
3 k 3 k
5 5 9
 − 1   − 1 = 1 = 1 ⇒ ( 2 x − 8) ( 2 x − 4) = 0 ⇒ β = and β =
2
and  
 α   β  αβ q Either, 2 =8 ⇒ x=3
x
3 k k
3 9 9 9
or 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2 β = and β = ⇒2
=
Hence, required equation is k k k2 k
x 2 − ( − α −1 − β −1 ) x + ( − α −1 ) 50. (a) Since, α and β are the roots of the ⇒ k = 1 and k ≠ 0
equation x2 − x − 1 = 0.
( − β −1 ) = 0 [Q leading coefficient is never zero.]
p 1 ∴ α + β = 1 and αβ = − 1
⇒ x2 − x+ =0 56. (d) Let α and β be the roots of the
q q Now, α 4 + β 4 = (α 2 + β 2 ) 2 − 2 (αβ )2
equation 7x2 + 12x + 18 = 0.
⇒ q x 2 − px + 1 = 0 = [(α + β ) − 2αβ ] − 2 (αβ )
2 2 2
−12 18
= ( 1 + 2) 2 − 2 = 9 − 2 = 7 ∴ α+β= and αβ =
46. (c) Since, one root of the equation 7 7
ax2 + x − 3 = 0 is − 1 . 51. (c) Let the roots of equation
⇒ α 2 + β 2 + 2αβ =
144
1
∴ a ( − 1) + ( − 1) − 3 = 0 ⇒ a = 4
2 ax2 + bx + c = 0 be − α and − . 49
c α 144 36 108
∴ 4x 2 + x − 3 = 0 ∴ Product of roots = ⇒ α +β =
2 2
− =−
a 49 7 49
Let other root of this equation be α.  1 c c
c ( − α)  −  = ⇒ 1= ⇒c = a −
108
Now, product of roots =  α a a α2 + β2 6
a ∴ = 49 = − = − 6 : 7
3 3 52. (d) Let the roots of the quadratic αβ 18 7
∴ − 1⋅ α = − ⇒ α= equation be α and β. 7
4 4
Then, α + β = 9 and αβ = 9 x ( x − 1) − (m + 1) x
47. (b) Since, the roots of equation Hence, equation is 57. (d) Given, =
( x − 1)(m − 1) m
( a 2 + b 2 ) x2 − 2( ac + bd ) x x2 − (α + β ) x + (αβ ) = 0
⇒ m ( x2 − x − m − 1)
+ ( c + d ) = 0 are equal.
2 2 ⇒ x 2 − 9x + 9 = 0
= x (mx − x − m + 1)
∴ B 2 = 4 AC 53. (c) Given, log ( x2 − 6x + 45) = 2
10 ⇒ mx − mx − m (m + 1)
2

⇒ 4 ( ac + bd )2 = 4 ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( c 2 + d 2 ) ⇒ ( x2 − 6x + 45) = 102 = 100

= mx2 − x2 − mx + x
⇒ a c + b d + 2abcd = a c
2 2 2 2 2 2 ⇒ x2 − 6x − 55 = 0
⇒ x − x − m (m + 1) = 0
2
⇒ x − 11x + 5x − 55 = 0
2
+ a 2 d 2 + b 2 c2 + b 2 d 2 Let one root be α, then other root is
⇒ x ( x − 11) + 5( x − 11) = 0 also α.
⇒ ( ad − bc )2 = 0
⇒ ( x + 5) ( x − 11) = 0 ∴ α + α = 1, ⇒ α =
1
∴ ad = bc ∴ x = 11, − 5 2
178 CDS Pathfinder

Also, α 2 = −m (m + 1) x( x − 1) 1  3 x + 4 ≥ 1 ( x − 6)
2 64. (c) Here, y = 15, then 15 = 71. (b)  
 1  = −m (m + 1) 2 2 5  3
⇒  
 2 ⇒ x2 − x − 30 = 0 ⇒
3 1
x + 2≥ x − 2
⇒ 4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0 10 3
⇒ x − 6x + 5x − 30 = 0
2
⇒ ( 2m + 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ 9x + 60 ≥ 10 x − 60
1 ⇒ x ( x − 6) + 5 ( x − 6) = 0
∴ m=− ⇒ − x ≥ − 120
2 ⇒ ( x + 5) ( x − 6) = 0
[multiplying both sides by − 1]
58. (c) Given, 3x + 27 (3− x ) = 12 Either x = 6 or x = − 5
⇒ x ≤ 120
Let 3x = y But x ≠ − 5, so x = 6
27 Thus, all real numbers x which are less
∴ y+ = 12 Thus, figure has 6 points. than or equal to 120 satisfies the
y
65. (a) Let the natural numbers be x and inequality.
⇒ y 2 − 12 y + 27 = 0
⇒ y 2 − 9 y − 3 y + 27 = 0 x + 1 , respectively. 72. (a) We have, 4x2 − 1 ≤ 0
⇒ ( y − 3) ( y − 9) = 0 ⇒ y = 3, 9 Then, x2 + ( x + 1)2 = 221 ⇒ ( 2x)2 − 1 ≤ 0
⇒ 3x = 3 or 3x = 9 = 32 ⇒ 2x + 2x + 1 = 221
2
⇒ ( 2x − 1) ( 2x + 1) ≤ 0
∴ x = 1 or x = 2 ⇒ 2x2 + 2x − 220 = 0 So, either ( 2x − 1) ≥ 0
59. (a) Let the roots of the given equation be ⇒ x2 + x − 110 = 0 and ( 2x + 1) ≤ 0 …(i)
α and β. ⇒ ( x + 11) ( x − 10) = 0 or ( 2x − 1) ≤ 0
∴ α + β = a and αβ = b ⇒ x = − 11 and x = 10 and ( 2x + 1) ≥ 0 …(ii)
Now, |α − β | = (α + β )2 − 4αβ x ≠ −11 [Qnumbers are natural] From Eq. (i), 2x ≥ 1 and 2x ≤ − 1
So, for x = 10, next consecutive natural 1 −1
⇒ x ≥ and x ≤
= a 2 − 4b number 2 2
= x + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11 which is not possible.
60. (a) x2 − x − 2 = 0 66. (b) Let the consecutive positive odd From Eq. (ii), ( 2x − 1) ≤ 0
( x − 2) ( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2,−1 integers be 2x + 1 and 2x + 3,
and ( 2x + 1) ≥ 0
So, both the roots are integers. so ( 2x + 1)2 + ( 2x + 3)2 = 130
2x ≤ 1 and 2x ≥ − 1
61. (c) x2 − 6x + 5 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 5) ( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ ( 4x + 4x + 1)
2
1 −1
x ≤ and x ≥
⇒ x = 5 or 1 + ( 4x2 + 12x + 9) = 130 2 2
⇒ x2 + 2x − 15 = 0 −1 1
Also, |x − 3 | = 2 ⇔ ( x − 3 ) = 2 ∴ ≤ x ≤ is the required solution set.
2 2
or − ( x − 3) = 2 ⇒ x = 5 or x = 1 ⇒ ( x + 5) ( x − 3) = 0
⇒ x = 3, x = − 5 , but x ≠ − 5 73. (b) Here, 3x + 2 y = 12 passes through
∴ x − 6x + 5 = 0
2
the points ( 0, 6) and ( 4, 0) . So, its
and |x − 3 |= 2 are equivalent. [Q integers are positive.] graph is line AB. Also, 3x + 2 y ≤ 12 as
1 ∴ Two consecutive integers are the shaded region is below AB.
62. (a) Let the number are x and .
x 2x + 1 = 7 and 2x + 3 = 9 x = 0 and y = 0 are the Y-axis and
X-axis, respectively. x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
1 10 x2 + 1 10 i.e. 7 and 9.
Then, x + = , = implies the region on the right hand
x 3 x 3 67. (b) Here, 2x + 1 ≥ 7 ⇒ 2x ≥ 7 − 1 side of Y-axis and region above X-axis,
⇒ 3x − 10x + 3 = 0
2
respectively.
⇒ 2x ≥ 6 ⇒ x ≥ 3
⇒ 3x 2 − 9x − x + 3 = 0 x −1 The three portion x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 and
⇒ 3x ( x − 3) − 1 ( x − 3) = 0 68. (c) Here, ≥4 3x + 2 y ≤ 12 intersects to give the
3
⇒ (3x − 1) ( x − 3) = 0 shaded portion OAB.
⇒ x − 1 ≥ 12 ⇒ x ≥ 13
∴
1
x= ,x=3 74. (d) Given, x 2 + 3x − 10 > 0
69. (b) Here, 3x + 2 ≤ 5x − ( 4 − x)
3 ⇒ x 2 + 5x − 2x − 10 > 0
⇒ 3x + 2 ≤ 5x − 4 + x
63. (b) Let the smaller part = x and greater ⇒ ( x + 5) ( x − 2) > 0
part = 16 − x ⇒ 3x + 2 ≤ 6x − 4 Either, ( x + 5) > 0 and ( x − 2) > 0
By given condition, ⇒ 3x − 6x ≤ − 4 − 2 ⇒ − 3x ≤ − 6 or ( x + 5) < 0 and ( x − 2) < 0
2 ( 16 − x)2 − x2 = 164 ⇒ − x≤ − 2 ⇒ x≥ 2 ⇒ x > 2 or x < −5
⇒ 2 ( 256 + x − 32 x) − x = 164
2 2
70. (c) Here, 2x + 3 ≥ 8 ⇒ 2x ≥ 8 − 3 75. (a) x2 − 5x + 6 ≥ 0
⇒ x − 64 x + 348 = 0
2 5 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 3) ≥ 0
⇒ 2x ≥ 5 ⇒ x ≥
⇒ ( x − 58) ( x − 6) = 0 2
Again, 3x + 1 ≤ 12 + – +
⇒ x = 58, x = 6
11 2 3
Here x ≠ 58 ⇒ 3x ≤ 11 ⇒ x ≤
3 ⇒ x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 3
∴ x=6 By combining values, we get ⇒ x ∈ [ −∞ ,2] or [3, ∞ ]
and, hence larger part 5 11
≤ x≤ ⇒ x ∈ [ −∞ ,2] ∪ [3, ∞ ]
= 16 − x = 16 − 6 = 10 2 3
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 179

x−2 x −3 ⇒ m 2 − 3m + 1 ≤ m 2 + 3m − 1 III. x2 + x + 1 = 0 ; x = 1, x = − 1
76. (b) <
3x + 1 3x − 2 and m 2 + 3m − 1 ≤ − m 2 + 3m + 1 Put x = 1, we get 12 + 1 + 1 = 3 ≠ 0
x−2 x −3 ∴ LHS ≠ RHS
⇔ − <0 ⇒ 6m ≥ 2 and 2m 2 ≤ 2
3x + 1 3x − 2 1 ∴ x = 1 is not a solution.
( x − 2)(3x − 2) − ( x − 3)(3x + 1) ⇒ m ≥ and −1 ≤ m ≤ 1
⇔ <0 3 Put x = −1, we get
(3x + 1)(3x − 2) 1
∴ ≤m≤ 1 ( −1)2 + ( −1) + 1 = 1 − 1 + 1
7 3
⇔ <0 = 1≠ 0
(3x + 1)(3x − 2) 80. (d) Given equation, x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 ∴ LHS ≠ RHS
⇔ (3 x + 1 ) (3 x − 2 ) < 0 ⇒ x 2 − 2x − x + 2 = 0 ∴ x = − 1 is not a solution.
⇔ 3  x +  3  x −  < 0
 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 1
1 2 IV. 9x 2 − 3x − 2 = 0
 3  3 Let α = 1 and β = 2 Put x = −1 / 3
⇔  x + 1  x − 2  < 0 ∴ α + 1 = 2 and (β + 1) = 3. ⇒ 9 ( −1 / 3 ) 2 − 3 ( −1 / 3 ) − 2 = 0
   
 3  3 Now, sum of roots = 2 + 3 = 5 ∴ LHS = RHS
– and product of roots = 2 × 3 = 6 Now, put x = 2 / 3
+ +
∴ Required equation ⇒ 9 ( 2 / 3)2 − 3 ( 2 / 3) − 2 = 0
–∞ –1/3 2/3 +∞
−1 2 = x 2 − (sum of roots) ∴ LHS = RHS
⇔ < x< + product of roots = 0
3 3 84. (b) Given, h = −16 t 2 + 64 t + 80
− 1 2 ⇒ x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0 put t = 1
So, x ∈  ,  Hence, the equation is neither I nor II. ⇒ h = −16 ( 1) 2 + 64 ( 1) + 80 = 128 m
 3 3 
81. (c) I. Every quadratic equation has two 85. (c) By rearranging, we get
77. (c) Here, as x > 0 and y > 0 so both are roots, which may or may not be real. h = −16 ( t 2 − 4t − 5)
positive and satisfies x + 2 y ≤ 3. II. x2 − 4x + 2 = 0 has integral ⇒ h = −16 [( t − 2)2 − 9]
∴ When, x = 3 and y = 1, we get coefficients but does not have ⇒ h = −16 ( t − 2)2 + 144
x + 2 y = 5. integral roots. when the height is maximum, t = 2
Clearly, this does not satisfy x + 2 y ≤ 3 III. Since, discriminant = b 2 − 4ac ∴ maximum height = 144 m
When x = 1 and y = 1, If a and c have opposite sign, then 86. (a) When the ball hits the ground h = 0
then, x + 2 y ≤ 3. b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 ⇒ −16 t 2 + 64t + 80 = 0
∴ The quadratic equation has real ⇒ t 2 − 4t − 5 = 0
So, x = 1, y = 1 is one of the solutions.
roots ⇒ t −5 t + t −5 = 0
2
78. (d) As, ( 0, 0 ) satisfies x + 3 y ≤ 3.
82. (c) I. x2 +
1
=2 ⇒ ( t − 5)( t + 1) = 0 ⇒ t = 5 , − 1
And ( 0, 0 ) satisfies x + y ≤ 2.
x2 Since, the time cannot be negative.
Clearly, shaded region is the position or x − 2x + 1 = 0
4 2 So, t = 5 sec
common to the line is not a quadratic equation. 87. (a) Let f ( x ) = x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3
x + 3 y = 3 and below it and that on the 3
line x + y = 2 and below it. II. x + = x2 f (3) > 0 ⇒ 9 − 6a + a 2 + a − 3 > 0 …(i)
x
So, shaded region is the solution set Also, since roots are real
x2 + 3
x + y ≤ 2, x + 3 y ≤ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. ⇒ = x2 ∴ B 2 − 4 AC ≥ 0
x
79. (c) Given, a + b = 2m 2 …(i) or x2 + 3 = x3 ⇒ 4 a − 4 ( a 2 + a − 3) ≥ 0
2
…(ii)
b + c = 6m …(ii) ⇒ x − x2 − 3 = 0
3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
and a+ c=2 …(iii) is not a quadratic equation. a 2 − 5 a + 6 > 0 and a − 3 ≤ 0
III. 2x2 − x + 2 = x2 + 4x − 4 ⇒ a 2 − 3a − 2a + 6 > 0
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
or 2x2 − x + 2 − x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 ⇒ ( a − 3)( a − 2) > 0
2 ( a + b + c ) = 2m 2 + 6m + 2
or x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 ⇒ a ≤ 3 and a < 2 or a > 3
⇒ a + b + c=m 2
+ 3m + 1 …(iv) is a quadratic equation.
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iv), we Combining the above inequalities, we
IV. x3 + 6x2 + 2x − 1 = 0
get have a < 2
is not a quadratic equation.
a = m 2 − 3m + 1 Hence, only III statement is correct. 88. (a) Given, 7x2 − 50x + k = 0
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), Here, a = 7, b = − 50 and c = k
83. (b) I. 3x 2 − 2x − 1 = 0
we get
Put x = 1 ⇒ 3 ( 1)2 − 2 ( 1) − 1 = 0 Since, α and β are the roots of the given
b = m 2 + 3m − 1 ∴ LHS = RHS
equation
−b 50
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (iv), we ∴α + β = ⇒α+β=
II. x 2 + 2x − 4 = 0 a 7
get 1
Put x = −2 2 ⇒ β= [Q α = 7, given]
c = − m 2 + 3m + 1 ⇒ ( − 2 2 ) 2 + 2( − 2 2 ) − 4 = 0 7
As, a ≤ b and b ≤ c c 1 k
∴ LHS = RHS and αβ = ⇒ 7× = ⇒ k=7
a 7 7
180 CDS Pathfinder

89. (b) Let α and β be the roots of the ⇒ ( x2 + y 2 ) − 2x y = 25 −b c

∴ α+β = = 1 and αβ = = −1
quadratic equation ⇒ 97 − 2x y = 25 [from Eq. (i)] a a
x2 + px + q = 0. ⇒ 2x y = 72 α2 + β2 (α + β )2 − 2αβ
=
Given that, A starts with a wrong value ∴ x y = 36 (α − β )(α − β ) (α − β )2 (α + β )
2 2
of p and obtains the roots as 2 and 6.
1 (α + β )2 − 2αβ
But this time q is correct. 93. (a) Given that, x + = 2 …(i) =
x [(α + β ) 2 − 4αβ ](α + β )
i.e. Product of roots
= q = α ⋅ β = 6 × 2 = 12 ...(i) On squaring both sides, we get
2 ( 1) 2 − 2 × −1 3
and B starts with a wrong value of q and  x + 1  = 4 ⇒ x2 + 1 + 2 = 4 = =
  [( 1) 2 − 4 × −1] × 1 5
gets the roots as 2 and − 9. But this time  x x2
p is correct. 1 97. (d) Given,
⇒ x2 + 2 = 2 …(ii)
i.e. Sum of roots x x2 = 6 + 6+ 6+ 6+ L ∞
= p = α + β = − 9 + 2 = − 7 ...(ii) 2
Now,  x −  =  x2 + 2  − 2
1 1 So, x = 6 +
2
x ⇒ x =6+ x
2 2
We know that,  x  x 
(α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ ⇒ x2 − x− 6 = 0
= 2 − 2 = 0 [from Eq. (ii)]
= ( −7) − 4 × 12 = 49 − 48 = 1
2
1 ⇒ x + 2x − 3x − 6 = 0
2
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] ∴ x− =0
⇒ α −β = 1 ...(iii)
x ⇒ x( x + 2) − 3( x + 2) = 0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), α = − 3 and 94. (b) Let the number of columns be x. ⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 2) = 0
β=−4 Then, number of rows = x + 4 ∴ x = 3, −2
which are correct roots. According to the question, 98. (d) Given, a x + b x + b = 0
2

90. (a) Let one root be α, then other roots is x( x + 4) × 5 − 2 = 158 b b

⇒ x2 + x + = 0
α2 ⇒ 5x( x + 4) = 160 ⇒ x( x + 4) = 32 a a
−b
Given equation is x 2 − bx + c = 0 ⇒ x2 + 4x − 32 = 0 ∴ Sum of roots, α + β =
( −b) a
∴ Sum of roots = α + α 2 = − ⇒ x + 8x − 4x − 32 = 0
2
b
1 and products of roots, αβ =
⇒ x ( x + 8) − 4 ( x + 8) = 0 a
⇒ α(α + 1) = b ...(i)
c ⇒ ( x + 8)( x − 4) = 0 Hence, product of roots is not equal to
and product of roots = α ⋅ α 2 =
1 So, x = 4 as x = −8 is not possible. the sum of roots,
⇒ α 3 = c ⇒ α = c1 / 3 ...(ii) ∴ Number of rows So, statement I is not correct.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), Now, for roots to be real and unequal,
= x+ 4 = 4+ 4 =8
D>0
1/3
(c1/3
+ 1) = b ...(iii)
95. (c) Given, x2 + 2 + 8 x +  + 14
c 1 1 ⇒ b 2 − 4 ac > 0
On cubing both sides, we get x  x ⇒ b2 − 4 a ( b) > 0 [Q c = b]
c ( c1 / 3 + 1)3 = b 3 1
Let x + = y ...(i) ⇒ b 2 − 4ab > 0 ⇒ b 2 > 4ab
x
⇒ c { c + 1 + 3 c1 / 3 ( c1 / 3 + 1)} = b 3 ∴ b > 4a
On squaring both sides, we get
⇒ c ( c + 1 + 3b ) = b 3 [from Eq. (iii)] 2 So, if b > 4a, then roots are unequal and
∴  x + 1 = x 2 + 1 + 2 = y 2
⇒ b 3 = 3 bc + c 2 + c   real, so statement II is not always true, it
 x x2 depends on values of a and b.
91. (a) Let α and β be the roots of the given 1
⇒ x 2 + 2 = y2 − 2 ...(ii) 99. (d) Given, Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 ...(i)
quadratic equation 2x2 − 11x + 5 = 0. x
Since, the given roots are − 1 and 1 .
( −11) 11
∴ α+β=− = ...(i) Now, on putting values from Eqs. (i) and
∴ Sum of roots = − 1 + 1 = 0
2 2 (ii) in the given equation, we get
5 and product of roots = 1 × ( − 1) = − 1
and α ⋅β = ...(ii) y 2 − 2 + 8 y + 14 = y 2 + 8 y + 12 ⇒ quadratic equation is x2 −
2 (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0
= y 2 + 2 y + 6 y + 12
Now, (α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ ⇒ x2 − 0 ⋅ x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 − 1 = 0
2 = y ( y + 2) + 6 ( y + 2)
=   − 4  
11 5 On comparing with above equation
 2  2 = ( y + 6) ( y + 2)
from Eq. (i), we get
=  x + + 6  x + + 2
2 1 1
=
121 40 81
− = =  9 A = 1 and C = −1
     
4 4 4  2 x x
 1  So, A and C are of opposite sign.
9 So, one factor is  x + + 6 .
∴Difference of roots = (α − β ) = = 4 .5  x  100. (d) Given, ( a 2 − bc )x2 + 2( b 2 − ac )x
2
96. (b) Given, x2 − x − 1 = 0 + ( c 2 − ab ) = 0
92. (b) Let the two numbers be x and y. Since, the given roots are equal.
Now, by given condition, Here, a = 1, b = −1 and c = −1 ∴ D=0
x2 + y 2 = 97 …(i) Q α and β are the roots of the equation i.e. [ 2( b 2 − ac )] 2 − 4( a 2 − bc )
and ( x − y )2 = 25 …(ii) x2 − x − 1 = 0 ( c 2 − ab ) = 0
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 181

⇒ 4( b 4 + a 2 c 2 − 2ab 2 c ) When mistake is done in constant term, II. From Eq. (ii), m 2 n2 = b 2
−4( a 2 c 2 − bc 3 − a 3 b + ab 2 c ) = 0 then the roots of equation are 8 and 2. ⇒ b2 = d
⇒ 4 b + 4a c − 8ab c − 4a c
4 2 2 2 2 2 ∴ Equation is ( x − 2)( x − 8) Hence, statement II is correct.
+ 4bc 3 + 4a 3 b − 4ab 2 c = 0 = x2 − 10x + 16 ...(ii) 106. (a) If a is positive and b 2 − 4ac ≤ 0,
⇒ 4b 4 − 12ab 2 c + 4bc 3 + 4a 3 b = 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get then the sign of quadratic polynomial
x2 − 10x + 9 = 0 is the correct equation. ax2 + bx + c is always positive.
⇒ b + c + a − 3abc = 0
3 3 3
100
∴ a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc 103. (c) Given equation, 107. (c) We have, x + > 50
x
101. (a) Given m and n are the roots of the 7( x + 2a )2 + 3a 2 = 5a ( 7x + 23a )
and 1 ≤ x ≤ 100 ⇒ x 2 − 50x + 100 > 0
given equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ 7( x2 + 4a 2 + 4ax ) + 3a 2
50 ± 2500 − 400
∴ Sum of roots = m + n = − b /a …(i) = 35ax + 115a 2 ⇒ x =
c 2
and product of roots = mn = …(ii) ⇒ 7x − 7ax − 84a 2 = 0
2
a 50 ± 10 21
⇒ x2 − ax − 12a 2 = 0 =
m 2 + 1 n2 + 1 2
Now, + ⇒ ( x + 3a )( x − 4a ) = 0
m n x < 25 − 5 21 or x > 25 + 5 21
m 2 n + n + mn2 + m ⇒ x = − 3a and x = 4a ⇒ x < 2. 087 or x > 47. 91
=
mn Since, m and n are the roots of the given ⇒ x = 1 and 2 or x = 48, 49,… ,100
mn (m + n) + (m + n) equation.
= ∴ Number of total values of
mn Let m = 4a and n = − 3a (Q m > n)
(m + n)(mn + 1) x = 2 + 53 = 55
= ∴ 3 m − n = 3 ( 4a ) − ( − 3a )
mn 108. (c) We have, x 2 − 4x − log N = 0
= 12 a + 3 a = 15 a 10
−  + 1
bc We know that, roots are real, if D ≥ 0
  − b( a + c ) 104. (a) Given equation is px + qx + r = 0.2
= a ac = ⇒ 16 − 4( − log10 N ) ≥ 0
ac Let one root of the equation be α.
a Then, other root = 3α ⇒ 16 + 4 log N ≥ 0
10
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)] q ⇒ log N ≥ − 4
∴ Sum of roots = α + 3α = − 10
m 2 + 1 n2 + 1 p 1
and × −q −q ⇒ N ≥ 10 −4
⇒ N ≥
m n 10000
⇒ 4α = ⇒ α= ...(i)
(m 2 + 1)( n2 + 1) p 4p 1
= r Minimum value of N =
mn and product of roots = (α ) ⋅ (3α ) = 10000
m 2 n2 + n2 + m 2 + 1 p
= − q 2 109. (c) Let x = 4+ 4 − 4 + ...
mn r   r
(mn)2 + (m + n)2 − 2mn + 1 ⇒ 3α 2 = ⇒ 3  =
= p  4p  p
mn ∴ x = 4+ 4−x
2 2 [from Eq. (i)]
 c  +  − b  − 2  c  + 1 3q 2
r ⇒ x2 = 4 + 4−x
   a   a ⇒ = ⇒ 3q 2 p = 16 p 2 r
= a 16 p 2 p ⇒ ( x − 4)2 = 4 − x
2
c
a ⇒ 3 q 2 = 16 pr ⇒ ( x 2 − 4)2 + x = 4 …(i)
c 2 + b 2 − 2ac + a 2 13 + 1
= 105. (b) I. Given, m and n are the roots of the For option (c), x =
ac equation 2
b 2 + ( a − c )2 From Eq. (i),
= x2 + ax + b = 0. 2
ac
∴ Sum of roots, m + n = − a ...(i)   13 + 1 2  13 + 1
We know that, quadratic equation can LHS =    − 4 +
be written as and product of roots, mn = b ...(ii)   2   2
x2 − (Sum of roots) x + Product of roots Also, given m 2 and n2 are the roots 2
 13 + 1 + 2 13 − 16  13 + 1
=0 of the equation =  +
− b( a + c )   4  2
⇒ x2 −  x − cx + d = 0.
2
 x
 ac  = 4 = RHS
∴ m 2 + n2 = c ...(iii)
 b 2 + ( a − c )2  110. (c) We have, −2 ≤ x ≤ 1 …(i)
+   =0 and m n =d
2 2
...(iv)
 ac  −1 ≤ y ≤ 2
On squaring both sides of Eq. (i), we
⇒ acx2 + b( a + c )x + b 2 + ( a − c )2 = 0 −2 ≤ − y ≤ 1 …(ii)
get Q
⇒ acx2 + ( ab + bc )x + b 2 + ( a − c )2 = 0 3≤z≤ 6
m + n + 2mn = a
2 2 2 and
102. (c) When mistake is done in first degree [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 6 ≤ 2z ≤ 12 …(iii)
term, then the roots of the equation are ⇒ c + 2b = a 2 ⇒ c = a 2 − 2b On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
− 9 and − 1.
⇒ 2b − a 2 = − c −2 − 2 + 6 ≤ x − y + 2z ≤ 1 + 1 + 12
∴ Equation is ( x + 1) ( x + 9)
= x2 + 10x + 9 ...(i) Hence, statement I is not correct. 2 ≤ k ≤ 14
182 CDS Pathfinder

111. (a) Let α and β be the roots of equation 115. (b) We have, A( x ) = x 2 + px + q ⇒ 3x 2 − 7x − 30 − x 2 + 10x
ax 2 + bx + c = 0. Q ( x − m ) and ( x − km ) are factors of + 7x − 2x 2 − 20
−b A( x ), then m and km are roots of
Then, α+β= = ( 2x − 10) 2x 2 − 7x − 5
a A (x ) = 0
c ⇒ ( 10x − 50)
and αβ = ∴ m + km = − p ⇒ m ( k + 1) = − p
a −p
⇒ m= …(i) = ( 2x − 10) 2x 2 − 7x − 5
2
 1
2
( k + 1)
α + β =   +  
1
Now,
α β and m ⋅ km = q ⇒ m 2 k = q ⇒ 10( x − 5) = 2( x − 5) 2x 2 − 7x − 5
p2
β2 + α2 ⇒ ⋅k = q [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ α+β= ( k + 1) 2 ⇒ 2x 2 − 7x − 5 = 5 …(i)
(αβ ) 2
⇒ ( k + 1) q = kp
2 2 Again, on squaring both sides of Eq. (i),
(α + β )2 − 2αβ we get
116. (c) Given points are P (5, − 1), Q(3, − 2)
=
(αβ ) 2 and R ( 1, 1). 2x 2 − 7x − 5 = 25

− b b 2 / a 2 − 2c / a If points P,Q and R lie in the solution of ⇒ 2x 2 − 7x − 30 = 0 …(ii)

⇒ = inequations x + y ≤ 4 and x − y ≥ 2,
a c2 / a 2 If α and β are roots of Eq. (ii), then
then points P, Q and R satisfy these
inequations. −30
⇒ ab − 2a c = − bc
2 2 2
αβ = = − 15
For point P (5, − 1), 5 − 1 ≤ 4 [true] 2
⇒ ab 2 + bc 2 = 2a 2 c
5 + 1 ≥ 2 [true] 119. (a) Since, the roots of equation
112. (d) Here, a = 1, b = − p , c = q For point Q (3, − 2), 3 − 2 ≤ 4 [true] lx 2 + mx + m = 0 are in the ratiop : q.
and a ′ = 1, b ′ = q , c ′ = − p 3 + 2 ≥ 2 [true] Then, we can take roots as pk and qk.
Applying common root condition, and for point R ( 1, 1), 1 + 1 ≤ 4 [true] ∴ Sum of roots = pk + qk = −
m
( a ′ c − ac ′ )2 = ( bc ′ − b ′ c )( ab ′ − a ′ b ) 1 − 1 ≥ 2 [false] l
m
⇒ ( q + p) = ( p − q ) ( q + p)
2 2 2 So, the point R ( 1, 1) does not satisfy the ⇒ ( p + q) k = − …(i)
l
inequations.
⇒ ( p + q) = ( p − q) ( p + q) and product of roots
Hence, points P and Q lie in the solution m
⇒ p−q=1 = ( pq ) k 2 = …(ii)
of inequations. l
⇒ p − q − 1= 0 a + 2b + a − 2b
117. (a) Given, x = On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
113. (c) Let α and α 2 be the roots of equation a + 2b − a − 2b ( p + q )k
By rationalising, we get =−1
x 2 + px + q = 0. ( pq ) k 2
Then, α ⋅ α2 = q ( a + 2b )2 + ( a − 2b )2
 p + q m/l
∴ α = ( q) 1/3
…(i) + 2 ( a + 2b )( a − 2b ) ⇒   =−k=
 pq  ( p + q)
x =
and α + α2 = − p ( a + 2b )2 − ( a − 2b )2 [using Eq. (i)]
∴ ( q) 1/3
+ ( q) 2 /3
=−p …(ii) ( p + q )2 m p+ q m
a + 2b + a − 2b + 2 a − 4b 2 2
⇒ = ⇒ =±
⇒x =
On cubing both sides, we get a + 2b − a + 2b pq l pq l
2a + 2 a 2 − 4b 2 p+ q m
q + q 2 + 3 q ( q1 / 3 + q 2 / 3 ) = − p 3 ⇒ =−
⇒x = pq l
⇒ q + q 2 + 3 q ( − p) = − p3 4b
a+ a 2 − 4b 2 p q m
[from Eq. (ii)] ⇒x = ⇒ + + =0
2b q p l
⇒ q + q 2 + p 3 = 3 pq
⇒ bx 2 − ax + b = 0 120. (d) We have, 1 +
1
−
1
≥0
⇒ p 3 + q 2 + q = 3 pq
x x2
118. (a) Given, 3x − 7x − 30
2
114. (a) Consider the line, x2 + x − 1
= ( x − 5) + 2x 2 − 7x − 5 ⇒ ≥0
2x + 6 y = 21 …(i) x2
The point (0, 0) does not satisfy Eq. (i) On squaring both sides, we get As, x 2 ≥ 0, then x 2 + x − 1 ≥ 0
but the point (0,0) satisfy the equation 3x 2 − 7x − 30 = ( x − 5)2 If x 2 + x − 1 = 0,
2x + 6 y ≤ 21 . + ( 2x 2 − 7x − 5) −1 ± 5
then x =
Now, consider the line, + 2( x − 5) 2x 2 − 7x − 5 2
5x − 2 y = 10 … (ii) ⇒ 3x 2 − 7x − 30 = x 2 + 25 − 10x   −1 + 5     −1 − 5  
∴ x −    x −   ≥ 0
The point (0, 0) does not satisfy   2    2 
+ 2x 2 − 7x − 5
Eq. (ii) but the point (0,0) satisfy the + ( 2x − 10) 2x 2 − 7x − 5 −1 − 5 −1 + 5
⇒ x≤ or x ≥
equation 5x − 2 y ≤ 10. 2 2
19
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 183

SET THEORY
Usually (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are asked
from these topics more results on operations on set.

SET
A well defined collection of objects, is called a set. The objects in a set are called its members or
elements. Sets are usually denoted by the capital letters A, B, C, X, Y and Z etc. And the elements of a set
are denoted by small letters a, b, c etc. If x is an element of set A, we can write x ∈ A , which means that ‘x
belongs to A’ or that x is an element of A.
If x does not belong to A, we can write, x ∉ A . e.g.
• The collection of vowels in English alphabet is a set A containing five elements namely a, e, i, o and u,
where a ∈ A but b ∉ A.
• The collection of first four prime numbers is a set A containing the elements 2, 3, 5 and 7, where 3 ∈ A
but 1 ∉A.

Representation of Sets
Sets are generally represented by following two ways:
1. Roster or Tabular form or listing method In this method, all the elements of a set are listed, within
curly braces { } being separated by commas. e.g.
(i) If A is a set of first eight prime numbers, then A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
(ii) If B is a set of squares of first five natural numbers, then B = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
(iii) If A is a set of vowels of English alphabets, then A = { a, e, i, o, u}
Note The order in which the elements are written in a set makes no difference and also the repeated elements are taken
only once each.

2. Set Builder form or Rule method In this method, instead of listing all the elements of a set, we write
the set by some special property or properties satisfied by all its elements and write it as.
(i) The set B of all even natural numbers can be written as
B = { x : x is a natural number and x = 2n for n ∈ N} or B = { x : x ∈ N, x = 2n, n ∈ N} and neads it as
‘B’ is the set consisting of all elements x such that x has the property of even natural number. The
symbol ‘:’ or ‘1’ stands or such that
(ii) The set A = { 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, then it is represented as
A = { x : x = 2n + 1 where n ∈ N, n < 6}
184 CDS Pathfinder

(iii) The set A = {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, . . . } can be written as 7. Subsets Let A and B be two sets. If every element
A = { x : x = n 2 , n ∈ Z}, where Z is the set of of A is an element of B, then A is called a subset of B.
integers. If A is subset of B, then we can write A ⊆ B which is
read as ‘A is a subset of B’ or ‘A is contained in B’.
Types of Sets (i) Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A ⊆ A, B ⊆ B.
1. Empty set A set which does not contain any (ii) Empty set is a subset of every set i.e. φ ⊆ A.
element is called an empty set or null set or void set.
e.g. Let A = { 2, 4, 6} and B = {6, 4, 2, 8} .
It is denoted by φ or { }.
Then, A ⊆ B but B ⊆/ A i.e. A is a subset of B but B is
e.g. A = set of all odd numbers divisible by 2
not a subset of A.
and B = { x : x ∈ N and 5 < x < 6}
The sets which have atleast one element are called Note The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n
non void or non-empty set. elements is 2 n.

2. Singleton set A set consisting of a single element is 8. Super set If A is a subset of B, then we say that B is
called a singleton set. e.g.
superset of A and we write B ⊇ A .
(i) The set {5} is a singleton set. e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,
(ii) { x | x ∈ W and x + 6 = 6} = {0}
then, B ⊇ A .
which is a singleton set.
9. Comparability of sets Two sets A and B are said to
3. Finite set A set which consists of a definite number
be comparable, if either A ⊂ B or B ⊂ A or A = B,
of elements, is called a finite set. Empty set is also a
finite set. e.g. otherwise A and B are said to be incomparable.
(i) The set {1, 2, 3, 4} is a finite set, because it contains e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2, 4, 6} and C = {1, 2, 4}
a definite number of elements i.e. only 4 elements. Since, A ⊆/ B and B ⊆/ A.
(ii) B = Set of vowels in English Alphabets So, A and B are incomparable but C ⊂ B and so
= {a, e, i, o, u}; B and C are comparable sets.
(iii) A = Set of even prime natural numbers. 10. Proper subset If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B, then A is called
⇒ A = { 2} a proper subset of B and we write A ⊂ B.
Note The number of distinct elements contained in a set A is e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }
called the cardinal number of A and is denoted as n( A ). and B = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . . },
If A = { a, e, i , o, u}, then n ( A ) = 5.
then A ⊂ B.
4. Infinite set A set which consists of infinite number
Note The total number of proper subset of a finite set containing n
of elements is called an infinite set. It is represented elements is (2 n − 1).
by writing a few elements of the set followed by
e.g. 11. Universal set If there are some sets under
(i) Set of square of natural numbers is an infinite set, consideration, then there happens to be a set which is
because natural numbers are infinite and it can be a superset of each one of the given sets. Such a set is
represented as {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...}. known as the universal set and it is denoted by U.
(ii) Set of all points in a plane. e.g.
5. Equal sets Two sets A and B are said to be equal, if • If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 } and
they have exactly the same elements and we write C = { 2, 4, 6, 8}, then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} is a
A = B. Otherwise, two sets are said to be unequal universal set for A, B and C.
and we write A ≠ B.
• For the set of all integers, the universal set can be
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { 4, 3, 1, 2}, then A = B
the set of rational numbers or the set of real
because each element of A is in B and vice-versa.
numbers.
6. Equivalent sets Two sets A and B are equivalent, if 12. Power set The collection of all subsets of a set A, is
their cardinal numbers are same i.e. n ( A ) = n ( B) and called power set of A and it is denoted by P ( A ) . In
we write A ↔ B or A ~ B
P ( A ), every element is a set.
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = { 4, 5, 6},
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}
then n ( A ) = n ( B)
A ↔ B or A ~ B Then, P ( A ) = { φ , {1}, { 2}, { 3}, {1, 2}, { 2, 3}, { 3,1}, {1, 2, 3}}
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 185

Thus, A ∪ B = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Properties of Power Sets U
In the given Venn diagram A ∪ B is
1. Each element of a power set is a set.
denoted by the shaded region.
2. If set A has n elements, then P ( A ) has 2n elements. A B
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
3. If A is an empty set φ or { }, then P ( A ) has just one and B = {1 , 2, 3, 5 , 7}, then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
element i.e. P( A ) = { φ}.
4. If A ⊆ B, then P ( A ) ⊆ P ( B) . Note • x ∈ A ∪ B ⇔ x ∈ A or x ∈ B
• x ∉ A ∪ B ⇔ x ∉ A and x ∉ B • A ⊆ A ∪ B, B ⊆ A ∪ B.
EXAMPLE 1. The set S = {x ∈ N: x + 3 = 3} is a
a. null set b. singleton set 2. Intersection of sets Let A and B be any two sets.
c. infinite set d. None of these The intersection of A and B is the set of all those
elements which belongs to both A and B. It is
Sol. a. Given, S = {x ∈ N : x + 3 = 3} denoted by A ∩ B and read as A intersection B.
∴ S = {} Thus, A ∩ B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B} U
So, S is a null set. A ∩ B is represented by the shaded
region in the given Venn diagram A B
EXAMPLE 2. If A = {x : x is an odd integer} and
B = {x : x 2 − 8x + 15 = 0 }. Then, which one of the e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
B = {1, 3, 7, 9}, then A ∩ B = {1, 3}.
following is correct. e 2013 I
a. A = B b. A ⊆ B c. B ⊆ A d. A ⊆ B C Note • x ∈ A ∩ B ⇔ x ∈ A and x ∈ B
• x ∉ A ∩ B ⇔ x ∉ A or x ∉ B • A ∩ B ⊆ A and A ∩ B ⊆ B
Sol. c. Given that, A = {x : x is an odd integer}
and B = {x : x2 − 8x + 15 = 0} = {x : x2 − 5x − 3x + 15 = 0} 3. Disjoint sets Two sets A and B U
= {x : x ( x − 5) − 3( x − 5) = 0} are said to be disjoint, if they have
no common element i.e. A B
= {x : ( x − 5)( x − 3) = 0} = {3, 5}
Since, B has two odd elements.
A ∩B=φ
∴ B⊆A e.g. If A = {1, 2, 4}, B = { 3, 5, 6},
then A ∩ B = φ
EXAMPLE 3. If A = {a, b }, then power set of A is So, A and B are disjoint sets.
a. {φ, a , b} b. {φ, a , b , A}
4. Difference of sets Let A and B be two sets. The
c. {φ, a , b , ab} d. {φ, { a }, {b }, A} difference of two sets is the set of all those elements
of A which do not belong to B. It is denoted by
Sol. d. A = {a, b}
A − B and read as A minus B.
The subsets of A are φ, {a}, {b} {a, b}.
∴ A − B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∉B}
∴ P ( A) = {φ , {a}, {b}, {a, b} = {φ , {a}, {b}, A}
U

VENN DIAGRAM A–B

‘Venn diagram’ is the diagrammetic A B
representation of various types of sets U
and operations on sets. The shaded part in the given Venn diagram
A represents A − B.
The universal set is usually
Similarly, the difference B − A is U
represented by a rectangular region
the set of all those elements of B
and other subsets of the universal set
that do not belong to A. B–A
are represented by circles inscribed in it. Each inscribed
circle represents a set (subset of universal set). ∴ B − A = { x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A } A B
The shaded part in the given Venn diagram
Operations on Sets represents B − A .
1. Union of Sets Let A and B be any two sets. The e.g.
union of A and B is the set of all the elements of A and • If A = { 2 , 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = { 2, 4, 6, 12, 14}, then
all the elements of B, the common elements being A − B = {8, 10} and B − A = {12, 14}.
taken only once. It is denoted by A ∪ B and read as ‘A • If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then A − B = φ.
union B.’
186 CDS Pathfinder

Note The sets A − B, A ∩ B and B − A are mutually disjoint sets i.e.

Symmetric Difference of Two Sets the intersection of any of these two sets is an empty set.
Let A and B be two sets. The U
symmetric difference of sets A and Laws of Algebra of Sets
B is the set ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) and is 1. Idempotent laws For any set A, we have
denoted by A ∆ B i.e. it is a set
A–B B–A (i) A ∪ A = A (ii) A ∩ A = A
consisting of all those members of A
which are not in B or all those 2. Identity Laws For any set A,
which are in B but not in A. (i) A ∪ φ = A (ii) A ∩ U = A
i.e. φ and U are identity elements for union and
Thus, A ∆ B = { x : x ∈ A but x ∉ B} ∪ { x : x ∈ B but x ∉ A }
intersection, respectively.
A ∆ B = ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A )
The shaded part in given Venn diagram represents 3. Commutative laws For any two sets A and B, we
A ∆ B. have
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, (i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
∴ A − B = { 2, 4} and B − A = {9}, then A ∆ B = { 2, 4, 9}. 4. Associative laws If A , B and C are any three sets,
then
Complement of a Set (i) ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ ( B ∪ C )
Let U be the universal set and A be A’ U (ii) A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C
any set such that A ⊂ U . Then, the 5. Distributive laws If A , B and C are any three sets,
complement of A with respect to U is A
then
the set of all those elements of U
(i) A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
which are not in A. It is denoted by
A ′ or A C or U − A (ii) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
Thus, A ′ = { x : x ∈U and x ∉ A } 6. De-Morgan’s laws If A and B are any two sets,
then
The shaded portion in the above Venn diagram shows
the complement of set A. If A is a subset of the (i) ( A ∪ B) ′ = A ′ ∩ B ′ (ii) ( A ∩ B) ′ = A ′ ∪ B ′
universal set U, then its complement A ′ is also a subset
of U. e.g. More Results on
• Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 8, …}and A = {1, 3, 5, 7 , . . . } . Operations on Sets
Then, the complement of A is 1. If A , B and C are any three sets, then
A ′ = U − A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . } (i) A − ( B ∩ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
• If U = { a, b, c, d , e, f } and A = { a, e}, (ii) A − ( B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C )
then A ′ = { b, c, d , f }. (iii) A ∩ ( B − C ) = ( A ∩ B) − ( A ∩ C )
EXAMPLE 4. If A = {0, 1 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3}, (iv) A ∩ ( B ∆ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∆ ( A ∩ C )
C = {3, 5, 7, 9}, then ( A − B) ∩ (B − C) is (v) ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) = ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B)
a. {1, 2} b. { 0 , 4 } c. { 0 , 1, 2, 4 } d. φ 2. If A , B and C are finite sets and U be the finite
Sol. d. Given, A = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { 1, 2, 3} and C = {3, 5, 7, 9} universal set, then
(i) n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) − n ( A ∩ B)
∴ A − B = { 0, 4} and B − C = { 1, 2}
(ii) n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) ⇔ A , B are disjoint sets.
∴ ( A − B) ∩ ( B − C ) = φ
(iii) n ( A − B) = n ( A ) − n ( A ∩ B)
Properties of Operations on Sets i.e. n ( A − B) + n ( A ∩ B) = n ( A )
(iv) Number of elements which belong to exactly one
1. (A ′ )′ = A 2. A ∪ A ′ = U
of A or B
3. A ∩A′ = φ 4. φ ′ = U = n ( A ∆ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) − 2n ( A ∩ B)
5. U′=φ 6. A − B = A ∩ B ′ (v) If A, B and C are finite sets, then
7. B−A = B∩ A′ 8. A − B ⊆ A n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B) + n (C ) − n ( A ∩ B)
9. B−A ⊆ B 10. A − B ≠ B − A − n (B ∩ C) − n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
11. A − φ = A and A − A = φ 12. A ⊆ B ⇒ A − B = φ (vi) n ( A ′ ∪ B ′ ) = n (( A ∩ B) ′ ) = n (U ) − n ( A ∩ B)
13. A −B = B−A ⇔A = B (vii) n ( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) = n (( A ∪ B) ′ ) = n (U ) − n ( A ∪ B)
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 187

EXAMPLE 5. If a set A contains 60 elements and ∴ n (E ∪ H ) = n (E) + n (H ) − n (E ∩ H )

another set B contains 70 elements and there are 50 40 = n ( E ) + 22 − 12 ⇒ n ( E ) = 30
elements in common, then how many elements does Number of people who speak English only
A ∪ B contain? = n ( E ) − n ( E ∩ H ) = 30 − 12 = 18
a. 130 b. 100 c. 80 d. 70
Sol. c. Here, n ( A) = 60, n ( B) = 70 and n ( A ∩ B) = 50
Ordered Pairs
An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a
Now, n( A ∪ B) = n( A) + n( B) − n( A ∩ B)
given fixed order.
= 60 + 70 − 50 = 130 − 50 = 80
If A and B are two sets and a ∈ A , b ∈ B, then the
EXAMPLE 6. A group of 40 people who speaks either ordered pair of elements a and b is denoted by (a, b).
english or Hindi, out of these 12 speak both English The natural numbers and their squares can be
and Hindi and 22 speak Hindi. How many people represented by ordered pair in the following way.
speak only english not Hindi?
(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), ....
a. 30 b. 10 c. 18 d. 28
Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) will be equal, if and
Sol. c. Let E be the set of students who speak English and H be the set only if a = c and b = d .
of students who speak Hindi.
Given, n ( E ∪ H ) = 40, n ( H ) = 22 and n ( E ∩ H ) = 12 Note { a, b} = { b, a} but ( a, b ) ≠ ( b, a ) .

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If A = { 5, 6, 7} and B = { 7, 8, 9}, then A ∪ B is 8. The number of non-empty proper subsets of set
equal to A = { 2, 5, 7, 10} is
(a) {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (b) {7, 8, 9} (c) {5, 6, 7} (d) φ (a) 16 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 8

2. Given that A = { 2, 6, 8, 9}, B = { 7, 8, 9, 12}, then 9. Which of the following statements is false for the
B − A is equal to sets A, B and C, where
(a) {7, 8, 9, 12} (b) {7, 12} A = { x|x is letter of the word ‘BOWL’}
(c) {2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12} (d) {2, 6, 8, 9, 12} B = { x|x is a letter of the word ‘ELBOW’}
3. If U is the universal set of all natural numbers C = { x|x is a letter of the word ‘BELLOW’}
and A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then compute A ∩ U . (a) A ⊂ B (b) B ⊃ C
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4} (b) φ (c) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (d) U (c) B ≠ C (d) B is a proper subset of C

4. The set { 2, 4, 16, 256,... } can be represented as 10. If A and B are two sets, then A ∩ ( A ∪ B) equals
which one of the following? (a) A (b) B
n
(a) {x ∈ N| x = 2 2 , n ∈ N} (c) φ (d) None of these
n
(b) {x ∈ N| x = 2 2 , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
11. The smallest set B such that
(c) {x ∈ N| x = 2 4 n , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
B ∪ { 1, 2} = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 9} is
(d) {x ∈ N| x = 2 2 n , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
(a) {3, 5, 9} (b) {3, 5, 8}
5. If P and Q are any two sets and P ⊂ Q , then (c) {1, 2, 3} (d) None of these
(a) P ∩ Q = φ (b) P ′ ∩ Q = P (c) P ∩ Q = P (d) P ∩ Q = Q 12. If U = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, P = { 0, 1, 2, 3},
6. Which one of the following is a true statement? Q = { 2, 3, 4, 5}, and R = { 4, 5, 6}, then Q ′ ∩ ( P ∪ R )
(a) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = φ (b) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = A is equal to
(c) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = U (d) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = B (a) {0, 1, 6} (b) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
7. If P and Q are any two sets, then P ∪ Q = P ∩ Q, if (c) {6, 7, 8, 9} (d) {2, 3}
(a) P is the empty set (b) Q is the empty set 13. If P is a non-empty set, then ( P ′ )′ is equal to
(c) Both P and Q are empty sets
(d) P and Q are non-empty sets (a) φ (b) U (c) U − P (d) P
188 CDS Pathfinder

A U U
14. The shaded region in the adjoining diagram is A
B B
U

(c) (d)
(a) A ∪ A ′ (b) U (c) A ′ (d) A ∩ A ′ 20. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
15. The shaded region in the adjoining diagram (a) φ ∈ φ (b) φ ∉P (φ) (c) φ = P (φ) (d) φ ∈ P (φ)

21. Let A =  3, π , 2 , , − 5, 3 + 7 . The subset of A

represents 2
U
 7 
containing all the elements from it which are
irrational numbers is
A B
(a) 3, , − 5 (b) 3, π, , − 5, 3 + 7 
2 2
(a) ( A ∩ B)′ (b) A ∪ B (c) A − B (d) A ∩ B  7   7 
(c) { π, 2 , 3 + 7} (d) {3, − 5}
16. The shaded portion in the following Venn
diagram represents 22. If U = { x : x ∈ N }, A = { x : x is an odd number },
then A′ is equal to
B (a) {x : x is an even number} (b) {x : x is an odd number}
(c) {x : x is a natural number} (d) {x : x is an integer}

A 23. If two sets are disjoint, then their intersection is

C (a) null set (b) singleton
(c) a infinite set (d) None of these
(a) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) (b) A ∪ (B ∪ C )
(c) ( A ∩ B) ∩ C (d) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C 24. If A and B are two non-empty sets, then
A − ( A − B) equals
17. The shaded region in the adjoining diagram is (a) B (b) A − B (c) A ∩ B (d) A ′ ∩ B′
25. Let two sets A and B have 2n and 4n elements
B respectively, where n is a natural number. What
can be the minimum number of elements in A ∪ B ?
A (a) 2n (b) 3n (c) 4n (d) 6n
C 26. If P = { x : x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0}, Q = { x : x 2 + 4x − 12 = 0},
then P − Q is
(a) A ∩ (B − C ) (b) A − (B ∪ C ) (a) {1, 2} (b) {2} (c) {1} (d) {4, 3}
(c) A ∩ (B ∪ C ) (d) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) 27. If A = {( 2 2n
− 3n − 1)| n ∈ N } and
18. In the Venn diagram below, shaded portion B = { 9 ( n − 1)| n ∈ N }, then which one of the
represents following is correct?
A B C U (a) A ⊂ B (b) A ⊂ A (c) A = B
(d) Neither A is a subset of B nor B is a subset of A
28. If A, B and C are any three sets, then
(a) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
(b) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) − ( A − C )
(a) A ∪ B ∪ C (b) A ∩ B ∩ C (c) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C )
(c) ( A ∩ B) ∪ (B ∩ C ) (d) A ∪ B ∩ C (d) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∪ C )
19. The Venn diagram for A ∪ B when B ⊂ A is 29. If P and Q are two sets such that
U A B U n ( P ) = m , n (Q ) = n and n ( P ∩ Q ) = p, then
B
A n ( P ∪ Q ) is equal to
(a) m + n (b) m + n + p (c) m + n − p (d) m − n − p
30. A and B are two sets such that n ( A) = 17,
n( B) = 23, n ( A ∪ B) = 38. Then, n ( A ∩ B) is
(a) (b) (a) 40 (b) 78 (c) 2 (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 189

31. Let A = { x : x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0} and 42. In an examination, 52% candidates failed in

B = { x : 2x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0}. Then, which one of the English and 42% failed in Mathematics. If 17%
following is correct? candidates failed in both English and
(a) A ⊆ B (b) B ⊆ A
Mathematics, what percentage of candidates
passed in both the subjects?
(c) Neither A ⊆ B nor B ⊆ A (d) A = B
(a) 18% (b) 21% (c) 23% (d) 25%
32. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { 2, 3, 4, 5}, C = { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, 43. State which of the following statements about
then A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) is equal to sets is/are true?
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4} I. Every subset of a finite set is finite.
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (d) φ II. φ is a subset of {0}.
33. Let the set A and B be given by A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} Select the correct answer using the codes given
and B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and the universal set below
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, then ( A ∪ B)′ is (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) {2, 4} (b) U (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (d) {5, 7, 9} 44. Which of the following is/are examples of empty
34. What is {[( A ∪ B)′ ∩ A]} − ( A − B) equal to? set?
I. A = { x : x + 3 = 3, x ∈ I }
(a) φ (b) A (c) B (d) B′
II. B = { x : x is a positive even integer and prime}
35. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
III. C = { x : x2 = 16, x is odd integer}
I. { a } ∈ {{ a }, { b}, { c} II. { a } ⊆ {{ a }, b, c}
Select the correct answer using the codes given
III. { a , b} ⊆ {{ a }, b, c} IV. a ⊆ {{ a }, b, c} below
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) III and IV (d) Only IV (a) Only I (b) I and III (c) Only III (d) I, II and III
36. Which one of the following is an infinite set? 45. Consider the following statements :
(a) {x : x is a whole number less than or equal to 1000} I. A′ ∪ B = ( A ∩ B)′ II. (φ′ )′ = ∪
(b) {x : x is a natural number less than 1000}
III. A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
(c) {x : x is a positive integer less than or equal to 1000}
(d) {x : x is an integer and less than 1000} Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct?
37. Which one of the following is not correct in (a) Only II (b) I and III (c) Only III (d) II and III
respect of the sets A and B ?
(a) If A ⊆ B, then B ∪ A = B 46. Let P = Set of all integral multiples of 3
(b) If A ⊆ B, then A ∩ ( A − B) = φ Q = Set of all integral multiples of 4
(c) If A ⊆ B, then B ∩ A = A R = Set of all integral multiples of 6
(d) If A ∩ B = φ, then either A = φ or B = φ Consider the following relations
↔ ↔ ↔
38. If R ∈ PQ , S ∉ PQ and S does not lie on PQ I. P ∪ Q = R II. P ⊂ R III. R ⊂ (P ∪ Q )
extended, then
↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ Which of the relation(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) PQ ∩ RS = φ (b) PQ ∩ RS = {R} (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) II and III
↔ ↔ ↔ ↔
(c) PQ ∩ RS = {S} (d) PQ ∩ RS = {P}
47. Consider the following statements:
39. In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 people I. Set of all points of a given line is a infinite set.
who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak II. The set of all birds in a zoo is a infinite set.
English. How many can speak Hindi only? III. Good books in a school library is a set.
(a) 600 (b) 150 (c) 300 (d) 500
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
40. In a committee 50 people speak French, 20 speak correct?
Spanish and 10 speak both Spanish and French. (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) All of these
How many speak atleast one of these two languages? 48. Given that the set A = { 0, 1, 2, 3}, which of the
(a) 60 (b) 50 (c) 30 (d) 70
following statements about A are true?
41. Every student in a class of 42 students, studies I. A is a finite set.
atleast one of the subjects, Mathematics, English II. A is a subset of the set of integers.
and Commerce, 14 students study Mathematics, III. {1, 2} is a proper subset of A.
20 Commerce and 24 English. 3 students study IV. A is the null set.
Mathematics and Commerce, 2 English and Select the correct answer using the codes given
Commerce and there is no student who studies below
all the three subjects. The number of students
(a) I, II and III (b) I and IV
who study Mathematics but not Commerce is
(c) I and III (d) All of these
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 11
190 CDS Pathfinder

49. State which of the sets given below are infinite set? 56. Consider the following in respect of the sets A
I. Set of all concentric circles. and B. e 2013 I
II. { x : x is a multiple of 2, x is an integer.} I. ( A ∩ B) ⊆ A II. ( A ∩ B) ⊆ B III. A ⊆ ( A ∪ B)
III. The set of lines which are parallel to X-axis. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
IV. The set of positive integers greater than 100. correct?
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) All of these
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below 57. In a school there are 30 teachers who teach
(a) I and II (b) II and III Mathematics or Physics. Of these teachers, 20
(c) Only I (d) All of these teach Mathematics and 15 teach Physics, 5 teach
both Mathematics and Physics. The number of
50. Which of the following sets are equivalent? teachers teaching only Mathematics is e 2013 I
I. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = { 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20
II. A = { x, y, z } B = { p, q}
58. In a class of 110 students, x students take both
III. P = {2, 4, 6, 8}, R = { a , b, c, d } Mathematics and Statistics, x + 20 students take
IV. A = {36, 39, 42, 45} , B = {42, 39, 45, 36} Mathematics and x + 30 students take Statistics.
Select the correct answer using the codes given There are no students who take neither Mathematics
below nor Statistics. What is x equal to? e 2013 II
(a) I, II and IV (b) II, III and IV (a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30
(c) I, III and IV (d) None of these 59. If A is a non-empty subset of a set E, then what
is E ∪ ( A ∩ φ ) − ( A − φ ) equal to? e 2014 I
Directions (Q. Nos. 51-52) Answer the questions (a) A (b) Complement of A
based on the following information. (c) φ (d) E
In a survey of 250 students, it was found that 150 play 60. If A and B are any two non-empty subsets of a
cricket, 100 play basketball and 120 play football, set E, then what is A ∪ ( A ∩ B) equal to? e 2014 I
further, 30 of them play both basketball and football, 50
(a) A ∩ B (b) A ∪ B (c) A (d) B
play both cricket and basketball and 60 play both cricket
and football. 61. Out of 105 students taking an examination
English and Mathematics, 80 students pass in
51. The maximum number of students who play all English, 75 students pass in Mathematics, 10
the three sports students fail in both the subjects. How many
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) None of these students pass in only one subject? e 2014 I

52. If 5 students play none of the three sports then (a) 26 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 45
numbers of students who play at least two sports 62. Let A denotes the set of quadrilaterals having
(a) 100 (b) 110 (c) 120 (d) 130 two diagonals equal and bisecting each other.
Let B denotes the set of quadrilaterals having
diagonals bisecting each other at 90°. Then,
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS A ∩ B denotes e 2015 II

53. If A = {x : x is an even natural number}, B = {x : x (a) the set of parallelograms (b) the set of rhombuses
is a natural number and multiple of 5} and C = { (c) the set of squares (d) the set of rectangles
x : x is a natural number and multiple of 10}, 63. Let S be a set of first fourteen natural numbers.
then what is the value of A ∩ ( B ∪ C )? e 2012 I The possible number of pairs ( a , b), where a,
(a) {10, 20, 30,…} (b) {5, 10, 15, 20,…} b ∈ S and a ≠ b such that ab leaves remainder 1
(c) {2, 4, 6,…} (d) {20, 40, 60,…} when divided by 15, is e 2016 I
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) None of these
54. Which one of the following is a null set? e 2012 II
(a) A = {x is a real number : x > 1 and x < 1} 64. In a gathering of 100 people, 70 of them can speak
(b) B = {x : x + 3 = 3} Hindi, 60 can speak English and 30 can speak
(c) C = {φ} French. Further, 30 of them can speak both Hindi
(d) D = {x is a real number : x ≥ 1 and x ≤ 1} and English, 20 can speak both Hindi and French.
If x is the number of people who can speak both
55. Let x ∈ {2, 3, 4} and y ∈ {4, 6, 9, 10}. If A be the
English and French, then which one of the following
set of all order pairs (x, y) such that x is a factor
is correct? (Assume that everyone can speak
of y. Then, how many elements does the set A
atleast one of the three languages) e 2016 I
contain? e 2012 II
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 7 (d) 6 (a) 10 < x ≤ 30 (b) 0 ≤ x < 8 (c) x = 9 (d) x = 8
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 191

ANSWERS
1 a 2 b 3 c 4 b 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 c 9 a 10 a
11 a 12 a 13 d 14 c 15 c 16 a 17 b 18 c 19 a 20 d
21 c 22 a 23 a 24 c 25 c 26 c 27 a 28 c 29 c 30 c
31 c 32 b 33 d 34 a 35 a 36 d 37 d 38 b 39 a 40 a
41 d 42 c 43 c 44 c 45 c 46 c 47 a 48 a 49 d 50 c
51 a 52 b 53 a 54 a 55 d 56 d 57 c 58 b 59 b 60 c
61 c 62 c 63 d 64 a

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) A ∪ B = {5, 6, 7} ∪ { 7, 8, 9} 9. (a) Given, A = { B , O , W , L } 21. (c) As, π, 2 , 3 + 7 are irrational
= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} B = {B, O, W , L, E } numbers.
So, required set is { π , 2 , 3 + 7 }.
2. (b) B − A = { 7, 8, 9, 12} − { 2, 6, 8, 9} C = {B, O, W , L, E }
22. (a) Here, U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
= { 7, 12} ∴ A ⊂ B and B = C
and A = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,… }
3. (c) Given, A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A ⊆ U . 10. (a) Clearly, A ∩ ( A ∪ B ) = A
So, A ′ = U − A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,… }
⇒A ∩ U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {U } 11. (a) B ∪ { 1, 2} = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 9} ∴ A′ = { x : x is an even number}
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ⇒ B = {3, 5, 9} is the required smallest 23. (a) Disjoint sets have no common
set element.
4. (b) Let A = { 2, 4, 16, 256,...}
0 12. (a) Here, ( P ∪ R) = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} e.g. A = { 1, 2, 3} , B = { 4, 5, 6}
for n = 0, 22 = 21 = 2
1 Q ′ = U − Q = { 0, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9} ⇒ A∩B=φ
for n = 1, 22 = 22 = 4
2 So, Q ′ ∩ ( P ∪ R) = { 0, 1, 6} 24. (c) A − ( A − B ) = A − ( A ∩ B ′)
for n = 2, 22 = 24 = 16 = A ∩ ( A ∩ B ′) ′ = A ∩ ( A ′ ∪ B )
13. (d) Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and
Thus, = ( A ∩ A ′) ∪ ( A ∩ B )
n P = { 1, 3, 4}
A = { x ∈ N | x = 22 , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
Then, P ′ = U − P = { 2, 5, 6} = φ ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∩ B
5. (c) Q P ⊂ Q and ( P ′)′ = U − P ′ = { 1, 3, 4} = P 25. (c) Q n ( A ∩ B ) = 2n,
∴ n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A) + n ( B)
Q U 14. (c) The shaded region is U − A = A ′.
− n ( A ∩ B)
P 15. (c) The shaded region represents the
elements in A and not in B, so it = 2n + 4n − 2n = 4n
represents A − B. Hence, minimum number of elements
16. (a) We have, in A ∪ B is 4n.
(B ∩ C) A ∪ (B ∩ C) 26. (c) Here, P = { x: x2 − 3x + 2 = 0}
So, P ∩ Q = P ⇒ P = { x : ( x − 1) ( x − 2) = 0 }
6. (a) Let x ∈ A − B ⇒ x ∈ A and x ∉B B B
⇒ P = { x : x = 1, x = 2}
⇒ x ∉B − A A A ∴ P = { 1, 2} and
Also, x ∈ B − A ⇒ x ∈ B Q = { x : x2 + 4x − 12 = 0}
and x ∉ A ⇒ x ∉ A − B C C ⇒ Q = { x : ( x + 6) ( x − 2) = 0}
So, ( A − B ) ∩ ( B − A ) = φ ⇒ Q = { − 6, 2}
17. (b) The shaded region represents the
7. (c) Only if P and Q both are empty set or elements in A and not in B or C . So, P − Q = { 1, 2} − { − 6, 2} = { 1}
P and Q have same elements, then
P ∪ Q = P ∩ Q. ∴ A − (B ∪ C ) 27. (a) Given, A = {( 22 n − 3n − 1)| n ∈ N }
18. (c) Clearly, ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = { 0, 9, 54, 243, … }
8. (c) Number of elements in A = 4
19. (a) Clearly, (a) is correct. and B = { 9 ( n − 1) | n ∈ N }
∴ Total number of non-empty
20. (d) Since, P( φ) = { φ} = { 0, 9, 18, 27,… }
Proper subsets of A = 2 − 2 n

Hence, φ ∈ P( φ) From above, it is clear that A ⊂ B.

= 24 − 2 = 14
192 CDS Pathfinder

↔ ↔
28. (c) ∴ PQ ∩ RS = { R} n ( E ∪ M ) = n( E ) + n( M ) − n ( E ∩ M )
∪ ∪ = 52 + 42 − 17 = 77%
A B A B where R is point of intersection of the
straight lines PQ and RS. ∴ Total candidates passed = ( 100 − 77)
39. (a) Here, H = People, who can speak Hindi = 23%
(A–B)
A–(B ∪ C) C ∩(A–C) C E = People, who can speak English 43. (c) Clearly, both I and II are true.
Given, n ( H ∪ E ) = 1000, n ( H ) = 750, 44. (c) I. A = { 0} II. B = { 2 }
From the above two figures, shaded III. C = { } ; + 4 is not an odd integer
n ( E ) = 400
portion of
A − ( B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C ) n (H ∪ E ) = n (H ) + n (E ) Here, only III is empty set.

29. (c) n ( P ∪ Q ) = n ( P ) + n (Q ) − n (H ∩ E ) 45. (c) By distributive law in sets

− n ( P ∩ Q) 1000 = 750 + 400 − n ( H ∩ E ) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
∴ n ( P ∪ Q) = m + n − p ⇒ n ( H ∩ E ) = 1150 − 1000 = 150 So, only III is correct.
30. (c) n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) Number of people who can speak Hindi 46. (c) Here, P = {… − 6, − 3, 0, 3, 6,… },
− n ( A ∩ B) only Q = {… − 8, − 4, 0, 4, 8,… } and
∴ n ( A ∩ B) = n ( A) + n ( B) = n (H ) − n (H ∩ E ) R = {… − 12, − 6, 0, 6, 12,… }
− n ( A ∪ B ) = 17 + 23 − 38 = 2 = 750 − 150 = 600 I. P ∪ Q = {… − 8, − 6, − 4, − 3, 0,
31. (c) Given, A = { x : x2 − 6x + 8 = 0} 40. (a) Let S be the set of people who speak 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 ,… } ≠ R
⇒ A = { x :( x – 4)( x − 2)} spanish and F be the set of people who II. P ⊄ R as 3 ∈ P but 3 ∉R.
∴ A = { 4, 2} speak French III. R ⊂ ( P ∪ Q ) is true.
And B = { x : 2x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0} ∴ n ( S ) = 20, n ( F ) Hence, only statement III is correct.
⇒ B = { x:( 2x − 1)( x + 2)} = 50, n ( S ∩ F ) = 10 47. (a) I. There are infinite points lie on a line
B =  , − 2
1 ⇒ n (S ∪ F ) = n (S) + n (F ) segment so, it is an infinite set.
∴
2  − n (S ∩ F ) II. Number of birds in zoo are
Hence, neither A ⊆ B nor B ⊆ A. = 20 + 50 − 10 = 60 countable so, it is a finite set.
32. (b) ( B ∪ C ) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} 41. (d) Here, M = Students who study III. It is not a well-defined set.
∴ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { 1, 2, 3, 4} Mathematics Hence, only I is correct.
∩ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} E = Students who study English 48. (a) I. A is a finite set.
= { 1, 2, 3, 4} C = Students who study Commerce II. As all elements of A are integers, so
∴ n ( M ∪ E ∪ C ) = 42 A is subset of integers.
33. (d) ( A ∪ B ) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Also, n( M ) = 14, n( E ) = 24, n(C ) = 20, III. { 1, 2} is a proper subset of A.
( A ∪ B )′ = U − ( A ∪ B )
IV. A ≠ φ.
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} n ( M ∩ C ) = 3, n ( E ∩ C ) = 2
So, I, II and III are true.
− { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10} and n ( M ∩ E ∩ C ) = 0
49. (d) All sets are infinite set.
= {5, 7, 9} 14
) C(20)
M( 3 50. (c) Equivalent sets have same cardinal
34. (a) {( A ∪ B )′ ∩ A } − ( A − B )
0 numbers. Here, cardinal numbers of I,
= {(U − ( A ∪ B )) ∩ A } − ( A − B ) 2
III, IV sets are same.
= {(U ∩ A ) − {( A ∪ B ) ∩ A }}
E(24)
− ( A − B)
From the Venn diagram, it is clear that
Solutions (Q. No. 51-52) Let C,
= { A − A} − ( A − B) = φ − ( A − B) = φ B and F denotes the number of
number of students who study
35. (a) {a} is an element of {{ a },{ b },{ c }}, Mathematics but not Commerce students who play cricket,
subsets of {{ a }, b , c } are φ, {{ a }, { b }, { c }, basketball and football
{{ a }, b }, { b , c }, {{ a }, c }, {{ a }, b , c } = 14 − 3 = 11
respectively.
Hence, only statement I is correct. 42. (c) Let number of failed candidates in
Mathematics and English be M and E, Given, n (C ) = 150, n (B) = 100,
36. (d) {x : x is an integer and less than respectively. n (F) = 120, n (B ∩ F) = 30,
1000} = [..., 998,999] n (C ∩ B) = 50 and n (C ∩ F) = 60
Given, candidates failed in English,
i.e. x ∈ ( − ∞ , 1000) is an infinite set. n( E ) = 52%, Let x be the number of students
37. (d) If A ∩ B = φ, then it is not necessary Candidates failed in Mathematics, who play all the three sports
that either. n( M ) = 42% C B (100)
A = φ or B = φ. 0)
Candidates failed in both English and 5
↔ ↔ (1
38. (b) Since R ∈ PQ i.e R belongs to PQ. Mathematics, x
↔ ↔
n ( E ∩ M ) = 17%
Again S , PQ and S does not lie on PQ
extended Q Total candidates, failed F (120)
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 193

51. (a) n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) = n (C ) + n ( B ) ∴A ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = A ∪ (Shaded portion)

U
+ n ( F ) − n (C ∩ F ) = A
− n (C ∩ B ) − n ( B ∩ F ) + n (C ∩ B ∩ F ) A B If A and B are two non-empty disjoint
⇒ n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) = 150 + 100
sets.
+ 120 − 60 − 50 − 30 + x
then, A ∩B = φ
⇒ n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) = 230 + x
Since, maximum value of n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) (A ∩ B) ∴ A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∪ φ = A
is 250 I. ( A ∩ B ) ⊆ A [true] 61. (c) Let E and M represent the students
Hence, maximum value of II. ( A ∩ B ) ⊆ B [true] pass in English and Mathematics.
x = 250 − 230 = 20 III. A ⊆ ( A ∪ B ) [true] Given, n (U ) = 105, n( E ) = 80,
52. (b) Here, n(C ∪ B ∪ F ) = 250 − 5 = 245 So, all three statements are correct. n( M ) = 75, and n( E ∩ M ) = 10
Shaded region = ( A ∪ B )
∴ 245 = 230 + x ⇒ x = 15 Now, n( E ∪ M ) = n(U ) − n( E ∩ M )
57. (c) Let M and P be the teachers who = 105 − 10 = 95
B (100)
)C teach Mathematics and Physics,
50 Also, n( E ∪ M ) = n( E ) + n( M )
(1 35 respectively.
15
45 15 Given, − n( E ∩ M )
n ( M ∪ P ) = 30, n ( M ) = 20, n ( P ) = 15 ⇒ 95 = 80 + 75 − n( E ∩ M )
F (120) and n ( M ∩ P ) = 5 ⇒ n( E ∩ M ) = 60
Number of students who play atleast ∴ Number of teachers teaching only The number of students who pass in
two sports = 15 + 35 + 45 + 15 = 110 Mathematics is only one subject
n ( only M ) = n ( M ) − n ( M ∩ P ) = n( E ) + n( M ) − 2 n ( E ∩ M )
53. (a) Given, A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...},
= 20 − 5 = 15 = 80 + 75 − 2 × 60
B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...}
and C = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, ...} 58. (b) Venn diagram of given conditions is = 155 − 120 = 35
as shown in figure given below
Now, 62. (c) A = diagonal equal and bisecting each
Students take Students take other.
( B ∪ C ) = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...} only Mathematics only Statistics
∴ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...} A is square or rectangle. and B diagonal
bisecting each other at 90°.
∩ {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...} So, A ∩ B = the set of squares.
x + 20 x x + 30
= { 10, 20, 30, ...} 63. (d) The possible set of pairs (a, b) such
54. (a) From option (a), A = {x is a real that ab leaves remainder 1 when divided
number : x > 1 and x < 1 }. Students take by 15 are (2, 8), (8, 2) (7, 13)
both Mathematics and Statistics
Since, there is no such element which is and (13, 7).
greater than 1 and less than 1. Total students = Students those take ∴ Number of possible set of pairs = 4
So, A is a null set. only Mathematics + Student those take
64. (a) Let A , B and C be the number of
From option (b), B = {x : x + 3 = 3} = {0} only Statistics + Student those take
people who can speak Hindi, English
= Singleton set both Mathematics and Statistics
and French.
From option (c),C = {φ} = Singleton set Q 110 = x + 20 + x + x + 30
Then, n ( A ) = 70, n ( B ) = 60,
From option (d), D = {x is a real number ⇒ 110 = 3x + 50 ⇒ 3x = 60
: x ≥ 1 and x ≤ 1} n(C ) = 30, n ( A ∩ B ) = 30,
∴ x = 20
= {1} = Singleton set n ( A ∩ C ) = 20, and n ( B ∩ C ) = x
59. (b) E ∪ {( A ∩ φ) − ( A − φ)} n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) + n (C )
55. (d) Given that, x ∈ {2, 3, 4}
= E ∪ φ − A = E − A = A′ −n ( A ∩ B ) − n ( B ∩ C )
and y ∈ {4, 6, 9, 10}
[Q ( A ∩ φ) = φ and ( A − φ) = A] −n ( A ∩ C ) + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
and also A =( x, y ), such that x is a factor
of y. 60. (c) Since, A and B are non-empty subsets ⇒ 100 = 70 + 60 + 30 − 30 − 20
of E.
∴ A = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 6), (3, 9), −x + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
(4, 4)} A B E ⇒ x = 10 + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Hence, A contain 6 elements. Also, n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) can’t be more than
56. (d) From figure, n ( A ∩C )
⇒ 10 ≤ x ≤ 30
20
194 CDS Pathfinder

MEASUREMENTS OF
ANGLES AND
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
Generally (13-14) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions asked from this
chapter are based on the trigonometric identities and formulae. So, detailed study of this chapter
will help you to score in exam as good number of questions have been asked from this chapter.

Trigonometry is the branch of Mathematics which deals with the measurements of sides and angles of
triangles and the problems based on these angles.

ANGLE
An angle is considered as the figure obtained by rotating a given ray about its
endpoint. The original ray is called the initial side and the ray into which the
initial side rotates is called terminal side. In figure, OA is initial side and OB is the
terminal side of ∠AOB. The point O is called its vertex.

QUADRANTS
Let XOX ′ and YOY ′ be two lines at right angles in the plane of paper. These
two perpendicular lines divide the plane of the paper into four equal parts, these
four parts are known as four quadrants and lines XOX ′ and YOY ′ are known as
X-axis and Y-axis, respectively.
The parts XOY , YOX ′, X ′ OY ′ and Y ′ OX are known as 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
quadrant, respectively.

Relation between Angles, Radius and Arc Length

If l ’ is the length of a circle of radius r. And this arc subtends an angle θ radians
l
at the centre of the circle, then l = r θ ⇒ θ =
r
 195

Relation between Degree and Radian Sol. a. I. We know that,

arc
Radius = (given, arc length is constant)
A circle subtends an angle, at the centre whose radian angle
measure is 2π and its degree measure is 360 °. It follows 1
∴ Radius ∝
that angle
2π radian = 360 ° So, angular measure in radian decreases, if the
π radian = 180 ° radius of the arc increases.
180 π
∴ 1 radian = degree = 57 ° 16′ 22′ ′ (approx) II. 1800°× = 10π
π 180°
π Hence, only statement I is correct.
1 degree = radian = 0 . 01746 rad (approx)
180
EXAMPLE 4. The angle between the hour hand and
Note 1 radian is written as 1 . c the minute hand of a clock at half-past three is
a. 54° b. 63° c. 75° d. 85°
EXAMPLE 1. The radian measure corresponding to
− 22° 30′ is Sol. c. Angle traced by hour hand in 1 hr = 30°
7 °
Angle traced by hour hand in 3 hr =  30 ×  = 105°
1
πc πc πc πc 
a. b. − c. d. − 2 2
8 8 4 4
Angle traced by minute hand in 1 min = 6°
Sol. b. As, 180° = π Angle traced by minute hand in 30 min = 6 × 30° = 180°
45 ° π c πc Angle between two hands = 180°−105° = 75°
∴−22°30 ′ = −  22 +
1
 = −   = − 
45
×  =−
 2  2   2 180  8
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
IMPORTANT POINTS
The ratio of the sides of a right
l The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is angled triangle with respect to its
π
30 ° =  radian  . angle are called trigonometric ratios.
6 
The side opposite to the right angle is
l The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30° in one called the hypotenuse. Relative to the
1 °
hour i.e.   in one minute. angle θ, the side opposite to angle θ is
 2
caused the prependicular side and the remaining side is
l The minute hand rotates through an angle of 6° in one called base.
minute.
(i) For angle θ, perpendicular = BC, base = AB
EXAMPLE 2. If an arc 24π cm long of a circle and hypotenuse = AC
subtends an angle of 72° at its centre, then the (ii) For angle α, perpendicular = AB, base = BC
radius of the circle is
and hypotenuse = AC
a. 30 cm b. 40 cm c. 50 cm d. 60 cm
Trigonometric ratios of θ in right angled ∆ABC are
Sol. d. Given, length of arc ( l ) = ( 24π) cm defined below
π  c  2π  c Perpendicular BC P
Angle (θ) = 72° = 72 ×  =  sin θ = = =
 180  5 Hypotenuse AC H
Let r be the radius of circle Base AB B
l l 24π cos θ = = =
Since, θ = ⇒ r= = = 60 cm Hypotenuse AC H
r θ 2π
5 Perpendicular
BC P
tan θ = ==
EXAMPLE 3. Consider the following statements: Base AB B
I. The angular measure in radian of a circular arc of Hypotenuse AC H
sec θ = = =
fixed length subtending at its centre decreases, if Base AB B
the radius of the arc increases. Base AB B
II. 1800° is equal to 5π radian. cot θ = = =
Perpendicular BC P
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? e 2012 I
Hypotenuse AC H
a. Only I b. Only II cosec θ = = =
c. Both I and II d. Neither I nor II Perpendicular BC P
196 CDS Pathfinder

Relation Between T-ratios TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1 1 1
(i) sin θ = (ii) cos θ = (iii) tan θ = A statement of equality involving trigonometric ratios of
cosec θ sec θ cot θ
an angle is called a trigonometric identity. It is valid for
sin θ cos θ all values of the angles. The three important identities
(iv) tan θ = (v) cot θ =
cos θ sin θ are
8 1. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 2. 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
EXAMPLE 5. If sin θ = , then the other
17 3. 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ
trigonometric ratios cos θ, tan θ, cosec θ, sec θ, cot θ are
15 8 17 17 15 15 8 17 −17 8 Note sin2 A + cos 2 B cannot be equal to 1 because the angles are
a. , , , , b. − , , , , different.
17 15 8 15 8 17 15 8 15 15
17 15 8 15 8 tan A − sin A
c. , , , , d. None of these
15 8 17 17 15 EXAMPLE 7. What is the value of ?
sin 3 A e 2013 I
8 perpendicular
Sol. a. As, sin θ = = a.
sec A
b.
sec A
17 hypotenuse 1− cos A 1 + cos2 A
In right angled ∆PQR, sec A
c. d. None of these
∴ PQ2 + QR 2 = PR 2 ⇒ PQ2 = PR 2 − QR 2 1+ cos A
sin A
⇒ PQ = PR 2 − QR 2 = 172 – 82 − sin A
tan A − sin A cos A (1− cos A) (1+ cos A)
Sol. c. = = ×
= 289 − 64 = 225 = 15
3
sin A sin3 A cos A sin2 A (1+ cos A)
1− cos2 A sin2 A
PQ 15 RQ 8 = =
∴ cos θ = = , tan θ = = cos A sin2 A (1+ cos A) cos A sin2 A (1+ cos A)
PR 17 PQ 15
1 1 sec A
PR 17 PR 17 = ⋅ =
cosec θ = = , sec θ = = cos A 1+ cos A 1+ cos A
RQ 8 PQ 15
PQ 15 Values of Trigonometric Ratios for Some Specific Angles
and cot θ = =
RQ 8 Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 3
1 sin θ 0 1
EXAMPLE 6. If cot A = , then the value of 2 2 2
( 2 − 1) 1 1
3
sin A cos A is cos θ 1 0
2 2 2
1 1 1 2
a. b. c. d. 1
4 2 2 4 tan θ 0 1 3 ∞
3
1 base 1
Sol. d. Q cot A = = cot θ ∞ 3 1 0
2 − 1 perpendicular 3
2 −1  1  sec θ
2
∞
⇒ tan A = Q tan A =  1 2 2
1  cot A 3
2
In right angled ∆ABC, cosec θ ∞ 2 2 1
3
∴ AC = AB + BC
2 2 2

⇒ AC = AB 2 + BC 2 EXAMPLE 8. What is the value of sin 3 60 °cot 30 °

= 12 + ( 2 − 1) 2 = 1 + 2 + 1 − 2 2 = 4 − 2 2 −2sec 2 45°+3cos 60 ° tan 2 45°− tan 2 60 ° ?
35 –35 −11 11
BC 2 −1 AB 1 a. b. c. d.
∴ sin A = = and cos A = = 8 8 8 8
AC 4 −2 2 AC 4 −2 2
Sol. b. sin360° cot 30°−2sec 2 45°+3cos 60° tan2 45°− tan2 60°
2 −1 1 2 −1
∴ sin A cos A = ⋅ =  3
3
1
4 −2 2 4−2 2 4−2 2 =   × 3 − 2 × ( 2) 2 + 3 × × (1) 2 − ( 3) 2
 2 2
2 −1 1 2 2 9 3 9 − 32 + 12 − 24 21− 56 −35
= = × = = −4+ −3= = =
2 2 ( 2 − 1) 2 2 2 4 8 2 8 8 8
 197

π
Sign of trigonometric ratio in different Sol. a. Given, 0 < θ <
4
, then 1− 2sin θ cos θ
quadrants
= sin2 θ + cos2 θ − 2sin θ cos θ
Y
II Quadrant [Q sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1]
(90°<θ<180°) sinθ I Quadrant (0<θ<90°) = (cos θ − sin θ) 2
and cosec θ are positive. All trigonometric
π
Q 0 < θ < ,cos θ > sin θ , so we take (cosθ − sinθ) 2 
All other trigonometric ratios are positive.
ratios are negative.  4 
X´ X = cos θ − sin θ
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
(270°<θ < 360°) cos θ Domain and Range of Trigonometrical Functions
(180°<θ<270°) tan θ
and sec θ are positive.
and cot θ are positive. Trigonometric Domain Range
All other trigonometric
All other trigonometric Ratio
ratios are negative.
ratios are negative. sin θ R [− 1, 1 ]
Y´
cos θ R [− 1, 1 ]
π
π tan θ R ~ (2 n + 1) , n ∈ I  ( − ∞, ∞ ) = R
EXAMPLE 9. If 0 < θ < , then what is 1 − 2sinθ cos θ  2 
4 cot θ R ~ { n π, n ∈ I} ( − ∞, ∞ ) = R
equal to? e 2014 II
π
sec θ R ~ (2 n + 1) , n ∈ I  ( − ∞, − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞ )
a. cosθ − sinθ b. sinθ − cosθ  2 
c. ± (cosθ − sinθ) d. cosθ sinθ cosec θ R ~ { n π, n ∈ I} ( − ∞, − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞ )

The behaviour of the trigonometric function in different quadrants are defined in following table.
Trigonometric Ist Quadrant IInd Quadrant III Quadrant IVth Quadrant
Ratio (θ increase from 0 to π /2) (θ increase from π /2 to π) (θ increase from π to 3 π /2) 3π
(θ increase from to 2 π)
2
sin θ Increases from 0 to 1 Decreases from 1 to 0 Decreases from 0 to –1 Increases from –1 to 0
cos θ Decreases from 1 to 0 Decreases from 0 to –1 Increases from –1 to 0 Increases from 0 to 1
tan θ Increases from 0 to ∞ Increases from – ∞ to 0 Increases from 0 to ∞ Increases from – ∞ to 0
cot θ Decreases from ∞ to 0 Decreases from 0 to – ∞ Decreases from ∞ to 0 Decreases from 0 to – ∞
sec θ Increases from 1 to ∞ Increases from – ∞ to –1 Decreases from –1 to – ∞ Decreases from ∞ to 1
cosec θ Decreases from ∞ to 1 Increases from 1 to ∞ Increases from – ∞ to –1 Decreases from –1 to – ∞

EXAMPLE 10. Which one of the following statements TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

is true in respect of the expression sin 31°+ sin 32° ?
a. Its value is 0 b. Its value is 1
OF ALLIED ANGLES
c. Its value is less than 1 d. Its value is greater than 1 Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or
1 difference is either zero or a multiple of 90 °.
Sol. d. We know that, sin 30° =
2 The angles like − θ, 90 ° ± θ, 180 ° ± θ, 360 ° ± θ etc., are
Value of sin increases 0° to 90° angles allied to the angle θ, if θ is measured in degrees.
∴ sin 31° > sin 30° and sin 32° > sin 30° Angle sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ cosec θ
1 1
⇒ sin 31° > and sin 30° > −θ − sinθ cosθ − tanθ − cot θ sec θ − cosec θ
2 2
Adding both 90°− θ cosθ sinθ cot θ tanθ cosec θ sec θ
1 1 90°+ θ − sinθ − cot θ − tanθ − cosec θ sec θ
∴ sin 31°+ sin 31° ⇒ + cosθ
2 2
180°− θ sinθ − cosθ − tanθ − cot θ − sec θ cosec θ
⇒ sin 31°+ sin 32° > 1
180°+ θ − sinθ − cosθ tanθ cot θ − sec θ − cosec θ
IMPORTANT POINTS 270°− θ − cosθ − sinθ cot θ tanθ − cosec θ − sec θ

l | sin θ | ≤ 1 l| cos θ | ≤ 1 l sec θ ≥ 1 270°+ θ − cosθ sinθ − cot θ − tanθ cosec θ − sec θ
l sec θ ≤ −1 lcosec θ ≥ 1 l cosec θ ≤ −1 360°− θ − sinθ cosθ − tanθ − cot θ sec θ − cosec θ
l tan θ and cot θ can take any value. 360°+ θ sinθ cosθ tanθ cot θ sec θ cosec θ
198 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 11. What is the value of ( A − B) ( A + B)

• sin A − sin B = 2 sin ⋅ cos
sec(90 °−θ)sinθ sec 45°? 2 2
3 ( A + B) ( A − B)
a. 1 b. c. 2 d. 3 • cos A + cos B = 2 cos ⋅ cos
2 2 2
Sol. c. Given, sec (90°− θ) sin θ sec 45° = cosec θ × sin θ × 2 ( A + B) ( A − B)
• cos A − cos B = − 2 sin ⋅ sin
1 2 2
= × sin θ × 2 = 2
sin θ ( A + B) (B − A )
= 2 sin ⋅ sin
2 2
sin 135° − cos 120 °
EXAMPLE 12. The value of is sin ( A + B)
sin 135° + cos 120 ° • tan A + tan B =
cos A cos B
a. 2 + 3 2 b. 2 − 3 2 c. 3 − 2 2 d. 3 + 2 2 sin ( A − B)
• tan A − tan B =
Sol. d. sin 135° = sin (180° − 45° ) = sin 45° =
1 cos A cos B
2 sin ( A + B)
1 • cot A + cot B =
cos 120° = cos (180° − 60° ) = − cos 60° = − sin A sin B
2
sin ( B − A )
1  1
− − 
• cot A − cot B =
sin 135° − cos 120°  2 2+1 2+1 sin A sin B
∴ = 2 = ×
sin 135° + cos 120° 1
+  − 
1 2 −1 2 +1
2  2
π
EXAMPLE 13. If A − B = , then the value of
( 2 + 1) 2 3
= = 2 + 1+ 2 2 = 3 + 2 2 cos A cos B + sin A sin B is
2−1
a. 1/2 b. 1
c. 3/2 d. None of these
Sum, Difference and Product Formulae
Sol. a. cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos ( A − B)
• sin ( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
π Q A − B = π 
= cos   =
1
• sin ( A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
 3 2  3
• cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
• cos ( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B 3 cos 23° –sin23°
EXAMPLE 14. The value of is
tan A + tan B 2
• tan ( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B a. cos 7° b. sin 53° c. cos 53° d. sin 7°
tan A − tan B 3 cos 23° − sin 23°
• tan ( A − B) = Sol. c. =
3 1
cos 23°– sin 23°
1 + tan A tan B 2 2 2
cot A cot B − 1 = cos 30° cos 23°– sin 30° sin 23°
• cot ( A + B) =
cot A + cot B = cos ( 30° + 23° ) = cos 53°
cot A cot B + 1 [Q cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B ]
• cot ( A − B) =
cot B − cot A tan 47 ° + tan 43°
EXAMPLE 15. The value of is
• sin ( A + B) sin ( A − B) = sin A − sin B
2 2
1 − tan 47 ° tan 43°
= cos 2 B − cos 2 A a. 1 b. ∞
• cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B) c. 0 d. −1
= cos 2 A − sin 2 B = cos 2 B − sin 2 A tan A + tan B tan 47° + tan 43°
Sol. b. Q = tan ( A + B) ⇒
• 2sin A cos B = sin ( A + B) + sin ( A − B) 1 − tan A tan B 1 − tan 47° tan 43°
• 2cos A sin B = sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B) = tan ( 47° + 43° ) = tan 90° = ∞
2cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)
EXAMPLE 16. The value of sin 20 °sin 40 °sin 60 °sin 80 °
•
• 2sin A sin B = cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B) is
( A + B) ( A − B) 1 3 1 3
• sin A + sin B = 2 sin ⋅ cos a. b. c. d.
2 2 2 4 8 16
 199

Sol. d. sin 20° sin 40° sin 80° sin 60° EXAMPLE 18. The value of 3 sin 15° − 4 sin 3 15° is
= sin 60°[sin 80° sin 40° ]sin 20° 1 1
a. 1 b. c. d. 0
3 2 2
= [sin 80° sin 40° ]sin 20°
2
Sol. c. As, 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ = sin 3 θ
3 1
= × [ 2sin 80° sin 40° ]sin 20° 1
2 2 So, 3 sin 15° − 4 sin3 15° = sin 3(15° ) = sin 45° =
2
3
= [cos(80°−40° ) − cos(80° + 40° )]sin 20°
4 Trigonometric Ratios of Submultiple Angles
3 θ θ
= [cos 40°− cos 120° ]sin 20° • sin θ = 2 sin cos
4 2 2
=
3
cos 40°−  −   sin 20°
1 θ θ θ θ
 2  • cos θ = cos 2 − sin 2 = 2 cos 2 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2
4  2 2 2 2
Q cos 120° = − 1 1 − cos θ θ 1 + cos θ θ
 = tan = cot
2
• •
sin θ 2 sin θ 2
1 − cos θ θ 1 + cos θ
=
3 1
cos 40°+  sin 20° = tan 2 2 θ
•
1 + cos θ • = cot
4  2 2 1 − cos θ 2
3 θ θ
= [sin( 40°+20° ) − sin( 40°−20° ) + sin 20° ]
8 2 tan 1 − tan 2
• sin θ = 2 • cos θ = 2
=
3
[sin 60°− sin 20°+ sin 20° ] θ 2 θ
8 1 + tan 2 1 + tan
2 2
3 3 3 3
= × sin 60° = × = Maximum and Minimum Values
8 8 2 16
cos 4x + cos 3x + cos 2x of Trigonometrical Functions
EXAMPLE 17. is equal to We know that, − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1, − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
sin 4x + sin 3x + sin 2x
Maximum and minimum value of a trigonometrical
a. cot 3x b. tan 3x c. cot x d. cot 2x
cos 4x + cos 3x + cos 2x (cos 4x + cos 2x) + cos 3x
function of the form a sin θ ± b cos θ are a 2 + b2
Sol. a. =
sin 4x + sin 3x + sin 2x (sin 4x + sin 2x) + sin 3x and − a 2 + b 2 , respectively.
 4x + 2x  4x − 2x
2cos  cos  + cos 3x
 2   2  EXAMPLE 19. The maximum value and minimum
= value of 8 sin θ cos θ + 4 cos 2θ is
 4x + 2x  4x − 2x
2sin  cos  + sin 3x
 2   2  a. 4 and −4 b. 16 and −16
2cos 3x ⋅ cos x + cos 3x cos 3x ( 2cos x + 1) c. 4 2 and −4 2 d. None of these
= = = cot 3x
2sin 3x ⋅ cos x + sin 3x sin 3x ( 2cos x + 1) Sol. c. Here, 8 sin θ cos θ + 4 cos 2θ = 4 sin 2θ + 4 cos 2θ
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles So, maximum value = 42 + 42 = 4 2
2 tan θ
• sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = and minimum value = − 42 + 42 = − 4 2
1 + tan 2 θ
• cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 EXAMPLE 20. Solve cos θ + sin θ = 2, then the value
1 − tan θ 2 of θ is
= 1 − 2 sin 2 θ = a. π/3 b. π/4 c. π/6 d. π/2
1 + tan 2 θ
cos θ sin θ
1 + cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ Sol. b. cos θ + sin θ = 2 , + =1
• = cos 2 θ and = sin 2 θ 2 2
2 2 (Q dividing throughout by 2)
2 tan θ
• tan 2θ = • sin 3 θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ ⇒ cos θ cos 45° + sin θ sin 45° = 1
1 − tan 2 θ cos (θ − 45° ) = 1 = cos 0°
cos 3θ = 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ • tan 3θ = 3 tan θ − tan θ
3
• ∴ θ − 45° = 0 ⇒ θ = 45° = π /4
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
200 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 21. The value of φ for maximum value of 3. Cosine rule In a ∆ABC, if a, b, c be the sides
sin 3φ + cos 3φ is opposite to angles A, B and C respectively, then
a. 2 b. 90° c. 1 d. 15° b2 + c 2 − a 2
cos A = , cos B = c 2 + a 2 − b 2 and
Sol. d. sin 3φ + cos 3φ = 2  
1 1 2bc
cos 3φ + sin 3φ
 2 2 
a 2 + b2 − c 2
= 2 (sin 45° cos 3φ + cos 45° sin 3φ) cos C =
2ab
= 2 sin ( 45° + 3φ)
∴ The maximum value occurs when EXAMPLE 22. A triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle.
sin ( 45° + 3φ) = 1 = sin 90° If sum of the squares of sides of the triangle is equal
∴ 45° + 3φ = 90° ⇒ φ = 15° to twice the square of the diameter, then
sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C is equal to
Properties of Triangle a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. None of these
1. Circumcircle of a triangle The A Sol. a. Let the radius of inscribed circle be R.
circle passing through the vertices c a b c
∴ R= = =
of a ∆ABC is called circumcircle. 2sin A 2sin B 2sin C
Its radius R is called the B b
R a b c
⇒ sin A = , sin B = and sin C =
circumradius and its centre is a 2R 2R 2R
known as circumcentre. C a2 + b 2 + c 2
sin A + sin B + sin C =
2 2 2
a b c 4 R2
Here, R = = =
2sin A 2sin B 2sin C a2 b2 c2
⇒ sin2 A = 2 , sin B =
2
2 and sin C =
2
2. Sine rule In a ∆ABC, if a, b, c be A 4R 4R 4R 2
the three sides opposite to the According to the question,
angles A, B, C respectively, then
b c a2 + b2 + c2 = 2 × 2R 2 = 8R 2
a b c
= = 8R 2
sin A sin B sin C ∴ sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = =2
4R 2
C a B

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. A unit radian is approximately equal to 5. The angle between the minute hand and the
(a) 57° 17′ 43′′ (b) 57° 16′ 22′′ hour hand of a clock when the time is 7:35 pm is
(c) 57° 17′ 47′′ (d) 57° 17′ 49′′ (a) 16° 45′ (b) 17 ° 30′ (c) 18°15′ (d) 19° 30′
2. Find the radian measure corresponding to the 6. When do the hands of a clock coincide between
degree − 47° 30′. 5 pm and 6 pm?
− 19 π 17 π (a) 5:30 pm (b) 5:27:16 pm
(a) rad (b) rad
72 72 (c) 5:32:16 pm (d) 5:28:56 pm
13 π −15 π 1
(c) rad (d) rad
72 72 7. If sin A = , then cos A ⋅ cosec A + tan A ⋅ sec A is
3
3. The length of a pendulum is 60 cm. The angle equal to
through which it swings when its tip describes 16 2 + 3 4 2 + 3
(a) (b)
an arc of length 16.5 cm is 8 8
(a) 15° 30′ (b) 15° 45′ (c) 16°15′ (d) 16° 45′ 3+2 3 −1
(c) (d)
4. A railway train is moving on a circular curve of 4 8
radius 1500 m at a speed of 90 km/h. Through 8. The value of cos 15° − sin 15° is equal to
what angle has it turned in 11 seconds? 1 1 1 3
(a) 12° (b) 16° 30′ (c) 10° 30′ (d) 11° 40′ (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 2
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 201

1 1
1 − sin θ 22. If cosθ = 0.96, then + is equal to
9. If 3 tanθ = 4, then is equal to sin θ tan θ
1 + sin θ
(a) 0.98 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 7
1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 3 3 23. If 0 < x < 45° and 45° < y < 90°, then which one of
the following is correct?
10. If tan A = 1 and tan B = 3, then
(a) sin x = sin y (b) sin x < sin y
cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B is equal to (c) sin x > sin y (d) sin x ≤ sin y
1+ 3 1− 3 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 24. For what value of θ is (sin θ + cosec θ) = 2.5, where
2 2 2 2 3
0 < θ ≤ 90° ?
11. The value of cosec2 θ − 2 + sin2 θ is always (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
cos x sin x
(a) less than zero (b) non-negative 25. If = n and = m, then ( m 2 − n 2 ) sin2 y
(c) zero (d) 1 cos y sin y
is equal to
12. What is the value of
(a) 1 − n2 (b) 1 + n2 (c) m2 (d) n2
sin2 15° + sin2 20° + sin2 25°+L + sin2 75°?
13 11 26. If p = tan2 x + cot2 x, then which one of the
(a) 0 (b) (c) 6 (d) following is correct?
2 2
(a) p ≤ 2 (b) p ≥ 2 (c) p < 2 (d) p > 2
13. What is the value of
5 sin 75° sin 77° + 2 cos 13° cos 15° 7 sin 81° 27. The difference of the two angles in degree
− ? measure is 1 and their sum in circular measure
cos 15° sin 77° cos 9° is also 1. What are the angles in circular measure?
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
π  1 π 
(a)  − (b)  −
1 1 90   1 90 
,  +  ,  + 
14. What is log (tan 1° ) + log (tan 2° ) + log (tan 3° )  2 360   2 360  2 π  2 π
+ L + log (tan 89° ) equal to? π   1 + π 
(c)  −
1
, (d) None of these
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) − 1  2 180   2 180 
1
15. If tan θ + = 2, then the value of 28. What is the value of [(1 − sin2 θ) sec2 θ + tan2 θ]
tan θ
(cos2 θ + 1) when 0 < θ < 90° ?
1
tan2 θ + is equal to (a) 2 (b) > 2 (c) ≥ 2 (d) < 2
tan2 θ
π
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3 29. If 7 cos2 θ + 3 sin2 θ = 4 and 0 < θ < , then what is
13 2 sin θ − 3 cos θ the value of tan θ? 2
16. If sec θ = , then is equal to 7
5 4 sin θ − 9 cos θ (a) 7 (b) (c) 3 (d) 3
3
(a) 1 / 3 (b) − 3 (c) 3 (d) 3
17. sin ( 45° + A) − cos ( 45° − A) is equal to 30. If cos 1° = p and cos 89° = q, then which one of
(a) 1 / 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2 the following is correct?
(a) p is close to 0 and q is close to 1
1 + sin θ (b) p< q
18. What is equal to?
1 − sin θ (c) p=q
(a) sec θ − tan θ (b) sec θ + tan θ (d) p is close to 1 and q is close to 0
(c) cosec θ + cot θ (d) cosec θ − cot θ π
31. If 0 ≤ θ < and p = sec2 θ, then which one of the
19. sin ( n + 1) A sin ( n − 1) A + cos ( n + 1) A cos ( n − 1) A 2
is equal to following is correct?
(a) sin 2 A (b) cos 2 A (c) tan 2 A (d) cot 2 A (a) p < 1 (b) p = 1 (c) p > 1 (d) p ≥ 1
cos 11° + sin 11° 32. What is the value of cos 1° cos 2° cos 3°… cos 90° ?
20. The value of is
cos 11° − sin 11° (a)
1
(b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) tan 56° (b) tan 34° (c) cot 56° (d) tan 11° 2
1 − cos B 2 tan A
a 2 − b2 33. If tan A = , then what is equal
21. If sinθ = , then tanθ is equal to sin B 1 − tan2 A
a 2 + b2
to?
a2 + b 2 2 ab a2 − b 2 ab tan B
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) 2 tanB (c) tan B (d) 4 tan B
2 ab a2 − b 2 2 ab a2 + b 2 2
202 CDS Pathfinder

34. What is cot 15° cot 20° cot 70° cot 75° equal to? 5 1
45. If tan A = and tan B = , then A + B is equal to
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 6 11
π π 3π
sin θ cos θ (a) (b) (c) (d) π
35. If + = 2 with 0 < θ < 90°, then what is θ 2 4 2
cos θ sin θ
1
equal to? 46. The value of (cos A − sin A) is
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 75° 2
π π
(a) cos  + A (b) cos  + A
36. In a right ∆ ABC, right angled at B, the ratio of 3  2 
2 tan A π π
AB to AC is 1 : 2, then is equal to (c) cos  + A (d) sin  + A
1 − tan2 A 4  4 
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) undefined π π π π
47. sin cos − cos sin is equal to
37. In figure, AD = DB, ∠B = 90°, then cosθ is equal to 4 12 4 12
A
1 3 1
(a) (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 2 2
x sin φ y sin θ x
48. If tan θ = and tan φ = , then
b 1 − x cos φ 1 − y cos θ y
Da
is equal to
sin φ sin φ sin θ sin θ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
θ B sin θ cos θ sin φ 1 − cos φ
C

2 b 2 − a2
49. If sin (θ + φ) = 2 sin (θ − φ), then
a
(a) (b) (a) cot φ = 3 tan θ (b) tan θ = 3 tan φ
4b 2 − 3 a2 4b 2 − 3 a2
(c) sin θ = 3 sin φ (d) sin φ = sin 2 θ
4b 2 − 3 a2
(c) (d) None of these 50. If sin (θ + α ) = cos (θ + α ), then tan θ is equal to
2 1 − tan α tan α + 1 1 − cot α sin2(θ + α )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
38. If 0° ≤ x ≤ 90° and sin x + 3 cos x = 1, then what 1 + tan α tan α − 1 1 + cot α cos (θ + α )
is the value of x? θ−φ θ+φ
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90° 51. cos2 − sin2 is equal to
2 2
39. If tan A = 2 − 1, then the value of cosec A ⋅ sec A (a) cos φ sin θ (b) cos 2θ sin φ
is equal to (c) cos θ cos φ (d) sin θ sin φ

(a)
1
(b)
2
(c) 2 2 (d)
3 52. If x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ, then
2 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 is equal to
40. tan θ = 3 and θ lies in third quadrant, then the (a) r 2 cos 2 φ (b) r 2 sin2 θ + r 2 cos 2 φ
value of sinθ is (c) r 2 (d)
1
1 1 −3 3 r2
(a) (b) − (c) (d)
10 10 10 10
7 3π
53. If cotθ = and π < θ < , then the value of
41. The value of (sin 20° cos 70° + cos 20° sin 70° ) is 24 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) − 1 (d)
1 cos θ − sin θ is
2 19 18
(a) (b)
25 25
42. If φ and θ are supplementary angles, then
17 18
(a) sin θ = sin φ (b) cos θ = cos φ (c) (d)
25 25
(c) tan θ = tan φ (d) sec φ = cosec θ
π 1
43. If x + y = 90°, then what is the value of 54. If α + β = and sinα = , then β is
2 2
cos x cosec y − cos x sin y ? 1°
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 45° (d) 22
2
(a) cos x (b) sin x (c) cos x (d) sin x
55. If sin x − cos x = 0, then what is the value of
44. The value of 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4 θ is sin4 x + cos4 x ?
θ 3 1 1
(a) 2 cos θ 2
(b) 2 cos 2 θ (c) 2 cos θ (d) 2 cos (a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 4
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 203

56. If 3 cos x = 5 sin x , then the value of 67. cos 3 θ + sin 3 θ is maximum, when θ is
5 sin x − 2 sec x + 2 cos x
3 (a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60°
is
5 sin x + 2 sec x − 2 cos x
3
68. If sin x + sin y + sin z = (sin x + sin y + sin z )2,
2 2 2

361 271 541 127 then which of the following expressions must
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2397 979 979 979 necessarily vanish?
(a) tan x + tan y + tan z (b) cos x + cos y + cos z
1 + cos x 1 1 1 1 1 1
57. is equal to (c) + + (d) + +
1 − cos x sin x sin y sin z cos x cos y cos z
(a) sec x + tan x (b) cosec x + cot x
(c) sec x − tan x (d) cosec x − cot x
69. If sin x + sin2 x = 1, then the value of
cos x + cos x is equal to
2 4

58. cos4 x − sin4 x is equal to (a) −1 (b) 2 (c) − 2 (d) 1

(a) 2 cos 2 x − 1 (b) 2 sin2 x − 1
70. cos 35° + cos 85° + cos 155° is
(c) sin2 θ − cos 2 θ (d) None of these 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) cos 275°
sin θ 3 2
59. is equal to
1 + cos θ 71. sin 12° sin 24° sin 48° sin 84° is
1 − cos θ sin θ cos θ − 1 1 + sin θ 1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) 0
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ 16 64 15
 5 cos θ − 4 3 + 5 sin θ  p
60. If 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90° , then  −  is 72. If tan θ = , then the value of p cos 2 θ + q sin 2 θ is
 3 − 5 sin θ 4 + 5 cos θ  q
(a) p (b) q
equal to
1 1 q (3q 2 − p2 ) p (3q 2 − p2 )
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) (c) (d)
4 2 p2 + q 2 p2 + q 2
4 5 2π 4π
61. If cos (α + β ) = and sin (α − β ) = , α , β lies 73. If x = y cos = z cos , then xy + yz + zx is
5 13 3 3
π equal to
between 0 and , then the value of tan 2α is
4 (a) 1 (b) − 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
56 56 43 34
(a)
33
(b)
23
(c)
33
(d)
33
74. If sin θ + cos θ = m and sec θ + cosec θ = n, then
tan ( 45° + x ) n ( m 2 − 1) is equal to
62. is equal to 1 m
tan ( 45° − x ) (a) (b) m (c) 2m (d)
2 2
2m 2
 1 + tan x   1 − tan x 
(a)   (b)   75. If cosec θ − sin θ = a3 , sec θ − cos θ = b3 , then
 1 − tan x   1 + tan x 
a b ( a 2 + b2 ) is equal to
2 2
x
2 sin2 (a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) − 2
(c) 2 (d) None of these
x 76. The maximum value and minimum value of
1 + cos 2
2 (1 + cos 2x ) are
−1 1
63. What is the simplest value of (a) − 1 and 1 (b) 1 and 2 (c) and (d) 0 and 2
(1 − sin A cos A) (sin A − cos A)
2 2 2 2
?
cos A (sec A − cosec A) (sin3 A + cos3 A) 77. If tan θ + tan φ = a and cot θ + cot φ = b, then
(a) sin A (b) cos A (c) sec A (d) cosec A cot (θ + φ ) is equal to
1 1 1 1
64. If A + B = 45°, then (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) is equal (a) + (b) −
a b a b
to (c) a − b (d) a + b
(a) 1 (b) − 1 (c) 2 (d) − 2
78. tan 75° − tan 30° − tan 75° tan 30° is equal to
 cos 2B − cos 2 A
65.   is equal to (a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
 sin 2B + sin 2 A
79. The value of sin (15° + A) − sin (15° − A) is equal
2 2
(a) tan ( A − B) (b) tan ( A + B) (c) cot ( A − B) (d) cot ( A + B)
to
66. sec2 x + tan2 x = 7, the value of x is (a)
1 1
cos 2 A (b) sin 2 A (c)
1
tan 2 A (d) cot 2 A
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60° 2 2 2
204 CDS Pathfinder

sin 38° − cos 68° 91. What is the value of x in the equation
80. The value of is equal to
cos 68° + sin 38° cosec 2 30° sec2 45°
x = tan2 60° − tan2 30° ?
(a) 3 tan 8° (b) 3 cot 8° 8 cos2 45° sin2 60°
(c) 3 sin 38° (d) 3 sin 8° 1 3
(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2 (c) x = (d) x =
81. 2 cos x − cos 3x − cos 5x is equal to 2 2
(a) 8 cos 3 x sin2 x (b) 12 cos 2 x sin3 x 92. Under which one of the following conditions is
(c) 16 cos 3 x sin2 x (d) 32 cos 3 x sin x the trigonometrical identity
sin x/(1 + cos x ) = (1 − cos x )/ sin x true?
82. cos 4x is equal to (a) x is not a multiple of 360°
(a) 1 + 2 sin2 2 x (b) 2 cos 2 2 x (b) x is not an odd multiple of 180°
(c) x is not a multiple of 180°
(c) 1 − 8 sin2 x cos 2 x (d) 1 + 8 sin2 x cos 2 x
(d) None of the above
83. 2 sin A cos3 A − 2 sin3 A cos A is equal to 93. If cos x = k cos ( x − 2 y ), then tan ( x − y ) tan y is
1 1 1 1 equal to
(a) sin 4 A (b) cos 4 A (c) tan 4 A (d) cot 4 A
2 2 2 2 1+ k 1− k 2k k −1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
84. If a cos θ − b sin θ = c, then what is the value of 1− k 1+ k k+1 2k + 1
a sin θ + b cos θ ? sin ( x + y ) − 2 sin x + sin ( x − y )
94. The value of is
(a) ± a + b +c
2 2 2
(b) ± a − b + c 2 2 2 cos ( x + y ) − 2 cos x + cos ( x − y )
(a) cot x (b) tan x (c) sin x (d) cosec x
(c) ± a + b −c
2 2 2
(d) ± a2 − b 2 − c 2
95. If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b, then
85. If cos x + cos2 x = 1, then the value of x+ y
tan is
sin x + 2 sin6 x + sin4 x is
8
2
(a) 0 (b) − 1 (c) 2 (d) 1 4 b a 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a2 + b 2 a b a2 − b 2
86. If m = cosec x − sin x and n = sec x − cos x, then
tan x is equal to 96. The largest hand of a clock is 42 cm long, then
2/ 3 1/ 3 the distance covered by the extremity in 20 min
(a)   (b)  
n n
 m  m is
2 (a) 88 cm (b) 80 cm (c) 82 cm (d) 84 cm
(c)   (d)  
n n
 m  m 97. If 0° < x < 90° and 2 sin x + 15 cos x = 7, then 2

1 what is the value of tan x ?

87. If 2 cos θ = x + , then 2 cos 3 θ is equal to 2 3 3 4
x (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 2 4 3
1 1 x
(a) x3 + (b) x2 + (c) (d) None of these
x3 x2 1+ x2 98. If ABC is a triangle and A + B + C = 180°, then
tan A + tan B + tan C is
1 A+ B B+ C
88. If cosθ ≥ in the first quadrant, then which one (a) tan A tan B tan C (b) tan + tan
2 2 2
of the following is correct? tan A + tan B
(c) (d) cot A cot B cot C
π π π π tan C
(a) θ ≤ (b) θ ≥ (c) θ ≤ (d) θ ≥
3 3 6 6
3 12
99. If x = a sec θ cos φ, y = b sec θ sin φ and z = c tanθ,
89. If sin A = and cos B = , then the value of x2 y2 z2
5 13 then the value of + − is
tan A − tan B a 2
b2
c2
is equal to
1 + tan A tan B (a) 9 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4
23 16 1 13 100. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 63 63 63
(a) The squares of the tangents of the angles 30°, 45°,
90. If B + C = 60°, then which of the following is 60° are in G.P.
correct statement? (b) The squares of the sines of the angles 30°, 45°, 60°
are in G.P.
(a) sin (120° − B) = sin (120° − C )
(c) The squares of the secants of the angles 30°, 45°,
(b) sin (120° + B) = sin (180° + C ) 60° are in A.P.
(c) cos (120° − B) = sin (120° + C ) (d) The squares of the tangents of the angles 30°, 45°,
(d) tan (B) = tan (120° + C ) 60° are in A.P.
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 205

101. If A, B, C and D are the successive angles of a π π

110. If A = and B = , then which of the following
cyclic quadrilateral, then what is 6 3
cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D are equal to? is/are correct?
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 I. sin A + sin B = cos A + cos B
II. tan A + tan B = cot A + cot B
102. Which one of the following is correct?
(a) There is only one θ with 0° < θ < 90° such that Select the correct answer using the codes given
sin θ = a, where a is a real number below
(b) There is more than one θ with 0° < θ < 90° such that (a) Only I
sin θ = a, where a is a real number (b) Only II
(c) There is no θ with 0° < θ < 90° such that sin θ = a, (c) Both I and II
where a is a real number
(d) Neither I nor II
(d) There are exactly two θ ’s with 0° < θ 90° such that
sin θ = a, where a is a real number 111. For any quadrilateral ABCD which of the
103. If sin ( B + C − A) = cos (C + A − B) = tan ( A + B − C ) following statements are true?
= 1, then the angles A, B, C which are positive I. sin ( A + B) + sin (C + D ) = 0
acute angles are, respectively II. cos ( A + B) + cos (C + D ) = 0
1° 1°
(a) 45° , 80° , 105° (b) 22 , 67 , 45° Select the correct answer using the codes given
2 2 below
(c) 20°, 70°, 90° (d) 30°, 60°, 90° (a) Only I (b) Only II
104. If A, B, C and D be the angles of a cyclic (c) Both I and II (d) None of these
quadrilateral taken in order, then cos (180° + A) 112. Consider the following statements
+ cos (180° + B) + cos (180° + C ) + cos (180° + D ) is I. 1° in radian measure is less than 0.03 radians.
equal to
II. 1 radian in degree measure is greater than 45°.
(a) 2 (cos A + cos B) (b) 2 (cos A + cos D)
(c) 0 (d) 4 cos A Which of the above statement is/are correct?
(a) Only II (b) Only I
105. If ABC is a right angled triangle at C and having
(c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I of II
u units, v units and w units as the lengths of its
sides opposite to be vertices A, B and C 113. Consider the following statements
respectively, then what is tan A + tan B equal to? 1
I. sin θ ⋅ sin(60°+ θ ) ⋅ sin(60°− θ ) = sin 3 θ
u2 w2 4
(a) (b) 1 (c) u + v (d)
vw uv 1
II. cos θ ⋅ sin(30°+ θ ) ⋅ sin(30°− θ ) = cos 3 θ
4
106. The Earth takes 24 h to rotate about its own axis. 1
Through what angle will it turn in 4 h and 12 min? III. sin θ ⋅ cos(30°+ θ ) ⋅ cos(30°− θ ) = sin 3 θ
4
(a) 63° (b) 64° (c) 65° (d) 70°
Which of the above statement is/are correct?
107. Assume the Earth to be a sphere of radius R.
(a) Only I
What is the radius of the circle of latitude 40°S?
(a) R cos 40° (b) R sin 80° (b) Only II
(c) R sin 40° (d) R tan 40° (c) Only III
(d) All of the above
108. If sin 3 θ = cos (θ − 2° ), where 3θ and (θ − 2° ) are
acute angles, then what is the value of θ? 114. If ABC is a right angled triangle, then which of
(a) 22° (b) 23° the following statements are correct?
(c) 24° (d) 25° I. sin ( A + B) = sin C
109. Consider the following statements:  A + B C
II. sin   = cos
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  2  2
I. = cos 2 θ (1 + tan θ ) (1 − tan θ ) (A + B − C )
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ III. tan = cot C
1 + sin θ 2
II. = (tan θ + sec θ )2 (A − B − C )
1 − sin θ IV. tan = − cot A
2
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
Select the correct answer using the codes given
correct?
below
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) I and II (b) I, II and III
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) I, II and IV (d) All of these
206 CDS Pathfinder

Directions. Q. Nos. (115-117) Let sin( A + B) = 1 and Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
π
sin( A − B) = , where A , B ∈ 0, .
1
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2012 I
2  2  (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

115. What is the value of A? 126. Consider the following statements

π π π π I. sin 2 1°+ cos 2 1° = 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 4 8 II. sec2 33°− cot2 57° = cosec2 37°− tan 2 53°
116. What is the value of tan ( A + 2B) tan (2 A + B)? Which of the above statement(s) given above
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 is/are correct? e 2012 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II
117. What is the value of sin A − sin B ?2 2
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 0 (b) 1 / 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
127. Consider the following statements:
Directions. Q. Nos. (118-120) ABC is an obtuse I. There is only one value of x in the first quadrant
triangle and tanA, tanB are the roots of the equation that satisfies sin x + cos x = 2.
3x 2 − 2 3x + 1 = 0. II. There is only one value of x in the first quadrant
that satisfies sin x − cos x = 0.
118. The measure of angle C is Which of the above statement(s) given above
2π 5π
(a) π / 3 (b) π / 2 (c) (d) is/are correct? e 2012 I
3 6 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
119. Find the value of sin C + cos C.
(a)
2
(b)
3+1
(c)
3 −1
(d) 3 +
1 128. If sin θ cos θ = 3 / 4, then sin4 θ + cos4 θ is equal
3+1 2 2 2 to e 2012 II
(a) 7/8 (b) 5/8 (c) 3/8 (d) 1/8
1 + tan2 C
120. If 2sin B = , then the value of B is
cosec2 C 129. If the angle θ is in the first quadrant and
tan θ = 3, then what is the value of (sin θ + cos θ )?
π π 2π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) e 2012 II
2 3 3 6 1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 10 10
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 130. If 0° < θ < 90°, then all the trigonometric ratios
121. The expression sin2 x + cos2 x − 1 = 0 is satisfied can be obtained when e 2012 II
by how many values of x? e 2012 I (a) only sin θ is given
(a) Only one value of x (b) Two values of x (b) only cos θ is given
(c) Infinite values of x (d) No value of x (c) only tan θ is given
(d) any one of the six ratios is given
122. If 3 sin x + 5 cos x = 5, then what is the value of
( 3 cos x − 5 sin x ) ? e 2012 I
131. What is the value of sin A cos A tan A + cos A
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5 sin A cot A ? e 2012 II
123. If p = a sin x + b cos x and q = a cos x − b sin x, then (a) sin2 A + cos 2 A (b) sin 2 A + tan 2 A
what is the value of p2 + q 2? e 2012 I (c) sin2 A + cot 2 A (d) cosec 2 A + cot 2 A
(a) a + b (b) ab (c) a2 + b 2 (d) a2 − b 2 sin θ 1 + cos θ
132. What is the value of + ?
124. If α and β are complementary angles, then what 1 + cos θ sin θ e 2012 II
1 (a) 2 cosec θ (b) 2 sec θ
−
 sin α cos α  2 (c) sec θ (d) cosec θ
is cosec α ⋅ cosec β  +  equal to?
 sin β cos β  e 2012 I 133. What is the value of sec2 D − tan2 D ? e 2013 I
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these (a) 1/2 (b) 2/3
(c) 1 (d) None of these
125. Consider the following statements
cot 30° + 1 134. If cos A + cos2 A = 1, then what is the value of
I. = 2(cos 30° + 1)
cot 30° − 1 2 (sin2 A + sin4 A)? e 2013 I
II. 2 sin 45° cos 45°− tan 45° cot 45° = 0 (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/2
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 207

135. (1 − tan A)2 + (1 + tan A)2 + (1 − cot A)2 143. What is cosec ( 75° + θ) − sec (15° − θ) equal to?
+ (1 + cot A) is equal to
2
e 2013 I
e 2013 II
2 2 2 2 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 sin θ (d) 2cosθ
(a) sin A cos A (b) sec A cosec A
(c) 2 sec 2 A cosec 2 A (d) None of these 144. If 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ = 13, then what is
5 cos θ − 12 sin θ equal to? e 2013 II
1 + 2 sin θ cos θ (a) − 2 (b) − 1 (c) 0 (d) 1
136. If a = 2
, then what is the value of
1 − 2 sin θ cos θ 145. If sin θ − cos θ = 0, then what is sin4 θ + cos4 θ
a+1
? equal to? e 2013 II
a−1 e 2013 I 3 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
(a) sec θ (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) tan θ 4 2 4

x2 − y2 cos2( 45° + θ ) + cos2( 45° − θ )

137. If sin θ = , then which one of the following 146. What is equal to?
x2 + y2 tan( 60° + θ ) tan( 30° − θ ) e 2013 II

is correct? e 2013 I (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

(a) cos θ =
2x y
(b) cos θ =
2x y 147. If tan θ + sec θ = m, then what is sec θ equal to?
x 2 − y2 x 2 + y2 e 2013 II
x− y x y (x − y) m2 − 1 m2 + 1 m+ 1 m2 + 1
(c) cos θ = (d) cos θ = (a) (b) (c) (d)
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 2m 2m m m
138. Consider the following statements for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90°: 3
148. If α , β and γ are acute angles such that sinα = ,
I. The value of sin θ + cos θ is always greater 2
3
than 1. cosβ = and tan γ = 1, then what is α + β + γ
II. The value of tan θ + cot θ is always greater 2
than 1. equal to? e 2013 II
(a) 105° (b) 120°
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(c) 135° (d) 150°
correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2013 I (1 + sec θ − tan θ ) cos θ
149. What is equal to?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (1 + sec θ + tan θ ) (1 − sin θ ) e 2013 II
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) tan θ (d) cot θ
Directions (Q. Nos. 139-141) Read the following
information carefully to answer the questions that 150. If ∆ABC is right angled at C, then what is
follow. cos( A + B) + sin( A + B) equal to? e 2013 II
The angles A, B, C and D of a quadrilateral ABCD are in 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
the ratio 1 : 2 : 4 : 5. 2
151. Consider the following statements:
139. What is the value of cos ( A + B) ? e 2013 I
I. tan θ increases faster than sin θ as θ increases.
(a) 0 (b) 1/2
II. The value of sin θ + cos θ is always greater
(c) 1 (d) None of these
than 1.
140. What is the value of cosec (C − D + B)? e 2013 I Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 correct? e 2013 II

141. Consider the following statements: (a) Only I (b) Only II

(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
I. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
II. sin ( B − A ) = cos ( D − C ) 152. The value of cos 25° − sin 25° is e 2014 I
(a) positive but less than 1
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(b) positive but greater than 1
correct? e 2013 I
(c) negative
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(d) 0
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
153. In a right angled ∆ABC, right angle at B, if
142. If sin θ + cos θ = 3, then what is tan θ + cot θ 4
cos A = , then what is sin C is equal to?
equal to? e 2013 II 5 e 2014 I
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 3 3 4 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 4 5
208 CDS Pathfinder

154. If α and β are complementary angles, then what sec x

166. What is equal to?
is cos α cosec β − cos α sin β equal to? cot x + tan x e 2014 II
e 2014 I
(a) sinx (b) cos x (c) tanx (d) cot x
(a) sec β (b) cos α (c) sin α (d) − tan β
167. What is (1 + cot x − cosec x )(1 + tan x + sec x ) equal
155. If sec θ + tan θ = 2, then what is the value of
to? e 2014 II
sec θ? e 2014 I (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) sinx (d) cos x
3 5 5
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 2 4 168. What is (cosec x − sin x )(sec x − cos x )(tan x + cot x )
156. What is cos ec ( 75° + θ) − sec (15° − θ) equal to? e 2014 II
(a) sin x + cos x (b) sin x − cos x
− tan( 55° + θ ) + cot ( 35° − θ) equal to? e 2014 I
(c) 2 (d) 1
3
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) sin x − cos x + 1
2 169. What is equal to?
sin x + cos x − 1 e 2014 II
157. What is sin 25° sin 35° sec 65° sec 55° equal to? sin x − 1 sin x + 1 sin x − 1 sin x + 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
e 2014 I cos x cos x cos x + 1 cos x + 1
1
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) (d) 1
2 170. What is (sin2 x − cos2 x ) (1 − sin2 x cos2 x ) equal
2 cos θ − sin θ to? e 2014 II
158. If 2 cot θ = 3, then what is equal
2 cos θ + sin θ (a) sin4 x − cos 4 x (b) sin6 x − cos 6 x
to? e 2014 I (c) cos 8 x − sin8 x (d) sin8 x − cos 8 x
2 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 4 171. What is (sin x cos y + cos x sin y )
1 (sin x cos y − cos x sin y ) equal to? e 2014 II
159. If sin θ cos θ = , then what is sin6 θ + cos6 θ equal (a) cos 2 x − cos 2 y (b) cos 2 x − sin2 y
2
to? e 2014 I (c) sin2 x − cos 2 y (d) sin2 x − sin2 y
1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
4
172. If A + B + C = 180°, then cot A cot B + cot B cot C
+ cot C cot A is equal to e 2014 II
160. If cos x + sec x = 2 , then what cosn x + secn x equal (a) − 1 (b) 2 (c) π (d) 1
to, where n is a positive integer? e 2014 I
n−2 n −1 n 173. If sin x + cosec x = 2, then what is sin9 x + cosec9x
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
equal to? e 2014 II
161. If sin θ + 2 cos θ = 1, where 0 < θ < π / 2, then what (a) 2 (b) 18 (c) 512 (d) 1024
is 2 sin θ − cos θ equal to? e 2014 I
(a) − 1 (b) 1 / 2 (c) 2 (d) 1
174. If sin x + cos x = p and sin3 x + cos3 x = q, then
what is p3 − 3 p equal to e 2014 II
π
162. If tan 8 θ = cot 2 θ, where 0 < 8 θ < , then what is (a) 0 (b) −2q (c) 2q (d) 4q
2
the value of tan 5θ? e 2014 I 175. Consider the following statements e 2014 II
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0 I. sin 1° > sin 1 II. cos 1° < cos 1
3
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
163. If sin ( A + B ) = 1, where 0 < B < 45°, then what is correct?
cos( A − B) equal to? e 2014 I (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) sin 2B (b) sin B (c) cos 2B (d) cos B (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
164. At what point of time after 3 O’clock, hour hand 176. The value of cosec2 67°+ sec2 57°– cot2 33°– tan2 23°
and the minute hand of a clock occur at right is e 2015 I
angles for the first time? e 2014 I (a) 2 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0
1
(a) 9 O’clock (b) 4 h 37 min
6 177. If tan( A + B) = 3 and tan A = 1, then tan( A – B)
8 8 is equal to e 2015 I
(c) 3 h 30 min (d) 3 h 32 min
11 11 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
3
165. If tan θ + cot θ = 2, then what is sin θ + cos θ equal
to? e 2014 II 178. If tan A + cot A = 4, then tan4 A + cot4 A is equal
1 1 to e 2015 I
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 1
2 3 (a) 110 (b) 191 (c) 80 (d) 194
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 209

179. ABC is a triangle right angled at B and 188. If tan( x + 40)° tan( x + 20)° tan( 3x )°
AB : BC = 3 : 4. What is sin A + sin B + sin C equal tan( 70 − x )° tan( 50 − x )° = 1, then the value of x is
to? e 2015 I equal to e 2015 II
11 12
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 3 (a) 30 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 10
5 5
189. The value of
180. If sin x + cos x = C, then sin6 x + cos6 x is equal to  π  π  π
e 2015 I 32 cot2   − 8 sec2   + 8 cos3   is equal to
 4  3  6 e 2015 II
1 + 6 C 2 – 3C 4 1 + 6 C 2 – 3C 4
(a) (b) (a) 3 (b) 2 3 (c) 3 (d) 3 3
16 4
1 + 6 C 2 + 3C 4 1 + 6 C 2 + 3C 4 190. If x = a cosθ and y = b cotθ, then
(c) (d)
16 4 ( ax −1 − by −1 ) ( ax −1 + by −1 ) is equal to e 2015 II
3 – tan2 A (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) tan2 θ (d) sin2 θ
181. If = k, where k is a real number, then
1 – 3 tan2 A 191. If θ is an acute angle and
cosec A (3 sinA – 4 sin3 A) is equal to e 2015 I sin θ cos θ = 2 cos3 θ − 1.5 cos θ, then what is sinθ
2k 2k 1 equal to? e 2015 II
(a) (b) , where ≤ k ≤ 3
k–1 k–1 3 5 −1 1− 5 5+ 1 5+1
(a) (b) (c) (d) −
2k 1 2k 4 4 4 4
(c) , where k < or k > 3 (d)
k–1 3 k+1 192. A clock is started at noon by 10 minutes past 5,
1 – sin x 1 – sin x cos x through what angle, the hour hand moves?
182. If p = , q= , r= , then
1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin x e 2015 II
(a) 160° (b) 145° (c) 150° (d) 155°
which of the following is/are correct? e 2015 I
I. p = q = r II. p2 = qr 193. Consider the following statements e 2015 II
I. sin 66° is less than cos 66°.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below II. sin 26° is less than cos 26°.
(a) Only I (b) Only II Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
183. Consider the following identity
cos A sin A 194. Consider the following statements.
I. + = sin A + cos A 2
1 – tan A 1 – cot A 1 + tan 2 θ  1 − tan θ 
I. =  is true for all
II. (1 – sin A – cos A ) = 2(1 – sin A )(1 + cos A ) 1 + cot2 θ  1 − cot θ 
2

Which of the above identity/identities is/are π π

0 < θ < ,θ ≠
correct? 2 4
1
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2015 I II. cot θ = is true for θ = 45° only.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II tan θ
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
184. If a and b are positive, then the relation
2a + 3b e 2015 II
sinθ = is (a) Only I (b) Only II
3b e 2015 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) not possible (b) possible, if a = b
(c) possible, if a > b (d) possible, if a < b π
195. In a ∆ABC, if A − B = , then C + 2B is equal to
2
185. The minimum value of cos2 x + cos2 y − cos2 z is e 2016 I
2π 3π π
e 2015 II (a) (b) (c) π (d)
3 4 2
(a) − 1 (b) 0
2 2
(c) 2 (d) 2  sin 35°   cos 55° 
196.   −  + 2 sin 30° is equal to
186. If tan θ + sec θ = 2, then tanθ is equal to e 2015 II  cos 55°   sin 35°  e 2016 I
3 5 3 5 (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 2
4 π
cos θ  π 197. If tan θ + cot θ = , where 0< θ< , then
187. is equal to  where, θ ≠  3 2
1 − sin θ  2 e 2015 II sin θ + cos θ is equal to e 2016 I
tan θ − 1 1 + sin θ tan θ + 1 1 + cos θ 3 −1 3+1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2
tan θ + 1 cos θ tan θ − 1 sin θ 2 2
210 CDS Pathfinder

198. If p = cot θ + tan θ and q = sec θ − cos θ, then 1 + cos θ

II. = cosec θ + cot θ
( p q )2/ 3 − ( q 2 p)2/ 3 is equal to
2 1 − cos θ
e 2016 I
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 Which of the above is/are identity/ identities?
x y x y e 2016 I
199. If − tanθ = 1 and tan θ + = 1, then the (a) Only I (b) Only II
a b a b (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
x2 y2
value of 2 + 2 is
cos2 θ − 3cos θ + 2 π
a b e 2016 I 203. If = 1, where 0 < θ <
, then
(a) 2sec θ 2
(b) sec θ
2
(c) cos θ
2
(d) 2 cos θ 2
sin θ 2
2
which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
200. Which of the following is correct in respect of the
equation 3 − tan2 θ = α(1 − 3tan2 θ )? I. There are two values of θ satisfying the above
(given that α is a real number.) e 2016 I equation.
II. θ = 60° is satisfied by the above equation.
(a) α∈  , 3 (b) α∈  −∞,  ∪ [3, ∞ )
1 1
 3   3  Select the correct answer using the codes given
(c) α∈  −∞,  ∪ [3, ∞ )
1 below e 2016 I
(d) None of these
 3 (a) Only I (b) Only II
201. A person goes to a market between 4 pm and (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
5 pm. When he comes back, he finds that the 204. Consider the following statements
hour hand and the minute hand of the clock I. There exists a positive real number m such that
have interchanged their positions. For how much cos x = 2m + 1.
time (approximately) was he out of his house?
II. mn ≥ m + n, for all m, n belonging to set of
e 2016 I
natural numbers.
(a) 55.38 min (b) 55.48 min (c) 55.57 min (d) 55.67 min
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
202. Consider the following (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2016 I
1 − cos θ (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
I. = cosec θ − cot θ
1 + cos θ

ANSWERS
1 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 b 6 b 7 a 8 b 9 c 10 b
11 b 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 c 16 c 17 c 18 b 19 b 20 a
21 c 22 d 23 b 24 a 25 a 26 b 27 a 28 b 29 d 30 d
31 d 32 b 33 c 34 c 35 b 36 d 37 a 38 d 39 c 40 c
41 a 42 a 43 b 44 c 45 b 46 c 47 d 48 c 49 b 50 a
51 c 52 c 53 c 54 b 55 c 56 b 57 b 58 a 59 a 60 a
61 a 62 a 63 a 64 c 65 a 66 d 67 a 68 c 69 d 70 a
71 a 72 d 73 c 74 c 75 b 76 d 77 b 78 b 79 b 80 a
81 c 82 c 83 a 84 c 85 d 86 b 87 a 88 a 89 b 90 a
91 a 92 c 93 b 94 b 95 c 96 a 97 d 98 a 99 c 100 a
101 d 102 a 103 b 104 c 105 d 106 a 107 a 108 b 109 c 110 c
111 a 112 d 113 d 114 d 115 b 116 c 117 b 118 c 119 c 120 b
121 c 122 c 123 c 124 b 125 c 126 c 127 b 128 b 129 d 130 d
131 a 132 a 133 c 134 b 135 c 136 d 137 b 138 b 139 a 140 b
141 d 142 a 143 a 144 c 145 c 146 c 147 b 148 c 149 a 150 c
151 a 152 a 153 b 154 c 155 d 156 b 157 d 158 c 159 d 160 a
161 c 162 b 163 a 164 d 165 c 166 a 167 b 168 d 169 b 170 b
171 d 172 d 173 a 174 b 175 d 176 b 177 c 178 d 179 c 180 b
181 c 182 c 183 a 184 a 185 a 186 a 187 b 188 c 189 d 190 b
191 a 192 d 193 b 194 a 195 d 196 c 197 c 198 b 199 d 200 c
201 a 202 c 203 b 204 d
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 211

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (b) We know that, π radian = 180° 6. (b) Let the hands of a clock coincides 4
9. (c) Given, 3 tan θ = 4 ⇒ tanθ =
180° 180° after ‘t’ min. 3
⇒ 1 radian = = ×7
π 22 Angle traced by hour hand in 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ
= ×
630° 3° 3 × 60 1 1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
= = 57 = 57° + min t min = t
11 11 11 2 1 – sin θ
4 =
= 57° + 16′ + min Angle traced by minute hand in 1 – sin 2 θ
11 t min = 6t 1 − sin θ 1 sin θ
4 = = −
= 57° + 16′ + × 60 s Angle between hour hand and minute cos θ cos θ cos θ
11 hand at 5 pm = 5 × 30 = 150°
= 57° + 16′ + 21.8′′ = sec θ − tan θ
1 150 × 2 300
= 57° 16′ 218
. ′′ = 57° 16′ 22′′ ∴ 6t − t = 150° ⇒ t = = = 1 + tan 2 θ − tan θ
2 11 11
30  °
2. (a) − 47° 30′ = −  47 +
2
1 +  
 3 4 4
 = 27 + = 27 min 16 sec = −
60  11 3 3
1 ° Q 1′ =  1  ° 
= −  47 +     Therefore, required time = 5:27:16 pm 16 4 5 4 1
 2   60  
1
= 1+ − = − =
7. (a) Given, sin A = , 9 3 3 3 3
94 +
1 ° −95°
= −   = 3
 2  2 C 10. (b) Given, tan A = 1 = tan 45°
−95 π −19 π ⇒ A = 45° and tan B = 3 = tan 60°
= × = rad
2 180 72 ∴ B = 60°
3. (b) Here, r = 60 cm, l = 16.5 cm 3 Now, cos A cos B − sin A sin B
c 1
= cos 45° cos 60°− sin 45° sin 60°
∴ θ = = 
l 16. 5 

r  60  1 1 1 3 1− 3
° ° = × − × =

=
165.
×
180   165
. 180
× 7 B 2 2 2 2 2 2
 =  × A
 60 π   60 22  2√2
° 11. (b) cosec 2 θ − 2 + sin 2θ
=   = 15° 45′
63 In right angled ∆ABC ,
 4 = (sin θ − cosec θ)2
AB 2 = AC 2 − BC 2 = 32 − 12 = 8 Hence, it is always non-negative.
4. (c) Speed of train = 90 km/h ⇒ AB = 2 2
12. (b) sin 2 15° + sin 2 20° + sin 2 25°
=  90 ×  m/sec = 25 m/sec
5 AB 2 2
 18  ∴ cos A = =
AC 3 + ... + sin 2 75°
Distance moved in 11 sec
and sec A =
AC
=
3 = (sin 2 15°+ sin 2 75° )
= ( 25 × 11) m = 275m AB 2 2
+ (sin 2 20°+ sin 2 70° ) + ...+ sin 2 45°
∴ l = 275 m, r = 1500 m BC 1
tan A = = = [sin 2 15°+ sin 2 ( 90°−15° )]
l  275 
c AB 2 2
Q θ= ⇒ θ=   + [sin 2 20°+ sin 2 ( 90°−20° )]+ ...+ sin 2 45°
r  1500  and cosec A =
AC
=3
° ° BC = (sin 2 15°+ cos 2 15° )
= 
275 180   275 180
×  = × × 7 ∴ cos A ⋅ cosec A + tan A ⋅ sec A + (sin 2 20°+ cos 2 20° )+ ...+ 1 / 2
 1500 π   1500 22 
° 2 2 3 1 3 = 6 + 1 / 2 = 13 / 2
=   = 10°30′
21 = ⋅ + ⋅
 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 ( Q sin 2 θ + cos 2θ = 1)
3 16 2 + 3
5. (b) Angle traced by hour hand in =2 2+ = 5 sin 75° sin 77°+ 2 cos 13° cos 15°
1 hr = 30° 8 8 13. (b)
cos 15° sin 77°
Angle traced by hour hand in 8. (b) cos 15° − sin 15° = cos 15° 7 sin 81°
−
°
− sin ( 90° − 75° ) cos 9°
hrs =  30 ×  = 227°30′
91 91
 5 cos 15° sin 77°+ 2 sin 77° cos 15°
12 12  = cos 15° − cos 75° =
Angle traced by minute hand in 15°+75° 75°−15° cos 15° sin 77°
= 2 sin ⋅ sin 7 cos 9°
1min = 6° 2 2 −
Angle traced by minute hand in Q cos C − cos D = 2 sin C + D sin D − C  cos 9°
35 min = ( 6 × 35)° = 210°   7 cos 15°⋅ sin 77° 7 cos 9°
 2 2  = −
∴ Required angle = 227°30′ − 210° 1 1 1 cos 15°⋅ sin 77° cos 9°
= 2 sin 45°⋅ sin 30° = 2 ⋅ = =7−7=0
= 17°30′ 2 2 2
212 CDS Pathfinder

14. (a) log (tan 1° ) + log (tan 2° ) +…+ log (tan 89° ) 23. (b) As we know, sin x is increasing from 0 to 90°.
= log (tan 1° tan 2°… tan 45° … tan 88° tan 89° ) ∴ sin y > sin x
= log [(tan 1° cot 1° ) (tan 2° cot 2° ) … tan 45° ] 24. (a) Given, (sin θ + cosec θ ) = 2.5
[Q tan 89° = tan( 90° − 1° ) = cot 1°]  
⇒  sin θ + 1  = 5 ⇒ 2 sin 2 θ − 5 sin θ + 2 = 0
= log( 1°⋅1° ... 1° ) = 0 
 sin θ  2
1
15. (c) Q Given, tan θ + =2
tan θ ⇒ 2 sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ − sin θ + 2 = 0
2
On squaring both side, we get  tan θ +
1  ⇒ 2 sin θ (sin θ − 2) − 1 (sin θ − 2) = 0
 =2
2
 tan θ  1
⇒ ( 2 sin θ − 1 ) (sin θ − 2) = 0 ⇒ sin θ = (Q sin θ ≠ 2)
1 1
⇒ tan 2 θ + + 2 = 4 ⇒ tan 2 θ + =2 2
tan 2 θ tan 2 θ ∴ θ = 30°
13 cos x sin x
16. (c) Given, sec θ = 25. (a) Given, = n and =m ...(i)
5 cos y sin y
∴ tan θ = sec 2 θ − 1 =
169
−1 =
144 12
=  sin 2 x cos 2 x 
Now, ( m 2 − n2 ) sin 2 y =  2 − 2
 sin y
25 25 5  sin y cos 2 y 
2 sin θ
2 sin θ − 3 cos θ −3 ( 1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 y − cos 2 x ( 1 − cos 2 y )
=
∴ = cos θ cos 2 y
4 sin θ − 9 cos θ sin θ
4 −9
cos θ cos y − cos x
2 2
= = 1 − n2 [from Eq. (i)]
(dividing numerator and denominator by cos θ) cos 2 y
12
2 tan θ − 3 2× −3 26. (b) Given, p = tan 2 x + cot 2 x = tan 2 x +
1
5 9/5 9
= = = = =3 tan 2 x
4 tan θ − 9 4 × 12 − 9 3 / 5 3 1/2
, ≥ 2  tan 2 x ⋅
1 1 
5 Q AM ≥ GM ⇒ tan 2 x + 
tan 2 x  tan 2 x 
17. (c) sin ( 45° + A ) − cos ( 45° − A )
= sin( 45°+ A ) − cos[( 90°− ( 45°+ A )] = sin( 45°+ A ) − sin( 45°+ A ) 1
⇒ tan 2 x + ≥ 2 ⇒ p≥ 2
=0 tan 2 x
1 + sin θ ( 1 + sin θ)( 1 + sin θ) 27. (a) Let angles in circular measure are A and B, then degree
18. (b) =
measures will be A 
1 − sin θ ( 1 − sin θ)( 1 + sin θ) 180   180  .
 and B  
 π   π 
( 1 + sin θ)2 ( 1 + sin θ)2 1 + sin θ 1 sin θ
= = = = + By given condition, A+ B=1 …(i)
1 − sin θ
2
cos 2 θ cos θ cos θ cos θ
A 
180   180  = 1
= sec θ + tan θ  − B   …(ii)
 π   π 
19. (b) sin ( n + 1) A sin ( n − 1) A + cos ( n + 1) A cos ( n − 1) A 180
= cos [( n + 1) A − ( n − 1) A ] On multiplying Eq. (i) by and adding to Eq. (ii), we get
π
[Q cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos( A – B )] π
2 A 
180  180 1 11  180
+ 1 = +
1
= cos [ nA + A − nA + A ] = cos 2 A  = + 1⇒ A = ×
 π  π 2 180  π  2 360
cos 11°+ sin 11°
π  1 π
B = 1 − A = 1 −  +
20. (a) 1
cos 11°− sin 11° ∴  = −
 2 360  2 360
Divide numerator and denominator by cos 11°
1 + tan 11° tan 45°+ tan 11° 28. (b) [( 1 − sin 2 θ) sec 2 θ + tan 2 θ] (cos 2 θ + 1)
= = = tan ( 45° + 11° ) = tan 56°
1 − tan 11° 1 − tan 45° tan 11° = [cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ + tan 2 θ] (cos 2 θ + 1) (Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1)
a2 − b2 = ( 1 + tan θ) (cos θ + 1) = sec θ (cos θ + 1)
2 2 2 2

sin θ sin θ a2 + b2 (Q sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1)

21. (c) tan θ = = =
cos θ 1 − sin θ
2
( a 2 − b 2 )2 = sec 2 θ ⋅ cos 2 θ + sec 2θ = 1 + sec 2 θ > 2
1− 2
( a + b 2 )2 (Q sec 2 θ > 1 for 0 < θ < 90° )
a −b
2 2
29. (d) Given, 7 cos 2 θ + 3 sin 2 θ = 4 ⇒ 7 cos 2 θ + 3 ( 1 − cos 2 θ) = 4
a2 + b2 a2 − b2 a2 − b2 ⇒ 3 − 4 cos 2 θ = 4 ⇒ cos 2 θ = 1/ 4
= = =
( a 2 + b 2 )2 − ( a 2 − b 2 )2 4a 2 b 2 2ab
Now, tan 2 θ = sec 2θ − 1 =
1
− 1 ⇒ tan 2 θ = 4 − 1 = 3
a + b
2 2 cos 2θ
∴ tanθ = 3 (Q 0 < θ < π / 2)
22. (d) Given, cosθ = 0.96, sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − (0.96)2
30. (d) We know that, the value of cos θ is decreasing in the interval
sin θ 0.28 7 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90°
= 1 − 0.9216 = 0.28, tan θ == =
cos θ 0.96 24 ∴ cos 1° > cos 89° ⇒ p > q
1 1 100 24 196 Also, cos 1° is close to 1 and cos 89° is close to 0.
+ = + = =7
sin θ tan θ 28 7 28 Hence, option (d) is correct.
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 213

31. (d) We know in the interval θ ∈( 0, π / 2),sec 2 θ is increasing from 1 38. (d) Given, sin x + 3 cos x = 1
to ∞. 1 3 1
∴ p≥ 1 On dividing both sides by 2, we get sin x + cos x =
2 2 2
32. (b) Q cos 90° = 0 ⇒ sin x sin 30° + cos x cos 30° = 1 / 2
∴ cos 1° cos 2° cos 3°… cos 90° = 0 (Q cos 90° = 0) ⇒ cos ( x − 30° ) = cos 60° ⇒ x − 30° = 60°
1 − cos B ∴ x = 90°
33. (c) Given, tan A =
sin B 1 + tan 2 A
( 1 − cos B ) 39. (c) cosec A ⋅ sec A = ⋅ 1 + tan 2 A
2⋅ tan A
2 tan A sin B
∴ = 1 + tan 2 A 1 + ( 2 − 1)2
1 − tan 2 A  1 − cos B 
2
= = (Q tan A = 2 – 1)
1−   tan A 2−1
 sin B 
2( 1 − cos B ) sin B 2 ( 1 − cos B ) sin B 1 + 2 + 1 − 2 2 4 − 2 2 2 2( 2 − 1)
= = = = = =2 2
sin B − 1 − cos 2 B + 2 cos B −2 cos 2 B + 2 cos B
2 2−1 ( 2 − 1) ( 2 − 1)
2 sin B( 1 − cos B ) 3
= =
sin B
= tan B 40. (c) Given, tan θ = ⇒ sinθ = 3 cos θ ⇒ sinθ = 3 1 − sin 2θ
2 cos B ( 1 − cos B ) cos B 1
Squaring both sides, we get sin 2 θ = 9( 1 − sin 2θ)
34. (c) cot 15° cot 20° cot 70° cot 75° 9 3
⇒ 10 sin 2 θ = 9 ⇒ sinθ = =−
= tan ( 90° − 15° ) tan ( 90° − 20° ) cot 70° cot 75° 10 10
= tan 75° tan 70°
1
⋅
1
=1 (Q θ lies in IIIrd quadrant, so sin θ will be negative)
tan 70° tan 75° 41. (a) sin 20° cos 70° + cos 20° sin 70°
sin θ cos θ = sin( 20°+70° ) = sin 90° = 1
35. (b) Given, + =2
cos θ sin θ [Q sin A cos B + cos A sin B = sin( A + B )]
∴ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ 42. (a) φ + θ = 180° ⇒ θ = 180° − φ ⇒ sin θ = sin ( 180° − φ)
⇒ sin 2θ = 1 = sin 90° ⇒ 2θ = 90° ⇒ θ = 45° sin θ = sin φ
36. (d) Given, in right angled ∆ABC , ∠B = 90° and AB : AC = 1 : 2 43. (b) cos x cosec y − cos x sin y
Let AB = x, AC = 2x = cos x ⋅ cosec ( 90°− x) − cos x ⋅ sin( 90°− x)
C ( Q x + y = 90°, given)
= cos x ⋅ sec x − cos 2 x
√2 x
= 1 − cos 2 x = sin 2 x = sin x

44. (c) 2+ 2 + 2 cos 4 θ = 2+ 2( 1 + cos 4 θ)

A x B
⇒ AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2 (using pythagoras theorem) = 2+ 2( 2 cos 2 2θ) = 2+ 4 cos 2 2θ = 2 + 2 cos 2θ
⇒ x + BC
2 2
= ( 2 x) 2
= 2( 1 + cos 2θ) = 2( 2 cos θ) =
2
4 cos θ = 2 cos θ
2

⇒ BC 2 = 2x2 − x2 ⇒ BC = x 5 1
45. (b) Given, tan A = and tan B =
BC x 6 11
∴ tan A = = =1
AB x 5 1 55 + 6
+
tan A + tan B 61
∴
2 tan A
=
2( 1) 2
= =∞ (undefined) Q tan ( A + B ) = = 6 11 = 66 = =1
1 − tan A tan B 1 − 5 ⋅ 1 66 − 5 61
1 − tan 2 A 1 − 12 0
a 6 11 66
37. (a) Given, AD = DB = and ∠B = 90° π π
2 ⇒ tan ( A + B ) = 1 ⇒ tan( A + B ) = tan ⇒ A + B =
4 4
In right angled ∆ ABC , BC 2 + AB 2 = AC 2 1 cos A sin A
46. (c) (cos A − sin A ) = −
⇒ BC 2 + a 2 = b 2 ⇒ BC = b2 − a2 2 2 2
π π π
In right angled ∆ BCD, CD 2 = BC 2 + BD 2 = cos cos A − sin sin A = cos  + A 
2
 a2  4 4 4 
CD 2 = ( b 2 − a 2 )2 +   =  b 2 − a 2 +
a

 2  4 [Q cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos( A + B )]
4b − 3a 4b − 3a π π π π π π
= sin  −
2 2 2 2
⇒ CD 2 = ⇒ CD = 47. (d) sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin 
4 2 4 12 4 12  4 12 
BC b2 − a2 2 b2 − a2 [Q sin A cos B – cos A sin B = sin ( A − B )]
∴ cosθ = = = π
= sin   =
1
CD 4b 2 − 3a 2 4b 2 − 3a 2
 6 2
2
214 CDS Pathfinder

x sin φ sin x
48. (c) Given, tan θ = ⇒ x sin φ = tan θ − x cos φ tan θ 56. (b) Given, 3 cos x = 5 sin x ⇒ =
3 3
⇒ tan x = ,
1 − x cos φ cos x 5 5
tan θ sin θ sin θ 5 sin x − 2 sec 3 x + 2 cos x 5 tan x − 2 sec 4 x + 2
⇒ x= = = =
sin φ + cos φ tan θ cos θ sin φ + cos φ sin θ sin(θ + φ) 5 sin x + 2 sec 3 x − 2 cos x 5 tan x + 2 sec 4 x − 2
sin φ x sin θ (dividing numerator and denominator by cos x)
Similarly, y = , Hence, =
sin ( θ + φ) y sin φ 5 tan x − 2( 1 + tan 2 x)2 + 2
=
5 tan x + 2( 1 + tan 2 x)2 − 2
49. (b) Given, sin ( θ + φ) = 2 sin ( θ − φ) 2
− 2  1 +
3 9 1156
⇒ sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = 2 (sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ) 5 ×  + 2 3+ 2−2×
5  25  625
3 sin φ sin θ = =
⇒ 3 cos θ sin φ = sin θ cos φ ⇒ = 3  9
2 1156
cos φ cos θ 5 × + 2 1 +  − 2 3 − 2 + 2 × 625
5  25 
⇒ 3 tan φ = tan θ or tan θ = 3 tan φ 3125 − 2312 813 271
sin(θ + α ) = = =
50. (a) Given, sin ( θ + α ) = cos ( θ + α ) ⇒ =1 625 + 2312 2937 979
cos(θ + α )
tan θ + tan α 1 + cos x ( 1 + cos x) 1 + cos x
⇒ tan ( θ + α ) = 1 ⇒ =1 57. (b) = ×
1 − tan θ tan α 1 – cos x ( 1 − cos x) 1 + cos x
⇒ tan θ + tan α = 1 − tan θ tan α 1 + cos x 1 cos x
= = + = cosec x + cot x
1 − tan α
⇒ tan θ ( 1 + tan α ) = 1 − tan α ⇒ tan θ = sin x sin x sin x
1 + tan α
58. (a) cos 4 x − sin 4 x = (cos 2 x − sin 2 x) (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
θ− φ θ+ φ
51. (c) cos 2
− sin 2
2 2 = [(cos 2 x) − ( 1 − cos 2 x)] = 2 cos 2 x − 1 (Q sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1)
 θ − φ θ + φ  θ − φ − θ + φ
= cos  +  ⋅ cos   sin θ sin θ 1 − cos θ sin θ( 1 − cos θ) 1 − cos θ
 2 2   2 2  59. (a) = × = =
1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ sin 2 θ sin θ
[Q cos 2 A − sin 2 B = cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B )]
5 cos θ − 4 3 + 5 sin θ
= cos θ ⋅ cos ( − φ) = cos θ ⋅ cos φ 60. (a) −
3 − 5 sin θ 4 + 5 cos θ
52. (c) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 φ + r 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ + r 2 cos 2 θ (5 cos θ − 4)( 4 + 5 cos θ) − (3 + 5 sin θ)(3 − 5 sin θ)
=
= r 2 sin 2 θ (cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ) + r 2 cos 2 θ (3 − 5 sin θ)( 4 + 5 cos θ)
= r 2 sin 2 θ + r 2 cos 2 θ = r 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ) = r 2 ( 25 cos 2 θ − 16) − ( 9 − 25 sin 2 θ)
=
7 49 625 (3 − 5 sin θ)( 4 + 5 cos θ)
53. (c) Given, cot θ = , cosec 2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ = 1 + = 25(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ) − 25 25 − 25
24 576 576 = = =0
25 (3 − 5 sin θ)( 4 + 5 cos θ) (3 − 5 sin θ)( 4 + 5 cos θ)
∴ cosecθ = ±
24 16 9 3
61. (a) sin (α + β ) = 1 − cos 2 ( α + β ) = 1− = =
24 576 49 25 25 5
⇒ sin θ = ± , cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − =
25 625 625 25 144 12
cos ( α − β ) = 1 − sin 2 ( α − β ) = = 1− =
7 3π 169 169 13
∴ cosθ = ± , As π < θ <
25 2 sin(α + β )  3 5  3
∴ tan ( α + β ) = = ×  =
∴ sin θ and cosθ both are negative. cos(α + β )  5 4  4
− 24 −7 sin(α − β ) 5 13 5
∴ sin θ = , cos θ = tan (α − β ) = = × =
25 25 cos(α − β ) 13 12 12
− 7 24 17
∴ cos θ − sin θ = + = ∴ tan ( 2α ) = tan[(α + β ) + (α − β )]
25 25 25 3 5
+
1 tan(α + β ) + tan(α − β ) 56
54. (b) Given, sin α = = sin 30° ⇒ α = 30° = = 4 12 =
2 1 − tan(α + β ) ⋅ tan(α − β ) 1 − 3 × 5 33
π 4 12
Also, β = − α = 90° − 30° = 60°
2 tan 45°+ tan x 1 + tan x
62. (a) tan ( 45° + x) = =
55. (c) Given, sin x − cos x = 0 ⇒ sin x = cos x ⇒ tan x = 1 1 − tan 45° tan x 1 − tan x
π π tan 45°− tan x 1 − tan x
⇒ tan x = tan ⇒ x = tan ( 45° − x) = =
4 4 1 + tan 45° tan x 1 + tan x
4 4 1 + tan x
π π  1   1 
∴ sin 4 x + cos 4 x = sin 4 + cos 4 =  +   tan( 45°+ x) 1 − tan x  1 + tan x 
2
4 4  2  2 ∴ = =
tan( 45°− x) 1 − tan x  
 1 − tan x 
1 1 1
= + = 1 + tan x
4 4 2
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 215

( 1 − sin A cos A )(sin 2 A − cos 2 A ) 71. (a) Refer to example 16.

63. (a)
cos A (sec A − cosec A )(sin 3 A + cos 3 A ) p
72. (d) Given, tan θ = ,
( 1 − sin A cos A )(sin 2 A − cos 2 A ) q
=  1 − tan 2 θ 
 cos A  1 − 1  (sin A + cos A ) p cos 2θ + q sin 2θ = p   2 tan θ 
   + q 
  cos A sin A    1 + tan 2 θ   1 + tan 2 θ 
 
(sin A + cos A − sin A cos A )
2 2
  p2   2p 
  1−     2 2   2 
⋅ = p
q2  + q q  = p  q − p  +  2 pq 
[( 1 − sin A cos A )(sin A cos A )      q2 + p2   q2 + p2 
p2 p2
× (sin A + cos A ) (sin A − cos A )] 1+  1+ 2     
 q2   q 
= = sin A
[cos A (sin A − cos A )(sin A + cos A ) p( q 2 − p 2 + 2q 2 ) p(3q 2 − p 2 )
= =
( 1 − sin A cos A )] p2 + q2 p2 + q2

64. (c) ( 1 + tan A ) ( 1 + tan B ) 2π 4π − y −z

73. (c) Given, x = y cos = z cos ⇒ x= = =k (let)
= ( 1 + tan A ) [ 1 + tan ( 45° − A )] 3 3 2 2
tan 45°− tan A  x = k , y = − 2k , z = − 2k
= ( 1 + tan A )  1 + (Q A + B = 45°)
 1 + tan 45° tan A  ⇒ xy + yz + zx = k ( − 2k ) + ( − 2k ) ( − 2k ) + ( − 2k ) k
1 − tan A 
= ( 1 + tan A )  1 + = − 2k 2 + 4k 2 − 2k 2 = 0
 1 + tan A 
74. (c) Given, sin θ + cos θ = m ...(i)
1 + tan A + 1 − tan A 
= ( 1 + tan A )  1 1
 1 + tan A  and sec θ + cosec θ = n ⇒ + =n
cos θ sin θ
= ( 1 + tan A )  2  =2 sin θ + cos θ
 1 + tan A  ⇒ =n
sin θ cos θ
( A + B) ( B − A) m m
65. (a) Q cos A − cos B = 2 sin ⋅ sin ⇒ = n ⇒ sin θ cos θ = [from Eq. (i)]
2 2 sin θ cos θ n
( A + B) ( A − B)
and sin A + sin B = 2 sin ⋅ cos
2 2 On squaring Eq. (i), we get sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ = m 2
cos 2B − cos 2 A 2 sin( A + B ) sin( A − B ) m 2m
∴ = = tan ( A − B ) 1 + 2 = m2 ⇒ = m2 − 1 [Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1]
sin 2B + sin 2 A 2 sin( A + B ) cos( A − B ) n n
66. (d) sec 2 x + tan 2 x = 7 (Q sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x) ⇒ 2m = ( m 2 − 1) n
1 + tan 2 x + tan 2 x = 7 ⇒ 1 + 2 tan 2 x = 7 75. (b) Given, cosecθ − sin θ = a 3 ⇒
1
– sin θ = a 3
⇒ 2 tan x = 6 ⇒ tan x = 3 = tan 60°
2 sin θ
∴ x = 60° 1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
⇒ = a3 ⇒ = a 3 ⇒ cos 2 θ = a 3 sin θ …(i)
67. (a) cos 3θ + sin 3θ = 2  sin 3θ sin θ sin θ
1 1
cos 3θ +
 2 2 
1 1 − cos 2 θ
= 2 (sin 45° cos 3θ + cos 45° sin 3θ) = 2 [sin ( 45° + 3θ)] and sec θ − cos θ = b 3 ⇒ – cos θ = b 3 ⇒ = b3
cos θ cos θ
cos3θ + sin 3θ is maximum when sin( 45°+3θ) is maximum
The maximum value of sin ( 45° + 3θ) = 1 = sin 90° sin 2 θ
⇒ = b 3 ⇒ sin 2 θ = b 3 cos θ …(ii)
⇒ 45° + 3θ = 90° ⇒ θ = 15° cos θ
sin 2 θ
68. (c) sin 2 x + sin 2 y + sin 2 z = (sin x + sin y + sin z )2 On putting cos θ = in Eq. (i), we get
b3
⇒ sin x sin y + sin y sin z + sin z sin x = 0
sin 4 θ
[Q ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )] = a 3 sin θ ⇒ sin 3 θ = a 3 b 6
b6
On dividing both sides by sin x sin y sin z
∴ sin θ = ab 2 …(iii)
1 1 1
⇒ + + =0
sin x sin y sin z Similarly, cos θ = a b
2
…(iv)
On squaring and adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
69. (d) Given, sin x + sin 2 x = 1 …(i)
1 = a2b4 + a4 b2 ⇒ 1 = a2b2 ( a2 + b2 )
⇒ sin x = 1 − sin 2 x = cos 2 x (Q sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1)
∴cos 2 x + cos 4 x = (sin x) + sin 2 x = 1 [from Eq. (i)] 76. (d) As, we know that cos θ ≥ − 1 and cos θ ≤ 1
∴ cos 2x ≥ − 1 ⇒ 1 + cos 2x ≥ 0
70. (a) (cos 35° + cos 85° ) + cos 155°
cos 2x ≤ 1 ⇒ 1 + cos 2x ≤ 2
= 2 cos 60° cos 25° + cos ( 180° − 25° )
1 So, minimum value of 1 + cos 2x is 0 and maximum value of
= 2 × cos 25° − cos 25° = cos 25° − cos 25° = 0 1 + cos 2x is 2.
2
216 CDS Pathfinder

1 1 − tan θ tan φ 1 − cos 2 x

77. (b) cot ( θ + φ) = =
tan ( θ + φ) tan θ + tan φ n sec x − cos x
86. (b) = = cos x
m cosec x − sin x 1 − sin 2 x
1 tan θ tan φ
= − sin x
tan θ + tan φ tan θ + tan φ 3
sin 2 x sin x
= 
sin x 
= ⋅ 
1 1 cos x cos x 2  cos x 
= −
tan θ + tan φ   1/3
 1 + 1  ⇒ (tan x)3 =  
n
⇒ tan x =  
n
 tan θ tan θ  m m
 
1
1 1 1 1 87. (a) 2 cos θ = x + …(i)
= − = − x
tan θ + tan φ (cot θ + cot φ) a b 3
On cubing both sides, we get 8 cos 3 θ =  x + 
1
[Q tan θ + tan φ = a, or cot θ + cot φ = b]  x
8 cos 3 θ = x3 + 3 + 3x ⋅  x + 
1 1 1
78. (b) Q tan 75° = tan ( 45° + 30° )
x x
tan 45°+ tan 30° 1 + tan 30°
x
⇒ tan 75° = ⇒ tan 75° = 1
1 – tan 45° tan 30° 1 − tan 30° 8 cos 3 θ = x3 + + 3 ( 2 cos θ) [from Eq. (i)]
x3
⇒ tan 75°− tan 75°⋅ tan 30° = 1 + tan 30° 1
⇒ 8 cos 3 θ − 6 cos θ = x3 + 3
⇒ tan 75°− tan 30°− tan 75°⋅ tan 30° = 1 x
1 1
79. (b) sin 2 ( 15° + A ) − sin 2 ( 15° − A ) = sin ( 15° + A + 15° − A ) ⇒ 2 [ 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ] = x3 + 3 ⇒ 2 [cos 3θ] = x3 + 3
x x
⋅ sin ( 15° + A − 15° + A ) 88. (a) We know that, the value of cosθ decreases in the interval
[Q sin 2 A − sin 2 B = sin ( A + B ) ⋅ sin ( A − B )] 0≤ θ≤ π / 2
1 1 π π
= sin 30° sin ( 2 A ) = sin 2 A Q cos θ ≥ ⇒ cos θ ≥ cos ⇒ θ≤
2 2 3 3
sin 38° − cos 68° cos( 90° − 38° ) − cos 68° 3 12
80. (a) = 89. (b) Given, sin A = and cos B =
cos 68° + sin 38° cos 68° + sin( 90° − 52° ) 5 13
sin A sin A 3/5 3/5 3
52° + 68°   68° − 52°  ∴ tan A = = = = =
2 sin   sin   cos A 1 − sin 2 A 1 − (3 / 5 ) 2 4 /5 4
cos 52° − cos 68°  2   2 
= = 144
cos 68° + cos 52° 2 cos  52° + 68°  cos  68° − 52°  1−
    sin B 1 − cos 2 B
169 = 5 / 13 = 5
 2   2  and tan B = = =
cos B cos B12 12 / 13 12
sin 60°⋅ sin 8°
= = tan 60°⋅ tan 8° = 3 tan 8° 13
cos 60°⋅ cos 8° 3 5 9 −5
−
81. (c) 2 cos x − (cos 3x + cos 5x) tan A − tan B 4 12 12
= =
1 + tan A tan B 1 + 3 ⋅ 5 48 + 15
= 2 cos x − 2 cos 4x ⋅ cos x = 2 cos x( 1 − cos 4x)
4 12 4 × 12
= 2 cos x ⋅ 2 sin 2 2x = 4 cos x( 2 sin x cos x)2 = 16 cos 3 x sin 2 x 1
1 48 16
82. (c) cos 4x = 1 − 2 sin 2 2x = 1 − 2 ( 2 sin x cos x)2 = 3 = × =
63 3 63 63
= 1 − 2( 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x) = 1 − 8 sin 2 x cos 2 x
48
83. (a) 2 sin A cos 3 A − 2 sin 3 A cos A
90. (a) Given, B + C = 60° ⇒ B = 60° − C
= 2 sin A cos A (cos 2 A − sin 2 A )
sin ( 120° − B ) = sin [ 120° − ( 60° − C )] = sin ( 60° + C )
2 sin 2 A cos 2 A 1
= sin 2 A (cos 2 A ) = = sin 4 A = sin [ 180° − ( 60° + C )] = sin ( 120° − C )
2 2
x ⋅ cosec 2 30° sec 2 45°
84. (c) Given, a cos θ − b sin θ = c 91. (a) Given, = tan 2 60° − tan 2 30°
8 cos 2 45° sin 2 60°
On squaring both sides, we get 2
x × ( 2)2 × ( 2 )2
= ( 3 )2 −  
1
a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ − 2ab cos θ sin θ = c 2 ⇒
2
 3
2  3
8 × 
⇒ a 2 ( 1 − sin 2 θ) + b 2 ( 1 − cos 2 θ) − 2ab sin θ cos θ = c 2 1 
 × 
 2  2 
⇒ a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = a 2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ + 2ab sin θ cos θ
x×4×2 1 8x 8
⇒ ( a sin θ + b cos θ)2 = a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ⇒ =3− ⇒ = ⇒x= 1
1 3 3 3 3
8× ×
⇒ a sin θ + b cos θ = ± a 2 + b 2 − c2 2 4
sin x 1 − cos x
85. (d) Given, cos x + cos 2 x = 1 ⇒ cos x = 1 − cos 2 x = sin 2 x …(i) 92. (c) =
1 + cos x sin x
sin 8 x + 2 sin 6 x + sin 4 x = (cos x)4 + 2 cos 3 x + cos 2 x
The above identity is possible for all values of x except multiples of
= (cos 2 x + cos x)2 [from Eq. (i)] 180°. Since, for x = 180°, sin x = 0 and 1 + cos x = 0.
= ( 1)2 = 1
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 217

1 cos( x − 2 y ) 99. (c) Given, x = a sec θ cos φ, y = b sec θ sin φ and z = c tanθ,
93. (b) Given, cos x = k cos ( x − 2 y ) ⇒ =
k cos x x 2 y 2 z2 a 2 sec 2 θ cos 2 φ b 2 sec 2 θ sin 2 φ c 2 tan 2 θ
2
+ 2 − 2 = + −
Apply componendo and dividendo theorem a b c a2 b2 c2
x – 2y + x x – x + 2y = sec θ [cos φ + sin φ] − tan θ = sec θ − tan 2 θ = 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 sin sin
1 − k cos( x − 2 y ) − cos x 2 2 100. (a) The squares of the tangents of the angles 30°, 45° and 60° are in
= =
1 + k cos( x − 2 y ) + cos x x – 2y + x x – 2y – x G.P.
2 cos cos 2
⇒ tan 2 30°, tan 2 45°, tan 2 60° are in G.P. ⇒   , ( 1)2 , ( 3 )2
2 2 1
2 sin( x − y ) sin y  3
= = tan( x − y ) tan y
2 cos( x − y ) cos y 1
are in G.P. ⇒ , 1, 3 are in G.P.
sin( x + y ) − 2 sin x + sin( x − y ) 3
94. (b)
cos( x + y ) − 2 cos x + cos( x − y ) 1
which is true as 12 = × 3 ⇒ 1 = 1
3
sin( x + y ) + sin( x – y ) – 2 sin x
= 101. (d) We know that, in a cyclic quadrilateral sum of opposite angle is
cos( x + y ) + cos( x – y ) – 2 cos x
180°.
x+ y + x− y x+ y −x+ y
2 sin ⋅ cos − 2 sin x ∴ A + C = 180° …(i)
= 2 2
(x + y + x − y) (x + y − x + y) and B + D = 180° …(ii)
2 cos ⋅ cos − 2 cos x
2 2 ∴ cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D
2 sin x cos y − 2 sin x 2 sin x (cos y − 1) sin x = cos A + cos B + cos ( 180° − A ) + cos ( 180° − B )
= = = = tan x
2 cos x cos y − 2 cos x 2 cos x (cos y − 1) cos x = cos A + cos B − cos A − cos B = 0
x+ y x− y [∴ cos ( 180°− θ) = − cos θ]
95. (c) Given, sin x + sin y = a ⇒ 2 sin cos =a …(i)
2 2 102. (a) We know that, for 0° < θ < 90°, there exist only one θ such that
x+ y (x − y) sin θ = a.
and cos x + cos y = b ⇒ 2 cos ⋅ cos = b …(ii)
2 2 103. (b)Q sin ( B + C − A ) = 1 = sin 90° ⇒ B + C − A = 90° …(i)
On dividing Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get Q cos (C + A − B ) = 1 = cos 0°
x+ y x− y ∴ C + A − B = 0° …(ii)
2 sin cos
2 2 a x+ y a
∴ = ⇒ tan = and tan ( A + B − C ) = 1 = tan 45°
x+ y (x − y) b 2 b
2 cos cos ∴ A + B − C = 45° …(iii)
2 2
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
96. (a) Here, r = length of largest hand of clock
A + B + C = 135° …(iv)
l = distance covered by largest hand of clock
On subtracting Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) from Eq. (iv), we get
Angle traced in 60 min = 360°
2 A = 45°, 2B = 135°, 2C = 90°
360° 2π 1° 1°
Angle traced in 20 min = × 20 = 120° ⇒ θ = A = 22 , B = 67 , C = 45°
60 3 2 2
l 2 π 42 × 2 × 22
As, θ = ⇒ l = r θ, ⇒ l = 42 × = = 88 cm
r 3 3×7 104. (c) cos ( 180° + A ) + cos ( 180° + B )
+ cos ( 180° + C ) + cos ( 180° + D )
97. (d) Given, 2 sin x + 15 cos 2 x = 7 ⇒ 2 sin x + 15 − 15 sin 2 x = 7
= − cos A − cos B − cos C − cos D
⇒ 15 sin 2 x − 2 sin x − 8 = 0
= − cos A − cos B − cos ( 180° − A ) − cos ( 180° − B )
⇒ 15 sin x − 12 sin x + 10 sin x − 8 = 0
2
(Q A + C = B + D = 180°)
⇒ 3 sin x ( 5 sin x − 4) + 2 ( 5 sin x − 4) = 0
= − cos A − cos B + cos A + cos B = 0
⇒ ( 3 sin x + 2) ( 5 sin x − 4) = 0
105. (d) In ∆ABC ,
⇒ sin x =
4 Q sin x ≠ − 2 , 0° < x < 90° 
  BC u v
5  3  tan A = = and tan B =
2 2 AC v u
1 −   3
4 3
∴ cos x = 1 − sin 2 x = =   = A
5 5 5
sin x 4 / 5 4
∴ tan x = = =
cos x 3 / 5 3 v w
98. (a) In ∆ABC , A + B + C = 180°
∴ A + B = 180° − C ⇒ tan ( A + B ) = tan ( 180° − C ) C u B
tan A + tan B
⇒ = − tan C Also, u + v = w
2 2 2
(by pythagoras theorem) …(i)
1 − tan A tan B
⇒ tan A + tan B = − tan C + tan A tan B tan C u v u 2 + v2 w2
∴ tan A + tan B = + = = [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C v u uv uv
218 CDS Pathfinder

π cos π A + B  180°−C 
106. (a)Q In 24 h, Earth rotate about its own RHS cos A + cos B = cos + II. sin   = sin  
axis = 360° 6 3  2   2 
3 1 3+1
= + = = sin  90° −  = cos
In 1 h Earth rotate about its own axis C C
2 2 2  2 2
360° ⇒ sin A + sin B = cos A + cos B
= = 15°  A + B −C 
24 π π III. tan  
II. LHS tan A + tan B = tan + tan  2 
In 4 h Earth rotate about its own axis 6 3
( 180°−C ) − C
= 15° × 4 = 60° 1 4 = tan
= + 3= 2
Since, in 60 min Earth rotate about its 3 3 ( 180°−2C )
own axis = 15° π π = tan
RHS cot A + cot B = cot + cot 2
In 12 min Earth rotate about its own 6 3
1 4 = tan ( 90° − C ) = cot C
15°×12 = 3+ =
axis = = 3° (A − B −C ) A − (B + C )
60° 3 3 IV. tan = tan
⇒ tan A + tan B = cot A + cot B 2 2
∴ In 4 h 12 min Earth rotate about its A − ( 180°− A )
own axis Hence, both statements are true. = tan
2
= 60° + 3° = 63° 111. (a) Q A + B + C + D = 360°
= tan [ − ( 90° − A )]
107. (a) In right angled ∆OAB, ∴ A + B = 360° − (C + D )
= − tan ( 90° − A ) = − cot A
∴ sin ( A + B ) = sin [360° − (C + D )]
Hence, all options are correct.
r = − sin (C + D )
A B 115. (b) Given, sin( A + B ) = 1
40° ∴ sin ( A + B ) + sin (C + D ) = 0
R and sin( A − B ) = 1 / 2
Also, cos( A + B ) = cos[360° − (C + D )] π
O ∴ A+B = …(i)
cos ( A + B ) = cos (C + D ) 2
π
Hence, only statement I is correct. ∴ A−B = …(ii)
6
π 3.14
112. (d) I. 1° = radian = = 0.017 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
AB r 180 180 2π π π
cos 40° = ⇒ cos 40° = 2A = ⇒ A = and B =
OB R = 0.02 radians (approx) 3 3 6
⇒ r = R cos 40° which is less than 0.03 radians. 116. (c) Now, tan ( A + 2B ) ⋅ tan( 2 A + B )
180 π π 2π π
II. 1 radian = = tan  +  ⋅ tan 
So, the radius of the circle of latitude degree
π + 
40°S is R cos 40°. 3 3  3 6
180
108. (b) Given, sin 3θ = cos ( θ − 2° ) = = 57.32 degree 2π 5π
3.14 = tan   ⋅ tan  
⇒ sin 3θ = sin [ 90° − ( θ − 2° )]  3   6 
which is greater than 45°.
π π π π
⇒ 3θ = 90° − θ + 2° Hence, both statements are true. = tan  +  ⋅ tan  + 
 2 6  2 3
92°
⇒ 4θ = 92° ⇒ θ = = 23° π π −1
4
113. (d) I. sin θ ⋅ sin( 60°+ θ) ⋅ sin( 60°− θ) =  − cot   − cot  = ( − 3 )  = 1
= sinθ[sin 2 60°− sin 2θ]  6   3   3
109. (c) I. RHS = cos 2 θ( 1 + tan θ)( 1 − tan θ)
= sin θ  − sin 2 θ
3 117. (b) Now, sin 2 A − sin 2 B
= cos 2 θ ( 1 − tan 2 θ)  4  = sin 2 ( π / 3) − sin 2 ( π / 6)
 cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  1 1 2
= cos 2 θ   = [3 sin θ − 4sin θ] = sin 3θ
3
 3 2
=   −   = − = =
1 3 1 2 1
 cos 2 θ  4 4
 
 2  2 4 4 4 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ II. cosθ ⋅ sin (30°+θ) ⋅ sin(30°− θ)
= = LHS
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = cosθ[sin 2 30°− sin 2θ] 118. (c) Since, tanA, tanB are the roots of
equation 3x 2 − 2 3x + 1 = 0
= cos θ  − ( 1 − cos 2 θ)
1 + sin θ ( 1 + sin θ)2 1
II. LHS = = 2 3
1 − sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ  4  ∴ tan A + tan B =
2 1 1 3
+ θ
=   = [ 4 cos θ − 3cosθ] = cos 3θ
1 sin 3
 4 4 and tan A ⋅ tan B = 1 / 3
 cos θ 
tan A + tan B
= (sec θ + tan θ )2 III. sin θ ⋅ cos(30°+ θ) ⋅ cos(30°− θ) ∴ tan( A + B ) =
1 − tan A ⋅ tan B
Hence, both statements are correct. = sin θ [cos 2 30°− sin 2 θ]
2 3
π π
= sin θ  − sin 2 θ = sin 3θ
3 1 π
110. (c) Given, A = and B = = 3 = 3 = tan
6 3  4  4
π π 1− 1/ 3 3
I. LHS sin A + sin B = sin + sin Hence, all three statements are correct.
6 3 ∴ A + B = π /3
1 3 1+ 3 114. (d) In right angled ∆ABC , Now, A + B + C = π
= + = π 2π
2 2 2 A + B + C = 180° ⇒ C = π − ( A + B) = π − =
I. sin( A + B ) = sin ( 180° − C ) = sin C 3 3
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 219

−1 / 2
119. (c) Now, sin C + cos C 1  sin 90°  128. (b) Given that, sin θ ⋅ cos θ =
3
…(i)
=  
= sin( π − ( A + B )) + cos( π − ( A + B )) 4
(sin α sin β )  cos( 90°−α ) sin β 
1/2
[as A + B + C = π, C = π − ( A + B )] [from Eq. (i)] ∴ sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ
= sin( A + B ) − cos( A + B )
=
1
× (sin α sin β )1 / 2 = 1 = (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)2 − 2 sin 2 θ .cos 2 θ
= sin( π / 3) − cos( π / 3)
(sin α sin β ) 1/2
= ( 1)2 − 2 (sin θ ⋅ cos θ )2
3 1 3−1
= − = cot 30°+1 2
2 2 2 125. (c) I. = 2 (cos 30° + 1)  3 3 3 5
cot 30°−1 = 1− 2   = 1− 2. = 1− =
1 + tan 2 C  4  16 8 8
120. (b) 2 sin B = 3+1  3 
cosec 2C ⇒ =2 + 1
3−1  2  129. (d) Given that, θ lies is in first quadrant
1 + tan 2 ( 2 π / 3) and tanθ=3
= 3+1 3+1  3 + 2
cosec 2 ( 2 π / 3) ⇒ × =2  ∴ tan 2 θ = 9
3−1 3+1  2 
1 + tan 2 ( π − π / 3) On adding both sides by 1, we get
= 3 + 1+ 2 3
cosec 2 ( π − π / 3) ⇒ = 3+ 2 ⇒ 1 + tan 2 θ = 10
3−1
1 + tan 2 π / 3 ⇒ sec 2 θ= 10 ⇒ secθ= 10
2 sin B = 4+ 2 3
cosec 2 π / 3 ⇒ = 3+ 2
2 (since, θ lies in first quadrant)
1+ 3 4
= = ×3 = 3 2 (2 + 3) 1
4/3 4 ⇒ = 3+ 2 ⇒ cosθ = ...(i)
2 10
3 π π
sin B = = sin , B = ⇒ 3+ 2= 3+ 2 Q sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 −
1
=
9
2 3 3 10 10
So, it is true. 3
121. (c) Given that, sin 2 x + cos 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ sinθ = ...(ii)
⇒ sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 II. 2 sin 45° cos 45° − tan 45° cot 45° = 0 10
3 1 4
⇒ 2 × 
which is an identity of trigonometric 1 1  Now, sin θ + cos θ = + =
×  – 1× 1= 0
ratio and always true for every real value  2 2 10 10 10
of x. 1
So, the equation has infinite solutions. or 2 × – 1× 1= 0 130. (d) If 0°< θ < 90°, then all the
2 trigonometric ratios can be obtained
122. (c) Given that, 3 sin x + 5 cos x = 5 when any one of the six ratios is given.
⇒ 1 − 1 = 0, It is true.
On squaring both sides, we get
Hence, both statements I and II are 131. (a) sin A .cos A . tan A + cos A . sin A . cot A
9 sin 2 x + 25 cos 2 x + 30 sin x cos x = 25 true. sin A cos A
= sin A . cos A . + cos A . sin A .
⇒ 9( 1− cos 2 x) + 25( 1− sin 2 x) 126. (c) I. We know that, sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 cos A sin A
+ 30 sin x cos x = 25 ∴ sin 2 1° + cos 2 1° = 1 = sin 2 A + cos 2 A
⇒ 9 + 25 − { 9 cos 2 x + 25 sin 2 x
II. We have sin θ 1 + cos θ
− 30 sin x cos x} = 25 132. (a) +
sec 2 33°− cot 2 57° 1 + cos θ sin θ
⇒ 9 = (3 cos x − 5 sin x)2
⇒ 3 cos x − 5 sin x = 3 = cosec 2 37°− tan 2 53° sin 2 θ + ( 1 + cos θ)2
=
LHS = sec 33°− cot 2 57°
2
sin θ ( 1 + cos θ)
123. (c) Given, p = a sin x + b cos x and
q = a cos x − b sin x = sec 2 ( 90°−57° ) − cot 2 57°
= cosec 2 57°− cot 2 57° = 1 sin 2 θ + 1 + cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ
⇒ p 2 = a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x =
RHS = cosec 2 37°− tan 2 53° sin θ ( 1 + cos θ)
+ 2ab sin x cos x
and q 2 = a 2 cos 2 x + b 2 sin 2 x = cosec 2 37°− tan 2 ( 90°−53° ) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 1 + 2 cos θ
=
− 2 ab sin x cos x = cosec 2 37°− cot 2 37° = 1 sin θ ( 1 + cos θ)
∴ p 2 + q 2 = a 2 (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) + b 2 LHS = RHS 1 + 1 + 2 cos θ
(cos 2 x + sin 2 x) =
Hence, both statements are correct. sin θ ( 1 + cos θ)
= a2 + b2
127. (b) I. Given that, sin x + cos x = 2 2 ( 1 + cos θ)
124. (b) Given, α + β = 90° ...(i) = = 2 cosecθ
⇒ (sin x + cos x)2 = 4 sin θ ( 1 + cos θ)
− 1/2
 sin α cos α 
∴ ( cosec α ⋅ cosec β )  +  ⇒ (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) + 2 sin x cos x = 4
 sin β cos β  133. (c) sec 2 D – tan 2 D = 1
⇒ 1 + sin 2x = 4 ⇒ sin 2x = 3
1 Since, it is a trigonometric identity.
= As maximum value of sinθ is 1.
(sin α sin β )1 / 2 134. (b) Given, cos A + cos 2 A = 1
− 1/2 Therefore, no value of x satisfy above
 sin α cos β + cos α sin β  ⇒ cos A = 1 − cos 2 A = sin 2 A ...(i)
  equation. Thus, statement I is false.
 sin β cos β 
II. sin x − cos x = 0 (Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1)
− 1/2
1  sin(α + β )  ⇒ tan x = 1 = tan π / 4 Now, 2(sin A + sin 4 A )
2
=   It x lies in first quadrant, then
(sin α sin β )  sin β cos β 
1/2
tan x = tan π / 4 ⇒ x = π / 4 = 2 (sin 2 A + cos 2 A ) [from Eq. (i)]
Thus, statement II is true. = 2 ⋅ ( 1) = 2
220 CDS Pathfinder

135. (c) ( 1 − tan A )2 + ( 1 + tan A )2 + ( 1 − cot A )2 + ( 1 + cot A )2 140. (b) Now, cosec (C − D + B ) = cosec( 120° − 150° + 60° )
= 2 [ 1 + tan A ] + 2[ 1 + cot A ]
2 2 = cosec (180° − 150° ) = cosec 30° = 2
[Q ( a − b ) + ( a + b ) = 2( a + b )]
2 2 2 2
141. (d) If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then sum of opposite angles
= 2 sec A + 2 cosec A = 2 
1 1  should be 180° but here
2 2
+ 
 cos 2 A sin 2 A  ∠A + ∠C = 30° + 120° = 150° ≠ 180°
and ∠B + ∠D = 60° + 150° = 210° ≠ 180°
 sin A + cos A 
2 2
2 ⋅ ( 1)
=2  = = 2 sec 2 A ⋅ cosec 2 A So, statement I is incorrect.
 sin 2 A ⋅ cos 2 A  sin 2 A ⋅ cos 2 A
Now, sin ( B − A ) = cos (D − C )
1 + 2 sin θ ⋅ cos θ
136. (d) Given, a2 = ⇒ sin ( 60° − 30° ) = cos ( 150° − 120° )
1 − 2 sin θ ⋅ cos θ
1 3
(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ) + 2 sin θ ⋅ cos θ ⇒ sin 30° = cos 30° ⇒ ≠
⇒ a2 = 2 2
(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ) − 2 sin θ ⋅ cos θ So, statement II is also incorrect.
(sin θ + cos θ)2 a sin θ + cos θ 142. (a) Given, sin θ + cos θ = 3
⇒ a2 = ⇒ =
(sin θ − cos θ)2 1 sin θ − cos θ On squaring both sides, we get (sin θ + cos θ)2 = ( 3 )2
a + 1 (sin θ + cos θ) + (sin θ − cos θ) ⇒ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ = 3 ⇒ 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ = 3
⇒ =
a − 1 (sin θ + cos θ) − (sin θ − cos θ) 3−1
⇒ sin θ cos θ = =1 ...(i)
(applying componendo dividendo formula) 2
sin θ cos θ sin θ + cos θ
2 2
1
a + 1 2 sin θ Now, tan θ + cot θ = + = =
⇒ = = tan θ cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
a − 1 2 cos θ
1
x2 − y 2  x2 − y 2 
2
From Eq. (i), tan θ + cot θ = =1
137. (b) Given, sin θ = ⇒ cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 −  2  1
x + y
2 2
 x + y2 
143. (a) cos ec ( 75° + θ ) − sec ( 15° − θ ) = cos ec ( 75° + θ )
( x2 + y 2 )2 − ( x2 − y 2 )2 4x 2 y 2  2xy 
2
− sec [ 90° − ( 75° + θ )]
= = 2 = 2 
( x2 + y 2 )2 (x + y ) 2 2
 x + y2  = cos ec ( 75° + θ ) − cos ec ( 75° + θ ) = 0

∴ cos θ = 2x y / x 2 + y 2 144. (c) Given, 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ = 13

On squaring both sides, we get
138. (b) Let f (θ) = sin θ + cos θ
25 sin 2 θ + 144 cos 2 θ + 120 sin θ cos θ = 169
Maximum and minimum value of a cos θ + b sin θ is
⇒ 25( 1 − cos 2 θ) + 144( 1 − sin 2 θ) + 120 sin θ cos θ = 169
− a 2 + b 2 ≤ a cosθ + b sin θ ≤ a2 + b2
⇒ 25 − 25 cos 2 θ + 144 − 144 sin 2 θ +120 sin θ cos θ = 169
∴ − 1 + 1 ≤ cos θ + sin θ ≤ 1+ 1 ⇒ 25 cos 2 θ + 144 sin 2 θ − 120 sin θ cos θ = 169 − 169
⇒ − 2 ≤ cos θ + sin θ ≤ 2 ⇒ ( 5 cos θ − 12 sin θ)2 = 0 ⇒ 5 cos θ − 12 sin θ = 0
for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90°, 1 ≤ cosθ + sin θ ≤ 2 145. (c) Given, sin θ − cos θ = 0
Hence, statement I is false. ∴ sin θ = cos θ
1 Since, sin θ and cosθ are equal for θ = 45°.
And let g (θ) = tan θ + cot θ = tan θ + (Q AM ≥ GM)
tan θ ∴ sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ = (sin 45° )4 + (cos 45° )4
1 4 4
1 1 1+ 1 2 1
= 
tan θ + 1 1   1 
tan θ ≥  tan θ ⋅ 1  2  +   = + = = =
⇒  2  2 4 4 4 4 2
2  tan θ 
cos 2 ( 45°+ θ) + cos 2 ( 45°− θ)
⇒ (tan θ + cot θ) ≥ 2 146. (c)
tan( 60°+ θ) tan(30°− θ)
So, (tan θ + cot θ) is always greater than 1.
cos 2 ( 45°+ θ) + cos 2 [ 90°− ( 45°+ θ)]
Hence, statement II is true. =
tan( 60°+ θ) ⋅ tan[ 90°− ( 60°+ θ]
Solutions (Q. Nos. 139-141) Let the angle of A, B, C and D of a cos 2 ( 45°+ θ) + sin 2 ( 45°+ θ) 1
quadrilateral be x, 2x, 4x and 5x. = = =1
tan( 60°+ θ) ⋅ cot( 60°+ θ) 1
Q x + 2x + 4x + 5x = 360°
(Q sum of all interior in a quadrilateral is 360°) 147. (b) Given, tanθ + sec θ = m ⇒ tanθ = m − sec θ
⇒ 12x = 360° , x = 30° On squaring both sides, we get
∴ ∠A = x = 30° , ∠B = 2x = 60° ⇒ tan 2 θ = m 2 + sec 2 θ − 2m sec θ
∠C = 4x = 120° , ∠D = 5x = 150° ⇒ tan 2 θ = m 2 + 1 + tan 2 θ − 2m sec θ
m2 + 1
139. (a) Now, cos ( A + B ) = cos (30° + 60° ) = cos 90° = 0 ⇒ 0 = m 2 + 1 − 2m sec θ ⇒ sec θ =
2m
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 221

148. (c) Q sinα =

3
⇒ sin α = sin 60° 156. (b) cosec( 75° + θ ) − sec ( 15° − θ ) − tan( 55° + θ ) + cot( 35° − θ )
2 = cosec ( 75° + θ ) − sec [ 90° − ( 75° + θ )]
 3
⇒ α = 60° Q sin 60° =  − tan(55° + θ ) + cot[ 90° − ( 55° + θ )]
 2 
= cosec ( 75° + θ ) − cosec ( 75° + θ )
3  3
Now, cosβ = ⇒ β = 30° Q cos30° =  − tan( 55° + θ ) + tan( 55° + θ ) = 0
2  2 
157. (d) sin 25° sin 35° sec 65° sec 55°
and tan γ = 1 ⇒ γ = 45° (Q tan 45° = 1) = sin 25°⋅ sin 35°⋅
1
⋅
1
∴ α + β + γ = 60° + 30° + 45° = 135° cos 65° cos 55°
1 1
 1 + 1 − sin θ  cos θ = sin 25°⋅ sin 35° ⋅ ⋅
  cos( 90°−25° ) cos( 90°−35° )
( 1 + sec θ − tan θ) cos θ  cos θ cos θ 
149. (a) = 1 1
( 1 + sec θ + tan θ) ( 1 − sin θ)  1 + 1 + sin θ  ( 1 − sin θ) = sin 25° ⋅ sin 35° ⋅ ⋅ =1
  sin 25° sin 35°
 cos θ cos θ 
 cos θ + 1 − sin θ  cos θ 3
  158. (c) Given, 2 cot θ = 3 ⇒ cot θ =
 cos θ  2
= 3
(cos θ + 1 + sin θ)( 1 − sin θ) 2× −1
2 cos θ − sin θ 2 cot θ − 1 2 3−1 2 1
cos θ ∴ = = = = =
cos θ + 1 − sin θ 2 cos θ + sin θ 2 cot θ + 1 2 × 3 + 1 3 + 1 4 2
= 2
cos θ + 1 + sin θ − sin θ cos θ − sin θ − sin 2 θ
cos θ 159. (d) sin 6 θ + cos 6 θ = (sin 2 θ )3 + (cos 2 θ )3
cos θ + 1 − sin θ = (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )(sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ )
= (Q 1 − sin 2 θ = cos 2 θ)
cos θ + 1 − sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ [Q a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b )( a 2 + b 2 − ab )]
cos θ = (sin θ + cos θ ) − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
2 2 2
cos θ + 1 − sin θ cos θ + 1 − sin θ
= = =1 1 3 1
= ( 1 − 3 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) = 1 − 3 × = 1 − =
cos θ + cos 2 θ − sin θ cos θ cos θ (cos θ + 1 − sin θ) 4 4 4
cos θ cos θ
160. (a) Given, cos x + sec x = 2 ...(i)
150. (c) In right angled ∆ABC , if ∠C is 90°, then 1
⇒ cos x + = 2 ⇒ cos x + 1 = 2 cos x
2
∠ A + ∠B = 180° − 90° = 90° cos x
Now, cos( A + B ) + sin( A + B ) = cos 90° + sin 90° = 0 + 1 = 1 ⇒ cos x − 2 cos x + 1 = 0 ⇒ (cos x − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ cos x = 1
2

151. (a) Only statement I is correct as tanθ increases faster than sin θ as 1
∴ sec x = =1
θ increases while statement II is wrong as the value of sin θ + cos θ cos x
is not always greater than 1. It may also be equal to 1. ∴ cos x + sec x = ( 1)n + ( 1)n = 1 + 1 = 2
n n

152. (a) Since, value of cosθ decreases, from 0° to 90° and at 45° it is 161. (c) Given, sin θ + 2 cos θ = 1
equal to the value of sin θ. On squaring both sides, we get (sin θ + 2 cos θ )2 = 1
Similarly, value of sin θ increases from 0 to 90° and at 45° it is ⇒ sin 2 θ + 4 cos 2 θ + 4 sin θ cos θ = 1
equal to the value of cosθ.
⇒ ( 1 − cos 2 θ) + 4( 1 − sin 2 θ) + 4 sin θ cos θ = 1
For 0° < θ < 45°, cos θ > sin θ
⇒ − (cos 2 θ + 4 sin 2 θ) + 4 sin θ cos θ = 1 − 5
So, value of cos 25° − sin 25° is always positive but less than 1.
⇒ cos 2 θ + 4 sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ cos θ = 4
153. (b) In right angled ∆ABC, ∠B = 90°
⇒ ( 2 sin θ − cos θ)2 = 4 ⇒ 2 sin θ − cos θ = 2
∠C = 180°− ( ∠B + ∠A ) = 180°−90°−∠A = 90°−∠A
∴ sin C = sin( 90°− A ) = cos A = 4 / 5 162. (b) Given, tan 8θ = cot 2θ
154. (c) Since, α and β are complementary angle. ⇒ tan 8θ = tan( 90° − 2θ) ⇒ 8θ = 90° − 2θ ⇒ θ = 9°
∴ tan 5θ ⇒ tan 45° = 1
∴ α = 90° − β
cos α
Now, cos α cosec β − cos α sin β = − cos α sin β 163. (a) Q sin ( A + B ) = 1 = sin 90° ⇒ ( A + B ) = 90°
sin β ⇒ A = 90° − B
cos α Now, cos ( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
= − cos α cos( 90°−β )
cos( 90° − β ) = cos ( 90° − B ) cos B + sin ( 90° − B ) sin B
cos α = sin B cos B + cos B sin B = 2 sin B cos B = sin 2 B
= − cos α ⋅ cos α = 1 − cos 2 α = sin 2 α = sin α
cos α
12
164. (d) Clock will make right angle at ( 5n + 15) × min past n.
155. (d) Given, sec θ + tan θ = 2 ...(i) 11
By trigonometric identity, sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1 Here, n = 3
⇒ (sec θ + tan θ)(sec θ − tan θ) = 1⇒ sec θ − tan θ = 1 / 2 ...(ii) ∴ ( 5 × 3 + 15) ×
12
min past 3 = 30 ×
12
min past 3
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 11 11
8 8
⇒
1
2 sec θ = + 2 ⇒ sec θ =
5 = 32 min past 3 i.e. 3 h 32 min
2 4 11 11
222 CDS Pathfinder

165. (c) Given, tan θ + cot θ = 2 = (sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) [(sin 4 x + cos 4 x + 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x )
sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − sin 2 x cos 2 x]
⇒ + =2 ⇒ =2
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ = (sin x − cos x ) (sin x + cos x + sin x cos 2 x )
2 2 4 4 2

1 1 = (sin 2 x )3 − (cos 2 x )3 [Q ( a − b )( a 2 + b 2 + ab ) = a 3 − b 3 ]
⇒ =2 ⇒ sin θ cos θ = ...(i)
sin θ cos θ 2
= sin 6 x − cos 6 x
Now, (sin θ + cos θ)2 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
1
= 1+ 2 × = 1+ 1 [from Eq. (i)] 171. (d) (sin x ⋅ cos y + cos x ⋅ sin y ) (sin x ⋅ cos y − cos x ⋅ sin y )
2 = sin ( x + y ) ⋅ sin ( x − y ) = sin 2 x − sin 2 y
⇒ (sin θ + cos θ ) = 2 ⇒ sin θ + cos θ = 2
2
[Q sin 2 A − sin 2 B = sin( A + B ) sin( A − B )]
sec x 1 / cos x
166. (a) = 172. (d) In ∆ABC , A + B + C = 180° ⇒ A + B = 180° –C
cot x + tan x cos x + sin x
sin x cos x tan( A + B ) = tan( 180° –C ) = − tan C
1 / cos x 1 sin x cos x tan A + tan B
= = × = sin x ⇒ = − tan C
cos 2 x + sin 2 x cos x 1 1 − tan A tan B
sin x cos x tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
167. (b) ( 1 + cot x − cosec x )( 1 + tan x + sec x ) On dividing both sides by tan A tan B tan C
1 1 1
+ + =1
= ( 1 + cot x − cosec x ) 1 + + sec x
1
  tan B tan C tan A tan C tan A tan B
cot x
( 1 + cot x − cosec x)( 1 + cot x + cosec x) ⇒ cot B cot C + cot A cot C + cot A cot B = 1
=
cot x 1
173. (a) sin x + cosecx = 2 ⇒ sin x + = 2 ⇒ sin 2 x + 1 = 2 sin x
( 1 + cot x)2 − ( cosec x)2 sin x
=
cot x ⇒ sin 2 x − 2 sin x + 1 = 0 ⇒ (sin x − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ sin x = 1
12 + cot 2 x + 2 cot x − cosec 2 x cosec x =
1
=1
=
cot x sin x
1 + 2 cot x − ( cosec 2 x − cot 2 x) 1 + 2 cot x − 1 ∴ sin 9 x + cosec 9 x = ( 1)9 + ( 1)9 = 1 + 1 = 2
= = =2
cot x cot x 174. (b) Given, sin x + cos x = p ...(i)
168. (d) ( cosec x − sin x )(sec x − cos x )(tan x + cot x ) and sin 3 x + cos 3 x = q ...(ii)

=  − sin x  − cos x 

1 1 sin x cos x  On cubing Eq. (i) on both sides, we get
+ 
 sin x   cos x   cos x sin x  sin 3 x + cos 3 x + 3 sin x cos x (sin x + cos x ) = p 3
( 1 − sin x)( 1 − cos x)(sin x + cos x) cos x sin x × 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ q + 3 sin x cos x( p ) = p 3 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] …(iii)
= = =1
sin x cos x ⋅ sin x cos x sin 2 x cos 2 x On squaring Eq. (i) on both sides, we get
sin x − cos x + 1 (sin x − cos x) + 1 (sin x + cos x) + 1 sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x = p 2
169. (b) = ×
sin x + cos x − 1 (sin x + cos x) − 1 (sin x + cos x) + 1 p2 − 1
⇒ sin x cos x = (Q sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1)
(sin x − cos x + 1)(sin x + cos x + 1) 2
= 3( p 2 − 1) p
(sin x + cos x)2 − 1 On putting this value in Eq. (iii), we get q + = p3
2
[Q ( a − b )( a + b ) = a 2 − b 2 ]
⇒ 2q + 3 p 3 − 3 p = 2 p 3 ⇒ p 3 − 3 p = − 2q
sin 2 x + sin x cos x + sin x − cos x sin x − cos 2 x
175. (d) Since, 1 radian = 57° 16′22′′
− cos x + sin x + cos x + 1
= So, sin 1°< sin 1 and cos 1°> cos 1
sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x − 1 Hence, neither statement I nor II is correct.
sin x + 2 sin x − cos 2 x + 1
2
= 176. (b) cosec 2 67°+ sec 2 57° –cot 2 33° –tan 2 23°
1 + 2 sin x cos x − 1
sin 2 x + 2 sin x − ( 1 − sin 2 x) + 1 = cosec 2 (90° –23° ) + sec 2 (90° –33° ) – cot 2 33° –tan 2 23°
= [Q cos 2 x = 1 − sin 2 x] = sec 2 23°+ cosec 2 33° – cot 2 33° – tan 2 23°
2 sin x cos x
sin 2 x + 2 sin x − 1 + sin 2 x + 1 = 1 + tan 2 23°+1 + cot 2 33° – cot 2 33° – tan 2 23° = 2
=
2 sin x cos x (Q 1 + tan 2 q = sec 2 q and 1 + cot 2 q = cosec 2 q )
2 sin 2 x + 2 sin x 2 sin x (sin x + 1) sin x + 1 177. (c) Given, tan ( A + B ) = 3 = tan 60°
= = = ∴ A + B = 60° ...(i)
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x cos x
and tan A = 1 ⇒ tan A = tan 45°
170. (b) (sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) ( 1 − sin 2 x cos 2 x ) ∴ A = 45°
From Eq. (i), A + B = 60° ⇒ 45°+ B = 60° ⇒ B = 15°
= (sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) [(sin 2 x + cos 2 x )2 − sin 2 x cos 2 x]
Now, tan( A – B ) = tan( 45° – 15° ) = tan 30° = 1 / 3
(Q sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1)
Hence, the value of tan( A – B ) is 1 / 3.
MATHEMATICS Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 223

178. (d) Given, tan A + cot A = 4 ⇒ 3 – tan 2 A = k – 3k tan 2 A II. [( 1 – sin A ) – cos A ]2
On squaring both sides, we get ⇒ 3k tan 2 A – tan 2 A = k – 3 = ( 1 – sin A )2 + cos 2 A
(tan A + cot A ) = ( 4) 2 2 –2 cos A( 1 – sin A )
⇒ tan 2 A(3k – 1) = k – 3
= 1 + sin 2 A – 2 sin A + cos 2 A
⇒ tan A + cot A + 2 tan A cot A = 16
2 2
k –3
⇒ tan 2 A = –2 cos A( 1 – sin A )
⇒ tan 2 A + cot 2 A + 2 = 16 3k – 1
= 1 + sin 2 A + cos 2 A – 2 sin A
⇒ tan 2 A + cot 2 A = 14 k −3 1
where > 0 ⇒ k < or k > 3 –2 cos A( 1 – sin A )
Again, squaring both sides, we get 3k − 1 3 = 2 – 2 sin A – 2 cos A( 1 – sin A )
(tan 2 A + cot 2 A )2 = ( 14)2 Now, cosec A (3 sin A – 4 sin 3 A ) = 2 ( 1 – sin A ) – 2 cos A( 1 – sin A )
⇒ tan A + cot A + 2 tan A
4 4 2
= cosec A × sin A (3 – 4 sin 2 A ) = 2 ( 1 – sin A )( 1 – cos A ) ≠ RHS
cot 2 A = 196 1
= × sin A (3 – 4 sin 2 A ) Hence, only statement I is correct.
⇒ tan A + cot A + 2 = 196
4 4 sin A 2a + 3b 2a
Q cosecA = 1  184. (a) We have, sinθ = = 1+
⇒ tan 4 A + cot 4 A = 194   3b 3b
 sinA  Since, sinθ is always smaller or equal to
179. (c) In right angled ∆ABC , AB : BC = 3: 4
 tan 2 A  1 but 1 +
2a
> 1.
AB 3 C = 3 − 4 sin 2 A = 3 − 4  
or =  1 + tan A 
2 3b
BC 4 k −3 Hence, it is not possible.
Now, in ∆ABC 3−
3 − tan 2 A 3k − 1
4 = = 185. (a) Since, 0 ≤ cos 2 x ≤ 1
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 1 + tan 2 A 1 + k − 3
3k − 1 Q − 1 ≤ cos 2 x + cos 2 y − cos 2 z ≤ 2
= 32 + 42 A B ∴ Minimum value of the given
3 9k − 3 − k + 3
= 9 + 16 = 25 = expression is − 1 .
BC 4 3k − 1 + k − 3
⇒ AC = 5 ⇒ sin A = = 8k 2k 186. (a) We have, tan θ + sec θ = 2
AC 5 = = ,
4k − 4 k − 1 ⇒ sec θ = 2 − tan θ
AB 3
sin B = 90° = sin 90° = 1, sinC = = 1
AC 5 where k < or k > 3 On squaring both sides, we get
3
4
Now, sin A + sin B + sin C = + 1 +
3 sec 2 θ = 4 + tan 2 θ − 4 tan θ
1 – sin x
5 5 182. (c) Given, p = ⇒ 1 + tan 2 θ = 4 + tan 2 θ − 4 tan θ
4 + 5 + 3 12 1 + sin x 3
= = ⇒ 4 tan θ = 3 ⇒ tan θ =
5 5 ( 1 – sin x)( 1 – sin x) 4
p=
180. (b) Given, sin x + cos x = C ( 1 + sin x)( 1 – sin x) cos θ 1 + sin θ
187. (b) We have, ×
On squaring both sides, we get 1 – sin x 1 – sin x 1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
= = cos θ ( 1 + sin θ) cos θ ( 1 + sin θ)
(sin x + cos x)2 = C 2 2
1 – sin x cos x = =
1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
⇒ sin x + cos x + 2 sin x cos x = C 2
2 2
r=
cos x
×
( 1 – sin x) cos( 1 – sin x)
= 1 + sin θ
⇒ 1 + 2 sin x cos x = C 2 1 + sin x ( 1 – sin x) 1 – sin 2 x =
cos θ
C2 −1 cos x ( 1 – sin x) 1 – sin x
⇒ sin x cos x = …(i) r= = 188. (c) We have,
2 cos 2 x cos x
⇒ p=q=r tan( x + 40)° tan( x + 20)° tan(3x )°
Now, sin 6 x + cos 6 x = (sin 2 x)3
1 − sin x cos x tan( 70 − x )° tan(50 − x )° = 1
+(cos 2 x)3 Also, q × r = ×
cos x 1 + sin x [ Q cot( 90° − θ) = tan θ]
= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)[sin 4 x + cos 4 x
1 − sin x ⇒ tan( x + 40)° tan( x + 20)° tan(3x )°
– sin 2 x cos 2 x] = = p2
1 + sin x cot( 90° − 70° + x )°
[Q a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b )( a 2 + b 2 – ab )] cot( 90° − 50° + x )° = 1
= 1 [(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)2 – 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x] Hence, both statements are correct.
cos A sin A ⇒ tan( x + 40)° tan( x + 20)° tan(3x )°
= ( 1 – 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x) 183. (a) I. LHS = +
1 – tan A 1 – cot A cot( 20 + x )° cot( 40 + x )° = 1
∴ sin 6 x + cos 6 x = 1 – 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos A sin A ⇒ tan(3x )° = 1 ⇒ tan(3x )° = tan 45°
 C 2 – 1
2
= +
= 1 – 3  [from Eq. (i)] 1–
sin A
1–
cos A ⇒ 3x = 45 ⇒ x = 15
 2  π π
− 8 sec 2  
cos A sin A
189. (d) We have, 32 cot 2
 C 4 + 1 – 2C 2  cos 2 A sin 2 A 4 3
= 1 – 3  = + π
 4  cos A – sin A sin A – cos A + 8 cos 3  
4 – 3C – 3 + 6C
4 2
1 + 6C 2 – 3C 4  6
= = cos 2 A – sin 2 A
=  3
3
4 4 (cos A – sin A ) = 32 ⋅ ( 1) − 8 ⋅ ( 2)2 + 8 ⋅  
3 – tan 2 A (cos A – sin A )(cos A + sin A )  2 
181. (c) Given, =k =
1 – 3 tan 2 A (cos A – sin A ) = 32 − 8 ⋅ ( 4) + 8 ⋅
3 3
⇒ 3 – tan 2 A = k( 1 – 3 tan 2 A ) = (cos A + sin A ) = RHS
8
= 32 − 32 + 3 3 = 3 3
224 CDS Pathfinder

2 2
190. (b) We have, x = a cosθ and y = b cot θ sin 35°   cos 55°  + 2 sin 30° 200. (c) Q 3 − tan 2 θ = α ( 1 − 3 tan 2 θ)
196. (c)   − 
 a b a b  a2 b2  cos 55°   sin 35°  ⇒ (3α − 1) tan 2 θ = α − 3
∴  −  +  = 2 − 2
x yx y x sin( 90°−55° ) 
2 α −3
= ⇒ tan 2 θ =
y
 cos 55°  3α − 1
= sec θ − tan θ = 1
2 2
α −3
cos( 90°−35° ) 
2 As, tan 2 θ ≥ 0, then ≥ 0 ⇒α≥3
−
3 1
191. (a) We have, sin θ cos θ=2 cos 3 θ − cos θ + 2× 3α − 1
2  sin 35°  2
⇒ α∈  −∞ ,  ∪ [3, ∞ )
1 1
or, α <
⇒ 2 sin θ = 4 cos 2 θ − 3 cos 55° 
2
 sin 35°  + 1
2
 3
=   − 
3
⇒ 2 sin θ = 4 − 4 sin θ − 3 2
 cos 55°   sin 35° 
201. (a) To exchange the position, both hands
⇒ 4 sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ − 1 = 0, = 12 − 12 + 1 = 1 has to cover 360° together.
−2 ± 4 + 16 −2 ± 2 5 4 Angle traced by hour hand in 1 min
⇒ sinθ = = 197. (c) We have, tan θ + cot θ =
8 8 3 = ( 1 / 2)°
−1 ± 5 sin θ cos θ 4 Angle traced by minute hand in 1 min = 6°
⇒ sinθ = ⇒ + =
4 cos θ sin θ 3 Let the required time be t min. Then,
Since, θ is acute angle 1 360 × 2
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 4 6t + t = 360° ⇒ t =
⇒ = 2 13
∴ sinθ > 0 cos θ ⋅ sin θ 3
720
5−1 1 4 = min = 55.38 min
⇒ sinθ = ⇒ = 13
4 sin 2θ 3
1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
192. (d) Hours moved by hour hand = 5 hrs 2 202. (c) I. = ×
10 min 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ
3
⇒ sin 2θ =
10 31 ( 1 − cos θ)2 ( 1 − cos θ)2
=5+ = hrs 2 = =
60 6 π π 1 − cos θ 2 sin 2 θ
⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ =
Angle traced by hour hand in 1 hr = 30° 3 6 1 − cos θ
= = cosec θ − cot θ
∴ Angle traced by hour hand is π π sin θ
∴ sin θ + cos θ = sin + cos
 31 hrs = 30 × 31 = 155° 6 6 Hence, statement I is true.
 
 6 6 1 3 3+1 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
= + = II. = ×
193. (b) I. If 45°< θ < 90°, then sin θ > cos θ 2 2 2 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
∴ sin 66°> cos 66° 198. (b) We have, ( 1 + cos θ)2 1 + cos θ
= =
II. When 0°< θ < 45°, cos θ > sin θ p = cot θ + tan θ = cosecθ ⋅ sec θ sin 2 θ sin θ
∴ cos 26°> sin 26° q = sec θ − cos θ = sin 2 θ ⋅ sec θ = cosec θ + cot θ
Hence, statement II is true.
or sin 26°< cos 26°. ∴ ( p 2 q )2 / 3 − ( q 2 p )2 / 3
Hence only II is correct. = ( cosec 2θ ⋅ sec 2 θ ⋅ sin 2 θ ⋅ sec θ)2 / 3 cos 2 θ − 3 cos θ + 2
203. (b) Q =1
1 + tan 2 θ sec 2 θ sin 2 θ
194. (a) I. LHS = = − (sin 4 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ ⋅ cosecθ ⋅ sec θ)2 / 3
1 + cot θ cosec 2θ
2 ⇒ cos 2 θ − 3 cos θ + 1 + 1 − sin 2 θ = 0
= (sec 3 θ)2 / 3 − (sin 3 θ ⋅ sec 3 θ)2 / 3
= tan 2 θ ⇒ cos 2 θ − 3 cos θ + 1 + cos 2 θ = 0
= sec 2 θ − sin 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ
1 − tan θ 
2
 tan θ[cot θ − 1] 
2 ⇒ 2 cos 2 θ − 3 cos θ + 1 = 0
RHS =   = = sec 2 θ( 1 − sin 2 θ) = 1
 1 − cot θ   1 − cotθ  ⇒ ( 2 cos θ − 1) (cos θ − 1) = 0
x y 1
199. (d) Given, − tan θ = 1 ...(i) ⇒ cos θ = or, cos θ = 1
= ( − tan θ)2 = tan 2 θ a b 2
∴ LHS = RHS x y π
and tan θ + = 1 ...(ii) ⇒ θ = [Q 0 < θ < π / 2]
1 a b 3
II. cot θ = ⇒ tan θ ⋅ cot θ = 1
tan θ On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Hence, only II is correct.
which true for all value of θ. x 1 + tan θ y 1 − tan θ 204. (d) I. As, cos x lies between −1and 1, then
= and =
So, statement II is false. a sec θ
2
b sec 2 θ cos x = 2m + 1 does not exist for positive
Hence, only statement I is correct. value of m.
x 2 y 2 ( 1 + tan θ)2 + ( 1 − tan θ)2 II. The given relation m n ≥ m + n is true
195. (d) We have, A + B + C = π ∴ + =
π a2 b2 sec 4 θ for m , n ∈ N and m > 1 and n > 1.
⇒ + B + B + C = π [A = B + π/ 2] 2 sec 2 θ
2 = Thus, statement II is not true.
π π sec 4 θ
⇒ 2B + C = π − = Hence, neither I nor II is correct
2 2 = 2 cos 2 θ
21
MATHEMATICS > Height and Distance 225

HEIGHT AND DISTANCE

Regularly (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally this is the simplest application
of trigonometry related to our real world and a little practice can get you command over this section.

It is an important application of trigonometry which helps

us to find the height of any object and distance of that IMPORTANT POINTS
object from any point which are not directly measurable. If l If the observer moves towards the perpendicular line
the angle of elevation/depression from a point is known. (tower/building), then angle of elevation increases
and if the observer moves away from the perpendicular
Line of sight line (tower/building), then the angle of elevation
decreases.
A line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer
l If the angle of elevation of Sun above a tower decreases,
to the point, where the object is viewed by the observer. then the length of shadow of a tower increases.
D
l If height of tower is doubled and the distance between
t
s igh the observer and foot of the tower is also doubled, then
of Tower the angle of elevation remains same.
e
Lin
Horizontal line EXAMPLE 1. The angle of elevation of the top of a
A E
Person tower of height 100 3 m from a point at a distance
B C
of 100 m from the foot of the tower on a horizontal
Horizontal Line plane is
The line of sight which is parallel to ground level is a. 30° b. 60° c. 75° d. 105°
known as horizontal line. Sol. b. Let φ be the angle of elevation.
Given, AC = Height of tower
ANGLE OF ELEVATION = 100 3 m C
Angle of elevation is defined as an angle formed by the
and AB = 100 m
line of sight with the horizontal
(Object) P In right angled ∆ABC,
line when an object is viewed in 100√3 m
the upward direction. ht AC 100 3
ig tan φ = = = 3
of
s AB 100 φ
Let P be the position of the object n e B A
L i Angle of ⇒ tan φ = tan 60° 100 m
above the horizontal line OA and
θ elevation
O be the eye of the observer, then Eye ⇒ φ = 60°
O Horizontal line A
∠AOP is called angle of elevation. Hence, angle of elevation is 60°.
226 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 2. The angle of elevation of a tower at a

point is 45°. After going 40 m towards the foot of the ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
tower, the angle of elevation of the tower becomes Angle of depression is defined as an angle formed by
60°. Then, the height of the tower is the line of sight with the horizontal line when an object
a. 20( 3 + 1) m b.
20 3
m
is viewed in the downward direction.
3+1 Horizontal line
A
O
c.
40 3
m d.
40 3
m θ Angle of
depression
3+1 3 −1

Lin
e
P

of
Sol. d. Let PQ ( = h) be the height of the

s ig
tower. Let S and R be the points

ht
P
where the angles subtended are
h Let P be the position of the object below the horizontal
45° and 60°, respectively.
line OA and O be the eye of the observer, then ∠AOP
In right angled ∆PQR ,
60°
is called angle of depression.
PQ 45°
tan 60° = Q
RQ S R
40 m x
IMPORTANT POINTS
h h
⇒ 3= ⇒ x= …(i)
x 3 l The angle of depression of a point P as seen from a
point O is numerically equal to the angle of elevation of O
PQ PQ h
In right angled ∆PQS, tan 45° = = = as seen from P .
SQ SR + RQ 40 + x
l Angle of elevation and angle of depression are always
h acute angle.
⇒ h = 40 + x ⇒ h = 40 + [from Eq. (i)]
3 l Unless mentioned, the height of the observer is not
 1  3 − 1 considered.
⇒ h 1 −  = 40 ⇒ h   = 40
 3  3 
EXAMPLE 4. The angle of depression of two ships
40 3 from the top of a light house are 45° and 30° towards
∴ h= m
3 −1 East. If the ships are 200 m apart, the height of the
light house is
EXAMPLE 3. The angles of elevation of the top of a 200 200 100 100
a. m b. m c. m d. m
tower from two points at distances ‘a’ and ‘b’ (a > b) 3 −1 3+1 3 −1 3+1
from the base and in the same straight line with it are
complementary. Then, the height of the tower is Sol. a. Let AB( = h) be the X A
height of the light house 30°
1 a 45°
a. b. ab c. d. ab and D, C be the ships.
ab b
h
A Given, DC = 200 m
Sol. b. Let AD = h be the height of the
∠ADC = ∠XAD = 30°
tower and the angle of elevation 30° 45°
of the top of tower at B and C be and ∠ACB = ∠XAC = 45° D C y B
h 200 m
(90° − θ) and θ, respectively. Now, in ∆ACB,
θ AB h
In right angled ∆ADC, 90
°– θ tan 45° = ⇒1= ⇒ h=y …(i)
AD h  B CB y
Q tan θ = 
P C b D
tan θ = = a
CD b  B  and in ∆ADB, tan 30º =
AB
⇒
1
=
h
h = b tan θ …(i) BD 3 200 + y
AD h ⇒ 200 + y = 3 h ⇒ 200 + h = 3 h [from Eq. (i)]
In right angled ∆ADB, tan (90° − θ) = ⇒ cot θ =
BD a ⇒ 200 = 3 h − h ⇒ 200 = h ( 3 − 1)
[Q tan (90° − θ) = cot θ]  200 
∴ h=  m
h a  3 − 1
⇒ = cot θ ⇒ = tan θ …(ii)
a h
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
EXAMPLE 5. From the top of a building 60 m high
the angles of depression of the top and bottom of a
h = b   ⇒ h2 = ab
a
 h
tower are observed to be 30° and 60°. Then, the
height of the tower is
∴ h = ab a. 10 m b. 20 m c. 30 m d. 40 m
MATHEMATICS > Height and Distance 227

Sol. d. Let x be the height of the tower. AB 60

= tan 60° ⇒ = 3
Here, AB = 60 m and BD = y m BD y
In right angled ∆ABD, 60
⇒ y= …(i)
A 3
60°
30° In right angled ∆AEC,
AE AE 1
= tan 30° ⇒ = [QCE = DB]
C 30° EC BD 3
y E AE 1 AE 1
⇒ = ⇒ = [from Eq. (i)]
60 m
y 3 60 3
3
x 1 60
⇒ AE = × = 20 m [Q 3 × 3 = 3]
3 3
60° ∴ x = AB − AE = 60 − 20 = 40 m
D y B Hence, the height of tower is 40 m

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The length of shadow of a tree is 16 m when the 7. An aeroplane flying horizontally 1 km above the
angle of elevation of the Sun is 60°. What is the ground is observed at an elevation of 60°. After
height of the tree? 10 s, its elevation is observed to be 30°, the
(a) 8 m (b) 16 m (c) 16 3 m (d) 3m uniform speed of the aeroplane in km/h is
240
2. From a light house the angles of depression of (a) (b) 240 3
2
two ships on opposite sides of the light house are
observed to 30° and 45°. If the height of light (c) 240 (d) 260 3
house is h, then what is the distance between 8. A person of height 2m wants to get a fruit which
the ships? is on a pole of height (10 / 3) m. If he stands at a
(d)  1 +
1  distance of ( 4 / 3 ) m from the foot of the pole,
(a) ( 3 + 1) h (b) ( 3 − 1) h (c) 3h h
 3 then the angle at which he should throw the
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from stone, so that it hits the fruit is
the bottom of a building is twice that from its (a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 30°
top. What is the height of the building, if the
height of the tower is 75 m and the angle of 9. A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane
elevation of the top of the tower from the bottom and is surmounted by a vertical flagstaff of
of the building is 60°? height h. At a point on the plane, the angle of
elevation of the bottom of the flagstaff is α and
(a) 25 m (b) 37.5 m (c) 50 m (d) 60 m
that of the top of the flagstaff is β. Then, the
4. A radio transmitter antenna of height 100 m height of the tower is
stands at the top of a tall building. At a point on h tanβ h tan α
(a) (b)
the ground, the angle of elevation of bottom of tan α − tan β tan α + tan β
the antenna is 45° and that of top of antenna is h tan β h tan α
60°. What is the height of the building? (c) (d)
tan α + tan β tan β − tan α
(a) 100 m (b) 50 m (c) 50 ( 3 + 1) m (d) 25 3 m
5. The shadow of a tower is 15 m when the Sun’s 10. From a window (h m high above the ground) of a
house in a street, the angle of elevation and
altitude is 30°. What is the length of the shadow
depression of the top and the foot of another
when the Sun’s altitude is 60°?
house on the opposite side of the street are θ and
(a) 3 m (b) 4 m (c) 5 m (d) 6 m φ, respectively. Then, the height of the opposite
6. The angle of elevation of a moon when the length house is
of the shadow of a pole is equal to its height is (a) h tan θ cot φ (b) h [tan θ cot φ + 1]
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 30° (c) h [cot θ tan φ + 1] (d) h cot θ tan φ
228 CDS Pathfinder

11. The length of the shadow of a person s cm tall 18. The angle of elevation of the top of an
when the angle of elevation of the Sun is α is incomplete vertical pillar at a horizontal
p cm. It is q cm when the angle of elevation of the distance of 100 m from its base is 45°. If the
Sun is β. Which one of the following is correct angle of elevation of the top of complete pillar at
when β = 3 α? the same point is to be 60°, then the height of
 tan α − tan 3α   tan 3α − tan α  the incomplete pillar is to be increased by
(a) p − q = s   (b) p − q = s  
 tan 3α tan α   3 tan 3α tan α  (a) 50 2 m (b) 100 m
(c) 100 ( 3 − 1) m (d) 100 ( 3 + 1) m
 tan 3α − tan α   tan 2 α 
(c) p − q = s   (d) p − q = s  
 tan 3α tan α   tan 3α tan α  19. A man on the top of a vertical observation tower
observes a car moving at a uniform speed
12. Two posts are ‘K ’ m apart and the height of one coming directly towards it. If it takes 12 min for
is double that of the other. If from the middle the angle of depression to change from 30° to 45°,
point of the line joining their feet, an observer how soon after this will the car reach the
finds the angular elevations of their tops to be observation tower?
complementary, then the height (in metre) of the
(a) 14 min 35 s (b) 15 min 49 s
shorter post is
K K (c) 16 min 23 s (d) 18 min 5 s
(a) 3K (b) (c) 2 K (d)
2 2 2 20. You are stationed at a radar base and you
13. A flagstaff 5 m high stands on a building of 25 m observe an unidentified plane at an altitude
height. At an observer at a height of 30 m, the h = 1000 m flying towards your radar base at an
flagstaff and the building subtend equal angles. angle of elevation = 30°. After exactly one
The distance of the observer from the top of the minute, your radar sweep reveals that the plane
flagstaff is is now at an angle of elevation = 60° maintaining
3 5 5 3 3 the same altitude. What is the speed (in m/s) of
(a) m (b) 3 m (c) m (d) 5 m the plane?
2 2 2 2
(a) 15.58 m/s (b) 19.25 m/s
14. A man is watching from the top of a tower a boat
(c) 18 m/s (d) 11.25 m/s
speeding away from the tower. The boat makes
an angle of depression of 45° with the man’s eye 21. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower
when at a distance of 60 m from the bottom of from a point on the ground is sin −1 (3/5). If the
tower. After 5 s, the angle of depression becomes point of observation is 20 m away from the foot
30°. What is the approximate speed of the boat of the tower, what is the height of the tower?
assuming that it is running in still water? (a) 9 m (b) 18 m (c) 15 m (d) 12 m
(a) 31.5 km/h (b) 36.5 km/h (c) 38.5 km/h (d) 40.5 km/h 22. A balloon of radius r makes an angle α at the
15. Suppose the angle of elevation of the top of a tree eye of an observer and the angle of elevation of
at a point E due East of the tree is 60° and that its centre is β. The height of its centre from the
at a point F due West of the tree is 30°. If the ground level is given by
distance between the points E and F is 160 ft, (a) r sin β cosec α /2 (b) r cosec α /2 sin α
then what is the height of the tree? (c) r cosecα sin β (d) None of these
40
(a) 40 3 ft (b) 60 ft (c) ft (d) 23 ft
3 Directions (Q. Nos. 23-25) The height of a tower is h
16. A telegraph post gets broken at a point against a and the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is
storm and its top touches the ground at a α . When observer on moving a distance h / 2
distance 20 m from the base of the post making towards the tower, the angle of elevation becomes β.
an angle 30° with the ground. What is the height 23. What is the value of cot α − cot β?
of the post?
(a) 1 / 2 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 1 (d) 2
40
(a) m (b) 20 3 m (c) 40 3 m (d) 30 m
3 24. If α = 30°, then find the value of cot β.
2
17. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point (a) 3 − 1 / 2 (b)
2 3 −2
h m above a lake is β and the angle of depression
1 1
of its reflection in the lake is α, then the height of (c) (d)
1+ 3 1− 3
the cloud is
h cosec (α − β ) 25. If tan β = 4, then distance between observer and
(a) (b) h cosec (α − β ) sin (α − β )
cosec (α − β ) tower when angle of elevation is β
h cosec (α + β ) 3h h
(c) h sin (α + β ) cosec (α − β ) (d) (a) h (b) h / 4 (c) (d)
sin (α − β ) 4 3
MATHEMATICS > Height and Distance 229

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 34. What is the angle of elevation of the Sun, when
x
26. What is the angle of elevation of the Sun when the the shadow of a pole of height x m is m?
shadow of a pole is 3 times the length of the 3
e 2013 II
pole? e 2012 I (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 75°
(a) 30° (b) 45°
(c) 60° (d) None of these 35. A spherical balloon of radius r subtends angle
60° at the eye of an observer. If the angle of
27. From the top of a cliff 200 m high, the angles of elevation of its centre is 60° and h is the height
depression of the top and bottom of a tower are of the centre of the balloon, then which one of
observed to be 30° and 45°, respectively. What is the following is correct? e 2013 II
the height of the tower? e 2012 I
(a) h = r (b) h = 2 r
(a) 400 m (b) 400 3 m
(c) h = 3 r (d) h = 2 r
(c) 400 / 3 m (d) None of these
36. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower 30 m
28. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from high from the foot of another tower in the
two points which are at distances of 10 m and same plane is 60° and the angle of elevation
5 m from the base of the tower and in the same of the top of the second tower from the foot of
straight line with it are complementary. The the first tower is 30°. The distance between
height of the tower is e 2012 II
the two towers is m times the height of the
(a) 5 m (b) 15 m (c) 50 m (d) 75 m shorter tower. What is m equal to? e 2014 I
29. A ladder 20 m long is placed against a wall, so 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
that the foot of the ladder is 10 m from the wall. 2 3
The angle of inclination of the ladder to the 37. The shadow of a tower standing on a level
horizontal will be e 2012 II plane is found to be 50 m longer when the
(a) 30° (b) 45° Sun’s elevation is 30°, then when it is 60°.
(c) 60° (d) 75° What is the height of the tower? e 2014 I
25
(a) 25 m (b) 25 3 m (c) m (d) 30 m
Directions (Q. Nos. 30-33) Read the following 3
information carefully to answer the questions that 38. From a certain point on a straight road, a person
follow. observe a tower in the West direction at a
As seen from the top and bottom of a building of height distance of 200 m. He walks some distance along
h m, the angles of elevation of the top of a tower of the road and finds that the same tower is 300 m
(3 + 3)h South of him. What is the shortest distance of
height m are α and β, respectively. the tower from the road? e 2014 II
2 e 2013 I
300 500 600 900
30. If β = 30°, then what is the value of tan α? (a) m (b) m (c) m (d) m
13 13 13 13
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3
(c) 1/4 (d) None of these 39. If from the top of a post a string twice the length
of the post is stretched tight to a point on the
31. If α = 30°, then what is the value of tan β? ground, then what angle will the string make
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 with the post? e 2014 II
(c) 1/3 (d) None of these π π 5π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 12 3
32. If α = 30° and h = 30 m, then what is the
distance between the base of the building and 40. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point
the base of the tower? 200 m above a lake is 30° and the angle of
depression of its reflection in the lake is 60°. The
(a) (15 + 15 3 ) m (b) (30 + 15 3 ) m height of the cloud is e 2015 I
(c) (45 + 15 3 ) m (d) None of these (a) 200 m (b) 300 m (c) 400 m (d) 600 m
33. If β = 30° and if θ is the angle of depression of the 41. From the top of a tower, the angles of depression
foot of the tower as seen from the top of the of two objects P and Q (situated on the ground
building, then what is the value of tan θ? on the same side of the tower) separated at a
(3 − 3) (3 + 3 ) distance of 100( 3 − 3 ) m are 45° and 60°,
(a) (b)
3 3 3 3 respectively. The height of the tower is e 2015 I
(2 − 3) (a) 200 m (b) 250 m
(c) (d) None of these
3 3 (c) 300 m (d) None of these
230 CDS Pathfinder

42. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from 44. An aeroplane flying at a height of 3000 m passes
two points P and Q at distance m 2 and n 2 vertically above another aeroplane at an instant,
respectively, from the base and in the same when the angles of elevation of the two planes
straight line with it are complementary. The from some point on the ground are 60° and 45°,
height of the tower is e 2015 I respectively. Then, the vertical distance between
(a) (mn)1/ 2 (b) mn1/ 2 the two planes is e 2015 II
(a) 1000 ( 3 − 1) m (b) 1000 3 m
(c) m1/ 2 n (d) mn
(c) 1000 (3 − 3 ) m (d) 3000 3 m
43. A pole is standing erect on the ground which is 45. Two observers are stationed due North of a
horizontal, The tip of the pole is tied tight with a
tower (of height x m) at a distance y m from each
rope of length 12 m to a point on the ground. If
other. The angles of elevation of the tower
the rope is making 30° with the horizontal, then observed by them are 30° and 45°, respectively.
the height of the pole is e 2015 II
Then, x / y is equal to e 2016 I
(a) 2 3 m (b) 3 2 m 2 −1 3 −1 3+1
(c) 3 m (d) 3 m (a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2 2 2

ANSWERS
1 c 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 b 7 b 8 d 9 d 10 b
11 c 12 b 13 d 14 a 15 a 16 b 17 c 18 c 19 c 20 b
21 c 22 a 23 a 24 a 25 b 26 a 27 d 28 c 29 c 30 b
31 a 32 c 33 a 34 c 35 c 36 b 37 b 38 c 39 d 40 c
41 c 42 d 43 d 44 c 45 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (c) Let the height of the tree be h m. ∴ y=h …(i) and in right angled ∆BCE ,
∴ BC = h m and AB = 16 m and in right angled ∆PTA , CE 75
tan 60° = ⇒ 3=
h x
C tan30° = ⇒ x = 3h …(ii) BC
x ⇒ x 3 = 75
∴ Required distance, AB = x + y ⇒( 75 3 − h 3 ) 3 = 75 [from Eq. (i)]
hm x + y = 3h + h = h ( 3 + 1) m ⇒ 75 × 3 − 3h = 75
75 × 2
3. (c) Let height of the building be h m ⇒ 3h = 75 × 3 − 75 ⇒ h =
60° and distance between building and 3
A B ∴ h = 50 m
16 m tower be x m.
In right angled ∆ABC , ∴ AB = h m and BC = x m Hence, the height of the building is
BC h h E 50 m.
tan 60° = = ⇒ 3=
(75 – h) m

AB 16 16 4. (c) Let BC be a building of height h m

⇒ h = 16 3 m and CD be a height of antenna. and let
Hence, the height of the tree is 16 3 m. distance between A and B = x m
30°
A x D 75 m D
2. (a) In right angled
h h
∆PBT, tan 45° = ⇒ 1=
y y h 100 m
P
30° 45° 60° C
B x C
In right angled ∆ADE,
h hm
ED 1 75 − h 60°
tan 30° = ⇒ =
30° 45° AD 3 x 45°
A xm B
A x T y B ⇒ x = 75 3 − h 3 …(i)
MATHEMATICS > Height and Distance 231

In right angled ∆ABC , 7. (b) Let A be the observer. When the 9. (d) Let BC be the tower and CD be the
BC h aeroplane was at point B the angle of flagstaff.
tan 45° = = ⇒x = h ...(i)
AB x elevation was 60° and after 10 s when ∴ ∠BAC = α and ∠BAD = β
and in right angled ∆ABD, it was at point C the angle of elevation
was 30°. In right angled ∆ABC ,
DB DC + CB 100 + h
tan 60° = = = Here, in the figure, D
BA AB x BE = CD = 1 km = 1000 m
100 + h
⇒ 3= [from Eq. (i)] B C h
h
⇒ 3h = 100 + h 1 km 1 km C
100
⇒ ( 3 − 1) h = 100 ⇒ h = 60° β
3−1 30°
A D A α
E B
100 ( 3 + 1)
⇒ h= × In right angled ∆BAE, BC
( 3 − 1) ( 3 + 1) BE 1000 tan α = …(i)
tan 60° = = AB
= 50 ( 3 + 1) m AE AE
and in right angled ∆ABD,
Hence, the height of the building is ⇒ AE = 1000 cot 60°
BD BC + h
=
1000 = = tan β …(ii)
50 ( 3 + 1) m. m …(i) AB AB
3
5. (c) Let the height of the tower be h m On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
and length of the shadow ( BC ) be x m. In right angled ∆ACD,
DC 1000 BC + h tan β
In right angled ∆ACD, tan 30° = = =
CD AD AD BC tan α
tan 30° =
AC ⇒ AD = 1000 cot 30° = 1000 3 ⇒ ( BC + h ) tan α = BC tan β
1 h 15 ∴ ED = AD − AE ⇒ BC (tan β − tan α ) = h tan α
⇒ = ⇒h= m …(i) 1000 2000
3 15 3 = 1000 3 − = m h tan α
D 3 3 ∴ BC =
tan β − tan α
So, distance travelled by plane in 10 s,
then
2000 10. (b) Let O be the window and AB be
h BC = DE = m
3 the house on the opposite side of the
Distance street.
∴ Speed of aeroplane =
30° 60° Time A
A x 2000
B C
2000 × 60 × 60
15 m = 3 m/s = km/h h´
and in right angled ∆BCD, 10 10 3 × 1000 O θ
φ P
tan 60° =
CD
⇒ 3= ⇒
h h
=x = 240 3 km/h
BC x 3 Hence, the uniform speed of the h h
15 aeroplane is 240 3 km/h.
∴ x= =5m O´ B
3
8. (d) Let TP be the man and SQ be the
[from Eq. (i)] Let AP = h ′
pole. S
Hence, the length of shadow is 5 m. and BP = OO ′ = h
When sun’s altitude is 60°.
T θ In right angled ∆AOP,
R 10/3 m
6. (b) Let the height of pole be h m, then AP h′
tan θ = = …(i)
PQ = RQ = h 2m
OP OP
In right angled ∆PRQ , Q
P 4/√3 m and in right angled ∆BOP,
moon
R PB h
Let ∠STR = θ tan φ = = …(ii)
OP OP
Now, SR = SQ − RQ
h h ′ tan θ
pole 10 4 ∴ = [by Eq. (i) ÷ Eq. (ii)]
= − 2 = m [QRQ = TP] h tan φ
θ
3 3
P Q In right angled ∆STR , ⇒ h ′ = h tan θ cot φ
h
RQ h tan θ =
SR SR
= [Q TR = PQ] ∴ Height of the house
tan θ = = =1 TR PQ
PQ h AB = AP + PB = h + h ′
⇒ tan θ = 1 = tan 45° ∴ θ = 45° 4 3 1
= × = = tan 30° = h tan θ cot φ + h
Hence, the angle of elevation of moon 3 4 3
= h [tan θ cot φ + 1]
is 45°. ∴ θ = 30°
232 CDS Pathfinder

11. (c) In right angled ∆BAC , On multiplying Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get In right angled ∆ACB, tan 45° =
AB
BC s s 4h 2h AC
tan α = = ⇒p = …(i) ⇒ × =1
tanα h
AC p K K ⇒ 1= ⇒ h = 60 m ...(i)
K2 60
B ⇒ 8h 2 = K 2 ⇒ h 2 =
8 Now, in right angled ∆ADB,
K 60
∴ h= m tan 30° =
AB
=
AB
=
2 2 AD AC + CD 60 + x
Hence, the height of shorter post is
[from Eq. (i)]
s K
m. 1 60
2 2 ⇒ = ⇒ 60 + x = 60 3
3 60 + x
13. (d) Let O be an observer at a height ⇒ x = 60( 3 − 1) = 60( 173
. − 1)
30 m. Let x be the distance of observer
= 60 × 0.73 = 438
. m
α β from the top of the flagstaff.
A D q C Now, given time = 5 s
i.e. OC = x
p Distance
x C We know that, Speed =
O
α Time
In right angled ∆BDC , α 5m 438
. 18 788.4
BC s s B ∴ Speed of boat = × =
tan β = = ⇒q= …(ii) 5 5 25
DC q tan 3α
30 m 25 m = 31.5 km/h
[Q β = 3α, given] 15. (a) Let AC = h ft = Height of a tree
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we A and x ft = Distance between A and F
get then AE = ( 160 − x) ft
s s Here, AB be the tower of the flag staff
p−q= − = 25 m and BC be the flag staff = 5 m In right angled ∆AFC ,
tan α tan 3α
 tan 3α − tan α  In right angled ∆OBC , tan 30° =
AC h
= ⇒
1
=
h
= s 
tan α =
BC 5
=
AF x 3 x
 tan α tan 3α 
  OC x ⇒ x = 3h …(i)
⇒ x = 5 cot α ...(i) C N
12. (b) Let PQ and RS be the two posts such
In right angled ∆OCA,
that PQ = 2RS [given] h W E
AC 30
Q tan 2 α = = [Q AC = AB + BC ]
OC x F 30° 60° E
S 30 x A (160 – x) S
∴ tan 2 α = [from Eq. (i)] 160 ft
2h 5 cot α
and in right angled ∆AEC ,
h ⇒ tan 2α = 6 tan α
θ 90°– θ tan 60° =
AC
=
h
2 tan α
R M P ⇒ = 6 tan α AE 160 − x
K 1 − tan 2 α
h
  ⇒ 3= [Qtan 60° = 3]
Given, M is the mid-point of RP. 2 tan α 160 − x
Q tan 2α = 
K  1 − tan 2 α  ⇒ 3( 160 − x) = h
∴ RM = PM = [Q RP = K given]  
2 2 ⇒ 3( 160 − 3h ) = h [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ 3 − 3 tan 2 α = 1 ⇒ tan 2 α =
Let ∠RMS = θ 3 ⇒ 160 3 − 3h = h ⇒ 4h = 160 3
∴ ∠QMP = 90° − θ 2 ∴ h = 40 3 ft
⇒ tan α = or cot α = 3 / 2
Let RS = h, then PQ = 2h 3 Hence, the height of the tree is 40 3 ft.
3
Now, in right angled ∆PMQ, or x=5 m [from Eq. (i)] 16. (b) Let the height of the post be h m, and
PQ
2 AB = x m.
tan ( 90° − θ) = 14. (a) Let height of towerAB be h m and Given, BC = 20 m
MP D
2h 4h distance between C and D be x m.
⇒ cot θ = =
(h – x) m

k/2 k B
4h 30°
45°
or cot θ = …(i)
K
A hm
In right angled ∆SRM, hm (h – x) m
SR h
tanθ = =
RM K / 2 xm
2h 30°
⇒ = tan θ …(ii) 45° 30°
K A C x D C 20 m B
60 m
MATHEMATICS > Height and Distance 233

In right angled ∆ABC , 18. (c) Let the height of the incomplete 20. (b) Let the radar base is at point A. The
AB 1 x pillar be x m and the increasing height plane is at point D in the first sweep and
tan 30° = ⇒ =
BC 3 20 be PC = h m. at point E in the second sweep. The
20 Given, AB = 100 m distance it covers in the one minute
⇒ x= m …(i) P interval is DE.
3
E D
BC 20 h
and cos 30° = =
AC h−x
3 20 40 C
⇒ = ⇒ h−x= 1000 m
2 h−x 3 °
60
From Eq. (i), putting the value of x , x 30°
A B C
40 20 60 3
h= + = × = 20 3 m 60° From the figure,
3 3 3 3 45°
A B
100 m In right angled ∆ADC , we get
Hence, the height of the post is 20 3 m.
In right angled ∆ABC , DC 1000 1000
tan30° = = ⇒ AC =
17. (c) Let P be the cloud and P ′ its image in AC AC tan 30°
BC x
the lake. Let T be the point ‘h’ m above tan 45° = = ⇒ x = 100 m...(i) Similarly, in ∆EAB, we get
the surface of the lake and let x be the AB 100
EB 1000 1000
height of the cloud. and in right angled ∆APB, tan 60° = = ⇒ AB =
P AB AB tan 60°
PB PC + BC x+ h
tan 60° = = = Total distance covered by plane in 1 min,
β AB AB 100
T Mx then
α ⇒ x + h = 100 3
h DE = AC − AB
⇒ h = 100 3 − x = 100 3 − 100 1000 1000
S N DE = −
[from Eq. (i)] tan 30° tan 60°
∴ h = 100 ( 3 − 1) m 1000
x = 1000 3 − = 1154.70 m
Hence, the height of the incomplete 3
pillar is 100( 3 − 1) m.
The speed of the plane is given by
P´ 19. (c) Let AB be the tower and C , D be the s = distance covered/time taken
∴ ST = h two positions of the car.
= DE / 60 = 19.25 m/s.
Then, ∠ACB = 45° , ∠ADB = 30°.
Also, NP = NP ′ = x [say] 21. (c) R
Let AB = h , CD = x and AC = y .
Then, PM = x − h
B
P ′M = x + h

tower
In right angled ∆PTM, x h
PM
TM
= tan β h ()
3
q = sin–1 5
∴ x − h = TM tan β …(i) P 20 m Q
In right angled ∆P ′TM, 30° 45° Let P be the point of observation and
P ′M D x C y A QR be the tower.
= tan α
Given that, θ = sin −1   , PQ = 20 m.
TM 3
In right angled ∆ABC , we get 5
x + h = TM tan α …(ii) AB h
= tan 45° = 1 ⇒ =1 Let the height of the tower, QR = h and
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get AC y
x − h tan β PR = x
= ⇒ y=h …(i)
x + h tan α From the right angled ∆PQR,
In right angled ∆ABD, we get
 3 
⇒ sin sin −1   = h / x
QR
Using componendo and dividendo rule, AB
= tan30° =
1
⇒
h
=
1 sin θ =
we get PR   5  
AD 3 x+ y 3
x − h + x + h tan β + tan α 3 h 5h
= ⇒ x + y = 3h …(ii) ⇒ = ⇒x= …(i)
x − h − x − h tan β − tan α 5 x 3
∴ x = 3h − h = h ( 3 − 1)
2x tan β + tan α From pythagoras theorem, we get,
⇒ = [by Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
−2h tan β − tan α PQ 2 + QR2 = PR2
Now, h ( 3 − 1) is covered in 12 min. ⇒ 202 + h 2 = x2
x tan β + tan α
⇒ = So, h will be covered in 2
h tan α − tan β
202 + h 2 =   [using Eq. (i)]
5h
  ⇒
x sin β cos α + cos β sin α 12 12 3
⇒ =  × h = min. 2
h sin α cos β − cos α sin β  h ( 3 − 1)  ( 3 − 1) 25h 2 16 h
  ⇒ 202 + h 2 = ⇒ = 202
sin(α + β ) 9 9
= 
= 1200 
sin(α − β )  min ≈ 16 min 23 s 3 × 20
 73  ∴ h= = 15 m
∴ x = h sin (α + β ) cosec (α − β ) 4
234 CDS Pathfinder

x + h/2 28. (c) Refer to example 3.

22. (a) Let O be the position of the man’s eye In ∆ABD, cot α =
and C be the centre of the balloon. h
29. (c) Let θ be the inclination of the ladder
B 3 x + h/2
∴ = to the horizontal.
4 h
h
C ⇒ 3h = 4x + 2h ⇒ x =
4 B
α/2 h
Hence, required distance is
α/2 A 4

m
O D

20
β 26. (a) Let θ be the angle of elevation of Sun
α and height of the pole be h m.
Now, ∠BOC = ∠COA = θ
2 A A 10 m O
Given, CA = BC = r
CD Now, in right angled ∆ AOB ,
In right angled ∆COD, sin β = h
OC AO 10 1
θ cos θ = = =
∴ CD = OC sin β …(i) AB 20 2
C B
In right angled ∆ COA, √3 h ⇒ cos θ = cos 60°
α CA
sin = In right angled ∆ABC , ∴ θ = 60°
2 OC
α AB h Hence, the angle of inclination of the
∴ OC =
r tan θ = ⇒ tan θ =
α = r cosec 2 BC 3h ladder is 60°.
sin
1
2 ⇒ tan θ = = tan 30° Solutions (Q. Nos. 30-33)
α 3
From Eq. (i), CD = r cosec sin β 30. (b) Given, β = 30°
2 ∴ θ = 30° AE
Hence, the height of centre of the In right angled ∆ADE, tan β =
α Hence, the angle of elevation of Sun is 30°. DE
balloon is r sin β cosec . AE 1 AE
2 27. (d) Let AE be the height of the cliff and tan30° = ⇒ =
h m (BD) be the height of the tower. DE 3 DE
23. (a) Let AB be the tower of height h m,
BC be x m and DC be h / 2 m. A 3 + 3 
30° ⇒ DE = 3 AE = 3   h
200 − h

A 45°  2 
3
30° ⇒ BC = DE = ( 1 + 3 ) h ... (i)
B x C 2
200 m

h A
h
α β α
B C
D C x B 45° θ 3+√3 h m
h/2 x E
D 2
In right angled ∆ABD,
In right angled ∆ABC , hm
h x+ h/ 2 200 − h
tanα = ⇒ cot α = . tan30° =
AC
=
x+ h/ 2 h β θ
BC x D E
…(i) 1 200 − h
Now, in right angled ∆ABC , ⇒ = [Q BC = DE ]
3 x
h
tanβ = ⇒ cot β =
x
…(ii) ⇒ x = ( 200 − h ) 3 …(i) Now, in right angled ∆ABC ,
x h AC
and in right angled ∆ADE, ⇒ tanα =
Subtracting eq. (ii) from eq. (i), we get BC
x + h/2 x AE 200
cot α − cot β = − tan 45° = = ⇒ BC tan α = ( AE − CE )
h h DE x
200 = ( AE − BD ) [Q BD = CE ]
x + h/ 2−x h/ 2 1 ⇒ 1= ⇒ x = 200 m
= = = x 3 + 3 
h h 2 ⇒ BC tanα =   h−h
From Eq. (i), 200 = ( 200 − h ) 3  2 
24. (a) We have, cot α − cot β = 1/2
⇒ 200 = 200 3 − h 3 3 + 3 − 2
⇒ cot 30°− cot β = 1/ 2 =h 
⇒ h 3 = 200( 3 − 1)  2 
⇒ cot β = cot 30°−1 / 2
 3 − 1  1+ 3 
h = 200   m
= 3 − 1/ 2 3
∴ ⇒ (1 + 3 ) h tan α =   h
 3  2  2 
25. (b) tanβ = 4 ⇒ cot β = 1/ 4  
we have, cot α − cot β = 1 / 2 Hence, the height of tower is [from Eq. (i)]
3 200( 3 − 1) 1
⇒ cot α = cot β + 1/2 = 1/ 4 + 1/2 = m. ∴ tan α =
4 3 3
MATHEMATICS > Height and Distance 235

31. (a) Given, α = 30 ° ( 3 − 1) 3 37. (b) Let h m be the height of the tower
⇒ tan θ = ⋅
In right angled ∆ABC , 3 3 and BC be x m.
AC 1 AC (3 − 3 ) In right angled ∆BCD,
tan α = tan 30° = , = ∴ tan θ =
BC 3 BC DC h
3 3 tan 60° = =
⇒ BC = 3 AC = 3 ( AE − CE ) BC x
34. (c) Let θ be the angle of elevation, h
⇒ 3= ⇒ h=x 3 ...(i)
= 3 ( AE − BD ) [Q BD = CE ] A x
3 + 3  D
= 3 − 1 h
 2 
3
= (1 + 3) h ...(ii) x
h
2
Now, in right angled ∆ADE,
θ
AE 30° 60°
tan β = B C C
DE x/ 3 A B
AE In right angled ∆ABC , 50 m x
⇒ tan β = [Q DE = BC ]
AC x 3x Now, in right angled ∆ACD,
BC tanθ = = x = = 3
3 + 3  3( 1 + 3 ) BC x DC
  h h 3 tan30 ° =
 2  2 AC
⇒ = Here, tanθ = 3 = tan 60°
3 3 (1 + 3) ∴ θ = 60° [Q tan 60° = 3 ] =
DC
=
h
(1 + 3) h
2 h AB + BC 50 + x
2 35. (c) Given, radius of circle (OC ) = r
∴ tan β = 1 1 x 3
⇒ = [from Eq. (i)]
32. (c) Given, α = 30° and h = 30 m O 3 50 + x
In right angled ∆ABC , r ⇒ 50 + x = 3x ⇒ x = 25 m
1 AC
tan α = tan 30° = = C ∴ h = 25 3 m
3 BC h
BC ° Hence, the height of tower is 25 3 m.
⇒ = ( AE − CE ) = ( AE − BD ) 60
3 38. (c) Let person be at point C and observes
60°
[Q BD = CE ] A B a tower in West direction at B.
3 + 3  In right angled ∆ABO, ∴ BC = 200 m
⇒ BC = 3  − 1 h
 2  OB OB N
sin 60° = ⇒ AO = ...(i)
(1+ 3) AO sin 60°
⇒ BC = 3 ⋅ 30
2 Now, in right angled ∆AOC , A
= ( 3 + 3) ⋅ 15 60° OC OC
sin = ⇒ AO = ...(ii) 300 m
∴ DE = BC = ( 45 + 15 3 ) m 2 AO sin30° D
[Q DE = BC ] From Eqs. (i) and (ii), θ
C
33. (a) Given, β = 30° OB
=
OC
⇒
h
=
r W E
B 200 m
In right angled ∆ ADE , tan β =
AE sin 60 ° sin 30 ° 3 1
DE 2 S
2
3 + 3  ∴ h = 3r He walks some distance and reach at A.
 h Now, he observe tower in South
 2 
⇒ tan 30° = 36. (b) Let h m be the height of shorter direction at B.
DE tower and the distance between the two ∴ AB = 300 m
 1+ 3  towers is mh m.
3 h Given, ∠ABD = 30° and ∠BAC = 60°
Let BD be the shortest distance of tower
1  2  from the road, which is a perpendicular
⇒ = C
3 DE distance.
3
⇒ DE = ( 1 + 3 ) h …(i) If ∠ABD = θ , then
D ∠CBD = 90° − θ
2
In right angled ∆BDE, 30 m [Q angle between S and W = 90° ]
BD h h
tan θ = = In right angled ∆ADB,
DE DE BD BD
h cosθ = ⇒ cosθ = ...(i)
⇒ tan θ = [from Eq. (i)] A
60° 30°
B AB 300
3 mh m
(1 + 3) h
2 In right angled ∆CDB,
In right angled ∆ABD,
2 ( 3 − 1) cos ( 90° − θ ) =
BD
⇒ tan θ = tan 30° =
h
⇒
1
=
1
3 ( 3 + 1) ( 3 − 1) mh 3 m
BC
BD
2( 3 − 1) ⇒ m= 3 ⇒ sinθ = ...(ii)
⇒ tan θ = 200
3⋅ 2 Hence, the value of m is 3.
236 CDS Pathfinder

We know that, cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 In right angled ∆QMB, In ∆ABC , sin30° =

AB
=
h
2 2
 BD  +  BD  = 1 MQ H + 200 AC 12
⇒     tan 60° = = 1
 300   200  BM BM ⇒
h
=
H + 200 12 2
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] ⇒ 3= [from Eq. (i)]
2  40000 + 90000  3( H − 200) ∴ h=
12 2 3
= = 3m
⇒ BD =1
 90000 × 40000  2 2
⇒ H + 200 = 3( H − 200)
BD 2 
130000  ⇒ H + 200 = 3H − 600 44. (c) Let A and B be the position of two
⇒ =1
 3600000000  planes and D be a point.
⇒ 2H = 800
360000 ∴ H = 400 m A
⇒ BD 2 =
13 Hence, the height of the cloud is 400 m.
360000 600
∴ BD = =

3000 m
m 41. (c) Let BC = h m be height of tower. Let B
13 13 P and Q be the points, where the
39. (d) Let AB be the height of the post, AC angle subtended are 45° and 60°, h
be the string and the angle made by respectively. 60°
D 45° C
string with the post be θ. 45° C x
A h
60° In ∆BCD, tan 45° =
x
θ ⇒ h=x
2h h
3000
h In ∆ACD, tan 60° = 3 =
x
60° 3000 3
45° Q x= × = 1000 3 m
P Q x B 3 3
B C
100 (3–√3) m ∴ AB = 3000 − h
AB h 1 In right angled ∆BCQ,
Now, cosθ = = ⇒ = cos 60° = 3000 − 1000 3
AC 2h 2
π tan 60° =
BC
⇒ 3=
h = 1000(3 − 3 ) m
∴ θ= BQ x
3 AC
h 45. (c) In right angled ∆ADC , tan 45° =
40. (c) Let P be the cloud at a height Hm ⇒ x= ...(i) DC
above the level of the water in the lake 3 AC
⇒ DC = =x …(i)
and Q be its image in the water. In right angled ∆PBC , tan 45°
P BC BC A
tan 45° = =
(H – 200)

PB PQ + QB
h
⇒ 1= x
B 30°
H 100(3 − 3 ) + x
M
200 m
60°
200 m
⇒ 100 (3 − 3 ) + x = h 30° 45°
h y
⇒ 100(3 − 3 ) + = h [from Eq. (i)] B D C
A O 3
h In right angled ∆BCA, we get
⇒ h− = 100(3 − 3 )
AC x
3 tan30° = ⇒
h( 3 − 1) BC DC + BD
H ⇒ = 100 3( 3 − 1) 1 x
3 ⇒ = ⇒ y + x = 3x
3 y+x
⇒ h = 100 3 × 3
∴ h = 300 m ⇒ y = x ( 3 − 1)
Q x 1
42. (d) Refer to example 3. ⇒ =
∴ OQ = OP = H y ( 3 − 1)
43. (d) AB is a pole and AC is rope.
Given, ∠PBM = 30° and ∠MBQ = 60° x 1 × ( 3 + 1)
A ⇒ =
In right angled ∆PBM, y ( 3 − 1)( 3 + 1)
PM H − 200
tan30° = = x ( 3 + 1)
pe

⇒ =
m
√1

BM BM
Ro

y ( 3 )2 − ( 1)2
2

h
1 H − 200
⇒ = Pole
x ( 3 + 1)
3 BM ∴ =
30° y 2
⇒ BM = 3( H − 200) ...(i) C B
22
237

LINES AND ANGLES

Usually (2-3) questions have been asked from this chapter. And this is the easiest topic of geometry
and so candidate can easily score marks in examinations.

In this chapter, we will study about the properties of Ray

the angles which formed, when two lines intersect each A ray extends indefinitely in one direction. This is
other and when a line intersect two or more parallel →
lines at distinct points. exhibited by an arrow i.e. PQ .
• P is called the initial point of the ray. The ray has no
Basic Terms and Definitions definite length.
Point Collinear Points
The figure of which length, breadth and height cannot
Three or more points are said to be collinear if a single
be measured is called a point. It is infinitesind.
straight line passes through them. Here, A, B and C are
Line Segment collinear.

The straight path between two points P and Q is called

a line segment.
Non-collinear Points
This can be represented as PQ.
Three or more points not lying on a single straight line
• P and Q are called the end points of the line segment.
are called non-collinear points. Here, A, B and C are
• The line segment has a definite length.
non-collinear points.
• Distance between P and Q is called the length of the
line segment PQ.
Line
A line segment extended endlessly on both sides, is
↔
called a line. It is denoted by PQ Intersecting Lines
↔
or QP. Two lines having a common
point are called intersecting
• A line is a set of infinite number of points.
lines. This common point
• A line have no end points and no definite length.
is the point of intersection
i.e. O.
238 CDS Pathfinder

Concurrent Lines 5. Reflex angle An angle whose measure is more than

180°, but less than 360°, is called a reflex angle.
Three or more lines intersecting A S
at the same point are said to be O O A
concurrent. This common point P Q
is the point of concurrence i.e. O. B
R B
In the given figure, 180 ° < ∠ AOB < 360 °
Non Intersecting lines/Parallel Lines
6. Complete angle An angle whose
If two lines lie in the same plane and do not intersect A
measure is 360°, is called a complete O
when produced on either side, then such
lines are said to be parallel to each other.
l angle. In the given figure, ∠AOA is a complete angle.
m
If l and m are two parallel lines, we write l || m and read
it as l is parallel to m .
Pairs of Angle
1. Complementary Angles
ANGLES Two angles are said to be
complementary, if the sum of
An angle is formed by two rays with a common initial
their measure is 90°. Thus, ∠θ1
point. Let ‘O’ is the initial point, then O is called the
and ∠θ 2 are complementary, if
vertex.
∠ θ1 + ∠ θ 2 = 90 ° θ1
θ2
A • Complementary angles are O
complement of each other.
R

P • Complement of x is (90 ° − x ).
m
ar
angle
vertex EXAMPLE 1. The measure of an angle which is 28°
O arm B more than its complement is
Where, P is a point in the interior of ∠AOB and R is a a. 23° b. 59° c. 77° d. None of these
point in the exterior of ∠AOB. Sol. b. Let the measure of the required angle be x°. Then,
measure of its complement = 90° − x
Types of Angle ∴ x − (90° − x) = 28° ⇔ 2x = 118°
1. Acute angle An angle whose measure is more than
⇔ x = 59°
0°, but less than 90°, is called an acute angle.
Hence, the measure of the required angle is 59°.
A
EXAMPLE 2. The measure of the complement of an
angle of 48° 36 ′ 24′ ′ is
O B a. 41°23′ 36′′ b. 42°23′ 36′ c. 41°24′ 36′′ d. 42°24′ 36′′
In the given figure, 0 ° < ∠AOB < 90 ° Sol. a. As, 90° = 89° 59′ 60′′
A ∴ Complement of an angle of ( 48° 36′ 24′′)
2. Right angle An angle whose measure is
90°, is called a right angle. = Angle of [90° − 48° 36′ 24′′ ]
In the given figure, ∠AOB = 90 °. = Angle of [89° 59′ 60′′ − 48° 36′ 24′′]
O B
= Angle of ( 41° 23′ 36′′)
3. Obtuse angle An angle whose measure is more than
90° but less than 180°, is called an obtuse angle. 2. Supplementary Angles
A
Two angles are said to be supplementary, if the sum of
their measures is 180°. Thus, ∠ θ1 and ∠θ 2 are
O B supplementary if θ1 + θ 2 = 180 °
In the given figure, 90 ° < ∠ AOB < 180 °.
θ2
4. Straight angle An angle whose θ1
• • •
measure is 180°, is called a straight A O B
angle. • Supplementary angles are supplement of each other.
In the figure, ∠ AOB = 180 ° • Supplement of x is (180 ° − x).
MATHEMATICS Lines and Angles 239

EXAMPLE 3. The measure of an angle, which is 32° If two lines PQ and RS intersects at a point O, then the
less than its supplement is pair of ∠POR and ∠QOS or pair of ∠POS and ∠ROQ
a. 31° b. 64° c. 74° d. 148° is said to be a pair of vertically opposite angles.
Sol. c. Let the measure of the required angle be x. Then, P
S
measure of its supplement = (180° − x)
∴ (180° − x) − x = 32° ⇔ 2x = 148° ⇔ x = 74° O

R Q
EXAMPLE 4. Two supplementary angles are in the
ratio 3 : 2. Then, the measurement of the smaller angle is • Vertically opposite angles are always equal
a. 36° b. 72° c. 108° d. 112° i.e. ∠POS = ∠ROQ and ∠POR = ∠SOQ .
Sol. b. Let the supplementary angles be 3x and 2x, • Sum of the angles around a point is 360 °.
respectively. Then, according to the definition of
EXAMPLE 5. In the given figure if DOC is a straight
supplementary angle.
ray OB is bisector of ∠AOC, where ∠AOC = 110 ° and
3x + 2x = 180° ∠COE = 120 °, then the sum of ∠x, ∠y and ∠z is
⇒ 5x = 180° ⇒ x = 36°
A
∴ Angles will be 3x = 3 × 36 = 108° B

and 2x = 2 × 36 = 72°. 110°

y z
Thus, the smaller angle is 72°. O
D x C
120°
Bisector of an Angle
A ray which divides the angle into
P E
two equal parts, is called the bisector
of an angle. S a. 160° b. 115° c. 170° d. 180°
If a ray OS is the bisector of ∠POQ, Sol. d. Since, DOC is a straight line
O
then ∠POS = ∠QOS. Q ∠AOC + ∠DOA = 180° [Linear pair]
1 110° + ∠DOA = 180° [Q ∠AOC = 110° ]
• ∠POS = ∠QOS = ∠POQ
2 ∠DOA = 70°
∠DOA = ∠y = 70°
Adjacent Angles Also, ray OB is angle bisector of ∠AOC
Two angles are said to be adjacent, if ∠AOC 110°
∠z = = = 55°
(i) they have a common vertex. 2 2
R
(ii) they have a common arm Q Line BE and DC intersect each other at O.
Q
(iii) their non-common arms are on ∠x = ∠z = 55° [Q vertically opposite angle]
either side of the common arm. O P
∴ ∠x + ∠y + ∠z = 55°+70°+55° = 180°
Here, ∠POQ and ∠ROQ are adjacent angles.

Linear Pairs of Angles Some Other Angles

Let l and m are parallel lines and n is the transversal
If the non-common arms of two adjacent angles form a
which cuts these parallel lines. The different angles
line, then these angles are called linear pair of angles.
formed are as follows.
∠ROP and ∠ROQ form a linear pair of angles.
n
R

2 1 l
P O Q 3
4
∴ ∠POQ = ∠ROP + ∠ROQ = 180 °
6 5 m
Vertically Opposite Angles 7 8
Two angles are called a pair of vertically opposite
angles, if their arms form two pairs of opposite rays.
240 CDS Pathfinder

1. Corresponding angles Corresponding angle pairs EXAMPLE 6. In the given figure, PQ || RS . The value of
are x is
∠1 and ∠5, ∠ 2 and ∠6, ∠ 4 and ∠8, ∠ 3 and ∠7 and T
all the corresponding pair are equal x
100
i.e., ∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6, ∠4 = ∠8 and ∠3 = ∠7. R S
50
Q
2. Vertically opposite angles Vertically opposite P
angles pairs are a. 50° b. 80° c. 75° d. 65°
∠1 and ∠ 3, ∠ 4 and ∠ 2, ∠8 and ∠6, ∠5 and ∠7 and Sol. a. Draw AB || PQ
all vertically opposite angles are equal ∴ ∠ATP = ∠TPQ = 50° [alternate angles]
i.e., ∠1 = ∠3, ∠4 = ∠2, ∠8 = ∠6 and ∠5 = ∠7. and ∠BTR + ∠TRS = 180°
[Angles on the same side of transversal]
3. Alternate angles Alternate angles pairs are T
∠ 3 and ∠5, ∠ 4 and ∠6 and they are equal A B
x
i.e., ∠3 = ∠5 and ∠4 = ∠6. 100°
S
• The sum of interior angles on the same side of R
50°
transversal is equal to 180 °. P Q
i.e., ∠3 + ∠6 = 180 ° and ∠4 + ∠5 = 180 °
⇒ ∠BTR = 80°
• The sum of exterior angles on the same side of and ∠ATP + x + ∠BTR = 180° [ Q ATB is a straight line]
transversal is equal to 180°.
i.e., ∠2 + ∠7 = 180 ° and ∠1 + ∠8 = 180 ° ∴ x = 180° − ( 50° + 80° ) = 50°

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Three lines intersect each other in pairs. What is 7. If ∠1 = ( 5x − 20)° and ∠7 = ( 2x + 10)°, then ∠7 is
the total number of angles so formed? l
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
1 2
2. An angle is 14° more than its complement. Then, m 3 4
its measure is
(a) 166° (b) 86° (c) 76° (d) 52°
5 6
3. The measure of an angle is twice the measure of n 8 7
its supplementary angle. So, its measure is
(a) 120° (b) 60° (c) 100° (d) 90°
(a) 38° (b) 10°
4. What is the least number of straight lines for a (c) 30° (d) 70°
bounded plane figure?
8. The measure of complementary angle of 12° 25′
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
40′′ is
3 (a) 77° 34′ 20′′ (b) 77° 36′ 20′′ (c) 77° 24′ 20′′ (d) 77° 34′
5. The supplement of of a right angle is
5
(a) 122° (b) 126° (c) 130° (d) 132°
9. ∠POR and ∠QOR form a linear pair and if
a − b = 80°, then the values of a and b are,
6. In the given figure, if PQ||SR, then the relation respectively
between ∠a and ∠b is R
a
P A Q
a°
b°
B P O Q
S R
b
(a) 95°, 85° (b) 108°, 72°
(a) ∠a ≠ ∠b (b) ∠a < ∠b (c) ∠a = ∠b (d) ∠a > ∠b (c) 130°, 50° (d) 105°, 75°
MATHEMATICS Lines and Angles 241

10. In the given figure, the value of y is 17. The value of x in the given figure is
C F A
P 45°
5y O 2y
A B
5y x B

E D 30°
(a) 25° (b) 35° (c) 15° (d) 40° Q C
11. AB and CD are two parallel lines. PQ cuts AB and (a) 75° (b) 185°
CD at E and F, respectively. EL is the bisector of (c) 285° (d) 245°
∠FEB. If ∠LEB = 35°; then ∠CFQ will be 18. In the given figure, AB||CD, ∠DPL =
1
∠NPO,
(a) 110° (b) 85° (c) 70° (d) 95° and OP⊥ XY the value of x° is 2
12. AB and CD are two B X
A
parallel lines. The 65° E F
points B and C are M 60°
35° A B
joined such that
∠ABC = 65°. A line D O L
CE is drawn making C
N x
angle of 35° with the line CB, EF is drawn parallel C D
P
to AB, as show in figure, then ∠CEF is equal to Y
(a) 160° (b) 155° (c) 150° (d) 145° (a) 30° (b) 40° (c) 15° (d) 25°
13. In the given figure, if EC|| AB, ∠ECD = 70°, 19. In the given figure, AB||CD and they cut PQ
∠BDO = 20°, then ∠OBD is equal to and QR at E, F and G , H respectively. Then find
the value of x + y
E A A C
x Gx Q
y
70° O E
C D 140°
20° H
P 70°
B
(a) 70° (b) 60° (c) 50° (d) 20°
14. Two parallel lines AB and CD are intersected by F
a transversal line EF at M and N , respectively. R
B D
The lines MP and NP are the bisectors of the
interior angles BMN and DNM on the same side (a) 120° (b) 130°
(c) 150° (d) 132°
of the transversal. Then, ∠MPN is equal to
(a) 90° (b) 45° (c) 135° (d) 60° 20. Two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
15. In the given figure if l|| m, then the value of x is which of the following are true?
A I. Pair of alternate interior angles are congruent.
l
100° II. Pair of corresponding angles are congruent.
x+5
III. Pair of interior angles on the same side of the
O transversal are supplementary.
30° m
B Select the correct answer using the codes given
(a) 105° (b) 100° (c) 110° (d) 115° below
16. In the given figure, if ∠COE = 90°, then the (a) I, II and III are true (b) I and III are true
value of x is (c) I and II are true (d) II and III are true
A
D
21. Consider the following statements related to
z three lines L1 , L2 and L3 in the same plane.
2x O y
I. If L 2 and L3 are both parallel to L1 , then they
x
90° are parallel to each other.
C B II. If L 2 and L3 are both perpendicular to L1 then
E they are parallel to each other.
III. If there is acute angle between L1 and L3 , then
(a) 120° (b) 60° (c) 45° (d) 30° L 2 is parallel to L3 .
242 CDS Pathfinder

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 27. In the given figure, which of the
correct? following statements must be true? b c
(a) I and II (b) II and III I. a + b = d + c II. a + c + e = 180° a d
(c) All of these (d) None of these III. b + f = c + e IV. a + b + c = d + e + f f e
22. In the given figure, AB||CD, then which one of Select the correct answer using the codes
the following is true? given below
A E B (a) Only I (b) I, II and III
p° (c) II, III and IV (d) All of these
q° F 28. In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD. If
∠BAF = 98° and ∠AFC = 144°, then ∠ECD is
r° equal to?
C G D A B
(a) p + q − r = 180° (b) p + q + r = 180° 98°
(c) p − q + r = 180° (d) p + q − 2 r = 180° F 144°
23. LM is a straight line and O is a point on LM.
Line ON is drawn not coinciding with OL or OM. C D
If ∠MON is one-third of ∠LON , then what is
E
∠MON equal to?
(a) 45° (b) 60° (a) 62° (b) 64°
(c) 75° (d) 80° (c) 82° (d) 84°

24. Consider the following statements : 29. Consider the following statements :
If two parallel lines are intersected by a
Two lines intersected by a transversal are
transversal, then
parallel, if
I. each pair of corresponding angles are equal.
I. The pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
II. each pair of alternate angle are unequal.
II. The interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct?
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are (a) Only I (b) Only II
correct? (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 30. In the given figure, PQ is parallel to RS. Then
∠NMS is equal to
25. In the given figure AC|| BD and AE|| BF . What L
P Q
is the value of ∠x ? 55° 47°
C D
67° N

130°
A B
x R M S
60°
(a) 20° (b) 23° (c) 27° (d) 47°
G
E F 31. The line segments AB and CD intersect at O. OF
is the internal bisector of obtuse ∠BOC and OE
(a) 130° (b) 110°
(c) 70° (d) 50° is the internal bisector of acute ∠AOC. If
∠BOC = 130°, then what is the measure of
26. The necessary conditions for the line l and m to ∠FOE ?
be parallel when these lines are intersected by a (a) 90° (b) 110° (c) 115° (d) 120°
transversal line n is that
I. Interior angles on the same side are equal.
32. In the given figure below, AB is parallel to LM.
What is the angle a equal to?
II. Corresponding angles are equal.
A b B
III. Vertically opposite angles are equal.
a
IV. Alternate interior angles are equal.
L c M
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below (a) π + b + c (b) 2 π − b + c
(a) II and III (b) I, II and III (c) II and IV (d) I, II and IV (c) 2 π − b − c (d) 2 π + b − c
MATHEMATICS Lines and Angles 243

33. In the given figure, PQ is parallel to RS. What is Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
the angle between the lines PQ and LM? correct? e 2012 I
P (a) Only III (b) Only I (c) I and III (d) II and III
Q
55°
40. In the given figure, LOM is a straight line.
What is the value of x° ? e 2012 II
L
M Q P
155°
30°
R 25° S
50°
(a) 175° (b) 177° (c) 179° (d) 180° (x + 20)° (x – 10)°
L M
O
34. The length of a line segment AB is 2 units. It is
(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 70° (d) 80°
divided into two parts at the point C such that
AC 2 = AB × CB. What is the length of CB ? 41. If the arms of one angle are respectively parallel
(a) 3 + 5 units (b) 3 − 5 unit to the arms of another angle, then the two
(c) 2 − 5 unit (d) 3 units angles are e 2013 I
(a) Neither equal nor supplementary
Directions (Q.Nos 35-36) Read the information and (b) not equal but supplementary
answer the questions.' (c) equal but not supplementary
In the given figure, the lines CB and AC of a (d) Either equal or supplementary
triangle ABC are extended to D and F, respectively 42. The complement angle of 80° is e 2015 I
and CF || GE. 18 5π
(a) radian (b) radian
D 95° E F π 9
π 9
(c) radian (d) radian
G 18 5π

C y° 43. Let OA,OB,OC and OD be rays in the

x° anti-clockwise direction? Such that
∠AOB = ∠COD = 100°, ∠BOC = 82°
35° z° and ∠AOD = 78°.
A B
Consider the following statements
35. The sum of the value of x, y and z. I. AOC and BOD are lines.
(a) 250° (b) 180° (c) 230° (d) 110° II. ∠BOC and ∠AOD are supplementary. e 2015 I
36. The value of the angle which equals one-fifth of Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
the supplement of z ? correct?
(a) 50° (b) 26° (c) 10° (d) 130° (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 44. If a transversal intersects four parallel straight

lines, then the number of distinct values of the
37. AB is a straight line. C is a point whose distance angles formed will be e 2016 I
from AB is 3 cm. What is the number of points (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
which are at a distance of 1 cm from AB and
5 cm from C ? e 2012 I
45. p
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 80° z 40 x 3
°
38. The ratio of two complementary angle is 1 : 5.
What is the difference between the two angles?
e 2012 I 100° x y
q
(a) 60° (b) 90°
In the figure given above, p and q are parallel
(c) 120° (d) Cannot be determined
lines. What are the values of the angles x, y
39. Consider the following statements : and z ? e 2016 I
If two straight lines intersect, then (a) x = 80°, y = 40°, z = 100°
I. vertically opposite angles are equal. (b) x = 80° , y = 50°, z = 105°
II. vertically opposite angles are supplementary. (c) x = 70°, y = 40° , z = 110°
III. adjacent angles are complementary. (d) x = 60°, y = 20°, z = 120°
244 CDS Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 d 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 b 6 c 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 c
11 a 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 a 16 d 17 c 18 c 19 c 20 a
21 a 22 a 23 a 24 c 25 b 26 c 27 c 28 a 29 a 30 a
31 a 32 c 33 d 34 b 35 c 36 b 37 d 38 a 39 b 40 b
41 b 42 c 43 d 44 a 45 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (d) We know that, when two lines 7. (c) Here, ∠ 1 = ∠5
intersect each other, it makes 4 angles. [corresponding angles] P
Since, the total number of pairs = 3 E
∠7 = ∠5 (vertical opposite) A B
35°
⇒ ∠1 = ∠7 (angle)
L
So, 5x − 20° = 2x + 10° F
3x = 30° ⇒ x = 10° C D
Hence, Q
∠ 7 = 2x + 10° = 2 ( 10° ) + 10° = 30° ⇒ ∠AEB = ∠AEF + ∠BEF = 180°
[straight line]
∴ Total number of angles = 3 × 4 = 12 8. (a) Complementary angle of 12° 25′40′′ ⇒ ∠AEF = 180° − 70° = 110°
= 90° −12° 25′ 40′′ ⇒ ∠CFQ = ∠AEF = 110°
2. (d) Let angle be x and its complement be
90° − x. = 89° 59′ 60′′ − 12° 25′ 40′′ [corresponding angles]
According to the question, = (89 − 12)° + (59′ − 25′) + ( 60 − 40)′′ 12. (c) Since, AB || CD
= 77° + 34′ + 20′′ = 77° 34′ 20′′ B
x = ( 90° − x) + 14 A
⇒ 2x = 104° 9. (c) Since, ∠POR and ∠QOR is a linear 65° E F
104° pair.
⇒ x= = 52° ∴ ∠POR + ∠ROQ = 180°
35°
2
R D
3. (a) Let angle be x and its supplementary C
= 180° − x a
∴ ∠ABC = ∠BCD = 65°
Then, x = 2 ( 180° − x) b [alternate angles]
⇒ 3x = 360° P O Q ∠ECD = 65° − ∠BCE
⇒ x = 120° = 65° − 35° = 30°
⇒ a + b = 180° ... (i) ∠CEF + ∠ECD = 180°
4. (c) The least number of straight lines for and a – b = 80° ... (ii) [Angles on the same side of
a bounded plane figure is 3. On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get transversal]
3 2a = 260° ⇒ a = 130° ⇒ ∠CEF = 180° − 30° = 150°
5. (b) Given, angle = of right angle
5 and b = 180° – 130° = 50° 13. (c) Since, EC || AB
3 a = 130° , b = 50°
= × 90° = 3 × 18° = 54° So,
5 E A
10. (c) Since, AOB is a straight line.
Supplement of 54° = ( 180°−54° )
∴ ∠AOB = 180°
= An angle of measure 126° 70°
∠AOC + ∠COF + ∠FOB = 180° O
C D
6. (c) We have, ∠QAB = ∠a [straight line]
20°
[vertically opposite angles] B
5 y + 5 y + 2 y = 180°
a [Q ∠COF = ∠DOE , vertically ∠AOD = ∠ECO
P A Q
opposite angles] [Q corresponding angles]
B ⇒ 12 y = 180° ⇒ ∠AOD = 70°
S R 180° So, ∠BOD = 180°−70°
b ⇒ y= = 15°
12°
= 110° [linear point]
and ∠QAB = ∠b Hence, the value of y is 15°.
Now, in ∆BOD
[corresponding angles] 11. (a) Given, ∠LEB = 35°
⇒ ∠a = ∠b ∠OBD + ∠BOD + ∠ODB = 180°
∠FEB = 2 × ∠LEB = 2 × 35° = 70° ⇒ ∠OBD = 180° − ( 110 + 20)° = 50°
MATHEMATICS Lines and Angles 245

1 and Q XY ||QC , ∠QCB = ∠CBY = 30° 24. (c) Both the statements I and II are
14. (a) Given, ∠PMN = ∠BMN
2 [alternate angles] correct.
1
and ∠PNM = ∠DNM ⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ABY + ∠CBY 25. (b) Since, AC || BD
2
⇒ ∠ABC = 45° + 30° = 75° C D
As, ∠BMN + ∠DNM = 180°
Q x = 360° − ∠ABC = 360° − 75°
[angles on the same side of transversal] 130°
∴ x = 285° B
E A
M 18. (c) Q AB || CD, ∠ONP = ∠XMB = 60° x
A B 60°
[corresponding angles]
G
P ∠OPN = 90° − ∠ONP E F
= 90° − 60° ⇒ ∠OPN = 30°
1 1 ∴ ∠DBA = 180° − 130° = 50°
C
N
D But, ∠DPL = ∠NPO = 30° [interior angle]
2 2
F ⇒ ∠DPL = 15° ⇒ x = 15° [Q BAC = 130° ]
∴ In ∆MPN , ∠PMN + ∠PNM = 90° DBG is straight line.
19. (c) Since, AB || CD and PQ is transversal
⇒ ∠MPN = 180° − ( ∠PMN + ∠PNM ) ∴ ∠DBA + ∠ABF + ∠FBG = 180°
∠PEF = ∠EGH [corresponding angles] [linear pairs]
[angle sum property]
⇒ ∠EGH = 70° [Q ∠PEF = 70°] ⇒ 50° + ∠ ABF + 60° = 180°
∴ ∠MPN = 180° − 90° = 90°
Now, ∠EGH + ∠HGQ = 180° ⇒ ∠ABF = 70°
15. (a) Draw a line n passing through O and [linear pair] Since, AE || BF
parallel to l and m ⇒ ∠HGQ = 180°−70° = 110° ∴ x = 180° − ∠ABF
Since, l || n, ∠1 + 100° = 180° Also, ∠DHQ + ∠GHQ = 180°
= 180° − 70° = 110°
[Sum of the interior angles on the [linear pair]
26. (c) When two lines are parallel
same side of the transversal] ∠GHQ = 180°−140° = 40°
intersected by a transversal then
∠1 = 80° ∴ x + y = 110° + 40° = 150° corresponding as well as alternate
Since, n || m, ∠2 = 30° [alternate angles] 20. (a) All the three statements are true. interior angles are equal.
A 21. (a) Only statements I and II are true.
l Hence, the statement II and IV are
100° 22. (a) Draw FH || AB || CD correct.

O
1 (x + 5)
n (sum of interior angles) 27. (c) We have, a = d , b = e and c = f
2
30° m ∴ ∠1 + p = 180° ...(i) [vertically opposite angles]
B A E B and a + b + c = d + e + f = 180°
Now, ∠AOB = ∠1 + ∠2 p II. a + b + c = 180° ⇒ a + c + e = 180°
= (80° + 30° ) = 110° 1 III. b + f = c + e
∠AOB = ( x + 5)° = 110° F
But,
H 2 IV. a + b + c = d + e + f
x = ( 110 − 5)° = 105° 180–r Hence, statements II, III and IV are true.
r
16. (d) Here, ∠BOD = ∠AOC 28. (a) Draw a line MN parallel to AB and
C G D
∴ 2x = y [vertically opposite angles] CD.
∠2 + 180° − r = 180° ...(ii) A B
Now, COD is a straight line.
(sum of interior angle)
∠COD = 180° 98°
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ ∠COE + ∠EOB + ∠BOD = 180° N
⇒ 90°+ x + 2x = 180° ∠1 + ∠ 2 + p + 180° − r = 360° M
F 144°
⇒ 3x = 90° ⇒ x = 30° ⇒p + q − r = 180° [Q∠1 + ∠2 = q °]
1
Hence, the value of x is 30°. 23. (a) Given that, ∠ MON = ∠ LON C
D
17. (c) From figure, PA || QC 3
x
Let ∠ LON = x, then, ∠ MON = E
Draw a line XY parallel to PA and QC. 3
⇒ ∠AFN = 180° − 98° = 82°
P A N (sum of interior angles)
45° x ∠CFN = 144° − 82° = 62°
x/3
and ∠ECD = ∠CFN = 62°
x B L O M
X Y [corresponding angles]
We know that,
30° ∠ LON + ∠ MON = 180° [linear pair] 29. (a) If two parallel lines are intersected by
a transversal, then each pair of
Q C x 180°×3
⇒ x + = 180° ⇒ x = = 135° corresponding angles and of alternate
Q PA||XY , 3 4
x 135° angles are equal.
⇒ ∠ABY = ∠PAB = 45°
Thus, ∠ MON = = = 45° Therefore, statement I is correct.
[alternate angles] 3 3
246 CDS Pathfinder

30. (a) Since, PQ || RS ∴ ∠EOP = ∠OPB = b [alternate angle] 37. (d) ∴ Required number of points
∴ ∠PLM = ∠LMS = 55° and ∠EON = ∠ONM = c = 4 (P , P , P , P )
1 2 3 4
[alternate angle] [alternate angle] C
Draw a line EF which is parallel to PQ. ⇒ ∠PON = b + c
Then, ∠QLN = ∠LNE = 47° Q ∠PON + a = 2 π
Q ∠ENL + ∠MNE = 67° ∴ a = 2 π − ∠PON = 2 π − b − c 5 cm 5 cm
L 33. (d) 3 cm

5c
P Q P

m
55° 47° Q

5c

m
55°
21 cm 21 cm
67° N P1 P2
E F 1 cm
L
M A B
30° 155° 1 cm
R 25° S P4
R M S P3
PQ || RS …(i) 3 cm 3 cm
⇒ 47° + ∠MNE = 67°
Since, ∠PQR = ∠QRS = 30°+25° = 55° α 1
⇒ ∠MNE = 67° − 47° 38. (a) Given that, =
[alternate angle] β 5
⇒ ∠MNE = 20° Let α = k and β = 5k
PQ || RS …(i)
Similarly, EF || RS, then
and ∠SRL + ∠RLM = 180° Sum of two complementary angles
∠ENM = ∠NMS = 20°
⇒ RS || LM …(ii) = 90°
[alternate angle]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ α + β = 90°,
31. (a) Given, ∠BOC = 130° PQ || LM
A D
α = 90° − β
So, the angle between the lines PQ and ⇒ k = 90° − 5 k
LM is 180°.
O ⇒ k = 15°
E 34. (b) Given, AC 2 = AB × CB
∴ α = 15° and β = 75°
⇒ x 2 = 2 × ( 2 − x)
∴ Difference between angles
C B A B
F x C (2 – x) = 75° − 15° = 60°
2
Q AOB is a straight line. 39. (b) Here, AB and CD are two lines.
⇒ x 2 = 4 − 2x
Q ∠BOC + ∠AOC = 180° [linear pair] A D
⇒ x + 2x − 4 = 0
2
⇒ 130° + ∠AOC = 180°
−2 ± 4 + 16
⇒ ∠FOC + ∠FOC = 130° ⇒ x=
2×1
⇒ ∠AOC = 50° B
⇒ x = − 1± 5 C
Now, ∠BOC = 130°
Now, BC = 2 − ( − 1 ± 5) = 3 − 5 If two straight lines intersect, then
⇒∠BOF + ∠FOC = 130° vertically opposite angles are equal.
(neglect 3 + 5 Q3 + 5 > 2)
[Q OF is bisector of ∠BOC ]
35. (c) We have, ∠DGE = ∠GCF = 95° 40. (b) From the given figure,
⇒ ∠FOC = 65°
[corresponding angles] ∠ LOQ + ∠QOP + ∠POM = 180°
Now, ∠AOC = 50°
Also, ∠GCF + ∠FCB = 180° [straight line]
⇒ ∠AOE + ∠EOC = 50°
[linear pair] ∴ ( x° + 20° ) + 50° + ( x° − 10° ) = 180°
⇒ ∠EOC + ∠EOC = 50°
⇒ 95°+ y = 180° ⇒ 2x° + 60° = 180°
⇒ ∠EOC = 25°
⇒ y = 180°−95° = 85° ⇒ 2x° = 120°
[Q OE is bisector of ∠AOC ]
Again, ∠ACB + y = 180° ∴ x ° = 60°
∴ ∠EOF = ∠EOC + ∠FOC
⇒ x = 180°−85° = 95° 41. (b) Case I When both pairs of arms are
= 25° + 65° = 90°
Now, In ∆ABC ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° parallel same sense.
32. (c) Draw a line parallel to AB i.e.
EF || AB. ⇒ 35°+ z + 95° = 180° A
P ⇒ z + 130° = 180° D
A b B
⇒ z = 180°−130° = 50°
∴ x + y + z = 95° + 85° + 50° = 230° C
B G
E a F
O 36. (b) Supplement of z = 130° E F
1 130°
c ∴ th of 130° = = 26° Here, ∠ ABC = ∠DEF
L N M 5 5
MATHEMATICS Lines and Angles 247

π π
Case II When both pairs of arms are = 10 × = radian. 44. (a) If, line P intersect four parallel lines
parallel in opposite sense. 180° 18 l, m, n and o, then 16 angles will be
43. (d) formed.
A B P
F E
100° 1 2
82° l
O 78° A
B C m
C
n
D D
o
Given, ∠AOB = ∠COD = 100°,
Here, ∠ ABC = ∠DEF ∠BOC = 82° As these lines are parallel, hence distinct
Case III When one pair of arms is
and ∠AOD = 78° angle will be ∠1 and ∠2.
parallel in same direction and other pairs
are parallel in opposite direction. If, AOC is a straight line, then 45. (d) In the given figure, lines p and q are
∠AOB + ∠BOC = 180° parallel.
A A
⇒ 100°+82° = 180° p
D 80° z x/3
⇒ 182° ≠ 180°

40
°
B If, BOD is a straight line, then
C ∠BOA + ∠AOD = 180°
F E 100° x y
⇒ 100° + 78° = 180° q
C B
Here, ∠ ABC + ∠DEF = 180° ⇒ 178° ≠ 180° x
∴ x = 40° + [alternate angles]
So, the two angles are not equal but If, ∠BOC and ∠AOD 3
supplementary. 2x
are supplementary angles, then ⇒ = 40° ⇒ x = 60°
42. (c) Let the angle be θ. 3
∠BOC + ∠AOD = 180° y = x /3 [alternate angle]
∴ θ = 80°
⇒ 82°+78° = 180° 60° x
Complement angle y= = 20°, z + 40° + = 180°
⇒ 160° ≠ 180° 3 3
= 90° – θ = 90° – 80° = 10°
⇒ z + 20° = 180° − 40°
[Q sum of two complement angles is Hence, statements I and II are incorrect.
⇒ z = 120°
90°]
23
248 CDS Pathfinder

TRIANGLES
Generally (8-10) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are asked from
the topic of pythagoras theorem, similarity of triangles and mid-point theorem.

TRIANGLE
A plane (closed) figure bounded by three line segments is called a triangle. It is A
denoted by ∆.
∆ABC has
• three vertices, namely A , B and C. • three sides, namely AB, BC and CA .
• three angles, namely ∠A , ∠B and ∠C.
B C
• Sum of three angles of a triangle is 180 °. i.e., ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180 ° D
1 1
• Area of a triangle = × base × height = × BC × AD
2 2

Classification of Triangle
A
1. On the Basis of Angles
Hy
Perpendicular

(i) Right Angled Triangle A triangle in which one of the angle measures 90 ° po
ten
is called a right angled triangle. The side opposite to the right angle is called us
e
its hypotenuse and the remaining two sides are called as perpendicular and
base depending upon conditions. Here, ∆ABC is a right angled triangle in θ
which ∠B = 90 ° and AC is hypotenuse. B Base C
C
(ii) Acute Angled Triangle A triangle in which every angle measure more than
0° but less than 90° is called an acute angled triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an acute angled triangle. A B
(iii) Obtuse Angled Triangle A triangle in which one of the angle measures A
more than 90° but less than 180° is called an obtuse angled triangle.
Here, ∆ ABC is an obtuse angled triangle and ∠ABC is the obtuse angle.
B C
MATHEMATICS Triangles 249

2. On the Basis of Sides • Centroid divides the median in the ratio 2 : 1.

A A median bisects the area of the triangle i.e.
(i) Equilateral Triangle A triangle having •
all sides equal is called an equilateral 1
Ar( ∆ABD) = Ar( ∆ADC ) = Ar( ∆ABC ), etc.
triangle. Here ∆ABC, is an equilateral 2
triangle in which AB = BC = AC. Incentre and Angle Bisector The
B C A
All angles are equal and are of measure point of intersection of all the three
60°. angle bisectors of a triangle is called its
r
incentre. It is denoted by I.
(ii) Isosceles Triangle A triangle in which two sides x r
• The circle with centre I and touches all
are equal, is called an isosceles triangle. Here, ∆ABC B D C
is an isosceles triangle as AB = AC. the sides is called incircle and radius of
• Angle opposite to equal sides are equal. this circle is called inradius denoted by ‘r’.
i.e. ∠B = ∠C 1 Side
• Inradius = × Height = ,
A 3 2 3
ID → Inradius, AD → Height
Perpendicular Bisector and Circumcentre The point
B C of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides
of a triangle is called its A
(iii) Scalene Triangle A triangle in which all the sides
circumcentre. It is denoted by C.
are of different lengths is called a scalene triangle.
∆ ABC is a scalene triangle as AB ≠ BC ≠ AC. The circle with centre C and
A passing through vertices C
A , B and C is called circumcircle. R
Radius of circumcircle is called B O D
circumradius denoted by R .
2 Side
B C Circumradius (CO) = × Height =
3 3
Note The sum of the lengths of three sides of a triangle is called
its perimeter. EXAMPLE 1. In the diagram given below what is the
So, perimeter of ∆ABC = AB + BC + AC
sum of all the angles ∠A, ∠B, ∠C, ∠D, ∠E and ∠F?
A
Some Term Related to a Triangle
Altitudes and Orthocentre The F B
altitude of a triangle is a line segment A
perpendicular drawn from vertex to E C
the side opposite to it. The side on F E
which the perpendicular is being drawn H D
is called its base. a. 120° b. 180°
Here, In ∆ABC, AD, BE and CF are B D C
c. 290° d. 360°
altitudes drawn on BC, AC and AB, respectively.
Sol. d. Since, sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
• Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
In ∆ AEC , ∠A + ∠C + ∠E = 180° …(i)
• The point of intersection of all the three altitudes of a
and In ∆ BDF , ∠B + ∠D + ∠F = 180° …(ii)
triangle is called its orthocentre.
On adding the Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Medians and Centroid A line ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D + ∠E + ∠F = 180° + 180° = 360°
A
segment joining the mid-point of a side
to the opposite vertex is called median. EXAMPLE 2. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which
F E AB = AC, CH = CB and HK is parallel to BC. If the
Here, In ∆ABC, AD, BE and CF are exterior ∠CAX = 137 °, then what is the measure of
G
medians. ∠HCK?
• The medians of a triangle are B D C 1°
concurrent. a. 68 b. 43°
2
• The point of intersection of all the three medians of a
1°
triangle is called its centroid. It is denoted by G. c. 25 d. 137°
2
250 CDS Pathfinder

Sol. c. Q ∠CAX = 137° • In ∆ABC, if ∠B > 90 ° and AD is perpendicular dropped

X on BC, then AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 + 2BC ⋅ BD
A
A

K
H

D B C
B C

∴ ∠ABC =
1 1
(137° ) = 68 °
• In ∆ABC, if ∠B < 90 ° and AD ⊥ BC, then
2 2 AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2BC ⋅ BD
1
∴ Again, BC = CH and ∠ABC = 68 ° A
2
1
Therefore, ∠CHB = 68 ° , Therefore, ∠HCB = 43°
2
1 1
Hence, ∠HCK = 68 ° − 43° = 25 °
2 2
B D C
Some Important Results of a Triangle • In any triangle, the sum of the A
• If two angles of a triangle are equal, then the sides square of any two sides is equal
opposite to them are also equal. to twice the square of half of the
• In a triangle, the side opposite to a greater angle is the third side together with twice
longest side. the square of the median which B D E C
bisect the third side.
• The sum of all the three interior angles of a triangle is
• Here, AD is median, so
180°.
2
• If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior 1 
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AD 2 + 2  BC
angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior 2 
opposite angles. • In a ∆ ABC, three times the sum of the squares of the
• An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of sides of a triangle is equal to four times the sum of the
the interior opposite angles. squares of the medians of the triangle.
• A triangle must have atleast two acute angles. A

• If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of a

F E
right angled triangle to the hypotenuse, then the
triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are
B C
similar to the original triangle and also to each other. D
• In a right angle ∆ABC, ∠B = 90 ° and AC is hypotenuse. So, in triangle, if AD, BE, FC are the medians, then
The perpendicular BD is dropped on hypotenuse AC • 3( AB 2 + BC 2 + AC 2 ) = 4 ( AD 2 + BE 2 + CF 2 )
from right angle vertex B, then • In an equilateral ∆ ABC, the side BC is trisected at D.
AB × BC Then, 9 AD 2 = 7 AC 2
(i) BD = A
AC • When the bisector of one internal base angle and the
AB 2 bisector of external angle meet at a point then the
(ii) AD =
AC D formed angle is equal to one half of the vertical angle.
BC 2 A
(iii) CD = E
AC
1 1 1 B C
(iv) 2
= 2
+ 2
BD AB BC
• The area of the equilateral triangle described on the side B C D
of a square is half the area of the equilateral triangle 1
• Here, ∠BEC = ∠BAC
described on its diagonal. 2
MATHEMATICS Triangles 251

• The side BC of ∆ ABC is produced to D. The bisector • Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than its
of ∠A meets BC in L . Then third side.
∠ABC + ∠ACD = 2 ∠ALC. D
A
A

B C

• Here, in ∆ ABC, AB + AC > BC

B L C D • similarly, AB + BC > AC, BC + AC > AB
• In a ∆ ABC the bisector of ∠B and ∠C intersect each • The difference between any two sides of a triangle is
other at a point O. less than its third side.
A
A
O
D

B C B C

1 Here, in ∆ ABC, AC − AB < BC

• then, ∠BOC = 90 ° + ∠A •
2 • Similarly, BC − AC < AB, BC − AB < AC
• In a ∆ABC, the side AB and AC are produced to P and • If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects
Q , respectively. The bisectors of ∠PBC and ∠QCB
the base, then that triangle is an isosceles.
intersect at a point O.
A
• If the altitude from one vertex of a triangle bisects the
opposite side, then the triangle is an isosceles.
• The perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of equal
B C
angles of an isosceles triangle to the opposite sides are
equal.
P O Q • Medians of equilateral triangle are equal.
1
Then, ∠BOC = 90 ° − ∠A • If D is the mid-point of the hypotenuse AC of a right
2 1
angled ∆ ABC. Then, BD = AC
• In ∆ ABC, ∠B > ∠C. If AN is the bisector of ∠BAC 2
and AM ⊥ BC, then
A
A
D

B C

B M N C • The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than

1 twice the median drawn to the third side.
∠MAN = ( ∠B − ∠C )
2 • Perimeter of a triangle is greater than the sum of its
• The bisectors of the base angles of a triangle can never three medians.
enclose a right angle.
A
• A triangle is an isosceles if and only if any two altitudes
are equal. D F E
• If the three sides of a triangle be
A
produced in order, then the sum of all C
B
the exterior angles so formed is 360°. D
B F
• So, ∠DAB + ∠EBC + ∠ACF = 360 ° C
• So, AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF .
E
252 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 3. In the given figure, I is the incentre of In congruent triangles, corresponding parts are equal
∆ABC. What is the measure of angle A . and we write in short ‘CPCT’, i.e. corresponding part of
A congruent triangles.

Criteria for Congruence of Triangles

I
108°
Theorem 1 Two triangles are congruent if two sides
B C
and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding sides and the included angle of other
a. 54° b. 18° c. 36° d. None of these triangle. (SAS criteria)
Sol. c. Here, I is the incentre of the ∆ ABC. Theorem 2 Two triangles are congruent if two angles
∴ BI and CI are the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C, then
and the included side of one triangle are equal to the
1 corresponding two angles and the included side of the
we know that, ∠BIC = 90° + ∠A other triangles. (ASA criteria)
2
1 Theorem 3 Two triangles are congruent if three sides
⇒ 108° = 90° + ∠A
2 of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three
1 sides of the other triangle (SSS).
⇒ ∠A = 108° − 90° = 18°
2 Theorem 4 Two triangles are congruent if the
∴ ∠A = 36°
hypotenuse and other side of one triangle are equal to
EXAMPLE 4. In a triangle ABC, ∠BAC = 90 ° and AD the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other
is perpendicular to BC. If AD = 6 cm and BD = 4 cm, triangle (RHS).
then the length of BC is Theorem 5 Two triangles are congruent if two angles
a. 8 cm b. 10 cm c. 9 cm d. 13 cm and a side other than the included side of one triangle
are equal to the corresponding two angles and a side
Sol. d. In ∆ABC, ∠BAC = 90° other than the included side of other triangle.
∴ AB = AD 2 + BD 2 [By pythagoras theorem] (AAS Criteria)
= 36 + 16 = 52
We know that, in a right angled C EXAMPLE 5. In a ∆ABC, the altitudes BD and CE are
triangle the perpendicular is drawn on equal and ∠A = 36 °. What is the value of the ∠B?
hypotenuse from right angle vertex, a. 72° b. 84° c. 18° d. 36°
then
D Sol. a. For the ∆BDC and ∆BEC,
AB 2
BD = A
BC 6 4
AB = BD × BC
2

⇒ ( 52) 2 = BC × 4 A B E D
52
⇒ BC = = 13 cm
4 B C

BD = EC, BC = BC and ∠BEC = ∠BDC = 90°

Congruent Figures Thus, ∆ BEC ~
= ∆ BDC [by RHS rule]
The geometrical figures having the same shape and size 180° − 36°
are known as congruent figures. ∴ ∠B = ∠C = = 72° each
2
e.g. Two circles of the same radii and two squares of the
same sides are congruent. EXAMPLE 6. In the given figure, D is the midpoint of
BC, DE ⊥ AB and DF ⊥ AC such that DE = DF , then
Congruent Triangles which of the following is correct?
A
Two triangles are said to be congruent, if both are
exactly of same size i.e. all angles and sides are equal to
corresponding angles and sides of other.
• Every triangle is congruent to itself ∆ ABC ~ = ∆ ABC E F

• If ∆ ABC ~ = ∆ DEF , then ∆DEF ~ = ∆ ABC

B D C
• If ∆ ABC ~ = ∆ DEF and a. AB = AC b. AC = BC
∆ DEF ~= ∆ PQR , then ∆ ABC ~ = ∆ PQR c. AB = BC d. None of these
MATHEMATICS Triangles 253

Sol. a. In right angled ∆BED and right angled ∆CFD Theorem 3 The line joining the
A
DE = DF (given) mid-points of any two sides of a
hypotenuse BD = hypotenuse CD triangle is parallel to the third side
[QD is the mid-point of BC ] and is half of the third side. P Q
∴∆BED ≅ ∆CFD [by RHS congruency]
Here, P and Q are mid-point of AB
⇒ ∠B = ∠C ⇒ AC = AB [sides opposite to equal angles] 1
and AC. So, PQ = BC. B C
2
Similar Figures
Theorem 4 If two triangles are equiangular, then
The geometrical figures having the same shape, but different the ratio of their corresponding sides is the same as
sizes are known as similar figures. the ratio of the corresponding altitudes.
• The congruent figures are always similar, but two similar A P
figures need not be congruent.
e.g. Any two circles are similar. Any two rectangles are
similar.

Similar Triangles B D C Q S R
Two triangles are said to be similar to each other, if Here, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR and AD and PS are altitude
(i) their corresponding sides are proportional. on BC and QR, respectively, then
BC AD
(ii) their corresponding angles are equal. =
QR PS
A P
Theorem 5 If two triangles are equiangular, then
the ratio of the corresponding sides is the same as
B C Q R the ratio of the corresponding angle bisector
Here, ∆ABC and ∆PQR are similar triangles. segments.
∴ ∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q, ∠C = ∠R A R
AB BC AC
and = =
PQ QR PR
Then, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR
where, symbol ~ is read as, ‘is similar to’. B D C S P T
Here, ∆ ABC and ∆ RST are equiangular/similar and
Some Results on Similar Triangles AD, RP are the angle bisectors of ∠A and ∠R, then
Theorem 1 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a BC AD
=
triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct point, ST RP
then it divides these sides in the same ratio. It is also called
Theorem 6 If two triangles are equiangular, then
basic proportionality theorem.
the ratio of the corresponding sides is the same as
AD AE A
Here, DE | | BC, then = the ratio of the corresponding medians.
DB EC A P
AD AE
or = D E
AB AC
AB AC
or = B C
DB EC
A
Theorem 2 The internal bisector of an B D C Q S R
angle of a triangle divides the opposite sides Here, ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR are equiangular and AD, PS
internally in the ratio of the sides containing are the medians, then
the angle. BC AD
=
Here, AD is internal bisector of ∠A, then B D C QR PS
AB BD
=
AC DC Note: If two triangles are similar, then ratio of their
corresponding sides is same as ratio of their perimeters.
254 CDS Pathfinder

Criteria for Similarity of Two Triangles Sol. d. In ∆ABC and ∆PQC.

1. AAA similarity If the corresponding angles of two B Q

triangles are equal then their corresponding sides are
x a
proportional and hence the two triangles are similar.
c
Corollary AA similarity If two angles of one C
A P b
triangle are equal to the corresponding two angles of
another triangle, then the two triangles are similar. AB || PQ
∴ ∆ABC ~ ∆PQC
2. SSS similarity If the corresponding sides of two
PC PQ b a
triangles are proportional, then their corresponding ∴ = ⇒ =
AC AB c+ b x
angles are equal, and hence the two triangles are
similar. a ( c + b) ac
∴ x= = +a
b b
3. SAS similarity If one angle of a triangle is equal to
the corresponding angle of the other triangle and the Areas of Similar Triangles
sides including these angles are proportional, then
Theorem 1 The ratio of areas of two similar triangles
the two triangles are similar.
is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding
4. RHS similarity If hypotenuse and one side of a right sides.
triangle are proportional to the hypotenuse and A P
corresponding side of other right triangle then the
two triangles are similar.

EXAMPLE 7. If AB = 4.7, BC = 8.9, CA = 11.5, then EA is B C Q R

A Here, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR

Area ( ∆ ABC ) AB 2 BC 2 AC 2
4.7 = = =
Area ( ∆ PQR) PQ2 QR2 PR2
B E 11.5
Theorem 2 The areas of two similar triangles is equal
to the ratio of the squares of corresponding altitudes.
8.9
C Here, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR
A P
a. 6.07 b. 3.97
c. 2.37 d. None of these
Sol. b. Since, BE is the bisector of ∠ABC.
AB AE 4 .7 AE
∴ = ⇒ = [Q EC = AC − AE ]
BC EC 8.9 115. − AE B D C Q S R

⇒ AE = 397
. Area ( ∆ ABC ) AD 2
Then , =
Area ( ∆ PQR) PS 2
EXAMPLE 8. In the given triangle, AB is parallel to
PQ. AP = c, PC = b, PQ = a, AB = x. What is the value of Theorem 3 The areas of two similar triangles is equal
x? to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding
medians.
B Q A P

C
A P b
s

ab bc B D C Q S R
a. a + b. a +
c a
ca ac Here, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR ,
c. b + d. a + Area (∆ ABC ) AD 2
b b then =
Area (∆ PQR) PS 2
MATHEMATICS Triangles 255

Theorem 4 The areas of two similar triangles is equal EXAMPLE 10. In a given figure, QR is parallel to AB
to the ratio of squares of the corresponding angle and DR is parallel to QB. What is the number of distinct
bisector segments. pairs of similar triangles?
A P P
D
Q R

B X C Q Y R
A Bs

Here, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Area (∆ ABC ) AX 2
Sol. c. Since, QR is parallel to AB.
So, here =
Area (∆ PQR) PY 2 ∴ ∆PQR ~ ∆PAB
Theorem 5 If the areas of two similar triangles are Also, DR is parallel to QB., ∆PQB ~ ∆PDR
equal, then the triangles are congruent. Again, DR || QB and QR || AB,
or ∴ ∆DQR ~ ∆QAB
Equal and similar triangles are congruent.
Theorem 6 The line segments is joining the mid-points EXAMPLE 11. In a triangle, a line XY is drawn parallel
of the sides of a triangle form four triangles, each of to BC meeting AB in X and AC in Y. The area of the
which is similar to the original triangle. ∆ ABC is 2 times the area of the ∆ AXY. In what ratio X
A divides AB?
a. 1: 2 b. 2 : 1 c. ( 2 − 1) : 1 d. 1: ( 2 − 1)
F E Area ( ∆ ABC) AB 2
Sol. d. Q =
Area (∆ AXY) AX 2
B D C A
Here, D, E and F are mid-point of BC, AC and AB. Then,
∆ AFE, ∆ FBD, ∆ EDC and ∆ DEF is similar to ∆ ABC. X Y
Here, also
2
1 
 AB B C
Area (∆ DEF ) DE 2 2  1
= = = 2 Area (∆ AXY) 2
Area (∆ ABC ) AB 2 2 4 AB 2 AB 2 AB
AB ⇒ = ⇒ = , = 2
Area (∆ AXY) AX 2 1 AX 2 AX
So, area ( ∆ DEF ) : area ( ∆ ABC ) = 1 : 4
⇒ AB = 2 AX ⇒ AX + BX = 2 AX
EXAMPLE 9. In the figure given below, BC is parallel ⇒ BX = A X ( 2 − 1)
to DE and DE : BC = 3 : 5. What is the ratio of area of AX 1
the ∆ABC to that of ∆ADE? ∴ =
BX 2 −1
A
So, X divides AB in 1 : ( 2 − 1).

D E
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
B C In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the square of the other two sides.
a. 3 : 1 b. 5 : 3 c. 9 : 2 d. 25 : 9
i.e. In ∆ABC , if ∠B = 90 ° , then AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2
Sol. d. Q Given, DE : BC = 3 : 5 A
Since, DE || BC ⇒ ∠ADE = ∠ABC
and ∠AED = ∠ACB
∴ ∆ABC ~ ∆ADE [by AA similarity]
Area of ∆ABC  BC  2 25
∴ =  = or, 25 : 9
Area of ∆ADE  DE  9 B C
256 CDS Pathfinder

Converse of Pythagoras theorem B

In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the

sum of square of the other two sides then angle D L
opposite to the first side is a right angle i.e. In ∆ABC, if 11 m
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 , then ∠B = 90 °. 6m

EXAMPLE 12. Two poles of heights 6m and 11m

stand vertically on a plane ground at a distance of C 12 m A
12m from each other. The distance between their Draw DL ⊥ AB
tops is Then, BL = AB − AL = AB − CD = (11− 6) m = 5m
a. 9 m b. 10 m and DL = AC = 12m
c. 13 m d. 15 m
In right angled ∆BDL,
Sol. c. Let AB and CD be two poles such that AB = 11m, BD 2 = DL2 + BL2 = 52 + 122 = 169
CD = 6 m and AC = 12 m. ⇒ BD = 169 = 13m

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If the bisector of an angle of a triangle bisects 7. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC
the opposite side, then the triangle is and BD ⊥ AC. Then, BD 2 − CD 2 is equal to
(a) equilateral (b) isosceles A
(c) scalene (d) right angled triangle
2. The line segments joining the mid-points of the D
sides of a triangle form four triangles each of
which is
(a) similar to the original triangle
B C
(b) congruent to the original triangle 1
(c) an equilateral triangle (d) an isosceles triangle (a) 2DC ⋅ AD (b) 2 AD ⋅ BC (c) 3DC ⋅ AD (d) AD ⋅ DC
2
3. In a ∆ ABC , BD and CE are perpendicular on AC 8. D and E are the points on the sides AB and
and AB, respectively. If BD = CE , then the AC respectively of a ∆ ABC and AD = 8 cm,
∆ ABC is DB = 12 cm, AE = 6 cm and EC = 9 cm, then BC is
(a) equilateral (b) isosceles (c) right angled (d) scalene equal to
2 5 3 2
4. If the length of hypotenuse of a right angled (a) DE (b) DE (c) DE (d) DE
5 2 2 3
triangle is 5 cm and its area is 6 cm 2, then the
length of the remaining sides are 9. A vertical stick 15m long casts a shadow 12m
(a) 1 cm and 3 cm (b) 3 cm and 2 cm long on the ground. At the same time, a tower
(c) 3 cm and 4 cm (d) 4 cm and 2 cm casts a shadow 50m long on the ground. The
height of the tower is
5. ∆ ABC is such that AB = 3 cm, BC = 2 cm and (a) 60 m (b) 62 m (c) 62.5 m (d) 63 m
AC = 2.5 cm. ∆ DEF is similar to ∆ ABC. If
EF = 4 cm, then the perimeter of ∆ DEF is 10. The areas of two similar triangles are 81 cm 2
and 49 cm 2, respectively. The ratio of their
(a) 5 cm (b) 7.5 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 18 cm
corresponding heights is
6. A soldier goes to a warfield and runs in the (a) 9 : 7 (b) 7 : 9 (c) 6 : 5 (d) 81 : 49
following manner. From the starting point, he
goes West 25 m, then due North 60 m, then due 11. If D and E are points on the sides AB and AC,
East 80 m, and finally due South 12 cm. The respectively of a ∆ ABC such that DE|| BC. If
distance between the starting point and the AD = x, DB = x − 2, AE = x + 2 and EC = x − 1.
finishing point is The value of x is
(a) 177 m (b) 103 m (c) 83 m (d) 73 m (a) 2.5 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
MATHEMATICS Triangles 257

12. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is A B 18. In ∆ ABC , ∠C = 90° and CD ⊥ AB, also ∠A = 65°,
a trapezium in which AB||CD O then ∠CBA is equal to
and its diagonals intersect at O. C
If AO = ( 3x − 1), OC = ( 5x − 3),
BO = ( 2x + 1) and OD = (6x − 5), D C
then x is equal to
65°
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 A D B
13. In the adjoining figure, AE is the bisector of (a) 25° (b) 35° (c) 65° (d) 40°
exterior ∠CAD meeting BC produced in E. If
AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 12 cm, then CE 19. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4.
is equal to The angles of triangle are, respectively
D (a) 30°, 60°, 90° (b) 40°, 60°, 80°
A (c) 60°, 40°, 80° (d) 20°, 60°, 80°
20. In figure, D and E are points on sides AB, AC of
∆ ABC such that DE|| BC. If ∠B = 30° and
B C E
∠A = 40°, then x , y and z are, respectively
A
(a) 6 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 20 cm
40°
14. If D , E and F are respectively the mid-points of z°
D x°
sides BC , AC and AB of a ∆ ABC. If EF = 3 cm, E
FD = 4 cm and AB = 10 cm, then DE , BC and CA,
respectively will be equal to y°
10 30°
(a) 6, 8 and 20 cm (b) , 9 and 12 cm B C
3
(c) 4, 6 and 8 cm (d) 5, 6 and 8 cm (a) 30°, 110°, 110° (b) 30°, 105°, 105°
(c) 30°, 85°, 85° (d) 30°, 95°, 95°
15. In ∆ PQR , ∠Q = 3a, ∠P = a , ∠R = b and
21. In figure, AB, EF and CD are parallel lines. Given
3b − 5a = 30, then the triangle is
that GE = 5 cm, GC = 10 cm and DC = 18 cm, then
(a) scalene (b) isosceles
EF is equal to
(c) equilateral (d) right angled D
16. In ∆ ABC show in the figure B A
∠A = 90°. Let D be a point on
BC such that BD : DC = 1 : 3. If D E
M G
DM and DL, respectively are
perpendicular on AB and AC,
then DM and LC are in the A C B F C
L
ratio of (a) 11 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 9 cm

(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 4 : 1 22. In the given figure, PQ > PR. QS and RS are the
bisectors of ∠Q and ∠R respectively, then which
17. In a right angled ∆ ABC, right angled at B, if P of the following is correct?
and Q are points on the sides AB and AC P
respectively, then
A

S
P

Q R
B Q C (a) SQ < SR (b) SQ = SR
(a) AQ 2 + CP 2 = 2 ( AC 2 + PQ 2 ) (c) SQ > SR (d) None of these

(b) 2 ( AQ 2 + CP 2 ) = AC 2 + PQ 2 23. In a ∆ABC, AB = AC and 60° < A < 90°. If AB = c,

AC = b and BC = a, then which of the following is
(c) AQ + CP = AC + PQ
2 2 2 2
correct?
1 (a) b < a < 2 b (b) c / 3 < a < 3c
(d) AQ + CP = ( AC + PQ )
2 (c) b < a < b 3 (d) c < a < c 2
258 CDS Pathfinder

(a) 60°, 75°, 75°, 60° (b) 50°, 75°, 75°, 65°
24. In ∆ABC , AD ⊥ BC, then
(c) 60°, 70°, 60°, 70° (d) 60°, 60°, 70°, 70°
(a) AB2 − BD2 = AC 2 − CD2 (b) AB2 + BD2 = AC 2 − CD2
31. In the given figure, AB||CD , ∠PTB = 55° and
(c) AB2 + BD2 = AC 2 + CD2 (d) AB2 + AC 2 = BD2 + DC 2
∠DVS = 45°, then what is the sum of the
25. ∆ ABC is a right angled at C and P is the length measures of ∠CUQ and ∠RTP?
of the perpendicular from C to AB. If BC = a, R P
AC = b, AB = c, then 55°
A B
a p 1 1 1 T
(a) = (b) pc = ab (c) + = (d) None of these
b c a b ab
26. ABC is a triangle and the perpendicular drawn C
U V 45°
D
from A meets BC in D. If AD 2 = BD ⋅ DC, then Q S
which one of the following is correct? (a) 180° (b) 135° (c) 110° (d) 100°
(a) ABC must be an obtuse angled triangle
(b) ABC must be an acute angled triangle 32. What is the value of x in the figure given below?
(c) Either ∠B ≥ 45° or ∠C ≥ 45° (d) BC 2 = AB2 + AC 2 A a c B

27. If ∆ is the area of a right angled triangle and b is b

one of the sides containing the right angle, then x
what is the length of the altitude on the hypotenuse? C
2 ∆b 2 ∆2 b (a) b − a − c (b) b − a + c (c) b + a − c (d) π − (a + b + c )
(a) (b)
b 4 + 4∆2 b 4 + 4∆2 33. In the given figure, what is the value of x?
2 ∆b 2
2 ∆2 b 2
(c) (d) B C
D E
b 4 + 4∆2 b 4 + ∆2
2x 120°
4 B D
28. In figure, AB||CD. If x = y
x°
y° z°
3 x
3
and y = z, then the value of C A
8 A (a) 30° (b) 40° (c) 45° (d) 60°
x is
(a) 48° (b) 96° (c) 36° (d) None of these 34. PQR is a triangle right angled at Q. If X and Y
are the mid-points of the sides PQ and QR
29. In the given figure, AB||CD , then the values of
respectively, then which one of the following is
x, y and z are, respectively not correct?
B D 2
(a) RX 2 + PY 2 = 5 XY 2 (b) RX 2 + PY = XY 2 + PR 2
z° (c) 4 (RX 2 + PY 2 ) = 5PR 2 (d) RX 2 + PY 2 = 3 (PQ 2 + QR 2 )
x°
P
35. In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD. If
y° ∠DCE = x and ∠ABE = y, then what is ∠CEB
35
75° ° equal to?
C x D
A C
(a) 75°, 35°, 80° (b) 70°, 35°, 60° B
A
(c) 35°, 70°, 75° (d) 70°, 35°, 80° y E
30. In the given figure, AB||CD , and EF ||GH . The (a) y − x (b) (x + y) / 2 (c) x + y − ( π / 2 ) (d) x + y − π
values of x, y , z and t are respectively 36. In the figure given below, what is the sum of the
G angles formed around A, B, C except the angles of
E
the ∆ ABC?
P Q
A
110° z° B A
y°

x°
R t° S
C D
B C
60° H
F (a) 360° (b) 720° (c) 900° (d) 1000°
MATHEMATICS Triangles 259

37. In the given figure, ABC is A 43. In the figure, ∠B = 38°, A

an equilateral triangle of side AC = BC and AD = CD. What
length 30 cm. XY is parallel is the value ∠D?
to BC, XP is parallel to AC (a) 26° (b) 28° 38°
and YQ is parallel to AB. If X Y (c) 38° (d) 52° B C D
( XY + XP + YQ ) is 40 cm,
B C
then what is PQ equal to? P Q 44. Consider the following statements in respect of
any triangle.
(a) 5 cm (b) 12 cm
(c) 15 cm (d) None of these I. The three medians of a triangle divide it into six
triangles of equal area.
38. O is any point on the X
II. The perimeter of a triangle is greater than the
bisector of the acute sum of the lengths of its three medians.
angle ∠ XYZ. The line P
OP is parallel to ZY . O Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
Then, ∆ YPO is Y Z correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) scalene
(b) isosceles but not right angled 45. Consider the following in respect of C
(c) equilateral the given figure :
(d) right angled and isosceles I. ∆ DAC ~ ∆ EBC E D
39. The median BD of the ∆ ABC meets AC at D. If II. CA /CB = CD /CE
A B
1 III. AD /BE = CD /CE
BD = AC, then which one of the following is
2 Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? correct?
(a) ∠ACB = 1 right angle (b) ∠BAC = 1 right angle (a) II and III (b) I and II (c) I and III (d) All of these
(c) ∠ABC = 1 right angle (d) None of these 46. Consider the following statements :
40. ABC is a triangle, X is a point outside the I. Let PQR be a triangle in which PQ = 3 cm,
∆ ABC such that CD = CX , where D is the point QR = 4 cm and RP = 5 cm. If D is a point in the
of intersection of BC and AX and ∠BAX = ∠XAC. plane of the ∆ PQR such that D is either outside
Which one of the following is correct? it or inside it, then
(a) ∆ABD and ∆ACX are similar (b) ∠ABD < ∠ACD DP + DQ + DR > 6 cm
(c) AC = CX (d) ∠ADB > ∠DXC II. PQR is a right angled triangle.
π
41. In the figure given, ∠ABD = ∠PQD = ∠CDQ = . Which one of the following is correct in respect of
2 the above two statements?
If AB = x, PQ = z and CD = y, then which one of (a) Both statements I and II are individually true and
the following is correct? statement II is the correct explanation of statement I
A
1 1 1 C (b) Both statements I and II are individually true but
(a) + = statement II is not the correct explanation of statement I
x y z x P
y (c) Statement I is true and statement II is false
1 1 1 z
(b) + = (d) Statement I is false and statement II is true
x z y B Q D
1 1 1 47. I. Let LMN be a triangle. Let P , Q be the
(c) + =
z y x mid-points of the sides LM , LN , respectively. If
1
(d) +
1 2
= PQ 2 = MP 2 + NQ 2, then LMN is a right angled
x y z triangle at L.
42. ∆ PQR is right angled at Q, PR = 5 cm and II. If in a ∆ ABC , AB2 > BC 2 + CA 2, then ∠ ACB is
QR = 4 cm. If the lengths of sides of another obtuse.
∆ ABC are 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm, then which one Which of the following is correct in the light of
of the following is correct? the above statements?
(a) Area of ∆ PQR is double that of ∆ ABC (a) Both statements I and II are individually true and
statement II is the correct explanation of statement I
(b) Area of ∆ ABC is double that of ∆ PQR
∠Q (b) Both statements I and II are individually true but
(c) ∠B = statement II is not the correct explanation of statement I
2
(c) Statement I is true and statement II is false
(d) Both triangles are congruent (d) Statement I is false and statement II is true
260 CDS Pathfinder

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 54. I. Let the side DE of a ∆DEF be divided at S, so

1 1 1 DS 1
48. In a ∆ ABC, ∠ A + ∠ C + ∠B = 80°, then that = ⋅ If a line through S parallel to EF
2 3 2 DE 2
what is the value of ∠C ? e 2012 II meets DF at T, then the area of ∆DEF is twice
(a) 35° (b) 40° (c) 60° (d) 70° the area of the ∆DST.
49. In a ∆ ABC, side AB is extended beyond B, side II. The areas of the similar triangles are proportional
to the squares of the corresponding sides.
BC beyond C and side CA beyond A. What is the
sum of the three exterior angles? e 2012 II Which one of the following is correct in respect of
(a) 270° (b) 305° (c) 360° (d) 540° the above statements? e 2013 II
(a) Both statements I and II are true and statement II is
50. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle, BC is the correct explanation of statement I
parallel to AE. If BC = AC, then what is the (b) Both statements I and II are true but statement II is
value of ∠ CAE ? e 2012 II not the correct explanation of statement I
(c) Statement I is true but statement II is false
C
B (d) Statement II is true but statement I is false
65°
D 95° 55. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = 3 cm and
AC = 5 cm. If AD is a median drawn from the
E vertex A to the side BC, then which one of the
A
following is correct? e 2013 II
(a) 20° (b) 30° (c) 40° (d) 50° (a) AD is always greater than 4 cm but less than 5 cm
51. In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD. (b) AD is always greater than 5 cm
∠ABC = 65° , ∠CDE = 15° and AB = AE. What is (c) AD is always less than 4 cm
the value of ∠AEF ? e 2012 II (d) None of the above
A F 56. In the figure given above, ∠PQR = 90° and QL is
a median, PQ = 5 cm and QR = 12 cm. Then, QL
is equal to e 2013 II
P

B C
E
L

D Q R
(a) 30° (b) 35° (c) 40° (d) 45° (a) 5 cm (b) 5.5 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 6.5 cm

52. The angles x° , a ° , c° and ( π − b)° are indicated in 57. In a ∆ABC, ∠BCA = 90° and CD is perendicular
the figure given below : e 2012 II to AB. If AD = 4 cm and BD = 9 cm, then the
E value of DC will be e 2013 II
D x° (a) 18 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 65 cm (d) 6 cm
58. ABC is a triangle, where BC = 2 AB , ∠C = 30°
(π−b)°
A
c° a°
T and ∠A = 90°. The magnitude of the side AC is
B C e 2013 II
Which one of the following is correct ? e 2012 II 2 BC 3 BC BC 3 BC
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) x° = a° + c ° − b ° (b) x° = b ° − a° − c ° 3 4 3 2
(c) x° = a° + b ° + c ° (d) x° = a° − b ° − c °
59. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. If the side
53. Consider the following statements: BC is produced to the point D so that BC = 2 CD,
I. If G is the centroid of ∆ABC, then GA = GB = GC. then AD 2 is equal to e 2013 II

II. If H is the orthocentre of ∆ABC, then (a) 3 CD2 (b) 4 CD2 (c) 5 CD2 (d) 7 CD2
HA = HB = HC. 60. ABC is a right angled triangle such that
Which of the statement(s) given above is are AB = a − b, BC = a and CA = a + b . D is a point
correct? e 2013 II on BC such that BD = AB. The ratio of BD : DC
(a) Only I (b) Only II for any value of a and b is given by e 2013 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) 3 : 2 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 5 : 4 (d) 3 : 1
MATHEMATICS Triangles 261

61. The side BC of a ∆ABC is produced to D, 71. If triangles ABC and DEF are similar such that
bisectors of the ∠ABC and ∠ACD meet at P. If 2AB = DE and BC = 8 cm, then what is EF equal
∠BPC = x ° and ∠BAC = y °, then which one of the to? e 2014 I
following option is correct? e 2013 II (a) 16 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 8 cm
(a) x° = y° (b) x° + y° = 90° 72. The sides of a right angled triangle are equal to
(c) x° + y° = 180° (d) 2x° = y° three consecutive numbers expressed in
62. The side AC of a ∆ABC is produced to D such centimeters. What can be the area of such a
that BC = CD. If ∠ACB is 70°, then what is triangle? e 2014 I
∠ADB equal to? e 2013 II (a) 6 cm 2 (b) 8 cm 2 (c) 10 cm 2 (d) 12 cm 2
(a) 35° (b) 45° (c) 70° (d) 110°
73. The three sides of a triangle are 15, 25, x units.
63. The heights of two trees are x and y, where x > y. Which one of the following is correct? e 2014 I
The tops of the trees are at a distance z a part. If (a) 10 < x < 40 (b) 10 ≤ x ≤ 40
s is the shortest distance between the trees, then (c) 10 ≤ x < 40 (d) 10 < x ≤ 40
what is s2 equal to? e 2013 II
74. In a ∆ABC, if ∠B = 2 , ∠C = 2∠A. Then, what is
(a) x2 + y2 − z2 − 2 x y (b) x2 + y2 − z2
the ratio of AC to AB ? e 2014 II
(c) x2 + y2 + z2 − 2 x y (d) z2 − x2 − y2 + 2 x y
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
64. In a ∆ABC, ∠B = 90° and ∠C = 2∠ A, then what 75. Three straight lines are drawn through the three
is AB 2 equal to? e 2013 II vertices of a ∆ABC, the line through each vertex
(a) 2 BC 2 (b) 3BC 2 (c) 4BC 2 (d) 5BC 2 being parallel to the opposite side. The ∆DEF is
bounded by these parallel lines. e 2014 II
65. PQR is an equilateral triangle. O is the point of Consider the following statements in respect of
intersection of altitudes PL, QM and RN . If the ∆DEF.
OP = 8 cm, then what is the perimeter of the
I. Each side of ∆DEF is double the side of ∆ABC to
∆PQR ? e 2013 II
which it is parallel.
(a) 8 3 cm (b) 12 3 cm (c) 16 3 cm (d) 24 3 cm
II. Area of ∆DEF is four times the area of ∆ABC.
66. ∆DEF is formed by joining the mid-points of Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
the sides of ∆ABC. Similarly, a ∆PQR is formed (a) Only I (b) Only II
by joining the mid-points of the sides of the (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
∆DEF. If the sides of the ∆PQR are of lengths
1, 2 and 3 units, what is the perimeter of the 76. In a ∆ ABC, AD is the median through A and E
∆ABC ? e 2013 II is the mid-point of AD and BE produced meets
(a) 18 units (b) 24 units AC at F. Then, AF is equal to e 2014 II
(c) 48 units (d) Cannot be determined (a) AC/5 (b) AC/4 (c) AC/3 (d) AC/2

67. E is the mid-point of the median AD of a ∆ABC. 77. The point O is equidistant from the three sides
If BE produced meets the side AC at F, then CF of a ∆ABC.
is equal to e 2013 II Consider the following statements: e 2015 II

(a) AC /3 (b) 2 AC / 3 (c) AC /2 (d) None of these I. ∠OAC + ∠OCB + ∠OBA = 90°
II. ∠BOC = 2∠BAC
68. If AD is the internal angular of ∆ABC with III. The perpendiculars drawn from any point on OA
AB = 3 cm and AC = 1 cm, then what is BD : BC to AB and AC are always equal
equal to? e 2014 I
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) All of these
69. In a ∆ABC, AD is perpendicular to BC and BE is 78. An equilateral ∆BOC is drawn inside a square
perpendicular to AC. Which of the following is ABCD. If ∠AOD = 2θ, what is tan θ equal to?
correct? e 2014 I e 2015 II
(a) CE × CB = CA × CD (b) CE × CA = CD × CB (a) 2 − 3 (b) 1 + 2 (c) 4 − 3 (d) 2 + 3
(c) AD × BD = AE × BE (d) AB × AC = AD × BE
79. In a ∆PQR, point X is on PQ and point Y is on
70. The sides of a triangle are in geometric PR such that XP = 1 . 5 units, XQ = 6 units,
progression with common ratio r < 1. If the PY = 2 units and YR = 8 units. Which of the
triangle is a right angled triangle, the square of following are correct?
common ratio is given by e 2014 I I. QR = 5XY II. QR is parallel to XY .
5+1 5 −1 3+1 3 −1 III. ∆PYX is similar to ∆PRQ.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
262 CDS Pathfinder

I. AD > A′ D′, BE > B′ E′ and CF > C′ F ′ are always

Select the correct answer using the codes given
true.
below. e 2016 I
(a) I and II (b) II and III AB2 + BC 2 + CA 2 A′ B′ 2 + B′ C′ 2 + C′ A′ 2
II. =
(c) I and III (d) All of these AD + BE + CF
2 2 2
A′ D′ 2 + B′ E′ 2 + C′ F ′ 2
B
80. ABC is a triangle right angled Which one of the following is correct in respect of
at C as shown below. Which the above statements?
one of the following is correct? (a) Both statement I and statement II are true and
e 2016 I Q statement II is the correct explanation of statement I
(a) AQ 2 + AB2 = BP 2 + PQ 2 (b) Both statement I and statement II are true but statement
(b) AQ 2 + PQ 2 = AB2 + BP 2 II is not the correct explanation of statement I
A (c) Statement I is true but statement II is false
(c) AQ 2 + BP 2 = AB2 + PQ 2 C
P (d) Statement I is false but statement II is true
(d) AQ + AP = BK + KQ
2 2 2 2
84. ABC and DEF are similar triangles. If the ratio
81. In the given figure, AD = CD = BC. What is the of side AB to side DE is ( 2 + 1) : 3, then the
value of ∠CDB? e 2016 I ratio of area of ∆ABC to that of ∆DEF is e 2016 I
C (a) (3 − 2 2 ) : 3 (b) (9 − 6 2 ) : 2
96°
(c) 1 : (9 − 6 2 ) (d) (3 + 2 2 ) : 2
85. Let ∆ABC and ∆DEF be such that ∠ABC = ∠DEF,
∠ACB = ∠DFE and ∠BAC = ∠EDF. Let L be the
A B mid-point of BC and M be the mid-point of EF.
D
(a) 32° (b) 64° Consider the following statements e 2016 I
(c) 78° I. ∆ABL and ∆DEM are similar.
(d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data II. ∆ALC is congruent to ∆DMF even, if AC ≠ DF .
82. ABC is an equilateral triangle and X, Y and Z Which one of the following is correct in respect of
are the points on BC, CA and AB respectively, the above statements?
such that BX = CY = AZ . Which of the following (a) Both statement I and statement II are true and
is/are correct? e 2016 I statement II is the correct explanation of statement I
I. XYZ is an equilateral triangle. (b) Both statement I and statement II are true but
statement II is not the correct explanation of statement I
II. ∆XYZ is similar to ∆ABC.
(c) Statement I is true but statement II is false
Select the correct answer using the codes given (d) Statement I is false but statement II is true
below.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
86. ABC is a triangle in which D is the mid-point of
BC and E is the mid-point of AD.
83. Let ABC and A′ B′ C ′ be two triangles in which I. The area of ∆ABC is equal to four times the area
AB > A′ B′, BC > B′C ′ and CA > C ′ A′. Let D , E and of ∆BED.
F be the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB, II. The area of ∆ADC is twice the area of ∆BED.
respectively. Let D′, E′ and F ′ be the mid-points Select the correct answer using the codes given
of the sides B′ C ′, C ′ A′ and A′ B′, respectively. below. e 2016 I
Consider the following statements e 2016 I (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 c 6 d 7 a 8 b 9 c 10 a
11 d 12 b 13 c 14 d 15 d 16 a 17 c 18 a 19 b 20 a
21 d 22 c 23 d 24 a 25 b 26 d 27 a 28 a 29 c 30 d
31 b 32 a 33 d 34 d 35 d 36 c 37 d 38 b 39 c 40 a
41 a 42 d 43 b 44 c 45 d 46 b 47 b 48 c 49 c 50 d
51 b 52 c 53 d 54 a 55 c 56 d 57 d 58 d 59 d 60 d
61 d 62 a 63 d 64 b 65 d 66 b 67 b 68 d 69 b 70 b
71 a 72 a 73 a 74 a 75 c 76 c 77 c 78 d 79 d 80 c
81 b 82 c 83 b 84 c 85 c 86 c
MATHEMATICS Triangles 263

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

2
1. (b) Let ABC is any triangle and AD is  12  7. (a) As ADB is a right angled triangle.
52 =   + p 2
the bisector of angle A.
 p So, AB 2 = AD 2 + BD 2
Also, BD = DC (given) ⇒ AC 2 = AD 2 + BD 2 [Q AB = AC ]
144
A ⇒ 25 = 2 + p 2 ⇒ ( AD + DC )2 = AD 2 + BD 2
p ⇒ AD 2 + DC 2 + 2 AD ⋅ DC
25 p 2 = 144 + p 4 = AD 2 + BD 2
⇒ p 4 − 25 p 2 + 144 = 0 ⇒ BD − CD = 2DC ⋅ AD
2 2

⇒ p − 16 p 2 − 9 p 2 + 144 = 0
4 8. (b) As in ∆ ADE and ∆ ABC ,
B D C AD 8 2 AE 6 2
⇒ p 2 ( p 2 − 16) − 9 ( p 2 − 16) = 0 = = and = =
Q AD is the internal bisector of ∠A. AB 20 5 AC 15 5
⇒ ( p 2 − 9) ( p 2 − 16) = 0 A
AB BD
∴ = ⇒ p = 3 or p = 4
AC DC
AB BD Hence, other sides are 3 cm and 4 cm.
⇒ = = 1 [QBD = DC given] D E
AC DC 5. (c) As ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF
⇒ AB = AC AB AC BC
⇒ = = B C
Hence, triangle is an isosceles triangle. DE DF EF AD AE
A D ∴ =
2. (a) The line segments joining the AB AC
mid-points of the sides of a triangle 2.5 and ∠A = ∠A [common]
form four triangles each of which is 3
similar to the original triangle. ∴ ∆ ADE ~ ∆ ABC
[by SAS similarity]
A B 2 C E 4 F DE AD DE 2
BC 2 1 ∴ = ⇒ =
Q = = BC AB BC 5
F E EF 4 2 5
⇒ BC = DE .
∴ DE = 2 AB = 2 × 3 = 6 cm 2
B D C and DF = 2 × AC = 2 × 2.5 = 5 cm 9. (c) Let AB be a vertical stick and AC be
Here, ∆ BDF ~ ∆ ABC ∴ Perimeter of ∆ DEF = ( 6 + 5 + 4) its shadow. Also, let PQ be a tower
having shadow PR .
Also, ∆ DEC , ∆ DEF = 15 cm
Sun Sun
∆ AFE ~ ∆ ABC Shortcut Method B Q
3. (b) As BD = EC , Perimeter of ∆ABC
15 m

Perimeter of ∆DEF
∠AEC = ∠BDA = 90°each x
= Ratio of corresponding sides
[Q BD⊥AC and CE⊥AB]
(3 + 2 + 2.5) 1
A ∴ = A C P R
Perimeter of ∆DEF 2 12 m 50 m
E ∴Perimeter of ∆DEF = 2 ( 75
. ) = 15 cm. ∠A = ∠P
D
∠B = ∠Q
6. (d) Let P be the starting point of his run, [Q Sun with tower and stick forms
then PT is the distance between the same angle]
B C starting and the finishing point. As, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR
Also, ∠A = ∠A [common] 80 m [ ∴ By AA similarity]
~ R S
∴ ∆BDA = ∆ AEC AB AC 15 12
[by AAS congruency] U
12 m N ∴ = ⇒ =
T PQ PR x 50
⇒ AB = AC [by cpct] 60 m 15 × 50
12 m W E ⇒ x= = 62.5 m
So, triangle is an isosceles triangle. 12
4. (c) Let the other side be b and p. Q 25 m P Hence, the height of the tower is 62.5 m.
S
1 10. (a) Let the ratio of their corresponding
∴ b × p = 6 ⇒ b × p = 12
2 ∴ PU = RQ − ST = 60 − 12 = 48 m height be h : h .
1 2
12 UT = RS − QP = 80 − 25 = 55 m But the ratio of the areas of two similar
⇒ b= and
p triangles is equal to the ratio of the
∴ In ∆ PUT, PT 2
= ( PU )2 + ( TU )2
squares of their corresponding heights.
Also, by pythagoras theorem ∴PT = ( 48)2 + (55)2 = 2304 + 3025 h 2 81
h2 = b 2 + p2 ∴ 1 = ⇒ h : h =9: 7
= 5329 = 73 m h 2 49 1 2
2
264 CDS Pathfinder

11. (d) As DE || BC , by basic proportionality A So, angles are 2x = 40°,

theorem, 3x = 60°, 4x = 80°.
A F E
20. (a) In ∆ABC , ∠A + ∠B + y = 180°
x x+2 y = 180° − ( 40 + 30)° = 110°
B D C ∠ADE = ∠ABC [corresponding angle]
D E 1 1
x–1 ∴ DE = AB = × 10 = 5 cm x = 30°
x–2 2 2
1 Similarly, y = z = 110°
EF = BC ⇒ BC = 2EF
B C 2 21. (d) In ∆GEF and ∆GCD, we have
AD AE x x+ 2 = 2 × 3 = 6 cm ∠EFG = ∠GDC [alternate angles]
= ⇒ = 1
DB EC x−2 x−1 DF = AC ⇒ AC = 2 × DF ∠EGF = ∠CGD
2
[vertically opposite angles]
⇒ x ( x − 1) = ( x + 2) ( x − 2) = 2 × 4 = 8 cm
∆GEF ~ ∆GCD [by AA similarity]
⇒ x 2 − x = x 2 − 2x + 2x − 4 15. (d) In ∆PQR, ∠ P + ∠ Q + ∠ R = 180° GE EF
⇒ a + 3a + b = 180° ∴ =
⇒ x=4 CG DC
Hence, the value of x is 4. ⇒ 4a + b = 180° …(i) 5 EF
Given, − 5a + 3b = 30° …(ii) ⇒ =
12. (b) As AB || CD and the diagonals of a 10 18
Solving Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get a = 30° 5 × 18
trapezium divide each other and b = 60° ⇒ EF = = 9 cm
proportionally. 10
∴ ∠ P = 30° , ∠ Q = 90° and ∠ R = 60°
AO BO 22. (c) Given, In ∆PQR, PQ > PR
So, = So, ∆ PQR is right angled triangle.
OC OD
16. (a) Consider ∆BMD and ∆DLC , ⇒ ∠PRQ > ∠PQR
3x − 1 2x + 1 [angle opp to larger side is greater]
⇒ = As ∠ BMD = ∠ DLC = 90° [each]
5x − 3 6x − 5 Also, ∠ BDM = ∠ DCL corresponding ⇒
1 1
∠PRQ > ∠PQR
angle 2 2
(3x − 1) ( 6x − 5) = (5x − 3) ( 2x + 1) ⇒ ∠SRQ > ∠SQR ⇒ SQ > SR
∴∆BMD ~ ∆DLC [by AA similarity]
⇒ 18x2 − 15x − 6x + 5 BD DM BM [side opp to greater angle is larger]
∴ = =
= 10x2 + 5x − 6x − 3 DC LC DL 23. (d) Given, AB = AC
BD DM 1
⇒ 8x − 20x + 8 = 0
2
⇒ = = A
DC LC 3
⇒ 4x − 10x + 4 = 0
2
∴ DM : LC = 1 : 3
⇒ 2( 2x2 − 5x + 2) = 0
17. (c) In ∆ABC , by pythagoras theorem, c b
⇒ 2( 2x2 − 4x − x + 2) = 0 A
⇒ 2[ 2x( x − 2) − 1( x − 2) = 0
⇒ 2( 2x − 1)( x − 2) = 0 P B a C
1 ⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ACB
But as x = will make OC negative.
2 If ∠A = 60°, then
B Q C
∴ x= 2 AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 …(i) ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle a = b = c
13. (c) Exterior angle bisector theorem The And in ∆PBQ, If ∠A = 90°, then
exterior bisector of an angle of a triangle PQ 2 = PB 2 + BQ 2 …(ii) ∆ABC is right angled triangle
divides the opposite side externally in Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), a 2 = b 2 + c 2 = c 2 + c 2 = 2c 2 [Q b = c ]
the ratio of the sides containing the AC 2 + PQ 2 = ( AB 2 + BC 2 )
angle. ⇒a = 2c
+ PB 2 + BQ 2
BE AB ∴ If 60°< A < 90°, then c < a < c 2
Q = as AE is an exterior angle = ( AB + BQ ) + ( PB 2 + BC 2 )
2 2
CE AC AC 2 + PQ 2 = AQ 2 + CP 2 24. (a) Here, in ∆ABC
bisector. AB 2 = AD 2 + BD 2 …(i)
18. (a) In ∆BCA , ∠CAB = 65° and
Let CE = x, BE = BC + EC = 12 + x In right angled ∆ADC , we have
∠ACB = 90° [Q ∠C = 90° given]
12 + x 10 AC 2 = AD 2 + CD 2 …(ii)
⇒ = ∠CBA = 180° − ( ∠BCA + ∠CAB )
x 6 Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i),
[by angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ ( 12 + x) 6 = 10x = 180° − ( 65° + 90° ) AB 2 − AC 2 = BD 2 − CD 2
A
⇒ 72 + 6x = 10x ⇒ 4x = 72 = 180° − 155° = 25°
⇒ x = 18 cm 19. (b) Let the angles of a triangle be
14. (d) As the line joining the mid-points of 2x, 3x, 4x, then
any two sides or a triangle is parallel to 2x + 3x + 4x = 180°
the third side and is half of the third [by angle sum property of a triangle] B D C
side. 9x = 180° ⇒ x = 20° AB 2 − BD 2 = AC 2 − CD 2
MATHEMATICS Triangles 265

25. (b) Since, c is the base and p is the 7 3  7 33. (d) Q ∠ABC = 180°−∠DBA = 180°−2x
 z  + z = 180° ⇒ z + z = 180°
altitude of ∆ABC . 3 8  8 B C
C D E
Q y = 3 z  2x 120°
 8 
b a
p 15z
= 180° ⇒ z = 96° x
8
3 A
A D c
B So, y = × 96° = 36°
8 and ∠ACB = 180° − ∠ACE
1 4
Here, area of ∆ABC = pc …(i) and x = × 36° = 48° = 180° − 120° = 60°
2 3
In ∆ABC ,∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180°
1
Also, area of ∆ABC = ab …(ii) 29. (c) We have, x = 35° [alternate angles] ⇒ 180°−2x + 60°+ x = 180° ⇒ x = 60°
2
z° = 75° [alternate angles]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 34. (d) In ∆PQY , by pythagoras theorem,
1 1 In ∆ABP, x + y + 75° = 180°
pc = ab ⇒ pc = ab PY 2 = PQ 2 + QY 2
2 2 y = 180°−( 75°+35° ) ⇒ y = 70°
P
26. (d) Hence, AD 2 = BD ⋅ DC Hence the value of
C x = 35° , y = 70° ,z = 75° X

D 30. (d) x° = 60° [vertically opposite angles]

Q R
y = 60° [corresponding angles] Y
90° 2
∠PRS = 110°
⇒ PY 2 = PQ 2 + 
A B [alternate angles] QR 

AD DC ∠QRS + x° = 110° [Alternate angles]  2 
⇒ =
BD AD ∠QRS = 110° − 60° = 50° QY = YR = QR 
∴ ∆ADB ~ ∆CDA ⇒ ∠BAD = ∠ACD ∴ t = 180° − ( y + ∠QRS )  2  …(i)
Now, ∠CAB = ∠CAD + ∠BAD = 180° − ( 60°+50° ) and in ∆ XQR, RX 2 = QX 2 + QR2
= ∠CAD + ∠ACD = 90° t = 70° 2
⇒ RX 2 = 
PQ 
 + QR
2
So, ∆ABC must be right angled triangle. Also, t =z [alternate angles]  2 
Hence, BC 2 = AC 2 + AB 2 ∴ z = 70°
Q P X = XQ = PQ  …(ii)
27. (a) In ∆ABC , 31. (b) Since, ∠PTB = 55° 
[given] 2 
C Then, ∠TUV = 55°
[corresponding angle] On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
D 5PQ 2 5QR2
Also, ∠TUV = ∠CUQ = 55° PY 2 + RX 2 = +
[vertically opposite angle] 4 4
A b
B Also given, ∠DVS = 45° ⇒ PY 2 + RX 2 = 5 / 4( PQ 2 + QR2 )
1 Then, ∠UVT = 45°
Area of ∆ABC = × Base × Altitude ⇒ 4 ( PY 2 + RX 2 ) = 5( PR2 )
[vertically opposite angle]
2
In ∆UTV , In ∆XQR, by pythagoras theorem,
1 2∆
∆ = b × AC , AC = ∠T = 180° − (55° + 45° ) = 80° XR2 = XQ 2 + QR2 …(iii)
2 b
[angle sum property of a triangle]
In ∆ABC , Using pythagoras theorem, and In ∆PQY , by pythagoras theorem,
⇒ ∠T = ∠PTR = 80°
AC 2 + AB 2 = BC 2 PY 2 = PQ 2 + QY 2 …(iv)
[vertically opposite angle]
4∆ 2
∴ ∠CUQ + ∠RTP = 55° + 80° = 135° On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
⇒ BC = + b2
b2 32. (a) XR2 + PY 2 = XQ 2 + QR2
Again in ∆ ABC , area of ∆ABC A a 4 3c
B
1 + PQ 2 + QY 2
∆ = × BC × AD 5 C
2 b
1 ⇒ XR2 + PY 2 = XQ 2 + QY 2
2∆ 2 ∆b
⇒ AD = = 2 + QR2 + PQ 2
4∆2 + b 4 4∆2 + b 4 6
x ⇒ XR2 + PY 2 = XY 2 + PR2
b2
D and again,
28. (a) As, AB||CD and BC cuts them.
∴ ∠BCD = ∠ABC = x [alternate ∠S] ∠1 = ∠3 + ∠4, ∠2 = ∠5 + ∠6 XR2 + PY 2 = XY 2 + PR2
∴ In ∆BCD, x + y + z = 180° ⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 = XY 2 + ( 2XY )2
4
y + y + z = 180°
[since, exterior angle is equal to sum XR2 + PY 2 = XY 2 + 4XY 2
3 of two opposite interior angles]
⇒ XR2 + PY 2 = 5XY 2
7y ⇒ b = c+ a+ x
⇒ + z = 180° Thus, option (d) is incorrect.
3 ∴ x= b−c−a
266 CDS Pathfinder

35. (d) We produced line AB to meet line Also, XY + XP + YQ = 40 [given] x BD

Then, = …(i)
CE at M. ⇒ AX + XB + YQ = 40 z QD
C x D [Q XY = AX , XP = XB] Since CD ||PQ
⇒ AB + YQ = 40 So, ∆ BCD ~ ∆ BPQ,
z BQ
B ⇒ YQ = 40 − 30 = 10 cm ∴ =
A M y BD
y E ∴ YQ = XP = 10 cm z BD − QD
∴ BP = CQ = 10 cm ⇒ =
Since, AM || CD. y BD
∴ PQ = 30 − BP − CQ z QD
∠DCM = ∠BMC = x ⇒ = 1−
= 30 − 10 − 10 = 10 cm y BD
[alternate angles] z z
38. (b) As, OP || YZ ⇒ = 1−
CME is a straight line [from Eq. (i)]
⇒∠POY = ∠OYZ [alternate angles] y x
∴ ∠BME = π − x ⇒ ∠PYO = ∠POY z z 1 1 1
⇒ + =1 ⇒ + =
Also, ABM is a straight line. [since OY is angle bisector of ∠Y ] x y x y z
∴ ∠EBM = π − y ∴ PY = PO
42. (d) In right angle ∆ PQR , by pythagoras
Now, in ∆BEM As ∠XYZ is an acute angle.
1 theorem,
∠EBM + ∠BME + ∠BEM = π ∴ ∠ XYZ < 45° R
2
⇒ π − y + π − x + ∠E = π ∴ ∠POY = ∠PYO < 45°
⇒ ∠E = x + y − π 4 cm 5 cm
∴ ∠YPO > 90°
36. (c) ∴ ∠A = 360° − Ext ∠A Hence, ∆PYO is an isosceles triangle but
not a right angled triangle. Q P
A
39. (c) Here, we see that C QP = (5) − ( 4) = 9 ⇒ QP = 3 cm
2 2 2

CD = BD = DA In second ∆ABC whose sides are 3 cm,

This is possible D 4 cm and 5 cm. So, the sides of both
only when ABC is triangle are same, hence they are
right angled congruent.
B C triangle. B A
43. (b) Given, AC = BC
Similarly, ∠B = 360° − Ext ∠B and 40. (a) In ∆DCX ,CD = CX [given] ∴ ∠ABC = ∠BAC
∠C = 360° − Ext ∠C ∠3 = ∠ 4 [angles of an isosceles triangle]
[opposite angle of same sides]
We know that, the sum of all the angles ⇒ ∠BAC = ∠ABC = 38°
of a triangle is 180°. But ∠ 3 = ∠ 5, So, ∠ 4 = ∠ 5
In ∆ABC ,
In ∆ ABD and ∆ ACX ,
∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° ∠ACB = 180° − ( ∠BAC + ∠ABC )
∠1 = ∠2 [given]
⇒ 360° − Ext ∠A + 360° − Ext ∠B [by angle sum property of a triangle]
A
+ 360° − Ext ∠C = 180° = 180° − (38° + 38° )
⇒ Ext ∠A + Ext ∠B + Ext ∠C 12
= 180° − 76° = 104°
= 1080° − 180° = 900°
In ∆ACD, ∠ACD = 180° − 104° = 76°
37. (d) Since, XP || AC and YQ || AB [by linear pair]
A and ∠CAD = ∠ACD = 76°
5
B
D
C [Q CD = AD]
3
∴ ∠ADC = 180° − ( ∠CAD + ∠ACD )
4 = 180° − ( 76° + 76° ) = 28°
X Y X 44. (c)I. It is true that the three medians of a
∠4 = ∠5 triangle divide it into six triangles of
B C equal area.
P Q ∴ ∆ABD ~ ∆ACX
[by AA similarity] II. It is also true that, the perimeter of a
∴ ∠XBP = ∠YQC and ∠XPB = ∠YCQ
triangle is greater than the sum of
Also, XY ||BC 41. (a) Since, AB ⊥ BD and PQ ⊥ BD
the lengths of its three medians.
∴ XYQB and XYCP are parallelogram ⇒ AB ||PQ Hence, I and II are correct.
⇒ XB = YQ and XP = YC So, ∆ABD ~ ∆PQD
45. (d) In ∆CAD and ∆CBE,
So, ∆XBP and ∆YCQ are congruent A
C
triangles.
C
Now, XY || BC x P E D
AX XY y
∴ = ⇒ AX = XY z
AB BC B A B
D
[Q AB = BC = 30 cm] Q
MATHEMATICS Triangles 267

∠C = ∠C [common] ⇒ 3( ∠A + ∠B ) + 3∠C = 540° …(ii) Q∠DEC + ∠FEC = 180° [linear pair]

∠CEB = ∠ADC [each 90°] On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we Given that, AB = AE
∴ ∆CAD ~ ∆CBE get ∴ ∠ABE = ∠AEB = 65°
[by AA similarity] ∠C = 60° Q ∠AEB + ∠AEF + ∠FEC = 180°
Sides will be in same proportion. 49. (c) [straight line]
CA CD
= and
AD CD
= ⇒ 65° + x° + 80° = 180°
C
CB CE BE CE ∴ x° = 180° − 145° = 35°
Hence, all three statements are correct. 3
52. (c)Q∠PCT + ∠PCB = π [linear pair]
46. (b) Given, PQ = 3 cm, QR = 4 cm and S
E
RP = 5 cm 1 2 D x°
A
Here, RP 2 = PQ 2 + QR2 B
P
So, PQR is a right angled triangle. (π−b)°
c° a°
By Exterior angle theorem, A T
Let D is an interior point in ∆PQR ext. ∠A = ∠2 + ∠3
B C
P
ext. ∠B = ∠1 + ∠3 ∠PCB = π − ( π − b ° ) = b ° …(i)
ext. ∠C = ∠1 + ∠2 In ∆BPC , ∠PCB + ∠BPC + ∠PBC = π
5 Sum of the three exterior angles [by angle sum property of a triangle]
3 D
= ( ∠1 + ∠2) + ( ∠2 + ∠3) + ( ∠3 + ∠1) ⇒ ∠PBC = π − ∠PCB − ∠BPC
= 2( ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3)
= π − b °− a ° …(ii)
= 2 × 180° = 360°
Q 4 R Q ∠ABE + ∠EBC = π [linear pair]
[Q ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°]
In ∆DPQ, DP + DQ > 3 …(i) ⇒ ∠ABE = π − ∠PBC
similarly, DQ + DR > 4 …(ii) 50. (d) Given that, BC || AE [Q ∠PBC = ∠EBC ]
and DP + DR > 5 …(iii) ∠CBA + ∠EAB = 180° = π − ( π − b °− a ° ) = a ° + b °…(iii)
adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get C Now, in ∆ABE
B
65° Sum of two interior angles = Exterior
2 (DP + DQ + DR) > 12
⇒ DP + DQ + DR > 6 95° angle
∠EAB + ∠ABE = ∠BES
Hence, both statements I and II are x°
E c ° + b ° + a ° = x°
individually true and statement II is not A
∴ x° = a °+ b °+ c °
correct explanation of statement I. ⇒ ∠EAB = 180° − 65° = 115°
BC = AC 53. (d) GA = GB = GC is true only and only
47. (b) Given, Q
N Hence, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle. for equilateral triangle and here it is not
given that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
⇒ ∠CBA = ∠CAB = 65°
So, statement I is not correct. Similarly,
Q Now, ∠EAB = ∠EAC + ∠CAB statement II will also hold only for
⇒ 115° = x + 65° ⇒ x = 50° equilateral triangle.
51. (b) Given that, ∠ABC = 65° A
L M
P and ∠CDE = 15°
I. PQ 2 = MP 2 + NQ 2 Since, AB || CD
⇒ PQ 2 = LP 2 + LQ 2 G
∠DCB = ∠ABC = 65°
[Q LP = MP and NQ = LQ]
⇒ ∠QLP = 90° [alternate angles]
It means, ∆NLM is a right angled Also, ∠DCE = ∠DCB [same angle]
triangle. B C
Now, ∠FEC = ∠CDE + ∠DCE
II. It also true that if in a ∆ABC . DS 1
[exterior angle] 54. (a) Given, =
AB 2 > BC 2 + CA 2 , then ∠ACB is DE 2
obtuse. 15° + 65° = 80° D
Hence, both statements are A F
individually true but statement II
is not the correct explanation of T S T
statement I.
x°
48. (c) Given that, 65° 65° 80° E F
1 1 1 B C ∴ DE = 2 × DS
∠A + ∠C + ∠B = 80° E 65°
2 3 2 Since, ST is parallel to EF.
⇒ 3∠A + 2∠C + 3∠B = 480°
∴ ∠S = ∠E and ∠T = ∠F
⇒ 3 ( ∠A + ∠B ) + 2∠C = 480° …(i) 15° So, ∆DTS and ∆DEF are similar.
Also, in ∆ABC , Ratio of areas = Ratio of squares of
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° D corresponding sides.
268 CDS Pathfinder

∆DST  1  1
2 9+ 4 1 1
⇒ = = ⇒ = A
 = 13 × 4 × 9 CD 2 36
∆DEF  2  2
⇒ ∆ DEF = 2 ∆ DST ∴ CD = 6 cm
Hence, both statements I and II are true Shortcut Method a+b
a–b
and statement II is the correct CD 2 = AD ⋅ DB
explanation of statement I. CD = AD ⋅ DB = 4×9
55. (c) We know that, A = 36 = 6 cm (a – b) b
B D C
The sum of any 58. (d) Given that, ∠A = 90° and ∠C = 30° a
two sides of a
B
triangle is greater 3 cm 5 cm ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab + a 2
than twice the ⇒ 4ab = a 2 ⇒ 4b = a
median drawn to
BD a − b
B C
D
the third side. Now, =
i.e. ( AB + AC ) > 2 AD DC b
4b − b 3b 3
⇒ (3 + 5) > 2 AD ⇒ AD < 4 = = =
90º 30º
Hence, AD is always less than 4 cm. b b 1
A C or 3 : 1
56. (d) Given that, PQ = 5 cm,QR = 12 cm ∴ ABC is a right angled triangle.
and QL is a median. 61. (d) Given that, ∠BPC = x°
Also, given that BC = 2 AB
P and ∠BAC = y °
BC
⇒ AB = …(i)
2 A P
By pythagoras theorem, y° x°
L
5 BC 2 = AC 2 + AB 2
⇒ ( 2 AB )2 = AC 2 + AB 2
90º ⇒ AC 2 = 4 AB 2 − AB 2 = 3 AB 2 B C D
Q 12 R 3 Since, BP and CP are the angle bisectors
⇒ AC = 3 ⋅ AB = ⋅ ( 2 AB ) of ∠ABC and ∠ACD, respectively.
PR 2
∴ PL = LR = ...(i)
2 3 ∴ ∠ABC = 2∠PBC …(i)
∴ AC = ⋅ BC [from Eq.(i)]
In ∆PQR, ( PR)2 = ( PQ )2 + (QR)2 2 and ∠ACD = 2∠PCD …(ii)
[by pythagoras theorem] 59. (d) Draw AM ⊥ BC since sum of two interior angles is equal
( PR)2 = (5)2 + ( 12)2 to exterior angle
Let AB = BC = AC = x
( PR)2 = 25 + 144 ⇒ 169 = ( 13)2 x ∴ ∠PCD = x °+∠PBC …(iii)
Then, BM = MC =
⇒ PR = ( 13)
2 2
⇒ PR = 13 2 and ∠ACD = y °+∠ABC
Now, by mid-point theorem, if L is the A ⇒ 2∠PCD = y °+2∠PBC
mid-point of the hypotenuse PR of a [using (i) and (ii)]
right angled ∆PQR, then ⇒ 2 [ x °+∠PBC ] = y °+ 2∠PBC
1 1 ⇒ 2x ° = y °
QL = PR = ( 13) = 6.5 cm
2 2 B M C D 62. (a)Q∠ACB + ∠BCD = 180° [linear pair]
57. (d) In ∆ABC and ∆ACD, x
Also, CD = [Q BC = 2CD] ∠BCD = 180° − 70° = 110°
AC 4 2
Q = B
AB AC Now, in ∆AMC , by pythagoras theorem,
∴ AC 2 = 4 × 13 = 52 ... (i) AM 2 = AC 2 − MC 2
[Q AB = 4 + 9 = 13]
9 x 2 3x 2
In ∆ABC and ∆BCD,
BC
= = x2 − = 70°
AB BC 4 4 A D
C
A In ∆AMD, by pythagoras theorem,
In ∆BCD, BC = CD
4 AD 2 = AM 2 + MD 2 ⇒ ∠CBD = ∠CDB ...(i)
D 3x 2 7x 2
= + x2 = [angles opposite to equal side]
9 4 4 Also, ∠BCD + ∠CBD + ∠CDB = 180°
 x2 
= 7   = 7CD 2 Q CD = 
90° x
[by angle sum property of a triangle]
C B  4 
 2 
2∠CDB = 180 ° − ∠BCD
⇒ BC 2 = 9 × 13 = 117 ...(ii) 60. (d) In right angle ∆ABC ,
1 1 1 1 1 = 180 ° − 110 ° = 70 °
Now, = + = + By pythagoras theorem,
CD 2
AC 2
BC 2
52 117 ( a + b )2 = ( a − b )2 + a 2 70°
∴ ∠CDB = ∠ADB = = 35°
2
MATHEMATICS Triangles 269

63. (d) Now, applying pythagoras theorem in 3a 3a CD AC

PO + OL = , 8+ 4= ⇒ + 1= + 1
∆ABE, 2 2 BD AB
AE 2 = AB 2 + BE 2 12 × 2 24 CD + BD AC + AB
a= = cm ⇒ =
⇒ z 2 = ( x − y )2 + s 2 3 3 BD AB
A ∴ Perimeter of ∆PQR = 3a BC 3 + 1 BD 3
⇒ = ⇒ =
x–y z 3 × 24 BD 3 BC 4
= = 24 3 cm
E 3 ∴ BD : BC = 3 : 4
x B s
66. (b) Perimeter of ∆PQR = 1+ 2 + 3 =6 units 69. (b) In ∆ADC and ∆BEC
y A C

C s D D P E
⇒ z = x + y − 2 xy + s
2 2 2 2
Q R E D

∴ s 2 = z 2 − x2 − y 2 + 2 x y B F C
64. (b) Given, ∠C = 2∠ A and ∠B = 90° Q P , Q , R are the mid-points of DE,DF
A B
∴ ∠A + ∠C = 90° and FE of ∆DEF .
A ∴ 2 PQ = FE ∠BEC = ∠ADC = 90°
[by mid-point theorem] ∠ACD = ∠BCE [common]
Similarly, DF = 2 PR and DE = 2QR ∴ ∆ADC ~ ∆BEC [by AA similarity]
∴Perimeter of ∆DEF = 2 × 6 = 12 units AC CD
=
90° Similarly, perimeter of ∆ ABC BC CE
B C
= 2 × perimeter of ∆DEF ⇒ AC × CE = BC × CD
⇒ ∠A + 2∠ A = 90° [Q ∠C = 2∠A]
= 2 × 12 = 24 units ⇒ CE × CA = CD × CB
⇒ 3∠ A = 90° ⇒ ∠ A = 30°
a
So, ∠C = 90° − 30° = 60° 67. (b) Draw a line segment DG parallel to 70. (b) Let the sides of triangle be , a , ar
BF. Then, in ∆ADG, r
Now, if the angles of a triangle are of and since r < 1.
measure 30°, 60° and 90°. A
a
Then, side opposite to 30° i.e. F ∴ > a > ar
1 E G
r
BC = × hypotenuse
2 Now, triangle is right angled.
1 B C
⇒ BC = AC ⇒ AC = 2 BC D Using pythagoras theorem,
2 2
BF || DG  a  = ( a )2 + ( ar )2
In right angled ∆ABC ,  
∴ EF || DG  r
by pythagoras theorem
and AE = ED a2
AC 2
= AB + BC 2 2 ⇒ = a2 + a2r2
[since, E is mid-point of AD] r2
⇒ 4BC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 [Q AC = 2BC ] a2
∴ AF = FG ...(i) ⇒ = a2( 1 + r2 ) ⇒ r2 + r4 = 1
⇒ AB 2 = 4BC 2 − BC 2 = 3BC 2 r2
Similarly, in ∆BCF
65. (d) Since, PQR is an equilateral triangle. DG || BF and BD = DC Put r 2 = x,
Then, PL is also the median of ∆PQR.
∴ FG = GC ...(ii) ⇒ x + x − 1= 0
2
Similarly, RN and QM are also the
median of ∆PQR and O is the centroid. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get −1 ± 1 − 4( −1) −1 ± 5
x= =
PO 2 PO 8 2 2 2
So, = ⇒ OL = = = 4 cm CF = AC
OL 1 2 2 3 Since, sides of triangle cannot be negative
3a 68. (d) In ∆ABC , AD is the internal angle 5−1
Now, altitude of ∆PQR = ∴ r2 =
2 bisector of ∠A 2
[where, a = length of side of an Using property of internal angle bisector.
71. (a) ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF
equilateral ∆PQR] C
A
P D D
8 cm 1

N M A 3 B E F
BD AB CD AC B C
O
= ⇒ =
CD AC BD AB AB BC 1 8
∴ = ⇒ =
Q R On adding both sides, we get DE EF 2 EF
L
EF = 16 cm
270 CDS Pathfinder

72. (a) Since, the triangle is right angled. Obviously, A , B and C are the 78. (d) x
A B
So, all the three mid-points of DE , EF and DF,
A
consecutive sides respectively.
must satisfy 5 E
O
pythagoras 4
xQ θ Px
theorem.
A B
Hence, 3, 4 and 5 B 3 C
are the sides of
triangle which satisfy pythagoras D C F D x C
theorem.
By mid-point theorem, Let side of square ABCD be x and
1
∴ Area of triangle = × 4 × 3 = 6 cm 2 1
BC = DE or DE = 2BC drawn equilateral ∆BOC inside ABCD.
2 2 Such that, BO = OC = BC = x
73. (a) In a triangle, Similarly, DF = 2 AB BC x
Sum of two sides is always greater than and EF = 2 AC and BP = =
2 2
the third side Hence, statement I is correct. 2
x2
x 2 −  
x < 40 x
i.e. ...(i) II. Also, area of ∴ PO = = x2 −
 2 4
Difference of two sides is always less 1
∆ABC = area of ∆DEF
than third side 4 3x 2 3
= = x
i.e. 10 < x ...(ii) or area of ∆DEF = 4 area of ∆ABC 4 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), 10 < x < 40 Hence, statement II is also correct. 3
and OQ = AB − PO = x − x
74. (a) Given, in ∆ABC , ∠B = 2∠C = 2∠A 76. (c) See solved answer of 67. 2
We know that, sum of all angles of a 77. (c) Given, O is equidistant from AB, BC 2− 3
= x 
triangle = 180° and AC  2 
⇒ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° ∴ O is the incentre of ∆ABC
A Since, ∠AOD = 2θ
⇒ ∠A + 2∠A + ∠A = 180° ⇒ ∠AOQ = θ
[Q 2∠C = 2∠A = ∠B] In ∆AOQ,
⇒ 4∠A = 180° O AD x
180° AQ
⇒ ∠A = = 45° tanθ = = 2 = 2
4 OQ OQ 2− 3
B C x 
A  2 
Join OA , OB and OC .
x 2
= ×
In ∆ABC , OA , OB and OC are angle 2 x( 2 − 3 )
bisectors.
1 2+ 3 2+ 3
1 = × =
Q ∠OAB = ∠OAC = ∠BAC 2− 3 2+ 3 4 −3
90° 2
B C
1 [Q ( a + b )( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2 ]
∴ ∠OBA = ∠OBC = ∠ABC
∴ ∠B = 90° and ∠C = 45° 2 = 2+ 3
Thus, ∆ABC is a right angled triangle, 1
and ∠OCB = ∠OCA = ∠ACB 79. (d) In ∆PQR,
right angle at B and AB = BC . 2
In ∆ABC , by pythagoras theorem, Now, in ∆ABC , PX 1.5 1 PY 2 1
= = and = =
XQ 6 4 YR 8 4
AB + BC
2 2
= AC 2 ∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180°
P
⇒ AB 2 + AB 2 = AC 2 [Q angle sum property]
1.5 2
[Q AB = BC ] ∴ ∠OAC + ∠OCB + ∠OBA = 90°
X Y
⇒ 2 AB 2 = AC 2 [option]
⇒ 2 AB = AC II. This statement is false as 6 8
[taking square root on both sides] 1 Q R
∠BOC = 90°+ ∠BAC PX PY
AC 2 2 So, =
⇒ = XQ YR
AB 1 III. The statement perpendiculars
PX PQ 1.5 7.5
∴ AC : AB = 2 : 1 drawn from any point on OA to AB I. = ⇒ =
and AC are always equal so it is true, XY QR XY QR
75. (c) I. On drawing the three straight lines
through the three vertices of ∆ABC , because O is equidistant from AB ⇒ QR = 5X Y
we get the following figure and AC . PX PY 1
II. Also, = =
Here, AB || DF , BC || DE and Hence, the statements I and III are PQ PR 5
AC || EF correct. ⇒ QR is parallel of XY .
MATHEMATICS Triangles 271

III. ∆PYX is similar to ∆PRQ. ∴ XY = YZ = XZ So, ∆ABC and ∆DEF are similar.
Hence, all statements are correct. So, ∆XYZ is an equilateral triangle and ∴
AB BC
= =
AC
80. (c) See solved answer 17. ∆XYZ is similar to ∆ABC . DE EF DF
81. (b) Let ∠CDB = y and ∠CAD = x So, both statements are correct. Now, L is the mid-point of BC , then
As, AD = CD 1
83. (b) I. This statement is always true. BL = BC
C 2
96° II. In any triangle three times the sum
x of squares of the sides of a triangle is Also, M is the mid-point of EF , then
equal to four times the sum of 1 AB 2BL BL
EM = EF ⇒ = =
squares of medians 2 DE 2EM EM
x y y and ∠ABL = ∠DEM
A D B i. e. 3 ( AB 2 + BC 2 + CA 2 )
⇒ ∠ACD = ∠CAD = x and CD = CB = 4 ( AD + BE + CF )
2 2 2 ∴ ∆ABL is similar to ∆DEM.
⇒ ∠CBD = ∠CDB = y Similarly 3 ( A' B' + B' C' + C' A' )
2 2 2 [By SAS Similarity]
From exterior angle property, = 4 ( A' D' + B' E' + C' F ' )
2 2 2 Hence, statement I is true but statement
∠CDB = ∠CAD + ∠ACD AB + BC + CA
2 2 2 II is false.
⇒ y = x + x ⇒ y = 2x ∴
AD 2 + BE 2 + CF 2 86. (c) In ∆ABC , AD is the median and
Now, ∠ ACD + ∠DCB + 96° = 180° median AD bisects the area of ∆ABC .
A' B' + B' C' + C' A'
2 2
4 2
= = 1
Area of ∆ABD = × Area of ∆ABC
⇒ x + 180° − 2 y + 96° = 180° A' D' 2 + B' E' 2 + C' F ' 2 3 2
y 3
⇒ − 2 y + 96° = 0 ⇒ y = 96° Hence, both statement are correct but
2 2 A
statement II is not correct explanation
∴ y = 64°
of statement I.
82. (c) In an equilateral ∆ABC,
AB = BC = CA and ∠B = ∠C = ∠A Area of ∆ABC AB 2 E
84. (c) =
Area of ∆DEF DE 2
A
( 2 + 1)2 3 + 2 2
= = C
( 3) 2 3 B D
Z
(3 + 2 2 )(3 − 2 2 )
= Since, E is the mid-point of AD. Then,
3(3 − 2 2 ) BE is the median of ∆ABD. So, BE
Y
[Q a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b )] bisects of area of ∆ABD.
1
B X C =
1 I. Area of ∆BED = × Area of ∆ABD
9−6 2 2
=  × Area of ∆ABC 
Given that, BX = CY = AZ 1 1
Hence, the required ratio is
2  2 
Now, in ∆XYC , ∆ZYA and ∆XZB, 1 : ( 9 − 6 2 ). 1
BX = CY = AZ …(i) = × Area of ∆ABC
85. (c) Given that, ∠ABC = ∠DEF , 4
⇒ ( BC − XC ) = ( AC − AY )
∠ACB = ∠DFE Hence, statement I is correct.
= AB − BZ
and ∠BAC = ∠EDF II. Area of ∆ADC = Area of ∆ABD
⇒ XC = AY = BZ …(ii)
A D = 2 × Area of ∆BED
and ∠B = ∠C = ∠A …(iii)
So, statement II is also correct.
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
∆XYC , ∆ZYA and ∆XZB are congruent Hence, the statements I and II are
B C E F correct.
triangles. L M
24
272 CDS Pathfinder

QUADRILATERAL
AND POLYGON
Regularly (2-3) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally, questions from this
chapter are tricky and mostly statement based. So, a clear concept of all the properties
related to quadrilateral is necessary to do well.

QUADRILATERAL
A figure enclosed by four sides is called a quadrilateral. A quadrilateral has four angles and sum of
these angles is equal to 360°.
Various types of quadrilateral are discussed below.

Parallelogram D b C
A quadrilateral, in which opposite sides are parallel is called a
parallelogram.
(i) Area = Base × Height = b × h (ii) Perimeter = 2 ( a + b) a h a

Properties of Parallelogram
A b B
(i) Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
(ii) Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
(iii) Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°.
(iv) A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is a rectangle.
(v) A parallelogram circumscribed about a circle is a rhombus.
(vi) Two parallelograms have equal areas if they are on the same base and between the same parallel lines.
(vii) Lines joining the midpoints of the sides of parallelogram is a parallelogram.
(viii) The opposite angles of parallelogram are equal. (∠ A = ∠ C and ∠ B = ∠ D) (from above figure)
(ix) The sum of the squares of the four sides is equal to the sum of squares of diagonal.
AC 2 + BD 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 + CD 2 + AD 2
MATHEMATICS > Quadrilateral and Polygon 273

EXAMPLE 1. In a parallelogram ABCD, the bisectors of Sol. c. Since, diagonals of rectangle bisect each other
∠A and ∠B meet at O. Then, the value of ∠AOB is ∴ OD = OA ⇒ ∠ODA = ∠OAD
a. 55° b. 75° c. 90° d. 120° Also, ∠DOA = ∠COB = 42°
Sol. c. As, ABCD is a parallelogram. D C In ∆DOA, ∠DOA + ∠ODA + ∠OAD = 180°
⇒ 42° + x + x = 180° ⇒ 2x = 138° ⇒ x = 69°
∴ ∠A +∠B = 180° [cointerior angle] O
a
1 1
2
∠A + ∠B = 90°
2 B
Rhombus d2
A It is a parallelogram with all 4
⇒ ∠OAB + ∠OBA = 90° a a
sides equal. The opposite angles in
In ∆AOB, ∠AOB = 180°− ( ∠OAB + ∠OBA) = 180° − 90° = 90° d1
a rhombus are equal but they are
D C not right angle. a
EXAMPLE 2. In the adjoining figure, F 1
ABCD is a parallelogram and E , F are E
O (i) Area = × d 1 × d 2
2
the centroids of ∆ABD and ∆BCD, 1
respectively, then the length of EF is A B (ii) Perimeter = 4a (iii) Side (a) = d 12 + d 22
2
1 1 (iv) 4a 2 = d 12 + d 22
a. AE b. OB c. AE d. FC
3 3
where, a = side, d 1 and d 2 are diagonals.
Sol. a. As E is the centroid of ∆ABD and AO is one of its medians.
⇒ OA : EO = 3 : 1 ⇒ EO =
1
OA Properties of Rhombus
3
1 (i) The diagonale of a rhombus bisect each other at
Similarly, FO =
OC right angles (90°). But they are not necessarily
3
1 1 1 equal.
∴ EO + OF = OA + OC = AC = AE (ii) Diagonals bisect the vertex angles.
3 3 3
∴ EF = AE (iii) The figure formed by joining the mid-points of the
sides of rhombus is a rectangle.
Rectangle (iv) All rhombus are parallelogram but reverse is not true.
L (v) A rhombus may or may not be a square but all
It is a parallelogram with
squares are rhombus.
opposite sides equal and each D C
B d B
angle is equal to 90°. EXAMPLE 4. In a rhombus ABCD,
O
(i) Area = Length × Breadth diagonals intersect each other at O. If 4
= L× B L AO = 3 cm and OB = 4 cm, then find 3
the perimeter of ABCD. A B
(ii) Perimeter = 2( L + B) (iii) Diagonal (d ) = L2 + B 2
a. 14 cm b. 30 cm c. 20 cm d. 28 cm
Properties of Rectangle Sol. c. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular
bisectors. Which means they form right angles at the
(i) The diagonals of a rectangle are of equal lengths and point of their intersection.
they bisect each other. ∴In ∆AOB, by pythagoras theorem,
(ii) All rectangles are parallelograms but reverse is not true. AO2 + OB 2 = AB 2 ⇒ AB = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25
(iii) Diagonal of a rectangle inscribed in a circle is equal to ∴ AB = 5 cm
the diameter of the circle. Hence, perimeter of rhombus
(iv) The figure formed by joining the mid-points of the ABCD = AB + BC + CD + DA = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20 cm
sides of a rectangle is a rhombus.
(v) A rectangle and a parallelogram have equal area if they
Square a
are on the same base and between same parallel lines. It is a parallelogram with all four sides
equal and each angle is equal to 90°.
d
EXAMPLE 3. In adjoining figure, D C 1 a a
(i) Area = (side) 2 = a 2 or d 2
if ABCD is a rectangle and x 2
diagonals AC and BD intersect 42° (ii) Perimeter = 4 × side = 4a
O a
each other at O. Find the value
of x (iii) Diagonal (d ) = a 2
A B
a. 75° b. 70° c. 69° d. 63° where, a = side, d = diagonal
274 CDS Pathfinder

Properties of Square EXAMPLE 6. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a

trapezium in which AB || DC. If ∠A = 55° and ∠B = 70 °,
(i) Diagonal of a square are equal and bisect each other then the value of ∠C and ∠D is
at right angles (90°).
D C
(ii) All square are rhombus but converse is not true.
(iii) Diagonal of square is the diameter of the
circumscribing circle that circumscribes the square.
(iv) Side of a circumscribed square is equal to the 55° 70°
diameter of the inscribed circle. A B
(v) The figure formed by joining the mid-points of the a. 75° and 85° b. 90 ° and 120 °
sides of square is a square. c. 110 ° and 125° d. 115° and 120 °
S R
EXAMPLE 5. PQRS is a square, P is Sol. c. As, AB || CD
joined to a point L on QR and S is 2
joined to a point M on PQ. If PL = SM, So, ∠A + ∠D = 180° ⇒ ∠D = 180° − 55° = 125°
L
then 3 Also, ∠B + ∠C = 180° ⇒ ∠C = 180° − ∠B
a. ∠POM > 90 ° b. ∠POM = 90 ° 1 4 ⇒ ∠C = 180° − 70° = 110°
P Q
c. ∠POM<90 ° d. None of these M So, ∠C = 110° and ∠D = 125°
Sol. b. In ∆SPM and ∆PQL, ∠SPM = ∠PQL = 90°
SP = PQ and SM = PL ⇒ ∆SPM ≅ ∆PQL [By AAS] POLYGON
⇒ ∠1 = ∠ 2 and ∠ 3 = ∠ 4 A polygon is a closed, plane figure bounded by ‘n’
In ∆SPM, ∠ 2 + 90°+∠ 4 = 180° ⇒ ∠ 2 + ∠ 4 = 90°
straight lines ( n ≥ 3). Each of the line segment forming
In ∆ OPM , ∠1+ ∠ 4 + ∠POM = 180°
the polygon is called its sides.
⇒ ∠ 2 + ∠ 4 + ∠POM = 180°
⇒ 90°+∠POM = 180° [Q ∠ 2 + ∠ 4 = 90°] A polygon may be a triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon
⇒ ∠POM = 90° etc. Polygons are classified according to the number of
sides as given below:
Trapezium
It is a quadrilateral with any one pair of opposite sides Number of sides Name
parallel. 3 Triangle
D a C 4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
c h d
6 Hexagon
A B 7 Heptagon
b
1 8 Octagon
(i) Area = (Sum of the parallel sides × Height)
2 9 Nonagon
1
= ( a + b) h where, a and b are parallel sides and h is 10 Decagon
2
the height or perpendicular distance between a and b.
Regular Polygon
(ii) Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + AD
In regular polygons, all sides and all interior angles are
equal. If each side of a regular polygon of n sides = a,
Properties then
(i) If the non-parallel sides are equal then the diagonals
will also be equal to each other. 3 A a B
(i) Area of regular pentagon = 5a 2
(ii) Diagonals intersect each other proportionally in the 4
F C
ratio of lengths of parallel sides. 3
(ii) Area of regular hexagon = 6a 2
(iii) If a trapezium is inscribed in a circle, then it is an 4
isosceles trapezium with equal oblique sides. (iii) Area of regular octagon
E D
Regular Hexagon
(iv) The line joining the mid-points of non-parallel sides
= 2 ( 2 + 1) a 2
is half the sum of parallel side and is called median.
1 360 °
i.e. Median = × sum of parallel sides. (iv) Each exterior angle =
2 n
MATHEMATICS > Quadrilateral and Polygon 275

(v) Each interior angle = 180 ° – Exterior angle Sol. c. Sum of interior angles of a hexagon = (n − 2) × 180°
( n − 2) × 180 = 4 × 180° = 720°
=
n ∴ x° + ( x − 5) ° + ( x − 5) ° + ( 2x − 5) °
 n ( n − 1)  + ( 2x − 5) ° + ( 2x + 20) ° = 720°
(vi) Number of diagonals =  − n 720°
∴ 9x = 720° = = 80°
 2  9
(vii) Sum of all interor angles = ( n − 2) × 180 ° . Hence, the value of x is 80°.

EXAMPLE 7. A polygon has 35 diagonals. Then, the EXAMPLE 9. The difference between the interior
number of sides of that polygon is and exterior angles of a regular polygon is 60°. Then,
a. 7 b. 10 c. 11 d. 12 how many sides are there in that polygon?
Sol. b. Let number of sides be n, then a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
n (n − 1) n − n − 2n 2
Sol. b. Here, (interior angle) − (exterior angle) = 60°
− n = 35 ⇒ = 35
2 2 (n − 2) × 180 360
⇒ n − 3n − 70 = 0 ⇒ n − 10n + 7n − 70 = 0
2 2
⇒ − = 60
n n
⇒ n(n − 10) + 7 (n − 10) = 0 ⇒ (n − 10) (n + 7) = 0
1
⇒ n = 10 and n ≠ − 7 ⇒ [(n − 2) × 180 − 360] = 60
n
Hence, the number of sides of the polygon is 10. 1 1
⇒ [180 n − 360 − 360] = 60 ⇒ [180n − 720] = 60
n n
EXAMPLE 8. The angles of a hexagon are x°,
⇒ 180 n − 720 = 60n ⇒ 180n − 60n = 720
(x − 5)°, (x − 5)°, (2x − 5)°, (2x − 5)° and (2x + 20)°.
Then, the value of x is ⇒ 120n = 720 ⇒ n =6
Therefore, the polygon contains 6 sides.
a. 60° b. 75° c. 80° d. 90°

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The sides BA and DC of quadrilateral ABCD are 3. If ABCD is a quadrilateral whose diagonals AC
produced as shown in figure. Then, which of the and BD intersects of O, then
following statement is correct? D
D C F
y° a° C
O
b° x°
E A B A B
1 a° + b °
(a) 2x° + y° = a° + b ° (b) x° + y° = (a) ( AB + BC + CD + DA) < ( AC + BD)
2 2
(c) x° + y° = a° + b ° (d) x° + a° = y° + b ° (b) ( AB + BC + CD + DA) > 2 ( AC + BD)
(c) ( AB + BC + CD + DA) > ( AC + BD)
2. In the quadrilateral ABCD, the line segments (d) ( AB + BC + CD + DA) = 2 ( AC + BD)
bisecting ∠C and ∠D meet at E. Then, the
correct statement is 4. If area of a parallelogram with sides p and q is R
D C and that of a rectangle with sides p and q is S ,
2 1
then
(a) R > S (b) R < S
E (c) R = S (d) None of these
5. Two parallelogram stand on equal bases and
between the same parallel. The ratio of their
A B
areas is
(a) ∠A + ∠B = ∠CED (b) ∠A + ∠B = 2 ∠CED
(a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 1
(c) ∠A + ∠B = 3 ∠CED (d) None of these
276 CDS Pathfinder

6. If ABCD is a rhombus, then 13. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram

(a) AC 2 + BD2 = 4 AB2 (b) AC 2 + BD2 = AB2 and E is the mid-point of AD. A line through D,
(c) AC + BD = 2 AB
2 2 2
(d) 2 ( AC + BD ) = 3 AB
2 2 2 drawn parallel to EB, meets AB produced at F
and BC at L. Then,
7. A point O in the interior of a rectangle ABCD is D C
joined with each of the vertices A, B, C and D.
Then,
E L
(a) OB + OD = OC + OA (b) OB2 + OA 2 = OC 2 + OD2
(c) OB ⋅ OD = OC ⋅ OA (d) OB2 + OD2 = OC 2 + OA 2

8. In a trapezium ABCD, if AB||CD , then A B F

AC + BD is equal to
2 2
(a) AF = 2 DC (b) 2 AF = 3 DC
(a) BC 2 + AD2 + 2 AB ⋅ CD (b) AB2 + CD2 + 2 AD ⋅ BC (c) 2 DF = 3 DL (d) AF + DF = 3 DC + DL
(c) AB2 + CD2 + 2 AB ⋅ CD (d) BC 2 + AD2 + 2 BC ⋅ AD 14. Let ABCD be a trapezium in which AB|| DC and
9. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB||CD and let E be the mid-point of AD. Let F be a point on
BC such that EF || AB. Then, consider the
AB = 2 CD. Its diagonals intersects each other at following statements.
O, then the ratio of the areas of the ∆AOB and
D C
∆COD is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
E F
10. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram with
AD = a units, DC = 2a units and DE : EC = 1 : 2.
A B
CEFG is a rectangle with FE = 3 AE. What is the
1
ratio of the area of a parallelogram and the (a) F is the mid-point of BC (b) EF = ( AB + DC )
rectangle? 2
F G
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

A H B 15. In the figure given below, ABCD and PQRC are

rectangles, where Q is the mid-point of AC, then
P C
D C D
E
a2
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) :1 (d) 2 : 1 R
5 Q

11. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral A B

in which AB is the longest side and CD is the 1 3
shortest side, then (a) DP = PC (b) PR = DB
3 2
D C 1
(c) DP = PQ (d) DP = AC
2
16. How many diagonals are there in a octagon?
A B (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 20
(a) ∠C > ∠A and ∠D > ∠B (b) ∠C > ∠A and ∠B > ∠D 17. The angles of a pentagon are in the ratio
(c) ∠C < ∠A and ∠D < ∠B (d) ∠C < ∠A and ∠D = ∠B 1 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 9, the largest angle is
(a) 81° (b) 135° (c) 243° (d) 249°
12. In the given figure, ABCD is a square. A line
segment DX cuts the side BC at X and the 18. The ratio of an interior angle to the exterior
diagonal AC at O such that ∠COD = 105° and angle of a regular polygon is 5 : 1. The number
∠OXC = x. The value of x is of sides of polygon is
D C (a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 14
105° 19. The measure of each angle of a regular hexagon
x° is
O X (a) 90° (b) 120° (c) 105° (d) 135°
20. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 150°.
A B The number of sides of the polygon is
(a) 40° (b) 60° (c) 80° (d) 85° (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16
MATHEMATICS > Quadrilateral and Polygon 277

21. Let LMNP be a parallelogram and NR be 27. In the given figure ABCD is a A B
60° 60°
perpendicular to LP. If the area of the quadrilateral with AB parallel to
parallelogram is six times the area of ∆RNP and DC and AD parallel to BC, ∠ADC
RP = 6 cm what is LR equal to? is a right angle. If the perimeter
D C
(a) 15 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 9 cm (d) 8 cm of the ∆ABE is 6 units, what is the E
area of the quadrilateral?
22. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB||CD. M and
(a) 2 3 sq units (b) 4 sq units
N are the mid-points of AD and BC, respectively.
(c) 3 sq units (d) 4 3 sq units
If AB = 12 cm and MN = 14 cm find CD.
A B 28. A square and a rhombus have the same base and
the rhombus is inclined at 30°. What is the ratio
O of area of the square to the area of the rhombus?
M N
(a) 2:1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 3

D C
29. P is the mid-point of side AB A P B
of parallelogram ABCD. A line
(a) 2 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 16 cm
through B parallel to PD D
23. ABCD is a parallelogram. CL is perpendicular to meets DC at Q and AD Q C
AD and DM is perpendicular to BA produced. If produced at R. Then BR is
CD = 16 units, DM = 12 units and CL = 15 units equal to R
1
then AD = ? (a) BQ (b) (c) 2BQ (d) None of these
D C
2
30. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB||DC and
AD = BC. If P , Q , R , S be respectively the
L
mid-point of BA, BD, CD and CA, then PQRS is a
D R C
M A B
(a) 12.8 units (b) 13.6 units (c) 11.1 units (d) 12.4 units
S Q
24. ABCD is a rectangle. PC = 9 cm, BP = 15 cm,
AB = 14 cm. Then, the angles of ∆APB are such
that A P B
A D (a) rhombus (b) rectangle
α (c) parallelogram (d) square
31. ABCD is a parallelogram, E is the mid-point of
14 β P AB and CE bisects ∠BCD. Then ∠DEC is
15 D C
9
γ
B C
(a) α > β > γ (b) α > γ > β (c) β > γ > α (d) α < β < γ
A E B
25. ABCD is a rhombus with ∠ABC = 56° and
∠BAC = 62°, then ∠ACD is equal to (a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 100° (d) 120°
A D 32. ABCD is a square, P Q , R and S are points on
the sides AB, BC , CD and DA, respectively such
62º
that AP = BQ = CR = DS . What is the value of
∠ SPQ?
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
56º
B 33. The middle points of the parallel sides AB and
C
CD of a parallelogram ABCD are P and Q,
(a) 90° (b) 60° (c) 56° (d) 62°
respectively. If AQ and CP divide the diagonal
26. One angle of a pentagon is 140°. If the remaining BD into three parts BX , XY and YD, then which
angles are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4, then the size one of the following is correct?
of the greatest angle is (a) BX ≠ XY ≠ YD (b) BX = YD ≠ XY
(a) 150° (b) 180° (c) 160° (d) 170° (c) BX = XY = YD (d) XY = 2 BX
278 CDS Pathfinder

34. A parallelogram and a rectangle stand on the 41. ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals AC
same base and on the same side of the base and BD intersect at O. A line segment PQ
with the same height. If l1 , l2 be the perimeters of through O meets AB at P and DC at Q.
the parallelogram and the rectangle respectively, D Q C
then which one of the following is correct?
(a) l1 < l2 (b) l1 = l2
(c) l1 > l2 but l1 ≠ 2 l2 (d) l1 = 2 l2 O

35. Two similar parallelograms have corresponding

A P B
sides in the ratio 1 : k. What is the ratio of their
1
areas? (a) ar (quadrilateral APQD) = ar (|| gm ABCD)
(a) 1 : 3k 2 (b) 1 : 4k 2 (c) 1 : k 2 (d) 1 : 2 k 2 2
1
(b) ar (quadrilateral APQD) = ar (|| gm ABCD)
36. Let WXYZ be a square. Let P , Q and R be the 4
1
mid-points of WX , XY and ZW , respectively and (c) ar (quadrilateral APQD) = ar (|| gm ABCD)
K , L be the mid-points of PQ and PR, 3
respectively. What is the value of (d) None of the above
area of ∆ PKL 42. In the figure, ABCD is a ||gm, L is the
? mid-point of DC and M is the mid-point of LC. If
area of square WXYZ
1 1 ar (∆AMC) = 4 cm 2, then ar (|| gm ABCD) is
(a) (b) L M
32 16 D C
1 1
(c) (d)
8 64
37. ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC. Let BC be
produced to D. From a point E on the line AC let A B
EF be a straight line such that EF is parallel to 2 2
(a) 32 cm (b) 16 cm
AB. Consider the quadrilateral ECDF thus
(c) 64 cm 2 (d) Data insufficient
formed. If ∠ ABC = 65° and ∠ EFD = 80°, then
what is the value of ∠ FDC ? 43. Consider the following statements.
(a) 43° (b) 41° I. All squares are not parallelograms.
(c) 37° (d) 35° II. All parallelograms are trapezium.
III. All squares are rhombuses and also rectangles.
38. In the given figure, ABCD is a square in which IV. All rhombuses are parallelograms.
AO = AX . What is ∠ XOB?
Which of the above statements are correct?
D C
(a) I and II (b) III and IV (c) I and III (d) II and IV
O
44. Consider the following statements.
I. If the side of a rhombus is 10 cm. Its diagonals
A X B
should have values 16 cm and 12 cm.
(a) 22.5° (b) 25° II. The diagonals of a rhombus cut at right angles.
(c) 30° (d) 45°
III. The diagonals do not bisect each other.
39. Two sides of a parallelogram are 10 cm and Which of the above statements are true?
15 cm. If the altitude corresponding to the side of (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
length 15 cm is 5 cm, then what is the altitude
to the side of length 10 cm ? 45. Consider the following statements in respect of a
(a) 5 cm (b) 7.5 cm
quadrilateral
(c) 10 cm (d) 15 cm I. The line segments joining the mid-points of the
two pairs of opposite sides bisect each other at
40. In the given figure, M is the mid-point of the the point of intersection.
side CD of the parallelogram ABCD. What is
II. The area of the quadrilateral formed by joining
ON : OB ? B A the mid-points of the four adjacent sides is half
O of the total area of the quadrilateral.
D C Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
M
correct?
N (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 5 : 2 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
MATHEMATICS > Quadrilateral and Polygon 279

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 54. ABCD is a trapezium with parallel sides

AB = 2 cm and DC = 3 cm. E and F are the
Directions (Q.Nos. 46-47) Let ABCD be a quadrilateral, mid-points of the non-parallel sides. The ratio
the diagonals AC and BD meet at O and the of area of ABFE to area of EFCD is e 2013 I
perpendicular drawn from A to CD, meet CD at E. (a) 9 : 10 (b) 8 : 9 (c) 9 : 11 (d) 11 : 9
Further, AO : OC = BO : OD, AB = 30 cm, CD = 40 cm
and the area of the quadrilateral ABCD is 1050 cm 2.
55. If the diagonals of a rhombus are 4.8 cm and
1.4 cm, then what is the perimeter of the
46. What is the value of BE? e 2012 I rhombus? e 2013 II
(a) 30 cm (b) 30 2 cm (a) 5 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 20 cm
(c) 30 3 cm (d) None of these
56. ABCD is a quadrilateral such that BC = BA and
47. What is the area of the ∆ADC ? e 2012 I CD > AD. Which one of the following is correct?
(a) 300 cm 2 (b) 450 cm 2 e 2013 II
(c) 600 cm 2 (d) None of these (a) ∠BAD = ∠BCD (b) ∠BAD < ∠BCD
(c) ∠BAD > ∠BCD (d) 2∠BAD = ∠BCD
48. ABCD is a rhombus with diagonals AC and BD. 57. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Let P, Q, R and
Then, which one among the following is correct?
e 2012 I
S be the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD and
(a) AC and BD bisect each other but not necessarily DA, respectively.
perpendicular to each other Consider the following statements.
(b) AC and BD are perpendicular to each other but not I. Area of triangle APS < Area of triangle DSR,
necessarily bisect each other if BD < AC.
(c) AC and BD bisect each other and perpendicular to II. Area of triangle ABC = 4 (Area of triangle BPQ).
each other Select the correct answer using the codes given
(d) AC and BD neither bisect each other nor perpendicular below e 2014 I
to each other (a) Only I (b) Only II
49. The sides of a parallelogram are 12 cm and 8 cm (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
long and one of the diagonals is 10 cm long. If d is 58. In a trapezium, the two non-parallel sides are
the length of other diagonal, then which one of the equal in length, each being of 5 cm. The
following is correct? e 2012 I parallel sides are at a distance of 3 cm apart. If
(a) d < 8 cm (b) 8 cm < d < 10 cm the smaller side of the parallel sides is of
(c) 10 cm < d < 12 cm (d) d >12 cm length 2 cm, then the sum of the diagonals of
50. Let X be any point within a square ABCD. On AX a the trapezium is e 2014 I
square AXYZ is described such that D is within it. (a) 10 5 cm (b) 6 5 cm (c) 5 5 cm (d) 3 5 cm
Which one of the following is correct? e 2012 II 59. Two light rods AB = a + b, CD = a − b
(a) AX = DZ (b) ∠ADZ = ∠BAX symmetrically lying on a horizontal plane.
(c) AD = DZ (d) BX = DZ They are kept intact by two strings AC and
51. ABCD is a parallelogram. If the bisectors of the BD. The perpendicular distance between rods
∠ A and ∠C meet the diagonal BD at points P and is a. The length of AC is given by e 2014 I
Q respectively, then which one of the following is (a) a (b) b (c) a2 − b 2 (d) a2 + b 2
correct? e 2012 II
60. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Let X and Y be
(a) PCQA is a straight line (b) ∆APQ is similar to ∆PCQ
the mid-points of the sides BC and AD,
(c) AP = CP (d) AP = AQ
respectively. Let M and N be the mid-points of
52. The locus of a point in rhombus ABCD which is the sides AB and CD, respectively.
equidistant from A and C is e 2012 II Consider the following statements.
(a) a fixed point on diagonal BD I. The straight line MX cannot be parallel to YN .
(b) diagonal BD (c) diagonal AC II. The straight lines AC, BD, XY and MN meet
(d) None of the above at a point.
P Q Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
53. In the figure given below, PQRS correct? e 2014 II
is a parallelogram. If AP, AQ, CR C
(a) Only I (b) Only II
and CS are bisectors of D B (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
∠P , ∠Q , ∠R and ∠S respectively,
A 61. If each interior angle of a regular polygon is
then ABCD is a e 2013 I
S R 135°, then the number of diagonals of the
(a) square (b) rhombus
polygon is equal to e 2015 I
(c) rectangle (d) None of these
(a) 54 (b) 48 (c) 20 (d) 18
280 CDS Pathfinder

62. If a star figure is formed by elongating the sides of 66. If each interior angle of a regular polygon is 140°
a regular pentagon, then the measure of each angle then number of vertices of the polygon is
at the angular points of the star figure is e 2015 I equal to e 2016 I
(a) 36° (b) 35° (c) 32° (d) 30° (a) 10 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 7
63. If X is any point within a square ABCD and on 67. Consider the following statements.
AX a square AXYZ is described, which of the I. There exists a regular polygon whose exterior
following is/are correct? angle is 70°.
I. BX = DZ or BZ = DX II. Let n ≥ 5, then the exterior angle of any regular
II. ∠ABX = ∠ADZ or ∠ADX = ∠ABZ polygon of n sides is acute.
Select the correct answer using the code given Which of the above statements is/are correct?
below. e 2015 II e 2016 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (b) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
64. In the adjoining figure, A B 68. Consider the following statements.
ABCD is a parallelogram. Q
I. If n ≥ 3 and m ≥ 3 are distinct positive integers,
P is a point on BC such P then the sum of the exterior angles of a regular
that PB : PC = 1 : 2. DP polygon of m sides is different from the sum of
and AB when both D C
the exterior angles of a regular polygon of n sides.
produced meet at Q. If area of ∆BPQ is 20 sq II. Let m, n be integers such that m > n ≥ 3. Then,
units, the area of ∆DCP is e 2015 I the sum of the interior angles of a regular
(a) 20 sq units (b) 30 sq units polygon of m sides is greater than the sum of the
(c) 40 sq units (d) None of these interior angles of a regular polygon of n sides
65. ABCD is a parallelogram with AB and AD as and their sum is (m + n )π / 2.
adjacent sides. If ∠A = 60° and AB = 2 AD , then Which of the above statements is/are correct?
e 2016 I
the diagonal BD will be equal to e 2015 II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 2 AD (b) 3AD (c) 2 AD (d) 3AD
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 b 5 d 6 a 7 d 8 a 9 c 10 b
11 a 12 b 13 a 14 b 15 a 16 d 17 c 18 c 19 b 20 c
21 b 22 d 23 a 24 a 25 d 26 c 27 a 28 b 29 c 30 a
31 b 32 d 33 c 34 c 35 c 36 b 37 d 38 a 39 b 40 b
41 a 42 a 43 b 44 a 45 c 46 b 47 c 48 c 49 d 50 d
51 b 52 a 53 c 54 c 55 b 56 c 57 b 58 b 59 d 60 b
61 c 62 a 63 c 64 d 65 b 66 b 67 b 68 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1 1 3. (c) In ∆ABC , ∆ACD , ∆BCD and ∆ABD
1. (c) As ∠A + b ° = 180° [linear pair] 2. (b) Q ∠1 = ∠C and ∠2 = ∠D
⇒ ∠A = 180° − b 2 2 AB + BC > AC , CD + DA > AC
In ∆DEC , ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠CED = 180° BC + CD > BD, DA + AB > BD
Also, ∠C + a ° = 180° [linear pair]
[angle sum property of a triangle] [Sum of any two sides is greater, than
⇒ ∠C = 180° − a ° the third side.]
∴ ∠CED = 180° − ( ∠1 + ∠2)
But ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360° adding above inequalities,
[by angle sum property of a
In quadrilateral ABCD, 2 ( AB + BC + CD + DA ) > 2
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360° ( AC + BD )
quadrilateral] ( AB + BC + CD + DA ) > ( AC + BD )
∠A + ∠B + 2 ( ∠1 + ∠2) = 360°
⇒ ( 180°− b ° ) + x°+ ( 180°− a ° ) + y ° 4. (b) Let h be the height of the
∠A + ∠B = 360° − 2 ( ∠1 + ∠2) parallelogram. Then, clearly h < q
= 360°
∠A + ∠B = 2 [ 180° − ( ∠1 + ∠2)] ∴ R= p × h< p × q = S
⇒ x° + y ° = a ° + b °
∠A + ∠B = 2 ∠CED R< S
MATHEMATICS Quadrilateral and Polygon 281

5. (d) Two parallelograms on the same base + 2 AB ( AB − BP − AQ ) In ∆OCX ,

and between the same parallels are equal = ( BC 2 + AD 2 ) + 2 AB ⋅ PQ ∠OCX + ∠COX + ∠OXC = 180°
in area. So, the ratio of their areas is [Q P Q = AB − AQ − B P] [by angle sum of property of a triangle]
1: 1.
= BC 2 + AD 2 + 2 AB ⋅ CD ⇒ 45° + 75° + ∠OXC = 180°
6. (a) As ABCD is a rhombus. [Q PQ = DC ] ⇒ ∠OXC = 180° − 120° = 60°
1
So, AO = OC = AC 9. (c) Let PQ be the perpendicular ⇒ x = 60°
2
distance between the two parallel sides 13. (a) EB || DL and ED || BL
D C AB and CD. [Q PO = 2OQ ]
⇒ EBLD is a parallelogram.
O D Q C 1 1
∴ BL = ED = AD = BC = LC
2 2
O
A B Also, in ∆DCL and ∆FBL ,
1
BO = OD = BD, ∠AOB = 90° LC = BL , ∠DLC = ∠FLB
2 A B Q [vertically opposite angles]
P
∴ AB 2 = OA 2 + OB 2 1
AB × OP and ∠CDL = ∠BFL [alternate angles]
AC 2 BD 2 Area of ∆AOB 2 ∴ ∆DCL ≅ ∆FBL
AB 2 = + So, = [By AAS rule]
4 4 Area of ∆COD 1
CD × OQ ∴ DC = BF and DL = FL
⇒ 4 AB 2 = AC 2 + BD 2 2
∴ BF = DC = AB
2CD × 2OQ 4
7. (d) Draw EF || AB. = = or 4 : 1 ⇒ 2 AB = 2DC
In right angled ∆EOA and ∆OCF , CD × OQ 1
⇒ AF = 2DC [Q BF = AB]
OA 2 = OE 2 + AE 2 … (i) 14. (b) Join BD, cutting EF at M.
10. (b) Area of parallelogram ABCD
and OC 2 = OF 2
+ CF 2 … (ii) = 2 (Area of ∆ADE ) D C
D C + (Area of rectangle AECH )
1 E F
E F = 2 × DE × AE + AE × EC M
O 2
A B = DE × AE + AE × EC A B
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = AE (DE + EC ) = AE × [DC ] So, M is mid-point of BD.
∴ OA 2 + OC 2 = OE 2 + AE 2 DE 1 DE 1
Q = ⇒ + 1= + 1 [Q E is mid-point of AD and
+ OF 2 + CF 2 …(iii) EC 2 EC 2 EM || AB]
DE + EC 3 DC 3
In right angled ∆DEO and ∆OBF , ⇒ = ⇒ = ∴ EM = AB
1
…(i)
OD 2 = OE 2 + DE 2 … (iv) EC 2 EC 2 2
OB 2 = OF 2 + BF 2 …(v) Area of parallelogram Similarly, F is mid-point of BC in
FE 3EC FE × EC ∆BCD.
On adding Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get ABCD = × =
3 2 2 1
⇒ Area of || gm ABCD ∴ FM = DC …(ii)
⇒ OD 2 + OB 2 = OE 2 + OF 2 [Q FE = 3 AE ] 2
Area of rectangle EFGC 1
+ DE 2 + BF 2 …(vi) = ∴ EF = EM + MF = ( AB + DC )
2 2
As FB = EA and DE = CF
∴ OD 2 + OB 2 = OE 2 ∴ Required ratio = 1 : 2 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
+ OF + CF + AE 2 …(vii)
2 2 11. (a) Join AC and BD. 15. (a) ∠CRQ = ∠CBA = 90° ⇒ QR || AB
Here, from Eqs. (iii) and (vii), we get As AB > BC In ∆ABC , Q is the mid-point of AC and
OA 2 + OC 2 = OD 2 + OB 2 ⇒ ∠ACB > ∠BAC …(i) QR || AB.
Also, AD > DC So, R is mid-point of BC .
8. (a) Draw DQ⊥AB and CP⊥AB.
⇒ ∠ACD > ∠CAD …(ii) Similarly, P is the mid-point of DC .
In ∆ABD , ∠A is acute.
D C On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ DP = PC
∴ ∠ACB + ∠ACD > ∠BAC + ∠CAD 16. (d) Number of diagonals of a polygon of
⇒ ∠C > ∠A , similarly ∠D > ∠B n ( n − 1)
8 sides = −n
12. (b) ∠COD = 105° 2
A B 8 (8 − 1)
Q P ∴ ∠BOA = 105° = − 8 = 20
2
So, BD 2 = AD 2 + AB 2 − 2 AB ⋅ AQ [vertically opposite angles]
…(i) 17. (c) Sum of all angles of a pentagon
∴ ∠AOD = ∠COX = λ
In ∆ABC , ∠B is acute. = (5 − 2) × 180° = 3 × 180° = 540°
⇒ 105° + 105°+ x + x = 360°
So, AC 2 = BC 2 + AB 2 − 2 AB ⋅ BP Let the angle be x , 2x , 3x , 5x and 9x.
⇒ 2x = 150° ∴ x + 2x + 3x + 5x + 9x = 540°
…(ii)
⇒ x = 75° 20x = 540° ⇒ x = 27°
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 1
Also, ∠OCX = × ∠C = × 90° = 45° ∴ Largest angle = 9x = 9 × 27° = 243°
∴ AC 2 + BD 2 = ( BC 2 + AD 2 ) 2 2
282 CDS Pathfinder

18. (c) By condition, 23. (a) ∆ADM ~ ∆DCL So, ∆ ABE is an equilateral triangle.
Interior angle of a regular polygon Since, ∠DMA = ∠CLD = 90° and Now, perimeter of ∆ABE = 6
Exterior angle a regular polygon ∠CDL = ∠DAM as they are alternate ⇒ AB + BE + EA = 6
5 angles ⇒ AB = 2 units
=
1 D C Now, In ∆ADE and ∆BCE,
( n − 2) ∠ADE = ∠BCE [each 90°]
× 180° ( n − 2) 5
5 ∠DAC = ∠CBE [each 30°]
⇒ n = ⇒ = L
360° 1 2 1 and AE = BE
n ∴ ∆ ADE =~ ∆BCE [By AAS]
⇒ n − 2 = 10 ⇒ n = 12 M A B
⇒ DE = CE [By CPCT]
19. (b) Here, n = 6 ( AD / CD ) = (DM / CL ) In ∆ ADE by pythagoras theorem,
DM × CD 12 × 16
Sum of interior angles of a hexagon ⇒ AD = = AE 2 = AD 2 + ED 2
= ( n − 2) 180° = ( 6 − 2) × 180° CL 15 ⇒ 4 = AD 2 + 1
= 4 × 180° = 720° = 12 .8 units (Q E is mid-point of CD)
Number of angles = 6 24. (a) Evidently DP = 14 − 9 = 5 cm ⇒ AD = 3 units
∴ Each angle of a regular hexagon
From ∆BPC , Hence, area of quadrilateral
720°
= = 120° BC 2 = 152 − 92 = 122 ABCD = AB × AD
6
⇒ BC = 12 cm = 2 × 3 = 2 3 sq units
20. (c) Each interior angle of a regular From ∆APD , AP 2 = AD 2 + DP 2 28. (b) ABCD is square and ABEF is a
polygon = 122 + 52 = 169
( n − 2) × 180° rhombus.
= ⇒ AP = 13 cm FM 1
n = sin30° =
( n − 2) × 180° In ∆ABP , AP < AB < BP. AF 2
∴ = 150° (given) Therefore, γ < β < α (i.e.) α > β > γ AF
n ∴ FM = , AF = AB
( n − 2) 180 = n × 150 25. (d) Since, AB = BC 2
⇒ 30n = 360 ⇒ n =
360 ∴ ∠BAC = ∠BCA = 62° D C
30 Also as AB||CD and AC transversal
⇒ n = 12 So, ∠BAC = 62° = ∠ACD F E
21. (b) By given condition, (alternate interior angles)
N M ∴ ∠ACD = 62°
26. (c) One angle of the pentagon is 140°. 30°
A
Since, the remaining angles are in the M B
ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. Area of square = a 2 (AB = AD = a)
a×a  FM = a 
P L ∴ Let the remaining angles be x °, Area of rhombus =  
6 cm R
2  2
Area of parallelogram LMNP ( 2x )° , (3x )° and ( 4x )°.
But the sum of interior angles of a (Area of rhombus = base × height)
= 6 × Area of ∆NPR
pentagon Area of square 2
1
∴ NR × PL = 6 × × NR × PR ∴ =
2 ( 2 × 5 − 4) × 90 = 6 × 90° = 540° Area of rhombus 1
⇒ PL = 3PR ∴ 140 + x + 2x + 3x + 4x = 540 29. (c) In ∆ARB, P is the mid-point of AB
⇒ PR + RL = 3PR [Q PL = PR + RL] ⇒ 10x = 400 ⇒ x = 40 and PD||BR.
⇒ RL = 2PR = 2 × 6 = 12 cm ∴ The angles of the pentagon are 140°, ⇒ D is the mid-point of AR .
22. (d) ABCD is a trapezium in which 40°, 80°, 120° and 160°. Q ABCD is a parallelogram.
AB||DC and M, N are the mid-points of Hence, the size of the greatest angle ⇒ DC || AB ⇒ DQ|| AB
AD and BC . = 160°
Thus, in ∆RAB, D is the mid-point of
Hence, MN || AB and MN ||DC . 27. (a) Given that, AB || DC and AD || BC AR and DQ|| AB.
In ∆ACB, ON passes through the
mid-point N of BC and ON || AB In ∆ ABE , ∴Q is the mid-point of RB ⇒ BR = 2BQ
1 1 A B 30. (a) In ∆BDC , Q and R are the
∴ ON = AB = × 12 cm = 6 cm 60° 60°
2 2 mid-points of BD and CD respectively.
And, MO = MN − ON = ( 14 − 6) cm 1
∴QR||BC and QR = BC
= 8 cm 2
Again, MO passes through the 1
Similarly, PS||BC and PS = BC
mid-point M of AD and MO||DC 2
1 1 D C ∴ PS||QR and PS = QR
∴ MO = DC = CD E
2 2 ∠EAB = ∠ABE = 60°  each equal to 1 BC 
Hence, CD = 2( MO ) = 2(8) = 16 cm ⇒ ∠AEB = 60°  2 
MATHEMATICS Quadrilateral and Polygon 283

Similarly, PQ||SR and PQ = SR 35. (c) Let the sides of two parallelograms In ∆ FGD,
[each equal to 1 / 2 AD] are x, y and xk , yk, respectively. ∠1 + ∠F + ∠D = 180°
C E T S (by angle sum of property of a triangle)
∴PS = QR = SR = PQ [Q AD = BC ] ⇒ 65° + 80° + ∠D = 180°
Hence, PQRS is a rhombus. y y yk ⇒ ∠D = 35°
31. (b) AB||DC and EC is a transversal 38. (a) Let ∠XOB = θ
⇒ ∠BEC = ∠ECD D C
A B D P Q R
⇒ ∠BEC = ∠ECB[Q ∠ECD = ∠ECB] x xk
⇒ EB = BC ⇒ AE = AD
Since, sides of two parallelogram are in
Now, AE = AD ⇒ ∠ADE = ∠AED O
the ratio 1 : k.
⇒ ∠ADE = ∠EDC ∴ ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQT
[Q alternate Int. angles] AC BC θ
∴ =
∴DE bisects ∠ADC PT QT A B
Again, ∠ADC + ∠BCD = 180° BC y 1 X
⇒ = =
[Co. Int. angles] QT yk k In ∆OXB,
1 1 BC = z and QT = zk ∠XOB + ∠OBX + ∠OXB = 180°
⇒ ∠ADC + ∠BCD = 90° Let
2 2 ∴ Ratio of areas of two similar (by angle sum of property of a
⇒ ∠EDC + ∠DCE = 90° x×z 1 triangle)
parallelograms = = or 1 : k 2 ⇒ θ + 45° + ∠OXB = 180°
But, ∠EDC + ∠DEC + ∠DCE = 180° xk × zk k 2
⇒ ∠OXB = 180° − 45° − θ = 135° − θ
[Q sum of the ∠ S of a ∆ is 180°]
∴ ∠DEC = 180°−90° 36. (b) Area of ( ∆PRQ ) =
1
Area of (WXQR) Here, ∠OXA + ∠OXB = 180°
∴ ∠DEC = 90° 2 (linear pair)
R ⇒ ∠OXA + 135° − θ = 180°
32. (d) In ∆APS and ∆PBQ, [given] Z Y
⇒ ∠OXA = 45° + θ
PB = AS, AP = BQ
D C In ∆OXA, AO = AX (given)
R R Q ∴ ∠OXA = ∠AOX = 45° + θ
S
L K Since, ∠AOX + ∠XOB = 90°
Q W X ⇒ 45° + θ + θ = 90°
P ⇒ 2θ = 45° ⇒ θ = 22.5°
=  Area of (WXYZ )
B 1 1
A 39. (b) Area of parallelogram
P 2  2 
and ∠A = ∠B = 90° 1 = Base × height = 15 × 5 = 75 cm 2
= Area of (WXYZ ) …(i)
∴ ∆APS ≅ ∆BQP (by SAS rule) 4 D C
∴ SP = PQ, ∠SPA = ∠BQP Area of ( ∆PRQ ) RP 2
=

cm
and ∠ASP = ∠BPQ Area of (∆PLK ) LP 2 5 cm N

10
∠SPQ = 180°−∠APS − ∠BPQ (by properties of similar triangle)
= 180°−( ∠APS + ∠ASP ) Area of ( ∆PRQ ) ( 2LP )2 A B
⇒ = M
= 180°−90° = 90° Area of (∆PLK ) LP 2 15 cm
Area of parallelogram = Base × Height
33. (c) As ABCD is a || gm [Q L and K are the mid-point of PR = 10 × DN
∴ AB||DC and AB = DC and PQ]
∴ 10 × DN = 75
1
and AB = DC
1 D Q C ⇒ Area of ( ∆PRQ ) = 4Area of ( ∆PLK ) 75
2 2 1 ⇒ DN = = 7. 5 cm
⇒ Area of (WXYZ ) 10
⇒ AP = QC Y 4
∴ APCQ is a || gm X = 4Area of ( ∆PLK ) [from Eq. (i)] 40. (b) In ∆DMN and ∆BMC ,
⇒ AQ||PC Area of ( ∆PLK ) 1 DM = MC (given)
A P B ⇒ = A B
In ∆BAY , XP|| AY Area of (WXYZ ) 16
10 O 7
and P is the mid-point of AB 37. (d) Here,∠B = ∠C = 65° [Q AB = AC ] 69
5
∴ BX = YX D
24
C
A F
Similarly, in ∆DXC ,DY = YX 3 1 M
∴ BX = XY = DY 80° 8
34. (c) If a parallelogram and a rectangle
E
stand on the same base and on the same N
side of the base with the same height, ∠1 = ∠2 (vertically opposite angle)
then perimeter of parallelogram is 65° 1 65°
greater than perimeter of rectangle. ∠3 = ∠4 + ∠9
B G C D (alternate interior angle)
∴ l >l
1 2
∠1 = ∠B = 65° (corresponding angles) ∆ DMN ≅ ∆BMC (as ASA rule)
284 CDS Pathfinder

DN = BC = AD (by CPCT) 43. (b) I. All squares are parallelograms. OC AB 30 3

⇒ = = =
AN 2 II. No parallelogram is a trapezium. OA CD 40 4
So, AN = 2BC ⇒ = …(i)
BC 1 ∴ ∠OAB = ∠OCD
III. All squares are rhombuses and also
In ∆OAN and ∆OBC , rectangles. and ∠OBA = ∠ODC
∠5 = ∠6 (vertically opposite angle) It means DC || AB.
IV. All rhombuses are parallelograms.
So, it is a trapezium.
∠7 = ∠8 (alternate interior angle) So, statements (III) and (IV) are
correct. Area of trapezium
∠9 = ∠10 (altenate angle)
1
∴ ∆OAN ~ ∆OBC (by AAA similarity) 44. (a) In a rhombus ABCD, if AC and BD ABCD = ( AB + CD ) × AE
are two diagonals then 2
So, the sides will be in same ratio 1
AB 2 + BC 2 + CD 2 + AD 2 ⇒ 1050 = (30 + 40) × AE
AN ON 2 ON
= ⇒ = or 2 : 1 2
BC OB 1 OB = AC 2 + BD 2
⇒ AE = 30 cm
[from Eq. (i)] ⇒ ( 10) + ( 10)2 + ( 10)2 + ( 10)2
2
46. (b) In right ∆EAB, EB = AE 2
+ AB 2
41. (a) As ABCD is a parallelogram. = ( 16)2 + ( 12)2
⇒ 400 = 400 = 30 + 30 = 30 2 cm 2 2
∴ AB||CD and AB = CD
D C 1
Draw QR ⊥ AB 47. (c) Area of ∆ ADC = × CD × AE
6 cm m 2
In ∆DOQ and ∆POB, 8c 1
= × 40 × 30 = 600 cm 2
∠ODQ = ∠OPB M 2
∠OQD = ∠OBP m 48. (c) ABCD is a rhombus.
90°
and OD = OB 8c 6 cm
∴ AB = BC = CD = DA
∴∆OQD ≅ ∆OPB [By AAS] A D
A 10 cm B
⇒ PB = DQ
Q Hence, both I and II are true but III is
D C
false.
45. (c) PQRS can be shown parallelogram, so B C
O the diagonal PR and SQ bisect each and diagonals bisect each other at right
other. angles.
D R C
49. (d) In parallelogram,
A P B
R
S Q d 2 + d 2 = 2 (l 2 + b2 )
2
Now, ar ( || gm ABCD) = QR × AB D C
= QR × ( AP + PB ) = QR × ( AP + DQ ) A P B
d
= 2 × ar (quadrilateral APDQ)
II. Area ( ∆RSQ ) b = 12 cm
42. (a) Draw MN⊥AB and let MN = h 1 0 cm
= Area ( SQCD ) …(i) =1
D L M C 2 d2
1 A l = 8 cm B
and area ∆( PSQ ) = Area
2 ∴ d + ( 10) = 2 ( 64 + 144)
2 2

h ( ABQS )…(ii) ⇒ d 2 = 2 × 208 − 100

On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 ⇒ d 2 = 416 − 100 = 316
Area ( RSQ ) + Area ( PSQ ) =
A B 2 ⇒ d = 316 ⇒ d = 17.76 cm
N
[Area ( SQCD ) + Area ( ABQS )] ∴ d > 12
Now, ar (trapezium ABCM) 1
⇒ Area ( PQRS ) = Area ( ABCD ) 50. (d) In ∆ABX and ∆ADZ,
= ar ( ∆ AMC ) + ar ( ∆ABC ) 2
1 1 Hence, both statements are true. AB = AD (side of a square ABCD)
⇒ ( MC + AB ) × h = 4 + ar
2 2 Solutions (Q.Nos. 46-47) and AX = AZ (side of a square AXYZ )
( parallelogram ABCD) Given, AO :OC = BO :OD Let ∠BAX = θ
1  AB and AB = 30 cm and CD = 40 cm
⇒   1
+ AB  × h = 4 + × AB × h ∴ ∠XAD = 90°− θ
2 4  2 A 30 cm B A B
Q MC = AB 
X
 4  O Z
AB × h C
⇒ = 4 ⇒ AB × h = 32 D
8 D C
E 40 cm Y
⇒ ar (||gm ABCD) = 32 cm 2
Also, AXYZ is a square.
∴ ∆AOB ~ ∆COD
MATHEMATICS Quadrilateral and Polygon 285

∴ ∠ZAX = 90° 54. (c) Join AC. In ∆ACD, EG || DC and E 57. (b) In ∆APS and ∆DSR
⇒ ∠ZAD + ∠XAD = 90° and G are mid-points of AD and AC, AP = DR [Q P and R are mid points]
respectively. AS = DS [Q S is the mid point]
⇒ ∠ZAD = 90° − ( 90° − θ) = θ
In ∆ADC , EG ||DC
i.e. ∠BAX = ∠ZAD 1 3 and SP = SR [Q P or RS us a]
∴ EG = DC = ∴ ∆APS =~ ∆DRS [By SSS]
∴ ∆ABX ≅ ∆ADZ 2 2
A B ⇒ Area of ∆APS = Area of ∆DSR
∴ BX = DZ (by CPCT)
51. (b) Since, line segment AP and CQ h R
E F D C
bisects the ∠ A and ∠C , respectively. h G
Then, AP ||CQ S Q
D C
Now, in ∆APQ and ∆CQP, A B
Similarly, in ∆ABC P
Q AP ||QC 1
GF = AB = 1 Q AS = SD and AP = DR
D C 2 In ∆ABC and ∆PBQ
3 5
P EF = EG + GF = 1 + = ∠ABC = ∠PBQ [common]
2 2
∴ Area of trapezium =
1 ∠BAC = ∠BPQ [QPQ|| AC ]
Q 2 ∴ ∆ABC ~ ∆PBQ
(sum of parallel sides × height) ar ( ∆ABC ) AB 2
2
⇒
2PB 
Area of ABFE =
 PB 
A B Now, required ratio = ar ( ∆PBQ ) PB 2

∠APQ = ∠PQC (alternate angle) Area of EFCD

Q
1 5 ∴ ar ( ∆ABC ) = 4 ar (∆BPQ)
PQ = PQ (common) 2 +  × h
2  2 9 Hence, only statement II is correct.
Also, PC || AQ = = or 9 : 11
1 5 11 58. (b)
 3 +  × h D C
∴ ∠CPQ = ∠PQA (alternate angle) 2 2 2
∴ ∆APQ ~ ∆CQP (by ASA) 55. (b) Here, OD =
BD 48
=
.
= 2.4
Hence, ∆APQ is similar to ∆PCQ. 2 2 3
5 5
AC 14. 3
52. (a) We know that, in a rhombus ABCD ⇒ OC = = = 0.7
2 2
diagonals bisect each other at point O A D
which means that the distance of O from B
A 4 E F
four vertices of rhombus i.e., A, B, C and 2 4
D are equal. Even, if we take any fixed 90°
O In ∆BCF ,
point on diagonal BD of rhombus
ABCD and join with vertices A and C, By pythagoras theorem,
B C
we get a point which is equidistant from (5)2 = (3)2 + ( BF )2 ⇒ BF = 4 cm
Since, in rhombus diagonal bisect at 90°.
A and C. (by property of congruent ∴ AB = 2 + 4 + 4 = 10 cm
triangle). Hence, the locus of a point in Then, in ∆ODC , OD 2 + OC 2 = CD 2
Now in ∆ACF , AC 2 = CF 2 + FA 2
rhombus ABCD which is equidistant ⇒ CD = OD 2 + OC 2
⇒ AC 2 = 32 + 62 , AC = 45 cm
from A and C is a fixed point on = ( 2.4)2 + ( 0.7)2
diagonal BD. Similarly, BD = 45 cm
5
CD = 6.25 ⇒ CD = 2.5 = ∴ Sum of diagonal = 2 × 45
D C 2
O2 = 2 × 3 5 = 6 5 cm
D C ∴ Perimeter of rhombus
O1 5 59. (d) Since, they are symmetrically lying
= 4a = 4 × = 10 cm
2 on horizontal plane.
O3
O4 56. (c) Join AC. A

A B A B Now, in ∆ABC B x
A C
QAB = BC (given) E
53. (c) In parallelogram PQRS ∴ ∠BAC = ∠BCA
a−b

a−b

∠P + ∠S = 180° a
1 1 ...(i)D C
⇒ ∠P + ∠S = 90° (angles opposite to equal side) F
2 2 D
⇒ ∠DPS + ∠DSP = 90° In ∆ADC , x
In ∆DPS, Q CD > AD B
∠SDP = 180°− ( ∠DPS + ∠DSP ) = 90° ∴ ∠DAC > ∠DCA ...(ii)
∴ ∠ADC = ∠SDP = 90° (since in a triangle, angle opposite ∴ AC = BD ∴ AE = BF = x (say)
(vertically opposite ∠S) to greater side is bigger than the angle Now, AB = ( a − b ) + 2x
Similarly, opposite to smaller side) i.e. a + b = a − b + 2x
∠DAB = ∠ABC = ∠BCD = 90° On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ 2b = 2x
Hence, ABCD is a rectangle. ∠BAD > ∠BCD ∴ x=b
286 CDS Pathfinder

Now, in ∆ACE, x2 + a 2 = AC 2 Since, GAF is a straight line. 65. (b)

D C
⇒ AC 2 = b 2 + a 2
F
∴ AC = b2 + a2
A
108°
60. (b) Given, ABCD is a parallelogram. X G 108° 60°
and Y are mid-points of BC and AD, A B
B
respectively. M and N are the C
Let AD = x , then AB = 2x
mid-points of AB and CD, respectively.
using cosine rule in ∆ABD, we have
N
D C ∴ ∠GAF = 180° AD 2 + AB 2 − BD 2
cos A =
Y ⇒ ∠GAB + ∠BAF = 180° 2 ⋅ AD ⋅ AB
X
⇒ ∠GAB + 108° = 180° x 2 + ( 2x )2 − BD 2
⇒ cos 60° =
A B ⇒ ∠GAB = 180°−108° = 72° 2. x .( 2x )
M
Similarly, 1 5x 2 − BD 2
⇒ =
Now, join AC . 2 4x 2
∠GBA = 180°−108° = 72°
In ∆ABC , M and X are mid-points of ⇒ 2x 2 = 5x 2 − BD 2
In ∆ABG ,
AB and BC .
1 ∠GAB + ∠ABG + ∠BGA = 180° ⇒ BD 2 = 3x 2
∴ MX || AC and MX = AC ...(i) ⇒ 72°+72°+∠BGA = 180°
2 ⇒ BD = 3x = 3 AD.
In ∆ADC , Y and N are mid-points of ⇒ ∠BGA = 180°−144°, ∠BGA = 36° 66. (b) Given, each interior angle = 140°
AD and CD. 63. (c) Here, ∠DAB = ∠XAZ = 90° Then, each exterior angle
1
∴ YN || AC and YN = AC ...(ii) ⇒ ∠DAB − ∠XAB = ∠XAZ − ∠XAB = ( 180°−140° ) = 40°
2
A D
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ Number of sides
Z 360° 360°
MX || YN = = =9
X Each exterior angle 40°
So, statement I is not correct. Y
II Obviously, straight lines Hence, the number of vertices of
AC , BD , XY and MN meet at a point. polygon is 9.
So, statement II is correct. B C
67. (b) Exterior angle of regular polygon
61. (c) Given, each interior angle of a regular ⇒ ∠DAX = ∠BAZ 360°
polygon = 135° Now, in ∆DAX and ∆BAZ , =
Number of sides
Q Each exterior angle AD = AB (sides of squares)
⇒ ∠DAX = ∠BAZ (proved earlier) I. If exterior angle is 70°
= 180° − interior angle
⇒ AX = AZ (sides of square) Then, number of sides
= 180° − 135° = 45° 360° 36
⇒ ∆DAX ≅ ∆BAZ (SAS criterial) = = = A rational number
Q Number of sides in the polygon ( n) 70° 7
360° 360° ⇒ BZ = DX (by CPCT)
= = =8 So, statement I is incorrect.
Each exterior angle 45° and ∠ABZ = ∠ADX (by CPCT)
Hence, both statements are correct. II. If number of sides ≥ 5, then
Q Number of diagonals of a polygon 360°
PB 1 Exterior angle = = 72°
n( n − 1) 8(8 − 1) 64. (d) Given as = …(i) 5
= −n= −8 PC 2
2 2 BQ||DC (Q AB||DC ) For number of sides ≥ 5, there is
8×7 always an acute exterior angle.
= −8 In ∆BPQ and ∆DPC
2 So, statement II is correct.
∠BPQ = ∠DPC
= 28 − 8 = 20 (Q vertically opposite angles) 68. (d) I. In regular polygon,
Hence, the number of diagonals of a ⇒ ∠QBP = ∠PCD Sum of exterior angles = 360°
polygon is 20. (Q alternate interior angle) [which is always constant]
62. (a) Q Each interior angle of a regular ⇒ ∆BPQ ~ ∆DPC [by AA similarity] So, statements I is incorrect.
polygon of n side We know that area of two similar II. Sum of interior angles of m sides of
( n − 2) × 180° triangles are in the ratio of the square of regular polygon = (m − 2) × 180°
= the corresponding sides
n Sum of interior angles of m sides and
2
Here, n = 5 ar ( ∆BPQ )  PB  n sides of regular polygon
= 
∴ Each interior angle of the pentagon ar ( ∆DPC )  PC  = (m − 2) × 180° + ( n − 2) × 180°
2
=   = (m + n − 4) × 180°
(5 − 2) × 180° 3 × 180° 20 1
⇒ [from Eq. (i)]
= = ar ( ∆DPC )  2  So, statement II is incorrect.
5 5
= 3 × 36° = 108° ∴ ar ( ∆DPC ) = 80 sq units Hence, neither I nor II is correct.
25
MATHEMATICS Circle 287

CIRCLE
Usually (3-6) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are asked from the
topics related to theorem of circle, tangent to a circle and locus.

A circle is a curved figure consisting of all points in a plane that Chord

are at a fixed distance from a fixed point. The fixed point is
called centre and the fixed distance is called radius of the circle. A chord is a line segment
whose end points lie on the
• Circles are simple closed curves which
circle. A diameter is the
divide the plane into two regions : an O
interior and an exterior. longest chord in a circle. A B
O
B A
• In the given figure, O is the centre of Here, in the given figure PQ P Q
circle, OA is the radius of the circle is a chord and AB is the
and AB is the diameter of the circle. diameter of the circle which is
the longest chord of that circle.
RADIUS
Radius is the fixed distance between the
B Secant
centre of the circle and the points lying A line which intersect the circle
on the circle. at two points is called secant of
A the circle. O
Here, in the given figure OA , OB and OC O
all are having fixed distance, so they are Here, in the figure AB is a
A C D B
known as radius of the circle. It is C
secant cutting the circle at two
denoted by r. distinct points as C and D.

Diameter Arc
C
Diameter is any line segment that passes Any part of a circle between two P

points is called an arc of the circle. A B

through the centre of the circle and whose
end points lie on the circle. The diameter Any two points, say A and B of a
A B
of a circle is twice the radius. Here, O circle divide it into two parts R
O
S

AB and CD are the diameters of the circle. called arcs. The smaller arc APB is
AB = CD = 2(OA ) called minor arc and larger arc
D Q
= 2(OB) = 2(OC ) = 2(OD) AQB is called major arc.
A circle can have an infinite number of diameters. It is usually denoted by APB and AQB.
288 CDS Pathfinder

Here, in the given figure GBH is a tangent touching the

Semi Circle circle at a single point B.
P
A diameter divides the circle into two
equal parts. Each of the two is called a Length of tangent The distance between external point
semi-circle. R O S
P from which tangent is drawn and the point of contact
of the tangent is called length of tangent.
In the above figure, RPSR and RQSR
are semi-circles. Q Properties of Tangent To a Circle
Segment • Only two tangents can be drawn from a point outside
Minor
the circle.
The area enclosed by an arc and its
A Segment • Only one tangent can be drawn through a point lying
corresponding chord is called a B
on the circle.
segment of the circle. Major
Segment • No tangent can be drawn from a point lying inside the
• The segment containing the minor
circle.
arc is called minor segment.
• A tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to
• The segment containing the major
the radius through the point of contact.
arc is called major segment.

Sector
O
The area enclosed by any two radii O
and the arc determined by the end
points of the radii is called a sector of A B
Sector C
the circle. A B

Circumference Relative Position of two Circles

The length of the complete circle is called its circumference. r1 r2 r1 r2

Circumference = 2 × π × Radius of the circle

O O´ O O´ O O´

or (i) (ii) (iii)

= π × Diameter of the circle
O
O
Concentric Circles O´ O´

Two or more circles having the C (iv) (v)

C3 4
same centre are called concentric C2 Two circles will
circles. C1
Here, in the given figure C1 , C 2 , C 3 (i) be disjoint, when OO′ > r1 + r2 .
O (ii) be touching externally, when OO′ = r1 + r2 .
and C 4 are known as concentric
(iii) be intersecting when OO′ < r1 + r2 .
circles as they have a common
(iv) be touching internally, when OO′ = | r2 − r1 |
centre ‘O’.
(v) one of the circle will lie inside the other, when
An infinite number of circles can be OO′ < | r2 − r1 | .
drawn with same centre.
P
EXAMPLE 1. Two circles with centres
Tangent A and B touch each other internally,
A tangent to a circle is a straight line that touches the as shown in the figure given below.
circle at a single point. Their radii are 5 and 3 units, A B
respectively. Perpendicular bisector of
AB meets the bigger circle in P and Q.
O What is the length of PQ?
Q
H a. 2 6 b. 34 c. 4 6 d. 6 2

B
Sol. c. Let PQ intersect AB at O. Join AP and AQ. Produce
nt AB to intersect the circle at M.
ge
an
GT Here, AP = AM = 5 units, BM = 3 units
MATHEMATICS Circle 289

∴ AB = AM − BM = 5 − 3 = 2 units P Theorem 7 Equal chords of congruent circles are

PQ bisects AB perpendicularly. equidistant from the corresponding centres.
∴ AO = OB = 1unit
O
Now, in right ∆AOP , A M O O´
B
(PA) 2 = (OA) 2 + (OP) 2 A B C D
P Q
⇒ ( 5) 2 = (1) 2 + (OP) 2
⇒ 24 = (OP) 2 ⇒ OP = 2 6 units Q
∴ PQ = 2OP = 2 × 2 6 = 4 6 units
Here, if AB = CD, then OP = O′ Q.
Hence, the length of PQ is 4 6 units. Conversely if OP = O′ Q, then AB = CD.
Theorem 8 Equal chords of a circle are equidistant
Important Theorems of Circles from the centre.
Theorem 1 If two arcs of a circle are congruent, then Here, if AB and CD are equal chords of circle, then
the corresponding chords are equal. OP = OQ.
Theorem 2 Equal arcs (or chords) subtend equal angle
P
at the centre. Here, if AB = PQ, then ∠AOB = ∠POQ. C D
B
O
A
A B
Q
O

P
Conversely, if OP = OQ, then also AB = CD
Q
i.e. chords at equal distance from the centre are equal.
Theorem 3 The perpendicular from the centre of a circle
to a chord bisects the chord. EXAMPLE 2. AB and CD are two parallel chords on
Here, if OD ⊥ AB, then AD = DB. the opposite sides of the centre of the circle. If
AB = 10 cm, CD = 24 cm and the radius of the circle is
13 cm, then what is the distance between the chords?
O
a. 10 cm b. 17 cm
A B
c. 24 cm d. None of these
D
Sol. b. From O draw OL ⊥ AB and OM ⊥ CD. Join
Theorem 4 The line joining the centre to the mid-point OA and OC.
of a chord is perpendicular to the chord. 1 10
Here, if AD = DB, then ∠ADO = ∠ODB = 90 °. AL = AB = cm = 5 cm,
2 2
Theorem 5 The perpendicular bisectors of two chords OA = 13 cm M
C D
of a circle intersect at its centre. In right angled ∆OLA, by pythagoras
C theorem,
O
A OL 2 = OA2 − AL 2 = (13) 2 − ( 5) 2
O m = (169 − 25) = 144
A L B
⇒ OL = 144 = 12 cm
l D 1
B Now, CM = × CD = 12 cm
2
Here, AB, CD are the chords and l, m are perpendicular
bisector of AB and CD. So, l and m meet at centre ‘O’. and OC = 13 cm
In ∆OMC, [by pythagoras theorem]
Theorem 6 There is one and only one circle passing OM 2 = OC 2 − CM 2
through three non-collinear points.
= (13) 2 − (12) 2
• An infinite number of circles can be drawn to pass
= (169 − 144) = 25
through a single point.
⇒ OM = 25 = 5 cm
• An infinite number of circles can be drawn to pass
∴ ML = OM + OL
through two given points.
= ( 5 + 12) cm
• A unique circle can be drawn to pass through three
given non-collinear points. = 17 cm
290 CDS Pathfinder

Theorem 9 The angle subtended by an arc of a circle EXAMPLE 4. In the given figure, chords AB and CD
at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any of a circle intersect externally at P. If AB = 6 cm, CD = 3
point on the circumference of circle. Here, three case cm and PD = 5 cm, then the measurement of PB is
arises. A
C C C

cm
6
A B B

cm
3 cm

x
O A B
O O P 5 cm D C

A a. 2.5 cm b. 4 cm c. 10 cm d. None of these

(i) B
(ii) (iii) Sol. b. Let the measurement of PB be x.
PA × PB = PC × PD ⇒ ( x + 6) × x = 8 × 5
In all the three cases ∠AOB = 2∠ACB.
⇒ x2 + 6x − 40 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 10x − 4x − 40 = 0
EXAMPLE 3 In the figure given below, if ∠AOP = 75° ⇒ x ( x + 10) − 4( x + 10) = 0 ⇒ ( x + 10)( x − 4) = 0
and ∠AOB = 120 °, then what is the value of ∠AQP ? ⇒ x = 4, as x ≠ − 10 [side cannot be negative]
R ∴ PB = 4 cm
Q EXAMPLE 5. In the adjoining figure, ∆ABC is an
O 75° isosceles triangle with AB = AC and ∠ABC = 50 °. Then,
the measure of ∠BDC is
120° A
A B

P D
a. 45° b. 37.5° c. 30° d. 22.5°
Sol. b. We know that the angle subtended by an arc of a
circle at the centre is double the angle subtended by it
B C
at any point on the circumference of a circle.
2∠AQP = ∠AOP E
1 75°
∠AQP = × ∠AOP = = 37.5° a. 80° b. 100° c. 40° d. 160°
2 2
Sol. a. Given, AB = AC ⇒ ∠ACB = ∠ABC = 50°
Theorem 10 The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
In ∆ABC, ∠BAC = 180° − ( 50° + 50° ) = 80°
Theorem 11 Angles in the same segment of a circle are
[by angle sum property of a triangle]
equal. C ∴ ∠BDC = ∠BAC = 80°
[angles lying in the same segment of the circle]
D
Theorem 13 Let PT be a line tangent to the circle at
point T. From external point P, draw a secant which
A intersect the circle at two point A and B, then
B
PA × PB = PT 2
Here, ∠ACB = ∠ADB
B
Theorem 12 If two chords AB and CD of a circle
intersect inside or outside the circle when produced at a A
point P O
then, AP × PB = DP × PC
P T
A

O
B
EXAMPLE 6. In a ∆ABC, AB = AC. A circle through B
O
A D P touches AC at D and intersects AB at P. If D is the
mid-point of AC, then which one of the following is
D
P C
correct?
C B a. AB = 2 AP b. AB = 3AP c. AB = 4 AP d. 2 AB = 5AP
MATHEMATICS Circle 291

Sol. c. By using theorem, • Theorem 18 Tangents drawn at the end points of a

AB × AP = AD 2 A diameter of a circle are always parallel.
P
AC  2 1
=   = ( AC ) 2 • Length of the direct common tangent is
 2 D
4 T T ′ = (OO′ ) 2 − (r1 − r 2 ) 2 and length of transverse
1
⇒ AB × AP = ( AB) 2
4 common tangent is MN = (OO′ ) 2 − (r1 + r 2 ) 2
B C
[Q AC = AB given]
T N T′
⇒ AB = 4AP
r1 r2
Theorem 14 Alternate Segment
O
Theorem In the given figure B, if BAC P D O´
is a tangent to a circle at point A and if M
AD is any chord, then ∠DAC = ∠APD
and ∠PAB = ∠PDA. B A C C
EXAMPLE 8. In the given figure, CP
EXAMPLE 7. In the given figure, PAQ is the tangent. and CQ are tangent to a circle with
BC is the diameter of the circle. If ∠BAQ = 60 °, then
centre O. ARB is another tangent
∠ABC is
touching. The circle at R. If CP = 11 cm, A B
BC = 7 cm length of BR is P
R
Q
B
O a. 1 cm b. 2 cm O
C
c. 4 cm d. 3 cm
60° Sol. c. Since, the length of two tangents
P A Q drawn from external point are equal.
a. 25° b. 30° c. 45° d. 50° ∴ CQ = CP = 11 cm and BQ = BR
Sol. b. Since BC is the diameter of the circle. Now, BQ = CQ − BC
∴ ∠BAC = 90° [Q angle in a semi-circle is 90°]
= (11− 7) cm = 4 cm
∠ACB = 60° [Q alternate angle theorem]
Now, ∠ACB + ∠BAC + ∠ABC = 180° ∴ BR = BQ = 4 cm
⇒ ∠ABC + 90° + 60° = 180°
⇒ ∠ABC = 180°− (90° + 60° ) = 30° Cyclic Quadrilateral
• Theorem 15 If two tangents are drawn to a circle from A quadrilateral whose all vertices lie on a circle is called
an external point, then they subtend equal angles at the a cyclic quadrilateral.
centre. These two tangents
A
are equally inclined to the
line segment joining the
Properties of Cyclic Quadrilateral
centre to that point. In the • The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic
C O
given figure, P quadrilateral is 180° i.e. the opposite angles of a cyclic
∠AOP = ∠BOP and quadrilateral are supplementary.
∠APO = ∠BPO B
• If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral
• Theorem 16 Line joining centre and external point is is 180°, then quadrilateral is cyclic.
perpendicular bisector of line joining point of contacts
of tangents to the circle. In the above figure, OP ⊥ AB • The exterior angle, formed by producing a side of a
and AC = BC cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
• Theorem 17 The length of two tangents drawn from an A B
external point to a circle are equal.
Here, PA = PB
A
D C E
P O

Here, ∠BAD = ∠BCE

B
292 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 9. In the given figure, if ∠PAQ = 59°, 2. The locus of points at a fixed
∠APD = 40 °, then what is ∠AQB ? distance d from a line mis a pair of d
P parallel lines at a distance of d d m
from line mand located on either
40° side of m.
B 3. The locus of points equidistant
from two points A and B is the
C perpendicular bisector of the line A B
segment joining the two points.
59°
A D Q m1
4. The locus of points equidistant
from two parallel lines m 1 and
a. 19° b. 20° c. 22° d. 27° m2 , is a line parallel to both m 1 m2
Sol. c. Given, ∠PAD = 59° and ∠APD = 40° and m 2 and midway between
P them.
A
5. The locus of points in the interior D
40° B
of an angle equidistant from the
B sides of an angle is the bisector of C
C the angle.
6. The locus of points equidistant l2
59°
A Q from two intersecting lines l1 and l1
D l 2 is a pair of bisectors that bisect
In ∆APD, ∠PAD + ∠APD + ∠ADP = 180° the angles formed by l1 and l 2 .
⇒ 59° + 40°+∠ADP = 180° ⇒ ∠ADC = 81°
Also, ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180°
[property of cyclic quadrilateral]
Locus in Some Standard Cases
⇒ ∠ABC = 180°−81° = 99° 1. The loci of all points d units from a circle having a
∴ ∠CDQ = ∠ABC = 99° and ∠QCD = ∠BAD = 59° radius r units are two concentric circles with radii of
In ∆CQD, ∠CQD + ∠CDQ + ∠QCD = 180° r − d and r + d units respectively.
⇒ ∠CQD = 180°−59°−99° = 180°−158° = 22° r+d
⇒ ∠AQB = ∠CQD = 22°
O
LOCUS r–d r

The path traced by a point moving under a given

condition is called locus.
2. The locus of all points equidistant from two
e.g. The locus of points (in a plane) equidistant from a concentric circles is a third circle whose radius is the
fixed point (in a plane) is a circle with the fixed point as average of the radii of the given circles.
centre.
The plural of locus is loci. b
a+b
• The locus may be a line segment or lines, straight or 2
curved. Oa
• Every point which satisfies the given geometrical
condition(s) lies on the locus and vice-versa.
3. The locus of the mid-points of all parallel chords of a
Basic Locus Theorem circle is the diameter of the circle, which is
perpendicular to the given chords.
1. The locus of points at a fixed distance d from point p
is a circle with the given point p as its centre and d as
its radius.

p d
MATHEMATICS Circle 293

4. The locus of the mid-points of equal EXAMPLE 11. What is the number of points in a plane
chords is a circle with the same T
two units from a given line and three units from a
centre as the given circle and radius given point of the line?
O
equal to the distance from the centre a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
of the given circle to the given
Sol. d. The answer will be 4 points. The dotted lines are first
chord.
locus condition and the circle is the second locus
5. The locus of the centre of condition. These two loci intersect at points marked
circle touching a given line at a O with A, B , C and D.
given point is a line D C
perpendicular to the given line
A B 3 units 2 units
through the given point. P
given line
6. The locus of the centre of all circles given point 2 units
passing through two given points is
A B
the perpendicular bisector of the line
segment joining the two points. O
EXAMPLE 12. Two points A and B are 6 units apart.
7. If A , B are fixed points, then the How many points are there that are equidistant from
A B
locus of a point P such that both A and B and also 5 units from A?
∠APB = 90 ° is the circle with AB as
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
diameter.
P
P Sol. c. The answer will be 2 points.
The dotted line is first locus 5 units
condition and the circle is the
A B
A B second locus condition. These 3 units 3 units
two loci intersect at two points
marked with P and Q. Q

EXAMPLE 13. Given a circle with radius 1.5 cm.

Which of the following dotted lines may represent the
EXAMPLE 10. Given two parallel straight lines AB locus of a point P such that P is at a distance of 1 cm
and CD which are 2 cm apart which of the following from the nearest point on the circle?
dotted lines may represent the locus of a point P such 1.5 cm
that it is equidistant from AB and CD ? cm
2.5 cm 2.5
C D
a. 2 cm 2 cm a. b.

1 cm
1.5 cm P
A B
0.5 cm
A B
b. 1 cm
P
1 cm
C D
3 cm
A B
1.5 cm
c. 1.5 cm
c. d. P
C D
0.5 cm
1 cm
A B
1 cm Sol. b.
d.
cm
1 cm 2 .5
C D
1 cm 1.5 cm
1 cm

Sol. b. A B P
P 1 cm 0.5 cm
1 cm
C D
294 CDS Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. In a circle with centre O and radius 5 cm, AB is 8. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a
a chord of length 8 cm. If OM ⊥ AB, then what is triangle pass through the
the length of OM? (a) different point (b) more than 2 points
(a) 4 cm (b) 5 cm (c) same point (d) None of these
(c) 3 cm (d) None of these
9. If a point P moves such that the sum of the
2. An equilateral ∆ABC is inscribed in a circle with squares of its distance from two fixed points
centre O. Then, ∠BOC is equal to A and B is a constant, then the locus of P is
A (a) a circle
(b) a straight line
(c) an arbitrary curve
O (d) the perpendicular bisector of AB
B C
10. The locus of points equidistant from two fixed
points is a straight line which
(a) 120° (b) 75° (c) 180° (d) 60°
(a) is a right angles to the line joining the two fixed points
3. A square ABCD is inscribed in a circle with (b) bisects the line joining the two fixed points
centre O. Then, the angle subtended by each side (c) is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the
of the square at the centre O is two fixed points
(a) 120° (b) 180° (c) 45° (d) 90° (d) None of the above

4. The points of concurrency of the 11. Diameter AB and CD of a circle intersect at O. If

perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle m∠BOD = 50°, then m ∠AOD is
is called its
A D
(a) incentre (b) circumcentre O
(c) excentre (d) orthocentre 50°
C B
5. In the given figure, PQ is the diameter of a circle
with centre at O. OS is perpendicular to PR. (a) 50° (b) 180° (c) 130° (d) 310°
Then, OS is equal to 12. CD is a direct common tangent to two circles
P intersecting each other at A and B. Then,
∠CAD + ∠CBD is equal to?
S A
O
R

Q
B
1 1 1 C D
(a) QR (b) QR (c) QR (d) QR
4 3 2 (a) 180° (b) 90° (c) 360° (d) 120°
6. In the given figure, OM and ON are the 13. In a circle of radius 17 cm, two parallel chords
perpendiculars drawn on the chords PQ and RS . are drawn on opposite side of a diameter. The
If OM = ON = 6 cm. Then, distance between the chords is 23 cm. If the
P R length of one chord is 16 cm, then the length of
the other chord is
O (a) 34 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 23 cm (d) 30 cm
M N
14. If AB is a chord of a circle, P and Q are the two
Q S points on the circle different from A and B, then
(a) PQ ≥ RS (b) PQ < RS (c) PQ ≤ RS (d) PQ = RS (a) the angles subtended at P and Q by AB are always equal
(b) the sum of the angles subtended by AB at P and Q
7. The locus of the mid-points of all radii of a circle is always equal to two right angles
is a
(c) the angles subtended by AB at P and Q are either
(a) circle (b) parallelogram
equal or supplementary
(c) rhombus (d) square
(d) None of the above
MATHEMATICS Circle 295

15. The locus of the centre of circles which pases 21. Two circles touch each other internally. Their
through two given points is radii are 2 cm and 3 cm. The biggest chord of the
(a) perpendicular to the line joining the given points at outer circle which is outside the inner circle is of
one of those points length
(b) perpendicular bisector of the line joining the given points (a) 2 2 cm (b) 3 2 cm (c) 2 3 cm (d) 4 2 cm
(c) parallel to the line joining the given points
(d) None of the above 22. If two circles are such that the centre of one lies
on the circumference of the other, then the ratio
16. In the adjoining figure, POQ is the diameter of of the common chord of the two circles to the
the circle, R and S are any two points on the radius of any one of the circles is
circles. Then, (a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 :1 (c) 5 :1 (d) 4 : 1
R Q
23. In the given figure, ABCD is a cyclic
quadrilateral. AE is drawn parallel to CD and BA
O
is produced. If ∠ABC = 92° and ∠FAE = 20°, then
P S ∠BCD is equal to
(a) ∠PRQ > ∠PSQ (b) ∠PRQ < ∠PSQ B A
F
1 20°
(c) ∠PRQ = ∠PSQ (d) ∠PRQ = ∠PSQ 92° E
2
17. If O is the centre of the circle, then the value of x C D
in the adjoining figure is
A
(a) 88° (b) 98° (c) 108° (d) 72°
x
90° 24. The values of x + y in the figure is equal to
0°
11

B
O A
C
(2x + 4)
(a) 80° (b) 70° (c) 60° (d) 50°
18. If S is a circle with centre C and P be a movable (x + 10) (5y + 5)
B D
point outside S, then the locus of P such that the
tangents from P to S are of constant length is
(a) the straight line CP (4y – 4)
(b) the circle through P with centre at C
(c) a circle intersecting S C
(d) a circle touching S (a) 90° (b) 85° (c) 75° (d) 65°
19. In the given figure A, B, C , D are the concyclic 25. Let A and B be two points. What is the locus of
points. The value of x is the point P such that ∠APB = 90° ?
E (a) The line AB itself
x C
(b) The point P itself
D
(c) The circumference of the circle with AB as diameter
(d) The line perpendicular to AB and bisecting AB
130° 26. In the adjoining figure AD , AE and BC are
A F
B tangent to the circle at D , E , F respectively, then
(a) 50° (b) 60° (c) 70° (d) 90°
E
C
20. If O is the centre of the circle, then x is
D C A F
32° x°
O B
28° D
50°
A B (a) AD = AB + BC + AC (b) 2 AD = AB + BC + AC
1
(c) AD = ( AB + BC + AC ) (d) 3AD = AB + BC + AC
(a) 72° (b) 62° (c) 82° (d) 52° 4
296 CDS Pathfinder

27. S1 and S 2 are two circles on a plane with radii 34. What is the locus of centres of circles which
4 cm, and 2 cm, respectively and the distance touch a given line at a given point?
between their centres is 3 cm. Which one of the (a) A line perpendicular to the given line, passing
following statements is true? through the given point
(a) S 2 lies entirely within the circle S1 (b) A line parallel to the given line
(b) S1 and S 2 touch each other internally (c) A circle tangent to the given line at the given point
(c) S1 and S 2 touch each other externally (d) A closed curve other than a circle
(d) S1 and S 2 intersect in two distinct points 35. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle,
28. ACB is a tangent to a circle at C , CD and CE are OA = 3 cm, AC = 3 cm and OM is perpendicular
to AC. What is ∠ABC equal to?
chords such that ∠ACE > ∠ACD. If
B
∠ACD = ∠BCE = 50°, then
(a) CD = CE
(b) ED is not parallel to AB O
(c) ED passes through the centre of the circle
(d) ∆CDE is a right angled triangle
A C
29. A bicycle is running straight towards North. M
What is the locus of the centre of the front wheel
of the bicycle whose diameter is d ?
(a) 60° (b) 45°
(a) A line parallel to the path of the wheel of the bicycle (c) 30° (d) None of these
at a height d cm
(b) A line parallel to the path of the wheel of the bicycle 36. The distance between the centres of two circles
at a height d/2 cm having radii 4.5 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively is
(c) A circle of radius d/2 cm 10 cm. What is the length of the transverse
(d) A circle of radius d cm common tangent of these circles?
30. If ‘O’ is the centre of circle, then x is equal to (a) 8 cm (b) 7 cm
(c) 6 cm (d) None of these
C
O
37. ABC is an equilateral triangle inscribed in a
x° 80° circle with AB = 5 cm. Let the bisector of the
B angle, A meet BC in X and the circle in Y . What
A
is the value of AX ⋅ AY ?
(a) 80° (b) 60° (c) 40° (d) 20° (a) 16 cm2 (b) 20 cm2 (c) 25 cm2 (d) 30 cm2
31. If two equal circles touch each other externally, 38. Two unequal circles are touching each other
the common tangent divides the line of centres externally at P, APB and CPD are two secants
in the ratio cutting the circles at A, B, C and D. Which one of
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 3 : 2 the following is correct?
(a) ACBD is parallelogram (b) ACBD is a trapezium
32. With the vertices of a ∆ABC as centre three circles
are described, each touching the other two circle (c) ACBD is a rhombus (d) None of these
externally. If the sides of the triangle are 9 cm, 39. ABCD is a quadrilateral, the sides of which
7 cm and 6 cm. Then, the radius of the circle are touch a circle. Which one of the following is
(a) 4, 5, 2 (b) 4, 5, 6 correct?
(c) 3, 2, 3 (d) All equal to 3 cm (a) AB + AD = CB + CD (b) AB : CD = AD : BC
(c) AB + CD = AD + BC (d) AB : AD = CB : CD
33. In the given figure PT touches the circle with
centre O at R. Diameter SQ when produced meet 40. Let PAB be a secant to a circle intersecting at
PT at P. If ∠SPR = x and ∠QSR = y, then x + 2y points A and B and PC is a tangent. Which one
is equal to of the following is correct?
S (a) The area of rectangle with PA, PB as sides is equal
O to the area of square with PC as sides
y
Q
(b) The area of rectangle with PA, PC as sides is equal
x to the area of square with PB as sides
R
(c) The area of rectangular with PC, PB as sides is equal
P T
to the area of square with PA as side
(a) 180° (b) 90° (d) The perimeter of rectangle with PA, PB as sides is
(c) 135° (d) None of these equal to the perimeter of square with PC as side
MATHEMATICS Circle 297

41. In the given figure, if ∠BAD = 60°, ∠ADC = 105°, 47. In the given figure, a circle is inscribed in a
then what is ∠DPC equal to? quadrilateral ABCD. Given that, BC = 38 cm,
P QB = 27 cm, DC = 25 cm and AD is perpendicular
to DC. What is the radius of the circle?
B
D C Q
A
105°
O R
D C
60°
A B (a) 11 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 16 cm
(a) 40° (b) 45° (c) 50° (d) 60° 48. In the figure given below, what is ∠CBA ?
A
42. In the given figure, PQ is a diameter of the circle
whose centre is at O. If ∠ROS = 44° and OR is a 75° C
bisector of ∠PRQ, then what is the value of ∠RTS ? 3 0°
P Q R
P R T
B
44° S
O (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 50° (d) 60°

Q 49. PQ is a common chord of two circles. APB is a

(a) 46° (b) 64° secant line joining points A and B on the two
(c) 69° (d) None of these circles. Two tangents AC and BC are drawn. If
∠ACB = 45°, then what is ∠AQB equal to?
43. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle.
(a) 75° (b) 90° (c) 120° (d) 135°
AC and BD intersect at P. If ∠AOB = 100° and
∠DAP = 30°, what is ∠APB ? 50. ABCD is concyclic quadrilateral. The tangents at
E A and C intersect each other at P. If
∠ABC = 100°, then what is ∠APC equal to?
D C
P (a) 10° (b) 20° (c) 30° (d) 40°
O
51. In the given figure, quad. ABCD is circumscribed,
A B
touching the circle at P , Q , R and S such that
∠DAB = 90°. If CS = 27 cm and CB = 38 cm and
(a) 77° (b) 80° (c) 85° (d) 90° radius of the circle is 10 cm, then AB = ?
44. In the given figure, AB is a C 27 cm
D S C
diameter of a circle and CD is
O
perpendicular to AB, if A
E
B R
AB = 10 cm and AE = 2 cm, then P
10 cm
O 38 cm
what is the length of ED? D
(a) 5 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 20 cm A
Q B
C
45. In the given figure, PT is a B
tangent to a circle of radius 6 (a) 28 cm (b) 21 cm (c) 19 cm (d) 17 cm
P O
cm. If P is at a distance of 10 cm 52. In the figure given below, YAX is a tangent to
from the centre O and PB = 5 cm, T the circle with centre O. If ∠BAX = 70° and
then what is the length of the ∠BAQ = 40°, then what is ∠ABQ equal to?
chord BC ?
E
(a) 7.8 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 8.4 cm (d) 9 cm
B
46. In the given figure, ∠AOB = 46°, O
AC and OB intersect each other O
C Q
at right angles. What is the Y X
measure of ∠OBC ? (O is the A
centre of the circle.) A B (a) 20° (b) 30°
(a) 44° (b) 46° (c) 67° (d) 78.5° (c) 35° (d) 40°
298 CDS Pathfinder

53. In the given figure, what is ∠BYX equal to? 59.

A Q
B
S
45°
R

50° P X'
X Y O
X
(a) 85° (b) 50° (c) 45° (d) 90° In the above figure which of the following holds
54. In the given figure, AD is a straight line, OP good?
perpendicular to AD and O is the centre of (a) ∠SOQ = ∠ROP (b) 2∠ROP = ∠SOR
both circles. If OA = 20 cm, OB = 15 cm and (c) ∠POR = ∠ASO (d) ∠QOX' = ∠SOR + ∠ROP
OP = 12 cm, what is AB equal to? 60. Semi-circle C1 is drawn with a line segment PQ
as its diameter with centre at R. Semicircles C2
and C3 are drawn with PR and QR as diameters
O respectively, both C2 and C3 lying inside C1. A
full circle C4 is drawn in such a way that it is
A B P C D tangent to all the three semicircles C1, C2 and C3 ,
C4 lies inside C1 and outside both C2 and C3 . The
radius of C4 is
(a) 7 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 12 cm
1 1 1 1
x y z (a) PQ (b) PQ (c) PQ (d) PQ
55. In the given figure, if = = , where ∠DCQ = x, 3 6 2 4
3 4 5
∠BPC = y and ∠DQC = z, then what are the 61. Two circles are placed in an
values of x, y and z, respectively ? equilateral triangle as shown in
the figure. What is the ratio of the
A
area of the smaller circle to that of
the equilateral triangle?
D (a) π : 36 3 (b) π : 18 3 (c) π : 27 3 (d) π : 42 3
B
y C x 62. Consider the following statements :
z I. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
P
Q supplementary.
(a) 33°, 44° and 55° (b) 36°, 48° and 60° II. Angle subtended by an arc at the centre is
(c) 39°, 52° and 65° (d) 42°, 56° and 70° double the angle subtended by it at any point on
the remaining part of the circle.
56. In the given figure, if ∠AOP = 75° and
Which one of the following is/are correct in
∠AOB = 120°, then what is ∠AQP ? respect of the above statements?
R (a) Statement I ⇒ Statement II
Q (b) Statement II ⇒ Statement I
75°
(c) Statement I ⇔ Statement II
O
(d) Neither Statement I ⇒ Statement II nor Statement II
A 120° B ⇒ Statement I
63. Consider the following statements :
P I. Let P be a point on a straight line L. Let Q , R
(a) 45° (b) 37.5° (c) 30° (d) 22.5° and S be the points on the same plane
57. A circle of radius 5 cm has chord RS at a containing the line L such that PQ , PR and PS
are perpendicular to L. Then, there exists no
distance of 3 units from it. Chord PQ intersects
triangle with vertices Q , R, S.
with chord RS at T such that TS = 1 / 3 of RT.
Find minimum value of PQ. II. Let C be a circle passing through three distinct
points D , E and F such that the tangent at D to
(a) 6 3 (b) 4 3 (c) 8 3 (d) 2 3
the circle C is parallel to EF. Then, DEF is an
58. Two mutually perpendicular chords AB and CD isosceles triangle.
intersect at P. AP = 4 cm , PB = 6 cm, CP = 3 cm . Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
Find radius of the circle. correct?
5 5 3 5 6 5 2 5 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) cm (b) cm (c) cm (d) cm
2 4 2 3 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
MATHEMATICS Circle 299

Directions (Q. Nos. 68-69) BC is a chord with centre O.

64. The incircle of a ∆ABC touches the sides AB, BC
A is a point on an arc BC as shown in the figure below.
and AC at the points P , Q , R, respectively, A A
then which of the following statement is/are x
correct? x B y t y C
I. AP + BQ + CR = PB + QC + RA O
O
1 z z
II. AP + BQ + CR = (perimeter of ∆ABC) y y
2 B C
III. AP + BQ + CR = 3( AB + BC + CA )
68. What is the value of ∠BAC + ∠OBC if A is the
Select the correct answer using the codes given
point on the major arc?
below
(a) 110° (b) 70° (c) 90° (d) 60°
(a) I, II and III are correct (b) Only I is correct
(c) II and III are correct (d) I and II are correct 69. What is the value of ∠BAC − ∠OBC if A is the
point on the minor arc?
65. Points X and Y are two different points on a (a) 90° (b) 180° (c) 130° (d) 50°
circle. Point M is located so that line segment
XM and line segment YM have equal length.
Which of the following could be true? PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
I. M is the centre of the circle. 70. A circular ring with centre O is kept in the vertical
II. M is on arc XY III. M is outside of the circle. position by two weightless thin strings TP and
(a) Only 1 (b) Only II (c) I and II (d) I, II and III TQ attached to the ring at P and Q. The line OT
meets the ring at E where as a tangential string
66. Which of the following statement(s) are correct? at E meets TP and TQ at A and B, respectively. If
I. A circle is the locus of points equidistant from a the radius of the ring is 5 cm and OT = 13 cm,
fixed point. then what is the length of AB ? e 2012 I
II. The locus of centre of circle rolling on the (a) 10/3 cm (b) 20/3 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 40/3 cm
circumference of fixed circle is a circle 71. The locus of the mid-points of all equal chords in
concentric with fixed circle.
a circle is e 2012 I
III. The locus of the points which are equidistant (a) The circumference of the circle concentric with
from three distinct points on a line, is a line the given circle and having radius equal to the chords
parallel to the given line. (b) The circumference of the circle concentric with the
IV. If the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C of a quadrilateral given circle and having radius equal to the distance
of the chords from the centre
ABCD intersect in P, then P is equidistant from
(c) The circumference of the circle concentric with the
AB and CD.
given circle and having radius equal to half of the
Select the correct answer using the codes given radius of the given circle
below (d) The circumference of the circle concentric with the
(a) All are correct (b) Only IV given circle and having radius equal to half of the
distance of the chords from the centre
(c) Both I and II (d) I, II and IV
72. Consider the following statements
67. A square and a circle intersect at more than one
point. Consider the following statements: I. The locus of points which are equidistant from
two parallel lines is a line parallel to both of
I If atleast two of the intersection points are on them and drawn mid way between them.
the vertices of the square then the square is
II. The perpendicular distances of any point on this
cyclic.
locus line from two original parallel lines are
II If there are exactly four intersection points then equal. Further, no point outside this locus line
the square has less area than the circle. has this property.
III If there are exactly four intersection point then Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
the diameter of circle is equal to the diagonal of correct? e 2012 II
square. (a) Only I (b) Only II
IV If atleast two intersection points are on the (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
vertices of square. Then it may be possible to 73. Consider a circle with centre at O and radius r.
have the sides of square equal to the diameter of Points A and B lie on its circumference and a
circle. point M lies outside of it such that M, A and O lie
Which of the statement (s) given above is/are on the same straight line. Then, the ratio of MA
correct ? to MB is e 2013 I
(a) Only I (b) Only IV (a) equal to 1 (b) equal to r
(c) Both I and II (d) II, III and IV (c) greater than 1 (d) less than 1
300 CDS Pathfinder

74. Consider the following statements : 81. If the angle between the radii of a circle is 130°,
I. The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle then the angle between the tangents at the ends
does not pass through the centre of the circle. of the radii is e 2015 I
II. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. (a) 90° (b) 70° (c) 50° (d) 40°
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 82. Out of two concentric circles, the diameter of the
correct? e 2013 II outer circle is 26 cm and the chord MN of length
(a) Only I (b) Only II 24 cm is tangent to the inner circle. The radius
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II of the inner circle is e 2015 I
(a) 5 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 10 cm
75. The diameter of a circle with centre at C is 50
cm. CP is a radial segment of the circle. AB is a 83. AD is the diameter of a circle and AB is a chord.
chord perpendicular to CP and passes through If AD = 34 cm, AB = 30 cm, then the distance of
P. CP produced intersects the circle at D. If AB from the centre of the circle is e 2015 I
DP = 18cm, then what is the length of AB ? (a) 17 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 8 cm
A
e 2013 II 84. From an external C
(a) 24 cm (b) 32 cm point P, tangents PA
and PB are drawn to E P
(c) 40 cm (d) 48 cm
the circle as shown
76. Consider the following statements in respect of in the above figure. D
two chords XY and ZT of a circle intersecting B
CD is the tangent to
at P. the circle at E. If AP = 16 cm, then the perimeter
I. PX ⋅ PY = PZ ⋅ PT of the ∆ PCD is equal to e 2015 II
II. PXZ and PTY are similar triangles. (a) 24 cm (b) 28 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 32 cm
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 85. Chord CD intersects the diameter AB of a circle
correct? e 2013 II at right angle at a point P in the ratio 1:2. If
(a) Only I (b) Only II diameter of circle is d, then CD is equal to
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II e 2015 II
77. In a ∆ABC, AB = BC = CA. The ratio of the radius (a)
2d
(b)
2d
(c)
2 2d
(d)
2 3d
of the circumcircle to that of the incircle is 3 3 3 3
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 e 2014 I 86. The diameter of a wheel that makes 452
(c) 3 : 2 (d) None of these revolutions to move 2 km and 26 dm is equal to
78. AB and CD are two chords of a circle meeting e 2015 II
externally at P. Then, which of the following 9 13 5 7
(a) 1 m (b) 1 m (c) 2 m (d) 2 m
is/are correct? 22 22 11 11
I. PA × PD = PC × PB 87. A boy is cycling such that the wheels of the cycle
II. ∆ PAC and ∆ PDB are similar. are making 140 revolutions per minute. If the
Select the correct answer using the codes given radius of the wheel is 30 cm, then the speed of
below e 2014 I
the cycle is e 2015 II
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 15.5 km/h (b) 15.84 km/h (c) 16 km/h (d) 16.36 km/h
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 88. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral
79. For a triangle, the radius of the circumcircle is are 2 cm and 5 cm and the angle between them
double the radius of the inscribed circle, then is 60°. If the third side is 3 cm, then the fourth
which one of the following is correct? e 2014 II side is of length e 2015 II
(a) The triangle is a right angled (a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 5 cm
(b) The triangle is an isosceles 89. AB is a line segment of length 2a, with M as
(c) The triangle is an equilateral mid-point. Semi-circles are drawn on one side
(d) None of the above with AM, MB and AB as
80. If the chord of an arc of a circle is of length x, diameter as shown in the above r O
the height of the arc is y and the radius of the figure. A circle with centre O
circle is z. Then, which one of the following is and radius r is drawn such that
correct? e 2014 II
this circle touches all the three A M B
semi-circles. The value of r, is e 2015 II
(a) y (2 z − y ) = x2 (b) y (2 z − y ) = 4x2
2a a a a
(c) 2 y (2 z − y ) = x2 (d) 4y (2 z − y ) = x2 (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 3 4
MATHEMATICS Circle 301

90. A tangent is drawn from an external point O to a 94. Consider a circle at O and radius 7 cm. Let QR
circle of radius 3 units at P such that OP = 4 be a chord of length 2 cm and let P be the
units. If C is the centre of the circle, then the mid-point of QR. Let CD be another chord of this
sine of ∠COP is e 2016 I circle passing through P such that ∠CPQ is acute.
(a) 4/5 (b) 3/4 (c) 3/5 (d) 1/2 If M is the mid-point of CD and MP = 24 cm,
91. Let ABC be a triangle in which AB = AC. Let L then which of the following statements are
be the locus of points X inside or on the triangle correct?
such that BX = CX . I. ∠QPD = 135°
Which of the following statements are correct? II. If CP = m cm and PD = n cm, then m and n are
I. L is a straight line passing through A and the roots of the quadratic equation x2 − 10x + 1 = 0.
incentre of ∆ ABC is on L. III. The ratio of the area of ∆OPR to the area of
II. L is a straight line passing through A ∆OMP is 1 : 2 2.
orthocentre of ∆ ABC is a point on L. Select the correct answer using the code given
III. L is a straight line passing through A centroid of below. e 2016 I
∆ ABC is a point on L. (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
Select the correct answer using the code given 95. Suppose chords AB and CD of a circle intersect
below. e 2016 I at a point P inside the circle. Two right angled
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
triangles A′ P ′B′ and C ′Q ′D ′ are formed as shown
92. In a circle of radius 2 units, a diameter AB in the figures below such that A′ P ′ = AP,
intersects a chord of length 2 units perpendi- B′ P ′ = BP, C ′Q ′ = CP, D ′Q ′ = DP and
cularly at P. If AP > BP , then AP is equal to ∠A′ P ′B′ = 90° = ∠C ′Q ′D ′.
e 2016 I A′
(a) (2 + 5 ) units (b) (2 + 3 ) units
(c) (2 + 2 ) units (d) 3 units
C′
93. Consider a circle with centre at C. Let OP, OQ
denote respectively the tangents to the circle
drawn from a point O outside the circle. Let R be P′ B′ Q′ D′
a point on OP and S be a point on OQ such that Which of the following statements are not correct?
OR × SQ = OS × RP . Which of the following
I. A′ P′B′ and C′Q′ D′ are similar triangles but need
statement(s) is/are correct?
not be congruent.
I. If X is the circle with centre at O and radius OR
II. A′ P′B′ and C′Q′ D′ are congruent triangles.
and Y is the circle with centre at O and radius
OS, then X = Y . III. A′ P′B′ and C′Q′ D′ are triangles of same area.
II. ∠POC + ∠QCO = 90° IV. A′ P′B′ and C′Q′ D′ are triangles of same perimeter.
Select the correct answer using the code given Select the correct answer using the code given
below. e 2016 I below. e 2016 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) II and III (b) I and III
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) I, II and IV (d) I, II, III and IV

ANSWERS
1 c 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 c 6 d 7 a 8 c 9 a 10 c
11 c 12 a 13 d 14 c 15 b 16 c 17 a 18 b 19 a 20 c
21 d 22 b 23 c 24 d 25 c 26 b 27 d 28 a 29 b 30 c
31 a 32 a 33 b 34 a 35 c 36 c 37 c 38 b 39 c 40 a
41 b 42 d 43 b 44 b 45 a 46 c 47 b 48 d 49 d 50 b
51 b 52 b 53 a 54 a 55 b 56 b 57 b 58 a 59 a 60 b
61 c 62 d 63 c 64 d 65 d 66 d 67 d 68 c 69 a 70 b
71 b 72 c 73 d 74 b 75 d 76 c 77 a 78 b 79 c 80 d
81 c 82 a 83 d 84 d 85 c 86 b 87 b 88 a 89 c 90 c
91 d 92 b 93 c 94 a 95 c
302 CDS Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1 8
1. (c) Given,OA = 5 cm,AM = × AB = 9. (a) Let P be the moving point. 14. (c) There are two possibilities
2 2 Then, PA 2 + PB 2 = constant
⇒ AM = 4 cm Case I When P and Q are on the same
side of AB. In this case ∠APB = ∠AQB
P B (angle in the same segment).
Q
O
m P
5c B
A B A
M
8 cm So, the locus of P is a circle. A
In right angled ∆OMA, 10. (c) The locus of
P
OM 2 = OA 2 − AM 2 points equidistant Case II When P and Q are on the
from fixed points P´ opposite of AB. In this case PAQB is a
[by pythagoras theorem]
is a straight line cyclic quadrilateral.
= 52 − 42 = 25 − 16 = 25 − 16 = 9 which is the P´´
⇒ OM = 3 cm perpendicular P B

2. (a) Q ∠BOC = 2∠A = 2 × 60° bisector of the

A B A Q
(Angle subtended by an arc at the center line joining the
is double the angle subtended by it at two fixed points.
any point on the circumference of circle) Here, A , B are fixed point and P is locus.
⇒ ∠BOC = 120° 11. (c) Given that, ⇒ ∠BOD = 50° So, ∠APB + ∠AQB = 180°
3. (d) A square has four equal side. ⇒ ∠AOD = 180° − ∠BOD = 130° 15. (b) Clearly, the locus of the centre of
∴ Each side subtends the same angle at [linear pair] circles which passes through two given
the centre O. point is perpendicular bisector of the
12. (a) Here, ∠CAB = ∠BCD
line joining the given points.
Let angle subtended be x°. [angles in alternate segments]
16. (c) As POQ is the diameter of the circle,
D C and ∠DAB = ∠CDB
[angles in alternate segments] therefore, PRQ and PSQ are two
O semicircles and ∠PRQ = ∠PSQ.
⇒ ∠CAD = ∠CAB + ∠DAB
∠PRQ = ∠PSQ = 90°
= ∠BCD + ∠CDB
A B [angles in semicircle]
On adding ∠CBD both sides, we get
So, 4x° = 360° ∠CAD + ∠CBD 17. (a) ∠COB = 360°− ( 110°+90° ) = 160°
360° 1
x° = = 90° = ∠BCD + ∠CDB + ∠CBD ∴ x = ∠CAB = ∠COB
4 2
= 180° [angles of a triangle] 1
4. (b) Clearly, the point of concurrency of 1 16 = × 160° = 80°
the perpendicular bisectors of the sides 13. (d) Here, BE = AB = cm = 8 cm 2
2 2
of a triangle is known as circumcentre. 18. (b) If S is a circle
OB = OD = 17 cm (radii) S
5. (c) As, O is mid-point of diameter PQ with centre C and P
A E be a movable point
and ∠PRQ = 90° (angle in semi-circle) B C
outside S, then the P
So, OS || QR and OS⊥ PR O locus of P such that
PO OS the tangent from P
∴ =
PQ QR C F D to S are of constant length is the circle
through P with centre at C .
⇒
OS
=
1 1
⇒ OS = QR In right angled ∆OEB,
QR 2 2 OE = OB 2 − BE 2 19. (a) ∠CBF = ∠CDA
(angles in alternate segments)
6. (d) PQ = RS as chords equidistant from = 17 − 8 =
2 2
289 − 64 ⇒ ∠CDA = 130°
the centre are equal.
= 225 = 15 cm ∠CDA + x = 180° [linear pair]
7. (a) The locus of the mid-points of all ∴OF = EF − OE = ( 23 − 15) = 8 cm x = 180° − 130° = 50°
radii of a circle is a circle. Hence, the value of x is 50°.
In right angled ∆OFD,
8. (c) The perpendicular bisectors of the 20. (c) ∠ACB = ∠ADB = 32°
sides of a triangle passes through the FD = OD 2 − OF 2
[angle in same segment]
same point. The perpendicular bisectors = 172 − 82 = 289 − 64 ∠ACD = ∠ABD = 50°
are concurrent and point is called the = 225 = 15 cm ∴ x = ∠BCD = ∠ACB + ∠ACD
circumcentre. ∴ CD = 2FD = 30 cm = 32°+50° = 82°
MATHEMATICS Circle 303

21. (d) Here, OB = OD = 3 cm and On solving, Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get The locus of the centre of the front
O ′D = O ′ A = 2 cm x and y are 40° and 25°, respectively. wheel of the cycle is a line parallel to the
OO ′ = OD − O ′D = 3 − 2 = 1 cm path of the wheel of the bicycle at a
∴ x + y = 40° + 25° = 65°
∴ OA = O ′ A − OO ′ = 2 − 1 = 1 cm height d / 2 cm.
In ∆OAB, B 25. (c) The locus of a point is the
30. (c) Q ∠OAC = ∠OCA
circumference of the circle with AB as
AB = OB 2 − OA 2 diameter. [angle opposite to equal sides]
A D
[by pythagoras O O´ P ∴ 2 ∠OAC = 80°
theorem]
90° [external angle of ∆OAC ]
= 32 − 12 = 9 − 1 C
80°
∠OAC = = 40° ⇒ x = 40°
= 8cm B 2
A
∴ Required length = BC = 2 AB Hence, the value of x is 40°.
= 2 8 cm = 4 2 cm 31. (a) Since, the direct common tangents of
22. (b) Here, let O , O ′ be the centres of the two circles divides the line joining their
circles. 26. (b) As, the tangents drawn to a circle centres externally in the ratio of their
As, the centre of each lies on the from a point outside it are equal. We radii. Here, both the circles being of
circumference of the other, therefore the have, equal radii. Hence, their ratio is 1 : 1.
two circles will have the same radius. AD = AE , BD = BF and CE = CF 32. (a) Let AB = 9 cm, BC = 7 cm,
Let the radius be r. ⇒ AD = AB + BD = AB + BF
r AC = 6 cm
∴ OC = O ′C = and AD = AC + EC = AC + CF
2 Let x, y and z be A
A ∴ 2 AD = AB + AC + ( BF + CF ) radii of circles with x x
2 AD = AB + AC + BC centre A , B , C . y z
O
C
O´ 27. (d) OB = 4 cm x+ y =9 …(i) z C
B y
y+z=7 … (ii)
B O O´ and z + x = 6 …(iii)
A B
In right angled ∆OCA, by pythagoras On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
theorem 2( x + y + z ) = 22
O ′ A = 2 cm, OO′ = 3 cm
∴ AC = OA 2 − OC 2 ⇒ ( x + y + z ) = 11 …(iv)
As, OO ′ ≠ OB + O ′ A
r2 3 On putting x + y = 9 in Eq. (iv), we get
= r2 − = r So, circle does not touch each other
4 2 externally. 9 + z = 11 ⇒ z = 2 cm
⇒ AB = 2 AC = 3 r
Common chord AB 3r Also, OO ′ ≠ OB − O ′ A On putting value of z in Eq. (ii), we get
∴ = = So, circle does not touch internally, y+ 2= 7 ⇒ y =5
Radius OA r
hence they intersect each other at two Again, putting value of y in Eq. (i), we
Hence, ratio of common chord to the
distinct points. get
radius is 3 : 1 .
28. (a) Join ED, then x + 5 = 9 ⇒ x = 4 cm
23. (c) Q ∠B + ∠D = 180°
C So, radii are 4 cm, 5 cm and 2 cm.
(sum of two opposite angle in cyclic B
50° 33. (b) ∠QRS = 90° [angle in semi-circle]
quadrilateral) 50° A
⇒ ∠D = 180° − ∠B and ∠QRP = ∠QSR = y °
= 180° − 92° = 88° E D [angle in alternate segments]
⇒ ∠DAE = ∠D = 88° [alternate angle] Also, ∠PRS = 90 + y °
⇒ ∠FAD = 88° + 20° = 108°
S
⇒ ∠BCD = ∠FAD = 108°
O y
[angles in alternate segments] ∠DEC = ∠ACD = 50° Q
⇒ ∠BCD = 108° [angle in alternate segment] x
P T
∠EDC = ∠BCE = 50° R
24. (d) As, ∠B + ∠D = 180°
[angle in alternate segment] In ∆PRS,
and ∠A + ∠C = 180°
∴ ∠DEC = ∠EDC ∠SRP + ∠RPS + ∠PSR = 180°
[sum of two opposite angle in a cyclic
quadrilateral] So, CD = CE [Qsum of all angles of triangle is 180°]
x + 10 + 5 y + 5 = 180° 29. (b) ⇒ ( 90 + y ° ) + x° + y ° = 180°
⇒ x + 5 y = 165° …(i) ⇒ x + 2 y ° = 90°
O
Q ∠A + ∠C = 180° 34. (a) A line perpendicular to the given
⇒ 2x + 4 + 4 y − 4 = 180° d/2 line, passing through the given point is
the required locus.
⇒ 2x + 4 y = 180° …(ii)
304 CDS Pathfinder

35. (c) Given, OA = 3 cm and AC = 3 cm 38. (b) l 42. (d) ∠PRQ = 90° as angle in a semi-circle
and OA = OC = 3 cm (radius of a circle) D 5
B is 90°.
In ∆AOC , all sides are equal. 3 Since, OR is a bisector of ∠PRQ.
7 1
∴ ∆ AOC , is an equilateral triangle ∴ ∠PRO = ∠ORQ = 45°
⇒ ∠AOC = 60° 8
4 2 T
B A 6
C R
l is the common tangent of two circles 45°
P

45°
O Then, ∠1 = ∠4 and ∠5 = ∠8 S
44°
[angle in alternate segment] M
θ
But ∠4 = ∠5 [opposite angles] O

A ∴ ∠1 = ∠8
M C Q
Similarly ∠2 = ∠7
1
Hence, ∠ABC = ∠AOC But these are alternate angles
2 Also, OP = OR [radius]
⇒ AD || BC ⇒ ACBD is a trapezium.
[Angle subtended by an arc at the ∴ ∠OPR = 45°
centre is double the angle subtended 39. (c) We know that, two
D R C in ∆ORS , OR = OS
by it at any point on the circle] tangents drawn from
an external point to a ⇒ ∠ORS = ∠OSR
60°
= = 30° circle are equal in S Q in ∆ORS , by angle sum property
2
length. of a triangle,
36. (c) From figure, length of the transverse
∴ AP = AS …(i) A P B ∠ORS + ∠OSR + ∠ROS = 180°
common tangent of these circles
BP = BQ …(ii) 2∠ORS = 180°−44°
(distance between the centres
2∠ORS = 136°
= of circles)2 − (sum of radius)2 CR = CQ …(iii)
136°
DR = DS …(iv) ∴ ∠ORS = ∠OSR = = 68°
2
= 10 − ( 45
2
. + 35
. ) 2
= 10 − 8
2 2 On adding Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we ∴ ∠MRS = 68° − 45° = 23°
get
= ( 100 − 64) = 36 = 6 cm ⇒ ∠PRS = 90° + 23° = 113°
( AP + BP ) + (CR + DR)
A By properties of cyclic quadrilateral,
= ( AS + DS ) + ( BQ + C Q ) ∠PRS + ∠PQS = 180°
cm O´
3.
5 10 cm ⇒ AB + CD = AD + BC ⇒ ∠PQS = 180° − 113° = 67°
O
4.5 cm 40. (a) If a secant to a in ∆PTQ,
B
B
circle intersect ∠QPT + ∠PQT + ∠PTQ = 180°
circle at points
[by angle sum property of a triangle]
37. (c) A A and B and PC
is a tangent to
A ⇒ ∠PTQ = 180° − 45° − 67° = 68°
circle, then ∴ ∠RTS = ∠PTQ = 68°
5c
m

30° 30°
PC 2 = PA × PB P 1
5c

C 43. (b) Since, ∠ADB = ∠AOB = 50°

m

which is equivalent to saying that area of 2

X E
C 5 5 B rectangle with PA and PB as sides is
2 2 equal to the area of square with PC as
sides.
Y
In equilateral triangle, angle bisector 41. (b) Given, ∠BAD = 60° D C
P P
and median are same and ∠ADC = 105°
BC 5
∴ CX = BX = = cm As ABCD is a cyclic
2 2 quadrilateral C O
30°

D
AX 3 AX ∴∠DCP = ∠BAD = 60° 100°
In ∆CXA, cos30° = ⇒ = 105°
AC 2 5 and∠ADC + ∠CDP A B
3 5 3 60°
⇒ AX = ×5 = cm = 180° [linear line] A B
2 2 In ∆DPA, by angle sum property of a
⇒ 105°+∠CDP = 180° triangle
AY and BC are the chord of circle.
⇒ ∠CDP = 75° ∠DAP + ∠ADP + ∠DPA = 180°
∴ AX ⋅ XY = BX ⋅ XC
5 3 5 5 5 In ∆CPD, ⇒ 30° + 50° + ∠DPA = 180°
⇒ ⋅ XY = ⋅ ⇒ XY =
2 2 2 2 3 ∠DCP + ∠CDP + ∠DPC = 180° ⇒ ∠DPA = 100°
5 3 5  5 3 [by angle sum property of a triangle] Also, DPB is a straight line,
∴ AY ⋅ AX =  +  ×
 2 2 3 2 ⇒ 60° + 75° + ∠DPC = 180° ∴ ∠DPA + ∠APB = 180°
= 25 cm 2 ⇒ ∠DPC = 180° − 135° = 45° ⇒ ∠APB = 180° − 100° = 80°
MATHEMATICS Circle 305

44. (b) In ∆OED, 47. (b) We know that, the tangents drawn to ⇒ ∠x + ∠y = 180°− 45° = 135° …(i)
the circle from a point outside the circle ∠x = ∠AQP and ∠y = ∠BQP
C
are always equal.
2 cm m
[angles in alternate segment]
3 cm 27 c B
O ∴ ∠AQB = ∠AQP + ∠BQP
A B Q
E 5 cm = ∠x + ∠y = 135°
A

m
5 cm

38 c
S T 50. (b) We know that, the sum of opposite
D angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is always
R
[by pythagoras theorem] 180°.
D C
M A
(OD ) = (DE )2 + ( EO )2
2
∴ BQ = BR = 27 cm
⇒ (5)2 = (DE )2 + (3)2 ⇒ RC = BC − BR
⇒ (DE )2 = 25 − 9 = 16 = 38 − 27 = 11 cm B 100° D
P
⇒ DE = 4 cm ∴ RC = CM = 11 cm
Now, DM = 25 − 11 = 14 cm
45. (a) Given, PO = 10 cm, OT = 6 cm and ∴ ST = DM = 14 cm C
PB = 5 cm
48. (d) We know that, the sum of opposite ∴ ∠B + ∠D = 180°
In right angled ∆OTP , angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is always ⇒ 100 + ∠D = 180° ⇒ ∠D = 80°
(OP )2 = ( PT )2 + (OT )2 180°. ∴ ∠ACP = ∠PAC = 80°
A
C [by theorem of alternate interior
B segment]
P O In ∆PAC ,
∠P + ∠PAC + ∠PCA = 180°
P 75° C
T [by angle sum property of a triangle]
Q
⇒ ( 10) = ( PT ) + 6
2 2 2 B ⇒ ∠P + 80° + 80° = 180°
30
°

⇒ ∠P = 180° − 160° = 20°

⇒ PT 2
= 100 − 36 ⇒ PT = 64 2
R
∠ACQ + ∠APQ = 180° 51. (b) Since, the length of tangents from an
⇒ PT = 64
external point to a circle are equal
∴ PT = 8 cm ⇒ 75° + ∠APQ = 180°
∴ CR = CS = 27 cm
By using theorem of circle, ⇒ ∠APQ = 180° − 75° = 105°
∴ BR = ( BC − CR) = 38 − 27 = 11 cm
( PT )2 = PB × PC Since, ∠APQ + ∠BPQ = 180°
⇒ BQ = BR = 11 cm
[linear pair]
⇒ 82 = 5 × ( BC + PB ) join OQ, then PAQO is a rectangle.
∴ 105° + ∠BPQ = 180°
⇒ 64 = 5( BC + 5) ⇒ 5BC = 39 ∴ AQ = PQ = 10 cm
⇒ ∠BPQ = 180° − 105° = 75°
∴ BC = 78
. cm So, AB = ( AQ + BQ ) = ( 10 + 11) = 21cm
Since, ∠ACQ is an exterior angle of
46. (c) Given, ∠AOB = 46°, ∆RCQ. 52. (b) Given, ∠BAX = 70°
∴ ∠ACQ = ∠CRQ + ∠CQR and ∴ ∠BEA = 70°
⇒ 75° = 30° + ∠CQR [angles in alternate segment]
⇒ ∠CQR = 45° = ∠PQB E
O
C [vertically opposite angles]
46° M
90° 90° In ∆BPQ,∠B + ∠P + ∠Q = 180°
[by angle sum property of a triangle] O B
A B
⇒ ∠B + 75° + 45° = 180° ⇒ ∠B = 60°
40°
1 1 49. (d) Q
∴ ∠ACB = ∠AOB = × 46° = 23° C Y X
2 2 A 70°
45°
[angle subtended on the circumference Since, AQBE is a cyclic quadrilateral.
is half of the angle subtend on centre.]
x P
y ∴ ∠AEB + ∠AQB = 180°
A B ⇒ ∠AQB = 180° − 70° = 110°
In ∆MCB,
∠C + ∠B + ∠BMC = 180° In ∆ABQ,
[by angle sum property of a triangle] ∠ABQ + ∠BAQ + ∠AQB = 180°
Q
⇒ ∠ABQ = 180°−( 40° + 110° )
⇒ 23° + ∠B + 90° = 180° In ∆CAB, 45°+∠x + ∠y = 180°
= 180°−150° = 30°
⇒ ∠B = 67° [by angle sum property of triangle]
306 CDS Pathfinder

53. (a) We know that, the angles in the same 180° In right triangle OYD
⇒ k= ⇒ k = 12°
segment of a circle are equal. 15 OD = OY 2 + YD 2
∴ ∠XBY = ∠XAY = 45° ∴ x = 36° , y = 48° , z = 60°
[by pythagoras theorem]
In ∆BXY , by angle sum property of a 56. (b) We know that, angle subtended on 2
12 +  
triangle the circumference is half of the angle 11 5 5
= = cm
∠BXY + ∠XBY + ∠BYX = 180° subtended at the centre.  2 2
1 1
⇒ 50° + 45° + ∠BYX = 180° ∠AQP = ∠AOP = 75° = 37. 5° 59. (a) In the figure,
2 2
[Q ∠BXY = 50°]
57. (b)
⇒ ∠BYX = 180° − 95° = 85° P
Q
54. (a) In right angled ∆OPB, O
S
R
R S P
M T X′
O X O
Q
Given, OM = 3 cm, OS = 5 cm. Let ∠POX = x ° , ∠ROP = y °
A B P C D
MS = 4 cm = RM ∠POX = ∠PQO = x
{Using pythagoras theorem} and ∠ROX = ∠RSO = x °+ y °
[by pythagoras theorem] ⇒ RS = 8 cm [angles in alternate segment]
OB 2 = OP 2 + BP 2 We know that, TS = 1 / 3 of RT Now, in ∆SQO ,∠RSO is the exterior
⇒ ( 15)2 = ( 12)2 + BP 2 ⇒ TS = 1 / 4 of RS , if RS = 8 cm angle
Then, TS = 2 cm ∴ ∠SQO + ∠SOQ = x ° + y °
⇒ 225 − 144 = BP 2
Also, RT × TS = PT × TQ ⇒ x + ∠SOQ = x ° + y °
⇒ ( BP )2 = 81 ⇒ BP = 9 cm [When there are two intersecting ⇒ ∠SOQ = y = ∠ROP
and in right angled ∆AOP, by chords, the product of the segments of
one chord is equal to the product of 60. (b) O
pythagoras theoram,
the segments of other.] C1
(OA ) = (OP ) + ( AP )
2 2 2
S
C4
⇒ 6 × 2 = PT × TQ C2 C3
⇒ ( 20)2 = ( 12)2 + ( AP )2 ⇒ PT × TQ = 12
⇒ ( AP )2 = 400 − 144 = 256 Now, by AM ≥ GM inequality,
⇒ AP = 16 cm ( PT + TQ ) / 2 ≥ ( PT × TQ ) P T R Q
Hence, AB = AP − BP = 16 − 9 = 7 cm ( PT + TQ ) / 2 ≥ 12 Assume that the radius of C = r and
4
PQ = k
55. (b) Given,
x y z
= = =k [say] ⇒ PT + TQ ≥ 2 12 ⇒ PQ ≥ 2 12
3 4 5 Now, PR = k / 2 = RQ = RO
or PQ ≥ 4 3
∴ x = 3k, y = 4k and z = 5k ⇒ RS = ( k / 2) − r, RT = k / 4
∴ Minimum PQ = 4 3 ST = ( k / 4) + r
Since, ∠DCQ = ∠BCP = 3k
58. (a) When 2 chords AB and CD intersect Applying pythagoras theorem in
[vertically opposite angle] at P then
A B triangle STR.
AP × PB = CP × PD 2 2 2
 k + r =  k  +  k − r
Hence,      
X 4   4 2 
4 × 6 = 3 × PD, Thus, O
PD = 8 cm ⇒ r = k / 6 = PQ / 6
B D P
C D A
4k 3k Now AB = AP + PB Y 61. (c)
C
P = 10 cm A
5k
and CD = CP + PD O
Q P Q
Thus, CD = 11 cm R
In ∆DCQ, by angle sum property of a Consider the circle with center O.
triangle l
Drop a perpendicular from O to chord
∠CDQ = 180° − (3k + 5k ) = 180° − 8k AB and CD. This will bisect the chords B C
By properties of cyclic quadrilateral, at X and Y . D
∠CDQ = ∠CBA = 180° − 8k
AB In-radius of equilateral triangle of side
∴ AX = = 5 cm a
2 a= ,
⇒ ∠PBC = 8k 2 3
CD 11
In ∆PBC , by angle sum property of and YD = = cm Diameter of larger circle =
a
2 2 3
a triangle Now, PX = AX − AP = (5 − 4) = 1 cm
Let us say common tangent PQ touches
∠P + ∠B + ∠C = 180° OY = PX = 1 cm the two circle at R, centre of smaller
∴ 4k + 8k + 3k = 180° [Q PXOY is a rectangle] circle is I.
MATHEMATICS Circle 307

Now, PQ is parallel to BC. AR is 64. (d) As, the tangents 66. (d) I. Circle is a locus of points which are
A
perpendicular to PQ. Triangle PQR is drawn from an equidistant from a fixed point.
also an equilateral triangle and AORID external point to a II. Let C be a fixed circle and C be
is a straight line. circle are equal. P R 1 2
moving circle then locus of centre of
3 a 3 a ∴ AP = AR …(i)
AD = a, RD = , AR = a− C is also a circle.
2
2 3 2 3 BQ = BP …(ii) B C C2
Q
3a − 2a a 1 and CR = QC ...(iii)
AR = = , AR = AD
2 3 2 3 3 On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get C1
Radius of smaller circle = 1 / 3 radius of AP + BQ + CR = BP + QC + RA
O
larger circle
and perimeter of
Radius of smaller circle
1 a a ∆ABC = AB + BC + CA
= ⋅ = III. There does not exists any point
3 2 3 6 3 = ( AP + PB ) + ( BQ + QC ) which is equidistant from three
Area of smaller circle = πr 2 + (CR + RA ) distinct points on a line.
2 = ( AP + BQ ) + ( BQ + CR) IV. If P lies on bisector of ∠B then P is
πa 2
π 
a 
 = equidistant from AB and BC also, P
6 3 108 + (CR + AP ) lies on bisector of ∠C .
3 2 = 2 ( AP + BQ + CR) ⇒ P is equidistant from BC and CD
Area of triangle = a
4 ∴ AP + BQ + CR = 1/ 2 ⇒ P is equidistant from AB and CD.
πa 2 Hence, I, II, and IV are correct statement.
Ratio = :
3 2
a , π : 27 3 [perimeter of ∆ABC ]
108 4 67. (d) I. A
Hence, the statement I and II are correct. D
62. (d) I. It is true that the opposite angles 65. (d) I. Consider the possibility that M
of a cyclic quadrilateral are could be the
supplementary. centre of the X
II. It is also true that the angle circle, We know C
B
this could be M
subtended by an arc at the centre is So, the square is not cyclic.
double the angle subtended by it at true because M
being the center II. A a D
any point on the remaining part of Y
the circle. point of the r
circle would make line XM and r
Hence, both statements are individually YM radii of the circle, which would
true, but neither statements implies to mean that they are equal. B C
each other.
II. The statement presents us with the Square has less area than circle.
63.(c) I. It is clear from the S possiblity that
R III. From the above figure it is clear that
figure that points point M lies X
Q the diameter of circle is equal to the
Q , S and R are in a somewhere on
l diagonal of square. ⇒ 2r = a 2
straight line. P the arc of XY . M IV.
Well, if point A
So, statement I is true. B
M rested exactly
II. Since, PQ is parallel to EF . Y
halfway
∴ ∠PDE = ∠DEF [alternate angle] between X and
Y , then straight lines drawn from X
Also, ∠PDE = ∠EFD to M and Y to M would certainly be C
D
P equal. So, it is possible that the sides of square
E
III. The statement presents us with the is equal to diameter of circle.
D possibility that M lies somewhere Hence statement II, III and IV are
outside of the circle. If two tangents correct.
F are drawn from point M at X and Y 68. (c) We observe that the arc BC makes
Q
they will be equal. ∠BOC = z at the centre and ∠BAC = x
[angle in the alternate segment of X at a point on the circumference.
chord ED] ∴ z = 2x
∴ ∠DEF = ∠DFE M In ∆OBC , we have
⇒ ∆DEF is an isosceles triangle. ∠OBC + ∠OCB + ∠BOC = 180°
⇒ y + z + y = 180°
So, statement II is also true. Y
⇒ z + 2 y = 180° ⇒ 2x + 2 y = 180°
Hence, the statement I and II are Hence, the statement I, II and III are ⇒ x + y = 90°
correct. correct. ⇒ ∠BAC + ∠OBC = 90°
308 CDS Pathfinder

69. (a) In ∆OBC , we have 73. (d) Since, secants LA and BN are 77. (a) In ∆ABC , AB = BC = AC
∠OBC + ∠OCB + ∠BOC = 180° intersecting at an exterior point M, then A
⇒ y + y + t = 180° ⇒ t = 180° − 2 y
Now,z = 360°− t ⇒z = 360°− ( 180°−2 y ) r
A O
⇒ 2x = 180°+2 y ⇒ 2x − 2 y = 180° M • L
N
[Q z = 2x ] B R C
⇒ x − y = 90° B
⇒ ∠BAC − ∠OBC = 90° LM × AM = BM × NM Hence, ∆ABC is equilateral triangle.

70. (b) In right angled ∆OTQ , MA MN Let r be the radius of incircle and R be
⇒ = <1
MB LM the radius of circumcircle.
OT 2 = OQ 2 + TQ 2 Now, radius of incircle, r =
side AB
=
T 74. (b) The perpendicular bisector of the 2 3 2 3
chord of a circle always passes through and radius of circumcircle,
the centre. So, statement I is wrong.
side AB
R= =
12 − x The angle in a semi-circle is a right 3 3
13 cm angle. So, statement II is correct. R AB / 3
x So, the required ratio = =
A E B 75. (d) Here, CA = CD = CB = 25 cm r AB / 2 3
2
x = = 2: 1
P 5m Q 1
O 5m 78. (b) I. AB and CD are chords when
C
produced meet externally at P.
cm ∴ AP × BP = CP × DP
⇒ ( 13)2 = (5)2 + (TQ )2 25
⇒TQ 2 = 169 − 25 = 144 ⇒TQ = 12cm A B B
P 18 cm A
In right angled ∆TEB,
D
TB 2 = EB 2 + TE 2 P
Q ( EB = BQ ) and DP = 18 cm
⇒ ( 12 − x)2 = BQ 2 + TE 2 In right angled ∆ACP, C
D
⇒ 144 + x2 − 24x = x2 + (8)2 CP = CD − PD = 25 − 18 = 7cm
Now, AC 2 = CP 2 + AP 2 II. Since, ABDC is a cyclic quadrilateral
⇒ 144 + x2 − 24x = x2 + 64
20 10 ∠PAC = ∠PDB
⇒ 24x = 80 ⇒ x = = cm [by pythagoras theorem]
and ∠PCA = ∠PBD
6 3 ∴
10 20 Also, ∠APC = ∠BPD [common]
∴ AB = 2EB = 2x = 2 × = cm AP = AC 2 − CP 2 = ( 25 ) 2 − ( 7)2 ∴ ∆PAC ~ ∆PDB
3 3
20 So, statement II is true.
Hence, the length of AB is cm. = 625 − 49 = 576 = 24 cm
3 79. (c) Let OA = r be the inradius of circle.
Similarly, PB = 24 cm
Then, circumradius = OB = 2r
71. (b) The locus obtained is the ∴ AB = AP + PB = 24 + 24 = 48 cm
circumference of the circle concentric
with the given circle and having radius 76. (c) When two chords of a circle are
equal to the distance of the chords from intersect internally, then they are divided A r
the centre. in a proportion.
Z •O
Y θ 2r
72. (c) Statements I and II are both correct, θ
because the locus of points which are P B
equidistant from two parallel lines is a
T X
line parallel to both of them and lie mid O
way between them. We know that, inradius is the
Also, it is true that the perpendicular perpendicular distance of centre O from
distances of any point on this locus line side of triangle and circumradius OB
from two original parallel lines are equal. i.e. PX ⋅ PY = PZ ⋅ PT bisect ∠B. Again, let ∠OBA = θ
further, no point outside this locus line In ∆PXZ and ∆PTY, ∠ZPX = ∠YPT In right angled ∆OAB,
has this property. OA r
[vertically opposite angles] sinθ = =
A C OB 2r
X X´ ∠PZX = ∠PYT
⇒ sin θ = = sin 30° Q sin30° = 
1 1
[angles in same segment] 2 
 2 
Z Z´ ∠PXZ = ∠PTY ∴ θ = 30°
B D [angles in same segment] Then, ∠B = 2 × θ = 2 × 30° = 60°
∴ ∆PXZ ~ ∆PTY Hence, given triangle is an equilateral
Y Y´ Hence, the both statements are correct. triangle.
MATHEMATICS Circle 309

80. (d) Let O be the centre of circle and AB Now, we draw a perpendicular bisector 2 2d 2d
⇒ PC = =
be the chord of an arc. According to the from A to MN, which meets MN at B. 6 3
question, MN 24 2 2d
Then, MB = BN = = = 12 cm ∴ CD = 2PC =
2 2 3
[Q perpendicular from centre to the 86. (b) 1 km = 1000 m, 1 dm = 10 m
O chord bisects the chord]
Q 2 km and 26 dm
z In right angled ∆ABN , = 2000 + 260 = 2260 m
A B AN 2 = AB 2 + BN 2 Let radius be r m.
y M
N ⇒ 132 = AB 2 + 122 Distance covered in revolution = 2 πr
Length of chord AB = x, Radius of ⇒ 169 = AB 2 + 144 Distance covered in 452 revolution
circle = OA = z ⇒ AB 2 = 169 − 144 = 25 = 452 × 2 πr
and height of arc MN = y ⇒ AB = 5 cm
AB x Q 452 × 2 πr = 2260
Now, AM = MB = = ∴ Radius of the inner circle is 5 cm. 2260 × 7 35
2 2 ∴ r= =
[Perpendicular from the centre to a 83. (d) Given, AD = 34 cm and AB = 30 cm 452 × 2 × 22 44
chord bisects the chord] Let C be a point on AB such that 35 35 13
Diameter = 2 × = =1 m
and OM = ON − MN OC ⊥ AB 44 22 22
=z− y [ Q ON = z (radius)] ⇒ OD = OB = 17 cm 87. (b) Distance covered in 1 revolution
In right angled ∆OMA , Also, CB =
AB
= 15 cm = 2 π ( 03
. ) m = 0.6 π m
OA 2 = OM 2 + AM 2 2
Q Distance covered in 140 revolutions
[by pythagoras theorem] [Perpendicular from centre to the
2 chord bisects the chord] = 140 × 0.6 π m
z 2 = (z − y )2 +  
x
⇒ ⇒ Speed the cycle
 2 ⇒ OC = OB − CB = 2 2
17 − 15
2 2
22
x2 = 140 × 0. 6 × × 60 m / h
⇒ z = z + y − 2 yz +
2 2 2 = 289 − 225 = 64 = 8 cm 7
4 = 15840 m/h = 15.84 km/h
[Q ( a − b )2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab] 84. (d) Since, AP = BP;DE = BD and AC =CE
x2 Q Perimeter of ∆PCD 88. (a) Let ABCD be cyclic quadrilateral.
⇒ 2 yz − y 2 = ⇒ 4 ( 2 yz − y 2 ) = x2
4 = PC + PD + CD D 3 cm
⇒ 4 y ( 2z − y ) = x2 = PC + PD + CE + DE xc
C
m

y cm
81. (c) Given, AB and AC are the tangents = ( PC + CE ) + ( PD + DE ) 5 cm
of the circle. = ( PC + CA ) + ( PD + BD )
B B
= PA + PB = 2PA = 2 × 16 = 32 cm A 2cm
85. (c) Given, AB = d is diameter of circle in which ∠A = 60°,
130°
A O and CD intersect AB at P in the ratio 1 : 2.
AB = 2 cm, AD = 5 cm
C
Since, ∠A + ∠C = 180°
C d [property of cyclic quadrilateral]
and OB = OC [radius of circle] P
A B ⇒ 60° + ∠C = 180°
∴ ∠B = ∠C = 90° O
⇒ ∠C = 180° − 60° = 120°
[radius is perpendicular to the tangent]
In quadrilateral ABOC , In ∆ABD, let BD be x cm.
D
∠ABO + ∠OCA + ∠BAC 22 + 52 − x 2
d 2d cos 60° =
+∠BOC = 360° ∴ AP = and PB = 2 × 2 ×5
3 3
⇒ 90° + 90° + ∠BAC + 130° = 360° [by cosine formula]
⇒ ∠BAC = 180°−130° = 50°. ⇒ OA = OC = OB = d / 2
Q radius of circle = 1 diameter  1 4 + 25 − x 2
Hence, the angle between the tangents ⇒ = ⇒ 29 − x 2 = 10
at the ends of the radius is 50°.  2  2 2 × 2 ×5
82. (a) Given, MN = 24 cm and d d d ⇒ x 2 = 29 − 10 ⇒ x 2 = 19
In ∆OPC ,OP = OA − AP = − =
26 2 3 6 Again, in ∆BCD,
AN = cm = 13 cm
2 Applying pythagoras theorem in ∆OPC , 32 + y 2 − x 2
cos 120° =
OC 2 = OP 2 + PC 2 2 ×3 × y
2 2
⇒   =   + PC 2
d d [by cosine formula]
 2  6 Let length of fourth side of cyclic
d2 d2 quadrilateral be y cm.
A 13
cm ⇒ ( PC )2 = −
4 36 1 9 + y 2 − 19
9d 2 − d 2 8d 2 ⇒ − = [Q x 2 = 19]
M B N = = 2 2 ×3 × y
24 cm 36 36 ⇒ − 3 y = 9 + y 2 − 19
310 CDS Pathfinder

⇒ y 2 + 3 y − 10 = 0 In ∆ ABC , AB = AC and AX ⊥ BC . So, I. In ∆OPQ, OP = OQ 2 − QP 2

⇒ y 2 + 5 y − 2 y − 10 = 0 AX is angle bisector of ∠A, hence it
passes through the incentre. Hence, all = 49 − 1 = 48 = 4 3 cm
⇒ y ( y + 5) − 2 ( y + 5) = 0
statements are correct. In ∆OMP, OP 2
= PM 2 + OM 2
⇒ ( y + 5) ( y − 2 ) = 0
92. (b) Given, radius of a circle = 2 unit ⇒ OM = 48 − 24 = 24 cm
⇒ y + 5 = 0 or y − 2 = 0
CD 2 So, OM = PM = 24 cm
∴ y = 2 cm ∴ CP = PD = = = 1unit
2 2 ∴ ∠OPM = ∠POM = 45°
89. (c) Since, two
C Now, ∠QPD = 90° + ∠OPM
circles touch each r O2
other externally if = 90°+45° = 135°
distance between a/2 Hence, statement I is correct.
A B
their centres = A O M B O P
1 II. Now, if CP = m and PD = n ,
Sum of their radii
a then QP × PR = CP × PD
O O = r + and O M = a − r D
1 2
2 2 ⇒ 1 × 1 = m × n ⇒ mn = 1
a Now, OP = OD 2 − PD 2 Also, CM = MD
O M=
1
2 = 4 − 1 = 3 units ⇒ CP + PM = PD − PM
∴ AP = AO + OP = ( 2 + 3 ) units
In right O MO
1 2
⇒ m + 24 = n − 24
(O O ) 2 = (O M ) 2 + (O M ) 2 93. (c) In the given figure, OP and OQ are ⇒ n − m = 2 24
1 2 1 2
2 tangents to the circle with centre C .
 a a2 ∴ m + n = (m − n)2 + 4mn
⇒ r +  = + ( a − r) 2
P
 2 4 R = 96 + 4 = 10
⇒ 3r = a x So, statement II is also true
a C 1
∴ r= O 1
3 x × OP × PR
ar( ∆OPR) 2
S III. =
90. (c) Since, OP is tangent to the circle
Q ar( ∆OMP ) 1 × OM × PM
OP⊥PC . 2
4 P Then, OP = OQ and 4 3×1 1
O = =
∠CPO = ∠CQO = 90° 24 × 24 2 3
3 I. We have, OR × SQ = OS × RP So, statement III is not true.
C ⇒ (OP − RP ) × SQ Hence, the statement I, II are correct.
= (OQ − SQ ) × PR 95. (c) From the given circle,
⇒ (OP − RP ) × SQ AP × BP = CP × PD …(i)
Here, ∆OPC is right angled triangle = (OP − SQ ) × PR
with ∠P = 90°
⇒ SQ = PR ⇒ OR = OS
(3) + ( 4) = 5 units
2 2
OC = Hence, statement I is correct.
D
3 II. Q ∆OPC ≅ ∆OCQ
∴ sin ( ∠COP ) = .
5 P
In ∆OPC , 90° + x + ∠ 1 = 180° A B
91. (d) In ∆ ABC , ⇒ x + ∠1 = 90°
A
AB = AC i.e. C
⇒ ∠POC + ∠QCO = x + ∠1 = 90°
∆ ABC is
isosceles Hence, statement II is correct. Given that, A ′ P ′ = AP,
triangle. 94. (a) We have, MP = 24 cm, B ′ P ′ = BP, C ′Q ′ = CP and D ′Q ′ = DP
If L is the locus Now,
OQ = OR = 7 cm
1
of points X B C QR 2 ar ( ∆A ′ P ′ B ′ ) × A ′ P ′× P ′ B ′
inside or on the X and QP = PR = = =1 = 2
triangle, such that BX = CX . Then, L is 2 2 ar( ∆C ′Q ′D ′ ) 1 × C ′Q ′×Q ′D ′
a straight line passing through A. 2
As, AX is bisecting the line BC, then it AP × BP AP × BP
= = = 1 [using (i)]
passes through the centroid. O CP × DP AP × BP
As, AB = AC in ∆ ABC , then AX is ∴ A ′ P ′ B ′ and C ′Q ′D ′ are triangles of
perpendicular to BC , hence it passes D
same area.
through the orthocentre. M So, statement III cannot be false.
Q P R
C Hence, only (c) is correct option.
26
311

AREA AND PERIMETER

OF PLANE FIGURES
Generally (7-9) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally, questions are asked from
the topics related to the triangles and circles.

Area of the plane figure is the amount of surface enclosed by its boundary. It is measured in square
units. The perimeter of plane figure is total length of the sides enclosing the figure. Unit of Perimeter is
same as the unit of sides of a given figure.
a
D C
SQUARE
Let each side of a square be a unit. a a
(i) Perimeter of square = 4 (Side) = 4a units Square
(ii) Diagonal of square = 2 × (Side) = a 2 units
1 1
(iii) Area of square = Side × Side = ( a) 2 sq units = (Diagonal) 2 = d 2 sq units A B
2 2 Side (a)

EXAMPLE 1. The perimeter of a square is 2 (2x + 4y ). Then, the area is

a. x 2 − 4 xy + 4 y 2 b. x 2 + 4y 2 c. x 2 − 4y 2 d. x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2
Sol. d. Here, perimeter of a square = 2( 2 x + 4y)
Perimeter of a square 2 ( 2x + 4y)
Q Side of a square = ∴ Side of a square = = x + 2y
4 4
Q Area of square = (Side)2 ∴ Area of square = ( x + 2y) 2 = x2 + 4xy + 4y 2

EXAMPLE 2. The side of a square exceeds the side of the another square by 4 cm and the sum of
the areas of the two squares is 400cm 2 . The dimensions of the squares are
a. 8 cm and 12 cm b. 6 cm and 10 cm c. 12 cm and 16 cm d. None of these
Sol. c. Let the side of a square be x cm. Then, side of another square = ( x + 4) cm.
Area of first square = x2 cm2 and area of second square = ( x + 4) 2 cm 2
According to the question ⇒ x2 + ( x + 4) 2 = 400 ⇒ x2 + x2 + 16 + 8x = 400 ⇒ 2x2 + 8x − 384 = 0
312 CDS Pathfinder

x2 + 4x − 192 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 16x − 12x − 192 = 0 EXAMPLE 5. A lawn is in the shape of a rectangle of

⇒ x ( x + 16) − 12 ( x + 16) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 12)( x + 16) = 0 length 60 m and width 40 m. There is a footpath of
⇒ x − 12 = 0 or x + 16 = 0 uniform width 1m bordering the lawn. The area of the
∴ x = 12 [side cannot be negative] path is
Hence, side of one square = 12 cm and side of another a. 194 m2 b. 196 m2 c. 198 m2 d. 200 m2
square = 12 + 4 = 16 cm Sol. b. Given, length of the outer rectangle = 60 m
and breadth of the outer rectangle = 40 m
RECTANGLE ∴ Area of outer rectangle = 60 × 40 = 2400 m2
Let l and b be the length and breadth of a rectangle Q Width of path = 1m
respectively, then ∴Length of the inner rectangle = 60 − (1 + 1) = 58 m
C
D Breadth of the inner rectangle = 40 − (1 + 1) = 38 m
Breadth(b)

Rectangle ∴ Area of the inner rectangle = 58 × 38= 2204 m2

A C
Length (l) B D Path 1m
(i) Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth = l × b
(ii) Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (Length + Breadth) 38 m 40 m
= 2( l + b) units
(iii) Diagonal of rectangle = (Length) 2 + (Breadth) 2 A Path
B
60 m
= l 2 + b 2 units
Area of the path = [Area of the outer rectangle]
(iv) Area of track (Shaded region) = ( l1 b1 − l 2 b2 ) sq units
− [Area of the inner rectangle] = ( 2400 − 2204)
D C
= 196 m2
2
b2 b1 Hence, the area of the path is 196 m .
l2
w
A
l1
B QUADRILATERAL
(i) Let ABCD is a quadrilateral in which DM = h1 and
EXAMPLE 3. The area of a rectangular plot is 180 m 2 .
If its length is 18 m. Then, its perimeter is BN = h2 are perpendiculars on diagonal AC from
a. 28 m b. 56 m c. 360 m d. None of these other two vertices B and D, then
1
Sol. b. Given, area of rectangular plot = 180 m 2 Area of the quadrilateral = × Diagonal × ( h1 + h2 )
2
and length of the plot = 18 m
Area 180 1
∴ Breadth = = = 10 m = × AC × ( DM + BN ) sq units
Length 18 2
D C
Now, Perimeter of rectangular plot
N
= 2 (Length + Breadth) = 2 (18 + 10) = 56 m
h1
Hence, the perimeter of rectangular plot is 56 m. h2
M
EXAMPLE 4. The area of the floor of a rectangular
hall of length 40 m is 960 m 2 . Carpets of size 6 m × 4 m
A B
are available. Then, how many carpets are required to (ii) Let d 1 and d 2 are two diagonals and θ is angle
cover the hall? between them, then area of quadrilateral
a. 20 b. 30 c. 40 d. 45 1
= d 1d 2 sin θ
Sol. c. Given, area of the floor = 960m D 4 2
C 2
2 6
Area of one carpet = 6 × 4 = 24 m D C
Number of carpets required d2
Area of the floor 960 θ
= = = 40 A B
Area of one carpet 24 40 m d1
Hence, 40 carpets are required to cover the hall. A B
MATHEMATICS > Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 313

EXAMPLE 6. In a quadrilateral ABCD, diagonal EXAMPLE 8. In the parallelogram ABCD, AB = 10 cm.

AC = 44 cm and the length of the perpendicular drawn The altitude corresponding to sides AB and AD are
from B and D to AC are 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. respectively 7 cm and 8 cm. Then, AD is
The area of the quadrilateral is a. 8.75 cm b. 8.95 cm c. 9 cm d. 9.25 cm
a. 330 cm2 b. 440 cm2 c. 550 cm2 d. 660 cm2
Sol. a.Area of parallelogram ABCD D C
Sol. d.
D = Base × Corresponding altitude
N
∴ Area of parallelogram 8c
m
20 m ABCD = AB × DM 7 cm

44 m = 10 × 7 = 70 cm 2 …(i)
E A M B
A C Also, area of parallelogram 10 cm
10 cm F
ABCD = AD × BN = 8AD [Q BN = 8 cm] …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), 8AD = 70
B 70
Area of quadrilateral ∴ AD = = 8.75 cm
8
1 1 1
= AC(h1 + h2) = ( 44) ( 20 + 10) = × 44 × 30 = 660 cm 2
2 2 2
Hence, the area of the quadrilateral is 660 cm2.
RHOMBUS
Let the length of each sides of a rhombus is a and
length of both diagonals are d 1 and d 2 , then
PARALLELOGRAM C
Let adjacent sides of a parallelogram are b and a
a a
respectively and h is the corresponding altitude (height) d2
of side a, then D O
d1
B
(i) Area of the parallelogram = (Base × Height)
= a × h sq units a a
D
C
A
1
Height (h)
(i) Area of rhombus = × d 1 × d 2 sq units
b 2
1
A a (ii) Side of rhombus = d 12 + d 22 units ⇒ 4a 2 = d 12 + d 22
B 2
Base
(iii) Perimeter of rhombus = 4 × (Side) units
(ii) Perimeter of a parallelogram = 2 (Sum of adjacent side)
= 2( a + b) units Note Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

Note Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles EXAMPLE 9. If the length of the diagonal of a
of equal area.
a2 −b2
rhombus is (a + b) and its area is sq units, then
EXAMPLE 7. ABCD is a parallelogram as shown in 2
figure, then its area is the other diagonal is
a. 12 cm2 b. 14 cm2 c. 15 cm2 d. 18 cm2 a −b a+b
a. a + b b. a − b c. d.
Sol. a. Given, base = 3 cm and height = 4 cm 2 2
D 3 cm C Sol. b. Let second diagonal be d units.
90° a2 – b2
Given, area of rhombus =
2
1
4 cm Q Area of rhombus = × d1 × d 2
2
1 a2 – b 2 1 a2 − b 2
∴ × d1 × d 2 = ⇒ ( a + b) ⋅ d =
2 2 2 2
90°
[Q d1 = a + b]
A 3 cm B ( a2 − b2) ( a – b)( a + b)
⇒ ( a + b) d = a2 − b2 ⇒ d = =
Area of parallelogram, a+ b ( a + b)
ABCD = Base × height = 3 × 4 = 12 cm2 ∴ d = ( a − b) [Q a − b = ( a − b)( a + b)]
2 2
314 CDS Pathfinder

TRAPEZIUM A

Let the length of parallel sides of a trapezium are a and

c b
b and distance between them is h, then h
1
Area of trapezium = (Sum of parallel sides)
2
× (Distance between them) B a C

abc
D b C (v) The radius of circumcircle =
4( Area )
h h EXAMPLE 11. The area of a triangle whose sides are
9 cm, 12 cm and 15 cm is
A a B a. 45 cm2 b. 54 cm2 c. 56 cm2 d. 64 cm2
1 1 Sol. b. Here a = 9 cm , b = 12 cm and c = 15 cm
= ( AB + CD) × h = ( a + b) × h sq units
2 2 a + b + c 9 + 12 + 15
s= = = 18 cm
2 2
EXAMPLE 10. The difference between two parallel Area of a triangle = s ( s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c)
sides of a trapezium is 4 cm and the perpendicular
distance between them is 19 cm. Find the lengths [Heron’s formula]
of the parallel sides, if the area of the trapezium is = 18 (18 − 9) (18 − 12) (18 − 15)
475 cm 2 . = 18 × 9 × 6 × 3 = 54 cm 2
Hence, the area of a triangle is 54 cm 2.
a. 22 cm and 18 cm b. 25 cm and 21 cm
c. 29 cm and 25 cm d. 27 cm and 23 cm
Sol. d. Let the length of the parallel sides of the trapezium
RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE
be a cm and b cm, respectively. A figure bounded by three straight lines is called a
Then, according to the question, ( a − b) = 4 …(i)
triangle.
1 Let perpendicular, base and hypotenuse of a right angled
∴ Area of trapezium = × ( a + b) × h triangle ( ∆ABC ) be p, b and h, respectively, then
2
1 C
× ( a + b) × 19 = 475
2
950
⇒ a+ b= = 50 h
19 p
∴ a + b = 50 ...(ii)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a = 27 and b = 23
A b B
Thus, length of parallel sides are 27 cm and 23 cm.
(i) Perimeter of right angled triangle = AB + BC + CA
= ( b + p + h) units
SCALENE TRIANGLE 1
(ii) Area of right angled triangle = × Base × Altitude
Let the sides of a triangle are a, b, c and h be the 2
corresponding altitude to side a, then 1
= × b × p sq units
(i) Perimeter of scalene triangle, 2s = ( a + b + c ) units 2
a + b+ c EXAMPLE 12. The base of triangular field is three
(ii) Semi-perimeter of scalene triangle, s = units
2 times its altitude. If the cost of cultivating the field at
(iii) Area of triangle = s ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c ) sq units 50 per hectare be ` 675, then its base and height are
a. 900 m and 300 m b. 600 m and 300 m
a + b+ c
where, s = [Heron’s formula] c. 500 m and 200 m d. None of these
2
Total cost
1 Sol. a. Area of the triangular field =
or area of triangle = × a × h sq units Rate
2 675
= = 13.5 hec
2 ( Area ) 50
(iv) The radius of incircle =
Perimeter = (13.5 ×10000) m2 = 135000 m2 ...(i)
MATHEMATICS > Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 315

Let altitude of triangular field be x m

(ii) Area of isosceles triangle
and base of field = 3x m
1
1
Again, area of the field = × Base × Altitude = ( s − b)( s ( s − a) = a 4b 2 − a 2 sq units
2 4
1 3x2 where, a = Base and b = Equal sides and
= × 3x × x =
2 2 ...(ii) s = semi− perimeter
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (iii) Area of a right isosceles triangle, in which equal sides
3x2 from a right angle is given by
= 135000
2 1
135000 × 2 Area = a 2 sq units
∴ x2 = = 90000 ⇒ x = 300 m 2
3
C
So, base = 3x = 3 × 300 = 900 m
and altitude = x = 300 m b a

EXAMPLE 13. The perimeter of a right triangle is

A a B
12 cm. The hypotenuse is 5 cm. The other two sides
and area of the triangle are (iv) If θ is the angle between two equal sides of isosceles
a. 3, 4 and 6 cm2 b. 4, 3 and 12 cm2 triangle, then
c. 6, 2 and 6 cm2 d. None of these 1
Area of triangle = a 2 sin θ
Sol. a. Let other two sides of a right triangle be a cm and b cm 2
such that a > b. A

Given, perimeter of a right angled triangle = 12 cm

θ
A a a

5 B C
b
EXAMPLE 14. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle
B a C is 32 cm while equal sides together measure 20 cm.
∴ a + b + 5 = 12 ⇒ a + b = 7 cm …(i) Then, area of an isosceles triangle is
Also, by pythagoras theorem, a. 48 cm2 b. 84 cm2 c. 44 cm2 d. 41 cm2
a2 + b2 = 25
Sol. a. Let third side of an isosceles triangle be a cm.
Also, ( a + b) + ( a − b) 2 = 2 ( a2 + b2)
2
Given, b = 10 cm
( a − b) 2 = 2 ( a2 + b2) − ( a + b) 2
⇒ ( a − b) 2 = 2 ( 25) − (7) 2 = 50 − 49 = 1 ∴Perimeter of isosceles triangle = a + b + b = a + 2b
∴ a− b=1 [Q a > b]..(ii) ⇒ 32 = a + 2 × 10 = a + 20 ⇒ 32 – 20 = a
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ a = 12 cm
a = 4 cm and b = 3 cm Now, area of an isosceles triangle
1
∴ Area of triangle = × Base × Altitudes 1 1
= a 4b2 – a2 = × 12 4 × 102 – 122
2 4 4
1
⇒ × 3 × 4 = 6 cm2 = 3 400 – 144 = 3 × 16 = 48 cm 2
2

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

Let a be the side of an equilateral triangle, then
Let sides of an isosceles triangle are a, b and b, then
3
A (i) Height (altitude) of an equilateral triangle = a
2
b b 3 2
(ii) Area of an equilateral triangle = a
4
B a C
(iii) Perimeter of an equilateral triangle = 3 × Side = 3a
(i) Perimeter of isosceles triangle a
(iv) The radius of incircle =
= a + b + b = a + 2b units 2 3
316 CDS Pathfinder

a Sol. a. Given, radius of the wheel = 70 cm = 0.7 m

(v) The radius of circumcircle =
Circumference of the wheel = 2πr =  2 × × 0.7 = 4.4 m
3 22
A  7 
66 × 1000
Distance to be covered in 1 min = = 1100 m
a a 60
1100
∴ Number of revolutions per minute = = 250
4.4
B a C
Circular Ring
EXAMPLE 15. The perimeter of an equilateral If ‘R’ and ‘r’ be outer and inner radii of a ring, then the
triangle whose area is 4 3 cm 2 is area of ring = π ( R2 − r 2 ) sq units
a. 4 cm b. 3 cm c. 12 cm d. 7 cm
3 R
Sol. c. Area of an equilateral triangle = (Side) 2
4 r
3
⇒ (Side) 2 = 4 3, (Side) 2 = 16
4
∴ Side = 4 cm EXAMPLE 18. The area of a ring whose outer and
inner radii are respectively 20 cm and 15 cm is
Hence, the perimeter of an equilateral triangle
a. 440 cm2 b. 550 cm2 c. 565 cm2 d. 675 cm2
= 3 × Side = 3 × 4 = 12 cm
20 cm

CIRCLE
15 cm
Let the radius of a circle be r, then

r Sol. b. Given, radius of outer circle (R) = 20 cm

O
Radius of inner circle ( r) = 15 cm
∴ Area of the ring = [Area of outer circle
(i) Circumference of circle = 2πr = πD units − Area of inner circle]
22
[QD is diameter, D = 2r ] = ( πR − πr ) = π (R − r ) =
2 2 2 2
( 202 − 152)
7
(ii) Area of circle = πr sq units
2
22 22
= ( 20 + 15) ( 20 − 15) = × 35 × 5 = 550 cm2
(iii) Distance covered by a wheel in one revolution 7 7
= Circumference of the wheel
Semi-circle
EXAMPLE 16. The circumference of a circle whose A diameter divides a circle into two equal parts. Each of
area is 24.64 m 2 is these two arcs is called semi-circle. If r is the radius of a
a. 17.2 m b. 17.4 m c. 17.6 m d. 18.0 m circle, then
1
Sol. c. Let the radius of the circle be r m. (i) Area of semi-circle = πr 2 sq units
2
∴ πr 2 = 24.64 r
22 2 7 × 24.64 (ii) Perimeter of semi-circle A B
⇒ r = 24.64 ⇒ r 2 = O
7 22 = ( πr + 2r ) = ( π r + D) units
7 × 24.64
⇒ r= = 2. 8
22 EXAMPLE 19. If the perimeter of a semi-circular
22 protractor is 36 cm, then its diameter is
Thus, circumference = 2πr = 2 × × 2.8 = 17.6 m
7 a. 6 cm b. 7 cm c. 7.5 cm d. 14 cm
EXAMPLE 17. The diameter of the driving wheel of Sol. d. Let the radius of the protractor be r cm, then perimeter
a car is 140 cm. Then, in order to keep the speed of 36 36 r
= ( πr + 2r) = ( π + 2) r = r ⇒ 36 =
66 km/h, how many revolutions per minute must the 7 7
wheel make? ∴ r = 7 cm
a. 250 b. 275 c. 290 d. 295 Hence, diameter of the protractor = 2 r = 2 × 7 = 14 cm
MATHEMATICS > Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 317

 π
Quadrant of a Circle Perimeter of polygon = n × a = 2nr sin  
 n
If r is the radius of a circle, then
1  180 ° 
(i) The perimeter of the quadrant Inradius of polygon, r = a cot  
1 2  n 
= (Circumference of a circle) +2r
4 1  180 ° 
circumradius of polygon, R = a cosec  
1 π  2  n 
= × 2πr + 2r =  + 2 r units
4 2  1
(i) Area of regular pentagon = 5(5 + 2 5 ) a 2 sq units
1 πr 2 4
(ii) Area of the quadrant = (Area of circle) = sq units
4 4 3 3a 2
If two diameters are perpendicular to each other, (ii) Area of regular hexagon = sq units
2
then they divides the circle into four quadrants.
(iii) Area of regular octagon = 2 ( 2 + 1) a 2 sq units
Area of Sector
EXAMPLE 21. If the area of a regular hexagon is
If θ be the angle at the centre of a circle of radius r, then
96 3 cm 2 , then its perimeter is
2πr θ πr θ S
(i) Length of the arc PQ = = a. 36 cm b. 48 cm c. 54 cm d. 64 cm
360 ° 180 °
O Sol. b. Given that, area of a regular hexagon = 96 3
πr 2 θ
(ii) Area of sector OPRQO = θ ⇒
3
3 (Side) 2 = 96 3 ⇒ (Side) 2 = 64 = (8) 2
360 ° P Q 2
(iii) Area of segment PRQP R ∴ Side = 8 cm
= (Area of sector OPRQO) − Area of ∆OPQ Hence, perimeter of a regular hexagon
πr 2 θ 1 2 = 6 × (Side) = 6 × 8 = 48 cm
= − r sin θ
360 ° 2 Some Useful Results
(iv) Area of major segment QPSQ = (Area of circle) • Angle inscribed by minute hand in 60 min = 360 °
− (Area of minor segment PRQP)
• Angle inscribed by hour hand in 12 h = 360 °
EXAMPLE 20. The arc AB of the circle with centre at O • Angle inscribed by minute hand in 1 min = 6°
and radius 10 cm has length 16 cm. What is the area of • If the length of a square/rectangle is increased
the sector bounded by the radii OA, OB and the arc AB? decreased by x% and the breadth is increased decreased
a. 40π cm 2 b. 40 cm 2 c. 80 cm 2 d. 20π cm 2 by y% , the net effect on the area is given by
θ  ( ± x)( ± y)
Sol. c. Arc length = 2πr ⋅ Net effect = ± x ± y + %.
360°  100 
A
θ θ 16 O θ If the length of a square/rectangle is
⇒ 16 = 2πr ⋅ ⇒ =
•
360° 360° 2πr 16
10 increased/decreased by x% and the breadth is
θ B increased/decreased by y% the net effect on the area is
Now, area of sector OABO = πr 2 ⋅
360° given by
16  ( ± x) ( ± y)
= πr 2 ⋅ = 8r = 8 × 10 = 80 cm 2 Net effect = ± x ± y + %.
2πr
100 
•


REGULAR POLYGON Note ( + ) Increase

( − ) Decrease
A polygon that has all sides equal and all interior angles
equal are regular polygon. • If the side of a square/rectangle/triangle is doubled the
Let, n = number of sides, a = length of side area is increased by 300%, i.e. the area becomes four
r = radius of inscribed circle (or inradius) times of itself.
R = radius of circumcircle • If the radius of a circle is decreased by x%, then, area is
1  180 °   x2 
Area of polygon = na 2 cot   decreased by  −2x +  %. And, if radius is increased
4  n   100 
 180 °  1  360 °   x2 
= nr 2 tan   = nR sin 
2
 by x%, then area is increased by  2x +  %.
 n  2  n   100 
318 CDS Pathfinder

• If a room of dimensions ( l × b) m is to be paved with Sol. a. Angle inscribed by the minute hand in 60 min = 360°
square tiles, then Angle inscribed by the minute hand in 30 min
(i) the side of the largest square tile = HCF of l and b 360°
= × 30 = 180°
(ii) the least number of tiles required 60
l×b So, θ = 180° and r = 14 cm.
=
(HCF of l and b) 2 Required area swept by minute hand in 30 min
Area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius r is 2r 2 θ 180° 22
• = × πr 2 = × × 14 × 14
360° 360° 7
and the side of a square inscribed in a circle of radius r
1 22
is 2 r. = × × 14 × 14 = 308 cm2
2 7
• The area of the largest triangle inscribed in a semi-circle
of radius r is r 2 . EXAMPLE 24. Two circles touch internally. The sum
of their areas is 116 π cm2 and distance between their
EXAMPLE 22. The ratio of the areas of the incircle centres is 6 cm. Then, the radii of the circles are
and circumcircle of a square are
D C

O O′
O

A B
a. 4 cm and 9 cm
a. 1 : 1 b. 2 : 1 c. 1 : 2 d. 3 : 1
b. 5 cm and 10 cm
Sol. c. Let side AB = BC = CD = AD = x c. 4 cm and 8 cm
d. 4 cm and 10 cm
Q Diagonal of square = 2 x
2x x Sol. d. Let the radius of outer circle be R and radius of inner
∴Radius of circumcircle = =
2 2 circle = r cm
x ∴ Given, πR 2 + πr 2 = 116π , R 2 + r 2 = 116
∴ Radius of incircle =
2 If O and O′ be the centre of these circles, then
 π x2 π x2 
∴ Required ratio =  :  = 2 : 4 = 1: 2 OO′ = (R − r)
 4 2 
Also, (R − r) = 6 [given]

EXAMPLE 23. The minute hand of a clock is 14 cm So, (R + r) + (R − r) = 2 (R + r )

2 2 2 2

long. The area of the face of the clock inscribed by the ⇒ (R + r) 2 = 2 (116) − 36 = 196
minute hand in 30 min is ⇒ R + r = 196
So R + r = 14 …(i)
R − r =6 …(ii)
O 180°
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
r = 4 cm and R = 10 cm
2 2 2 2
a. 308 cm b. 312 cm c. 412 cm d. 416 cm
MATHEMATICS > Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 319

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The diagonal of a square field measures 50 m. 14. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By
The area of square field is what per cent would the width have to be
(a) 1250 m2 (b) 1200 m2 (c) 1205 m2 (d) 1025 m2 decreased to maintain the same area?
1
2. The length of a rectangle is 2 cm more than its (a) 37 % (b) 60% (c) 75% (d) 120%
2
breadth. The perimeter is 48 cm. The area of the
rectangle (in cm 2 ) is 15. The perimeter of a rectangular field is 240 m
(a) 96 (b) 128 (c) 143 (d) 144 and the ratio between the length and breadth is
5 : 3. The area of the field is
3. In a circle of radius 42 cm, an arc subtends an
angle of 72° at the centre. The length of the arc (a) 33750 m 2 (b) 3375 m 2 (c) 3500 m2 (d) 3950 m2
is 16. The inner circumference of a circular park is
(a) 52.8 cm (b) 53.8 cm (c) 72.8 cm (d) 79.8 cm 440 m. The track is 14 m wide. The diameter of
4. An isosceles right angle triangle has area the outer circle of the track is
200 cm 2 . The length of its hypotenuse is (a) 168 m (b) 169 m (c) 144 m (d) 108 m
10
(a) 15 2 cm (b) cm (c) 10 2 cm (d) 20 2 cm 17. If the length and breadth of a rectangular plot
2
are increased by 50% and 20% respectively, then
5. With in a rectangular garden 10 m wide and the new area is how many times the original
20 m long, we wish to pave a walk around the area?
borders of uniform width so as to leave an area (a)
5
(b) 10 (c)
9
(d) None of these
of 96 m 2 for flowers. The width of the walk is 9 5
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 2.5 m (d) 2.56 m 18. The area of an isosceles triangle, each of whose
6. The least number of square slabs that can be equal sides is 13 cm and whose base is 24 cm is
fitted in a room 10.5 m long and 3 m wide, is (a) 60 cm 2 (b) 55 cm 2 (c) 50 cm 2 (d) 40 cm 2
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 19. The difference between the sides at right angles
7. If the side of a square be increased by 50%, the in a right angled triangle is 14 cm. The area of
percent increase in area is the triangle is 120 cm 2 . The perimeter of the
(a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 125 (d) 150 triangle
8. The area of the largest circle that can be drawn (a) 68 cm (b) 64 cm (c) 60 cm (d) 58 cm
inside a square of side 14 cm in length, is 20. In a four sided field, the length of the longer
(a) 84 cm 2 (b) 96 cm 2 (c) 104 cm 2 (d) 154 cm 2 diagonal is 128 m. The lengths of the
9. If the radius of a circle is decreased by 50%, its perpendicular from the opposite vertices upon this
area will decrease by diagonal are 22.7 m and 17.3 m. The area of the
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 75% (d) 100% field is
(a) 2246 m 2 (b) 2460 m 2 (c) 2540 m 2 (d) 2560 m 2
10. The area of the circle whose circumference is
equal to the perimeter of a square of side 11 cm 21. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 36 cm
is and 27 cm in length. If the distance between the
(a) 154 cm 2
(b) 144 cm 2
(c) 134 cm 2
(d) 124 cm 2 shorter sides is 12 cm. The distance between the
longer sides is
11. A wire is in the form of a circle of radius 42 cm.
(a) 9 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 11 cm (d) 12 cm
It is bent into a square. The side of the square is
(a) 33 cm (b) 66 cm (c) 78 cm (d) 112 cm 22. The area of the quadrilateral whose sides
12. A horse is tied to a pole with 28 m long string. measures are 9 cm, 40 cm, 28 cm and 15 cm and
The area which the horse can graze is equal to in which the angle between the first two sides is
a right angle is
(a) 246 m 2 (b) 2404 m 2 (c) 2464 m 2 (d) 2164 m 2
2 (a) 206 cm 2 (b) 306 cm 2 (c) 356 cm 2 (d) 380 cm 2
13. The area of ring is 418 cm . If the radius of the
smaller circle is 6 cm. The radius of the bigger 23. A bicycle wheel makes 5000 revolutions in
circle is moving 11 km. The diameter of the wheel is
(a) 18 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 10 cm (a) 50 cm (b) 60 cm (c) 70 cm (d) 80 cm
320 CDS Pathfinder

24. Two circles touch externally. The sum of their 33. A garden is in the form of a A 20 m B
areas is 130 π cm 2 and the distance between rectangle with semi-circular
endson the either side as shown 14 m
their centres is 14 cm. The radii of the circles are
(a) 11 cm, 3 cm (b) 10 cm, 4 cm in the diagram below. The
length and breadth of the C D
(c) 9 cm, 5 cm (d) 8 cm, 6 cm
rectangle are 20 m and 14 m, respectively. The
25. The minute hand of a clock is 12 cm long. The cost of levelling the plot at ` 25
area of the face of the clock described by the
(a) ` 10850 (b) ` 5425 (c) ` 8510 (d) ` 4255
minute hand in 35 min.
(a) 284 cm 2
(b) 294 cm 2
(c) 274 cm 2
(d) 264 cm 2
34. Consider the adjoining D
C figure, let AB = 4 cm,
26. In the given figure, BC = 14 cm, then the
sectors of two
m area (shaded) bounded
concentric circles of 3.5 by three semi-circles as
radii 7 cm and 3.5 cm
30° shown in the adjoining
are shown. The area of A B A B C
7m figure in cm 2 , is π times
the shaded region
77 77 (a) 48 (b) 24 (c) 14 (d) 12
(a) cm 2 (b) cm 2
4 8 35. Area of shaded portion as shown in the figure is
77
(c) cm 2 (d) None of these 5m
2
27. Of the two square fields, the area of one is 1 1m
hectare, while the other one is broader by 2%.
The difference in their areas is
8m
(a) 104 m 2 (b) 200 m 2 (c) 204 m 2 (d) 404 m 2
28. If the diameter of the circle is increased by
100%, its area is increased by
(a) 100% (b) 200% (c) 300% (d) 400% 1m
29. If the two parallel sides of a trapezium are 15 cm (a) 10 m 2
(b) 12 m 2 (c) 14 m 2 (d) 16 m 2
and 25 cm respectively and the distance between
them is 7 cm, then the area of the trapezium is 36. The boundary of the R
(a) 105 cm 2
(b) 125 cm 2 shaded region in the
(c) 140 cm 2 (d) None of these
adjoining diagram
consists of three P
30. The diagonals of a rhombus are 24 cm and 10 cm, semi-circular arc, the
respectively. The perimeter of the rhombus is smaller two being equal. C
A B
(a) 50 cm (b) 52 cm (c) 60 cm (d) 68 cm If the diameter of the
31. In the given figure OABC is a rhombus whose large one is 10 cm, then Q
three vertices A, B, C lies on the circle of radius the length of the
10 cm. The area of rhombus is boundary is
A (a) 31 cm (b) 10π cm (c) 20π cm (d) 19π cm

37. In the adjoining figure, the larger circle with

P
radius 4 cm is touched internally by two smaller
B O circles which also touch each other externally at
the centre O of the larger circle. The area of
shaded region is (in cm 2 )
C
(a) 50 3 cm 2 (b) 100 3 cm 2 (c) 75 3 cm 2 (d) 125 3 cm 2
A P D
32. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is
a rectangle such that
AB = 2 AD = a. P is the mid-point
of AD. The area of the shaded
region is B C
1 1 1
(a) a2 (b) a2 (c) a2 (d) a 2
(a) π (b) 2 π (c) 3π (d) 4π
3 2 4
MATHEMATICS > Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 321

38. The lengths of two sides of a right angled 44. What is the area of rectangle R?
triangle which contain the right angle are a and I. The length of rectangle R is twice the width.
b, respectively. Three squares are drawn on the II. The area of rectangle R is twice the perimeter.
three sides of the triangle on the outer side. (a) Statement I alone is sufficient but statement II alone
What is the total area of the triangle and the is not sufficient.
three squares? (b) Statement II alone is sufficient but statement I alone
(a) 2(a2 + b 2 ) + ab (b) 2(a2 + b 2 ) + 2 .5 ab is not sufficient.
(c) Both statements together are sufficient.
(c) 2(a2 + b 2 ) + 0.5 ab (d) 25 (a2 + b 2 )
(d) Neither statement I nor II is sufficient.
39. A grassy field has the shape of an equilateral
Directions (Q. Nos. 45-46) Answer
triangle of side 6 m. A horse is tied to one of its B
the questions based on the
vertices with a rope of length 4.2 m. The
percentage of the total area of the field which is following information. A
available for grazing is best approximated by A cow is tethered at point A by a
rope. Neither the rope nor the cow is C
(a) 50% (b) 55% (c) 59% (d) 62% allowed to enter the triangle
40. From the mid-point of the side of a square of ABC . ∠BAC = 30 ° , AB = AC = 10 m.
length 2 units, a circle of radius 2 units is
circumscribed. The area of intersection of the 45. What is the area that can be grazed by the cow if
square and the circle is the length of the rope is 8 m?
1 2 176 π 2
D N C (a) 134 π m (b) 121π m 2 (c) 132 π m 2 (d) m
3 3
E r r F 46. What is the area that can be grazed by the cow if
θ
the length of the rope is 12 m?
A B 1 2 176 π 2
M (a) 133 π m (b) 121π m 2 (c) 132 π m 2 (d) m
2
6 3

4 2 2
(a) π + 3 3 (b) π + 3 (c) π+ 3 (d) π+2 3
3 3 3 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
41. In a circle with radius 2 cm, on its chord 2 2 cm 47. If the outer and inner diameters of a stone
long taken as a diameter, another circle is parapet around a well are 112 cm and 70 cm,
constructed. The area of part of that circle, respectively. Then, what is the area of the
which is outside the greater circle is parapet? e 2012 I
(a) 1 cm 2 (b) 2 cm 2 (c) 6 cm 2 (d) 10 cm 2
(a) 264 cm 2 (b) 3003 cm 2
42. If a rectangular park has length l, width w, area (c) 6006 cm 2 (d) 24024 cm 2
a and perimeter p, which equation describing
48. The area of a rectangle, whose one side is a is
this park must be true?
2a 2. What is the area of a square having one of
I. wp − 2w2 = 2a II. 2a − 2w2 − wp = 0 the diagonals of the rectangle as side? e 2012 I
III. p2 − 8a = 4 (l2 + w2) (a) 2 a2 (b) 3 a2 (c) 4 a2 (d) 5 a2
Select the correct answer using the codes given
49. If the altitude of an equilateral triangle is
below
3 cm, then what is its perimeter? e 2012 I
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(a) 3 cm (b) 3 3 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 6 3 cm
(c) I and III (d) All of these
43. A regular polygon with number of sides 12 is 50. If the area of a rectangle whose length is 5 more
2 than twice its width is 75 sq units. What is the
inscribed in a circle of area 9π cm . If r is the
perimeter of the rectangle? e 2012 I
radius of a circle inscribed in a polygon, then (a) 40 units (b) 30 units
consider the following statements.
(c) 24 units (d) 20 units
I. Radius of circumcircle is 3 cm.
II. Radius of incircle is 3cos 15°.
51. A square, a circle and an equilateral triangle
have same perimeter.
III. Ratio of area of circumcircle to area of polygon
is π : 3.
Consider the following statements
Which of the following statement(s) are correct? I. The area of square is greater than the area of
the triangle.
(a) I and II (b) II and III
II. The area of circle is less than the area of triangle.
(c) I and III (d) All of these
322 CDS Pathfinder

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 61. The short and long hands of a clock are 4 cm and
correct? e 2012 I 6 cm long, respectively. Then, the ratio of
(a) Only I (b) Only II
distances travelled by tips of short hand in 2
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
days and long hand in 3 days is e 2013 I
52. If the area of a circle is equal to the area of a (a) 4 : 9 (b) 2 : 9 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 27
square with side 2 π units, then what is the
62. The area of a square inscribed in a circle of
diameter of the circle? e 2012 I
radius 8 cm is e 2013 I
(a) 1 unit (b) 2 units (c) 4 units (d) 8 units
(a) 32 cm 2 (b) 64 cm 2 (c) 128 cm 2 (d) 256 cm 2
53. In the ∆ABC, the base BC is trisected at D and
E. The line through D, parallel to AB, meets AC
63. A circular water fountain 6.6 m in diameter is
at F and the line through E parallel to AC meets surrounded by a path of width 1.5 m. The area of
AB at G. If EG and DF intersect at H, then this path (in m 2) is e 2013 I
what is the ratio of the sum of the area of (a) 13.62 π . π
(b) 1315
parallelogram AGHF and the area of the ∆DHE (c) 12 .15 π (d) None of these
to the area of the ∆ABC ? e 2012 II 64. If an isosceles right angled triangle has area
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/6 1sq unit, then what is its perimeter? e 2013 I
54. If the area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral (a) 3 units (b) 2 2 + 1 units
triangle is 154 cm 2, then what is the perimeter (c) ( 2 + 1) units (d) 2 ( 2 + 1) units
of the triangle? e 2012 II
65. In the figure given below, the A O B
(a) 21 cm (b) 42 3 cm (c) 21 3 cm (d) 42 cm
area of rectangle ABCD is 100
55. If the circumferences of two circles are in the cm 2, O is any point on AB and
ratio 2 : 3, then what is the ratio of their areas? CD = 20 cm. Then, the area of D C
e 2012 II ∆COD is e 2013 I
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 9 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 8 : 27 (a) 40 cm 2
(b) 45 cm 2
(c) 50 cm 2
(d) 80 cm 2

56. If the circumference of a circle is equal to the 66. One side of a parallelogram is 8.06 cm and its
perimeter of square, then which one of the perpendicular distance from opposite side is
following is correct? e 2012 II 2.08 cm. What is the approximate area of the
(a) Area of circle = Area of square
parallelogram? e 2013 II
(b) Area of circle ≥ Area of square
(c) Area of circle > Area of square (a) 12.56 cm2 (b) 14.56 cm2 (c) 16.76 cm2 (d) 22.56 cm2
(d) Area of circle < Area of square
67. The perimeter of a rectangle having area equal
57. The area enclosed between the circumferences of to 144 cm 2 and sides in the ratio 4 : 9 is e 2013 II
two concentric circles is 16π cm 2 and their radii (a) 52 cm (b) 56 cm (c) 60 cm (d) 64 cm
are in the ratio 5 : 3. What is the area of the
outer circle? e 2012 II 68. What is the area between a square of side 10 cm
(a) 9π cm 2
(b) 16π cm 2
(c) 25π cm 2
(d) 36π cm 2 and two inverted semi-circular, cross-section
each of radius 5 cm inscribed in the square?
58. The perimeter of a rectangle is 82 m and its area
(a) 17.5 cm 2 (b) 18.5 cm 2 e 2013 II
is 400 m 2. What is the breadth of the rectangle?
(c) 20.5 cm 2 (d) 21.5 cm 2
e 2012 II
(a) 18 m (b) 16 m (c) 14 m (d) 12 m 69. How many 200 mm lengths can be cut from 10 m
59. Consider the following statements of ribbon? e 2013 II
(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 30 (d) 20
I. Area of a segment of a circle is less than area of
its corresponding sector. 70. The area of an isosceles ∆ABC with AB = AC and
II. Distance travelled by a circular wheel of diameter altitude AD = 3 cm is 12 cm 2. What is its
2d cm in one revolution is greater than 6d cm.
perimeter? e 2013 II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 18 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 14 cm (d) 12 cm
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2012 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 71. If the area of an equilateral triangle is x and its
perimeter is y, then which one of the following is
60. The minute hand of a watch is 2.5 cm long. The correct? e 2013 II
distance its extreme end transverses in 40 min is
(a) y4 = 432 x 2 (b) y4 = 216x 2
(a) 10 π/3 cm (b) 3π/10 cm e 2013 I
(c) 10/3 cm (d) 10 cm (c) y2 = 432 x 2 (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS > Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 323

72. What is the area of a circle whose area is equal 81. How many circular plates of diameter d be taken
to that of a triangle with sides 7 cm, 24 cm and out of a square plate of side 2d with minimum
25 cm? e 2013 II loss of material? e 2014 I
(a) 80 cm2 (b) 84 cm2 (c) 88 cm2 (d) 90 cm2 (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2

73. If AB and CD are two diameters of a circle of 1 1 1

82. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio : : . If
radius r and they are mutually perpendicular, 2 3 4
then what is the ratio of the area of the circle to its perimeter is 52 cm, then what is the length of
the area of the ∆ACD? e 2014 I the smallest side? e 2014 II
π π (a) 9 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 11 cm (d) 12 cm
(a) (b) π (c) (d) 2 π
2 4
83. The sides of a triangle are 25 cm, 39 cm and
74. A rectangle of maximum area is drawn inside a 56 cm. The perpendicular from the opposite
circle of diameter 5 cm. What is the maximum vertex on the side of 56 cm is e 2014 II
area of such a rectangle? e 2014 I (a) 10 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 16 cm
(a) 25 cm 2 (b) 12.5 cm 2 84. The area of the largest triangle that can be
(c) 12 cm 2 (d) None of these inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r is e 2015 I
75. What is the area of the larger segment of a circle (a) r 2 (b) 2 r 2 (c) 3 r 2 (d) 4 r 2
formed by a chord of length 5 cm subtending an
angle of 90° at the centre? e 2014 I 85. The area of a rhombus with side 13 cm and one
diagonal 10 cm will be e 2015 I
25  π + 1 cm 2 25  π − 1 cm 2
(a)   (b)   (a) 140 cm 2 (b) 130 cm 2 (c) 120 cm 2 (d) 110 cm 2
4 2  4 2 
25  3π 86. Four equal-sized maximum circular plates are
(c)  + 1 cm 2 (d) None of these cut off from a square paper sheet of area 784 cm 2.
4  2 
The circumference of each plate is e 2015 I
76. Consider an equilateral triangle of side of unit (a) 11 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 33 cm (d) 44 cm
length. A new equilateral triangle is formed by
joining the mid-points of one, then a third 87. From a circular piece of cardboard of radius
equilateral triangle is formed by joining the 3 cm, two sectors of 40° each have been cut off.
mid-points of second. The process is continued. The area of the remaining portion is e 2015 I
The perimeter of all triangles, thus formed is (a) 11 cm 2 (b) 22 cm 2 (c) 33 cm 2 (d) 44 cm 2
e 2014 I 88. Three equal circles each of diameter d are drawn
(a) 2 units (b) 3 units (c) 6 units (d) Infinity on a plane in such a way that each circle touches
77. ABC is triangle right angled at A, AB = 6 cm and the other two circles. A big circle is drawn in
AC = 8 cm. Semi-circles drawn (outside the such a manner that it touches each of the small
triangle) on AB, AC and BC as diameteres which circles internally. The area of the big circle is
enclose areas x, y and z square units, e 2015 I
respectively. What is x + y − z equal to? e 2014 I (a) πd 2 (b) πd 2 (2 – 3 )2
(a) 48 cm 2 (b) 32 cm 2 πd 2 ( 3 + 1)2 πd 2 ( 3 + 2 )2
(c) (d)
(c) 0 (d) None of these 2 12

78. A square is inscribed in a circle of diameter 2a 89. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 1 : 1.
Then, the ratio of the largest side to the
and another square is circumscribing circle. The
perimeter is e 2015 I
difference between the areas of outer and inner
2 1 3 2
squares is e 2014 I (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 3 2+ 3 2+ 3 1+ 3
(a) a (b) 2 a (c) 3a (d) 4a
79. The area of a sector of a circle of radius 36 cm is 90. Let a, b, c be the sides of a right triangle, where
72 π cm the length of the corresponding arc of
2 c is the hypotenuse. The radius of the circle
which touches the sides of the triangle is e 2015 I
the sector is e 2014 I
(a) (a + b – c ) / 2 (b) (a + b + c ) / 2
(a) π cm (b) 3π cm (c) 3π cm (d) 4π cm
(c) (a + 2 b + 2c ) / 2 (d) (2 a + 2 b – c ) / 2
80. What is the total area of three equilateral 91. The ratio of the outer and inner perimeters of a
triangles inscribed in a semi-circle of radius
circular path is 23 : 22. If the path is 5 m wide,
2 cm? e 2014 I
the diameter of the inner circle is e 2015 I
3 3 9 3
(a) 12 cm2 (b) cm2 (c) cm2 (d) 3 3 cm2 (a) 55 m (b) 110 m (c) 220 m (d) 230 m
4 4
324 CDS Pathfinder

92. The sides of a triangular field are 41 m, 40 m 101. A circle of radius r is inscribed in a regular
and 9 m. The number of rose beds that can be polygon with n sides (the circle touches all sides
prepared in the field if each rose bed, on an of the polygon). If the perimeter of the polygon is
average, needs 900 cm 2 space, is e 2015 I p then the area of the polygon is e 2015 II
(a) 2000 (b) 1800 (c) 900 (d) 800 pr
(a) ( p + n) r (b) (2 p − n) r (c) (d) None of these
2
93. The diameter of a wheel that makes 452
revolutions to move 2 km and 26 dm is equal to 102. A circular path is made from two concentric
e 2015 II circular rings in such a way that the smaller ring
9 13 5 7 when allowed to roll over the circumference of the
(a) 1 m (b) 1 m (c) 1 m (d) 1 m
22 22 11 11 bigger ring, it takes three full revolutions. If the
area of the pathway is equal to n times the area
94. From a rectangular sheet of sides 18 cm and of the smaller ring, then n is equal to e 2016 I
14 cm, a semi-circular portion with smaller side
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
as diameter is taken out. Then, the area of the
remaining sheet will be e 2015 II 103. The number of rounds that a wheel of diameter
(a) 98 cm 2 (b) 100 cm 2 (c) 108 cm 2 (d) 175 cm 2 7/11 m will make in traversing 4 km will be
e 2016 I
95. A square and an equilateral triangle have equal (a) 500 (b) 1000 (c) 1700 (d) 2000
perimeter. If the diagonal of the square is
12 2cm, then the area of the triangle is e 2015 II 104. The base of an isosceles triangle is 300 units and
(a) 24 2 cm 2
(b) 24 3 cm 2
(c) 48 3 cm 2
(d) 64 3 cm 2 each of its equal sides is 170 units. Then, the
area of the triangle is e 2016 I
96. ABCD is a square. If the sides AB and CD are (a) 9600 sq units (b) 10000 sq units
increased by 30%, sides BC and AD are increased (c) 12000 sq units (d) None of these
by 20%, then the area of the resulting rectangle
exceeds the area of the square by e 2015 II 105. Four equal disc are placed such that each one
(a) 50% (b) 52% (c) 54% (d) 56%
touches two others. If the area of empty space
enclosed by them is 150/847 cm 2, then the radius
97. The area of a trapezium is 336 cm 2. If its of each disc is equal to e 2016 I
parallel sides are in the ratio 5 : 7 and the (a) 7 / 6 cm (b) 5/ 6 cm (c) 1 /2 cm (d) 5/11 cm
perpendicular distance between them is 14 cm,
then the smaller of the parallel sides is e 2015 II
106. AD is the diameter of a
circle with area 707 m2 and
(a) 20 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 24 cm (d) 26 cm
AB = BC = CD as shown in
C
98. The circumference of a circle is 100 cm. The side the figure above. All curves A B
D

of the square inscribed in the circle is e 2015 II inside the circle are semicircles
100 50 2 100 2 with their diameters on AD.
(a) 50 2 cm (b) cm (c) cm (d) cm What is the cost of levelling the
π π π
shaded region at the rate of ` 63 per m 2? e 2016 I
99. There are 437 fruit plants in an orchard planted (a) ` 29700 (b) ` 22400 (c) ` 14847 (d) None of these
in rows. The distance between any two adjacent
rows is 2 m and the distance between any two 107. A rhombus is formed by joining mid-points of the
adjacent plants is 2 m. Each row has the sides of a rectangle in the suitable order. If the
same number of plants. There is 1 m clearance area of the rhombus is 2 sq units, then the area
on all sides of the orchard. What is the cost of of the rectangle is e 2016 I
fencing the area at the rate of ` 100 per metre? (a) 2 2 sq units (b) 4 sq units
e 2015 II (c) 4 2 sq units (d) 8 sq units
(a) ` 15600 (b) ` 16800 (c) ` 18200
108. A circle of 3 m radius is
(d) More information is required C
divided into three areas by
100. A square is inscribed in a right triangle with semi-circles of radii 1 m and 2 B
legs x and y and has common right angle with m as shown in the figure
the triangle. The perimeter of the square is above. The ratio of the three A
given by e 2015 II areas A, B and C will be
2x y 4x y 2x y 4x y e 2016 I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x+ y x+ y x + y
2 2
x + y
2 2 (a) 2 : 3 : 2 (b) 1 :1 : 1 (c) 4 : 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 2 : 1
MATHEMATICS Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 325

ANSWERS
1 a 2 c 3 a 4 d 5 b 6 c 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 a
11 b 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 b 16 a 17 c 18 a 19 c 20 d
21 a 22 b 23 c 24 a 25 d 26 b 27 d 28 c 29 c 30 b
31 a 32 c 33 a 34 c 35 b 36 b 37 d 38 c 39 c 40 c
41 b 42 c 43 d 44 c 45 d 46 c 47 c 48 d 49 c 50 a
51 a 52 c 53 b 54 b 55 b 56 c 57 c 58 b 59 c 60 a
61 d 62 c 63 c 64 d 65 c 66 c 67 a 68 d 69 a 70 a
71 a 72 b 73 b 74 c 75 c 76 c 77 c 78 b 79 d 80 d
81 c 82 d 83 c 84 a 85 c 86 d 87 b 88 d 89 c 90 a
91 c 92 a 93 b 94 d 95 d 96 d 97 a 98 c 99 b 100 b
101 c 102 c 103 d 104 c 105 d 106 c 107 b 108 b

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1 5. (b) Let the width of the walk be ‘a’ m. 7. (c) Let side of a square be a. Area of
1. (a) Area of square = × (Diagonal)2
2 20 m square = a 2
1 D C
= × 50 × 50 Q The side of a square be increased by
2 a 3a
50%, then new side = a + =
= 1250 m 2 2 2
Area of flowers 10 m 9a 2
2. (c) Let length of rectangle be x cm. New area =
4
and breadth of rectangle = ( x − 2) cm 9a 2 5a 2
a Increase in area = − a2 =
Q Perimeter of rectangle = 2( l + b ) A B 4 4
5a 2
So, 2 [ x + ( x − 2)] = 48 Given, length of outer rectangle = 20 m ∴ Percent increase in area = 2 × 100
4a
⇒ 4x − 4 = 48 and breadth of outer rectangle = 10 m = 125%
52 Q Width of walk = a m Shortcut Method
⇒ x= = 13
4 ∴ Length of inner rectangle Side of square is increased by 50%.
= ( 20 – a – a ) = ( 20 – 2a )m ∴ Net effect on area
∴Length = 13 cm and breadth = 11 cm
50 × 50 
= 50 + 50 +
and breadth of inner rectangle
Hence, area of rectangle % = 125%
= ( 10 – a – a ) = ( 10 – 2 a ) m  100 
= l × b = 13 × 11 Now, area of inner rectangle
8. (d) Given, diameter of circle = Side of
= 143 cm 2 = ( 20 – 2a )( 10 – 2a )
square = 14 cm
2 πrθ ∴ ( 20 − 2a )( 10 − 2a ) = 96 [given]
3. (a) Length of the arc = ∴ r = 7 cm
⇒ 4a 2 − 60a + 104 = 0
360° D C
⇒ a 2 − 15a + 26 = 0
2 × 22 × 42 × 72
= = 52.8 cm ⇒ ( a − 13) ( a − 2) = 0
7 × 360
But a ≠ 13, so a = 2 m
4. (d) Area of an C 6. (c) Side of the greatest square tile
isosceles right B
= GCM of the length and breadth of the A
triangle with side 14 cm
room 22
1 2 a Area of circle = πr 2 = ×7×7
‘a’ = a = 200 cm 2 = GCM of 10.5 and 3 is 1.5 m 7
2 = 154 cm 2
Area of room = 10.5 × 3 m 2
∴ Side = a = 20 cm
A a
B ∴ Number of tiles needed 9. (c) Let original radius of circle be r.
Hence, hypotenuse l ×b ∴ Area of circle = πr 2
=
= a2 + a2 ( H.C .F of l & b )2 Q Radius of a circle is decreased by 50%,
then
= 2a = 20 2 cm 10.5 × 3 New radius =
r
= = 14 tiles
2.25 2
326 CDS Pathfinder

πr 2 Decrease percent But area = 120 cm 2 [given]

New area of circle =
  1
=  b − b  × × 100 % ⇒ x( x − 14) = 120
4 5 1
∴ Decrease in area   8  b  2
πr 2 3 πr 2 1 ⇒ x − 14x − 240 = 0
2
= πr 2 − = = 37 % ⇒ ( x − 24)( x + 10) = 0
4 4 2
Decrease percent in area ⇒ x ≠ − 10 ∴ x = 24
15. (b) Let the length and breadth of Other side = 24 − 14 = 10 cm
=  πr 2 × × 100 % = 75%
3 1 rectangular field be 5x and 3x,
4  Hypotenuse = 242 + 102 = 676 cm
πr 2 respectively.
= 26 cm
Short trick Area is decreased by l = 5x and b = 3x
∴ Perimeter = ( 24 + 10 + 26) = 60 cm
 x2   (50)2  Perimeter of rectangular field = 2 ( l + b )
=  −2 x +  =  −2 × 50 +  20. (d) Here, AC = 128 m, BL = 22.7 m,
 100   100  2 (5x + 3x) = 240 DM = 17.3 m
⇒ 8x = 120 ⇒ x = 15
=  −100 +
2500  D
 = −75% ∴ l = 5x = 5 × 15 = 75 m
 100 
and b = 3x = 3 × 15 = 45 m
Area is decreased by 75%. Now, area of rectangle = l × b
L
A C
M
10. (a) Perimeter of square = 75 × 45 = 3375 m 2
= 4 × 11 = 44 cm 16. (a) Given, inner circumference
2 πr = 44 cm [by condition] = 2 πr = 440 m B
44 ∴ Area of the field
∴ r= = 7 cm ⇒ r=
440
× 7 = 70 m
2π 2 × 22
1
= [ AC ( BL + DM )]
Thus, area of circle Width of track = 14 m 2
1
= πr 2 =
22
× 7 × 7 = 154 cm 2 Q Radius of outer circle = ( 70 + 14) m = × 128 ( 22.7 + 17.3)
2
7 = 84 m
= 64 × 40 = 2560 m 2
11. (b) Circumference of circle ∴ Diameter of outer circle
22 = 2 × 84 = 168 m 21. (a) Let distance between the longer sides
= 2 πr = 2 × × 42 = 264 cm be x cm.
7 17. (c) Let length and breadth of rectangular
∴ Length of wire = 264 cm Area of parallelogram
be x and y, respectively.
= AD × LC = MC × AB
Wire is bent into a square. The original area = xy
∴ Perimeter of square = 264 cm ∴ 36 × x = 27 × 12
New length = x + x × 50%
27 × 12
⇒ 4 × Sides of square = 264 = x+ =
x 3x ⇒ x= =9
2 2 36
264
∴ Side of square = = 66 cm C
4 New breadth = y + y × 20% D
y 6y
12. (c) Given, length of string = Radius of = y+ = cm
circle = 28 m 5 5 12
3x 6 y 9 x cm 27 cm
Area over which the horse can graze New area = × = xy L
22 2 5 5
= πr 2 = × 28 × 28 = 2464 m 2 9
7 = (original area) A M B
5 36 cm
13. (c) Q Area of ring = π( R2 − r 2 ) Short trick Area is increased by ∴ Distance between the longer sides
Here, r = 6 cm, R = ? 50 × 20
= 50 + 20 + = 80 % = 9 cm
22 2 100
Area of ring = 418 = ( R − 62 ) 80 9 22. (b) Applying pythagoras theorem in
7 New Area = A + ×A= A ∆ABC , we get
[given] 100 5
418 × 7 40 cm
⇒ R2 − 36 = 18. (a) Let each equal side = a = 13 cm and B C
22 base b = 24 cm
9 cm
⇒ R2 = 133 + 36 = 169 ∴ Area of the isosceles triangle 28 cm
⇒ R= 169 = 13 cm 1
= b ⋅ 4a 2 − b 2 A
15 cm D
14. (a) Let the length and breadth of 4
92 + 402 = AC 2
=  × 24 × 4 × 169 − 24 × 24 
rectangle be l and b, respectively. 1
Q Area of rectangle = l × b sq units  4  ⇒ AC = 1681 = 41 cm
60 8l = 60 cm 2 1
∴ New length = l + ×l = Area of ∆ABC = × 9 × 40 cm 2
100 5 19. (c) Let the sides containing right 2
New breadth = a angle be x cm and ( x − 14) cm. = 180 cm 2
8l 5b Now, area of right triangle In ∆ACD,
Then, lb = ×a ⇒ a=
=  x × ( x − 14) cm 2
5 8 1 41 + 28 + 15 84
[by condition]  2  s = = = 42 cm
2 2
MATHEMATICS Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 327

∆ = s ( s – a )( s – b )( s – c ) Thus, difference of area 1

= AB ( AP + PD )
= 42( 42 – 41)( 42 – 28)( 42 – 15) = ( 10404 − 10000) m 2 2
= 42 × 1 × 14 × 27 = 404 m 2
1
= AB × AD [Q AD = ( AP + PD )]
= 14 × 3 × 3 = 126 cm 2 2
∴ Area of quadrilateral = Area of 28. (c) Let diameter of the circle be 2r. 1 AB 1
∴ Area of the circle = πr 2 = AB × = a2
∆ABC + Area of ∆ADC 2 2 4
= 180 + 126 = 306 cm 2 Diameter is increased by 100%
Q AB = a and AD = AB 
New diameter = 4r 
23. (c) Distance covered in one revolution 2 
and new area = 4 πr 2
11 × 1000 × 100
= = 220 cm Q Increase in area = 4 πr 2 − πr 2 = 3 πr 2 33. (a) Area of figure = Area of rectangle
5000
∴ Increase percentage in area + 2 (Area of semi-circular ends)
∴ The circumference of the wheel
 3 πr 2  1 22
= 220 cm = × 100 % = 300% = 20 × 14 + 2 × × ×7×7
 πr
2
 2 7
Let the diameter be ‘D’.
22 Short trick Area is increased by = 280 + 154 = 434 m 2

Then, πD = 220 ⇒ × D = 220  x2   1002  ∴ Cost of levelling = ` ( 434 × 25)

7 =  2x +  % =  2 × 100 + %
220 × 7  100   100  = ` 10850
∴ D= = 70 cm
22 = ( 200 + 100) % = 300 % 34. (c) Length of
24. (a) Let radius of given circles be x cm 29. (c) Area of trapezium = 1 / 2 AC = AB + BC = 4 + 14 = 18 cm
and ( 14 − x) cm. (Sum of parallel sides) The area (shaded) bounded by three
∴ Sum of areas of circle × Distance between them semi-circle = Area of semi-circle with
= [ π x2 + π ( 14 − x)2 ] = 1 / 2( 25 + 15) × 7 = 140 cm 2 AC as diameter − [(Area of semi-circle
130 π = πx + π( 14 − x)2
2 with diameter AB + Area of semi-circle
30. (b) Since, diagonal of rhombus bisect with diameter BC )]
[by condition] each other and perpendicular to each
= π( 9)2 −  π ( 7)2 + π ( 2)2 
⇒ 130 = 2x2 − 28x + 196 1 1 1
other.  2 
⇒ x2 − 14x + 33 = 0 10 2 2
∴ AO = cm = 5 cm, 81 1
⇒ ( x − 11)( x − 3) = 0 2 = π − [ 49 π + 4 π ]
⇒ x = 11 or x = 3 DO =
24
cm = 12 cm
2 2
π(81) 1
So, the radii of circles are 11 cm and 2 = − [53 π ]
3 cm. A B 2 2
π π( 28)
5

25. (d) Angle inscribed by minute hand in = (81 − 53) = = 14 π

cm

60 min = 360°. O
2 2
360° ∴ Area of shaded region
Angle inscribed in 35 min = × 35
60 cm
12 = 14 times π
= 210° D C
given, r = 12 cm 35. (b) Area of shaded region = Area of
∴ AD = OA 2 + OD 2 = 52 + 122
∴ Area swept by the minute-hand in horizontal rectangle
35 min = 169 = 13 cm + Area of vertical rectangle
= Area of sector with r = 12 cm ∴ Perimeter = 4 × 13 = 52 cm = 5 × 1 + (8 − 1) × 1 = 5 + 7 = 12 m 2
and θ = 210° 31. (a) Here, OA = OB = OC = 10 cm
22  210  36. (b) Length of boundary = Length of arc
= ×  12 × 12 ×  cm = 264 cm
2 2 Also, AC = 2CP
7  360  ( APB + BQC + ARC )
and CP = OC 2 − OP 2 = 102 – 52
= π 
AB   BC  + π  AC 
26. (b) Area of the shaded region = 75 = 5 3 cm  + π   
 2   2   2 
= (Area of sector with r = 7 cm,θ = 30°) As, AC = 2PC
= π   + π   + π (5)
5 5
− (Area of sector with r = 3.5 cm, ∴ AC = 10 3 cm
θ = 30°)  2  2
∴ Area of the rhombus OABC
  22 30  1 1 20 π
=  ×7×7×  = × d × d = × OB × AC = = 10 π cm
  7 360  2 1 2
2 2
22 7 7 30   1
−  × × ×  cm
2 = × 10 × 10 3 = 50 3 cm 2 37. (d) Radius of smaller circle = 2 cm
 7 2 2 360   2
∴ Area of shaded region
=  −  cm 2 =
77 77 77 32. (c) Area of shaded region 1
cm 2 = [Area of larger circle – 2(Area of
 6 24  8 = Area of ∆ABP + Area of ∆PDC 2 smaller circle)]
27. (d) Area of field = 1 hec = 10000 m 2 1 1 1
= × AB × AP + DC × PD = [ π 42 − 2 ( π ) 22 ]
∴ side = 10000 m = 100 m 2 2 2
1 1 1
Q Side of other field = 102% of 100 = × AB × AP + AB × PD = [ 16 π − 8 π ]
2 2 2
= 102 [Q AB = DC ]
∴ Area of the field 1
= (8 π ) = 4 π cm 2
= 102 × 102 = 10404 m 2 2
328 CDS Pathfinder

38. (c) 41. (b) Given, radius, r = 2 cm 1 2  360° 

III. Area of polygon = nR sin  
length of chord, AB = 2 2 cm 2  n 
360° 
θ BD = × 12 × R2 sin 
C 1
In ∆ODB, sin = 
√a2 + b2 2 OB 2  12 
b = 6R2 sin 30° = 3R2
P
Area of circumcircle πR2 π
A a B
D ∴ = =
A B Area of polygon 3 R2 3
θ/2
or π : 3
∴ Total area 2
O Hence, all three statements are
1
= a 2 + b 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 )2 + ab correct.
2
44. (c) Q From statement I
= 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) + 05
. ab
length = 2 × width
39. (c) Suppose, a horse is tied at vertex A. ∴Area of rectangle = 2 × width × width
Then, area available grazing field is 2 2
θ 1 θ = 2 (width) 2
ADE . ⇒ sin = 2 = ⇒ = 45°
A From statement II,
2 2 2 2
∴ Area of rectangle = 2 × Perimeter
∴ θ = 90°
m

60° = 2 × 2(length + width)

4.2

Area of segment APBA = Area of sector

D E − Area of ∆OAB = 4 ( length + width)
1 1 From I and II,
= . πr 2 − × OA × OB
60° 60° 4 2 2 (width) 2 = 4 (2 width + width)
B C
6m 1 1 2 (width) 2 = 12 width
π r 2θ = × π × ( 2)2 − × 2 × 2
Now, area of sector ADE = 4 2 ⇒ width = 6 units.
360° So, both statements together are
22 × ( 4.2)2 × 60° = ( π − 2) cm 2
= = 9.24 m 2 sufficient.
7 × 360° Area of shaded region = Area of
semicircle with AB as diameter − Area 45. (d) The length of the rope is 8 m, then
and area of equilateral the cow will be able to graze an
of segment APBA
3 3 area equal to the area of the circle with
∆ ABC = (Side)2 = × ( 6)2 1
4 4 = × π × ( BD )2 − ( π − 2) radius = 8 m, subtracting from that the
2 area of the sector of the same circle with
= 1557
. 1 angle 30°,
9.24 = × π × ( 2 )2 − ( π − 2) = 2 cm 2
∴ Required percentage = × 100 2
1557
.
42. (c) We have, a = l × w …(i) 8
= 5934
. % = 59% (approx)
and p = 2 ( l + w) … (ii) 30° A
40. (c) Given, radius of circumcircle, Putting the value of l from Eq. (i) in (ii),
r = 2 units we get
10
wp − 2w 2 = 2a
side of square, AB = 2 units
Since, EF = ME = MF = 2 units Now, p − 8a = [ 2( l + w )] − 8lw
2 2
θ
which is equal to π(8)2 − π(8)2
∴ MEF is an equilateral triangle = 4( l 2 + w 2 + 2lw ) − 8lw 360
= 4l 2 + 4w 2 + 8lw − 8lw 30 176 π 2
In ∆AEM, by pythagoras theorem = π × 64 − π × 64 = m
360 3
AE 2 = EM 2 − AM 2 = ( 2)2 − ( 1)2 = 4 ( l 2 + w2 )
∴ AE = 3 units 46. (c) Since, the length of the rope is more
Hence, the statement I and III are
than that of sides AB and AC ,
Area of intersection region square and correct.
circle = Area of sector MENF + Area of ∴ Required Area =
43. (d) I. Let R be the radius of circumcircle
∆AEM + Area of ∆FMB Area of circumcircle = πR2
(area of the circle with radius 12)
θ 1 – (area of the sector of the same circle
= × πr 2 + × AE × AM ⇒ 9 π = πR2 ⇒ R = 3 cm with angle 30°)
360° 2
Inradius of polygon r 2 30
1
+ × MB × FB II. = = π(12) − π(12)2 = 132 π m 2
2 circumradius of polygon R 360
60° 180° 
a cot 
1 1
= × π × (2)2 + × 3 × 1 
 n  180° 
360° 2 = 2 = cos   12
1 1  180°   n  B
+ × 3 × 1 [Q FB = EA = 3] a cosec   A
°
30

2 2  n  C
4π
⇒ r = R cos 
2 180 
= + 3 = π+ 3  ° = 3 cos 15°
6 3  12 
MATHEMATICS Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 329

2 2 2
47. (c) Q Outer diameter = 112 cm Area = x ( 2x + 5) ⇒ 75 = 2x2 + 5x 3  x 3  x 3  x
=   +     = 2⋅
and inner diameter = 70 cm ⇒ 2 x2 + 5x − 75 = 0 4 3 4 3 4 3
2
1 ⇒ 2x + 15x − 10x − 75 = 0
2
3  x
∴ Required area = π ( 1122 − 702 ) Now, area of ∆ HDE =  
4 ⇒ x( 2x + 15) − 5 ( 2x + 15) = 0 4 3
⇒ ( 2x + 15) ( x − 5) = 0 3 2
−15 and area of ∆ABC = x
∴ x = 5 and 4
70 cm 2 By given condition,
Since, width cannot be negative. Area of rhombus AGHF
A B ∴ Width = 5 units
cm + Area of ∆ HDE
11
2 and length = 2 × 5 + 5 = 15 units
∴ Perimeter of the rectangle Area of ∆ABC
= 2 ( 15 + 5) = 40 units 3  x
2
3  x
2
2⋅   +  
51. (a) Let the radius of circle is r and the 4 3 4 3
1 =
= ( 12544 − 4900) π side of a square is a, then by given condition, 3 2
4 πr x
2 πr = 4a ⇒ a = 4
1 22 2
= × 7644 × 3  x
2
4 7 π
2
π2 r2 3⋅  
∴ Area of square =   = 3
r 4 3 1
1  2 = = =
= × 24024 = 6006 cm 2 4 3 2 9 3
4 (3.14)2 r 2 986 . r2 x
= = = 2.46r 2 4
48. (d) Given that, Area of rectangle = 2a 2 4 4 54. (b) We know that, the radius of a circle
=l×b and area of circle = πr 2 = 3.14r 2 inscribed in a equilateral triangle = a / 2 3
⇒ l × b = 2a 2 = l × a ⇒ l = 2a Again, let the side of equilateral triangle where, a be the length of the side of an
E be x. equilateral triangle.
Then, by given condition, 3x = 2 πr
Given that, area of a circle inscribed in
2 πr
F ⇒ x= an equilateral triangle = 154 cm 2
3 2
∴ π 
3 2 a 
2a ∴ Area of equilateral triangle = x  = 154
D C 4 2 3
3 4 π2 r2 π2 2
= × = r = 189. r2 2
154 × 7
⇒ 
a 4 9 3 3 a 
 = = 7 × 7 =( 7)2
B Hence, Area of circle > Area of square 2 3 22
A a
> Area of equilateral triangle ⇒ = 7 ⇒ a = 14 3 cm
Now, in ∆ ACD, by pythagoras theorem Hence, only I statements is correct.
2 3
AC 2 = AD 2 + CD 2 ∴ Perimeter of an equilateral triangle
52. (c) Given that, Area of the circle = Area
= a 2 + 4a 2 = 5a 2 = 3a = 3( 14 3 ) = 42 3 cm
of the square = (Side) 2
∴ Side of square, AC = a 5 unit ∴ πr = ( 2 π ) ⇒ πr = 4 π
2 2 2 55. (b) Let the radii of two circles be r and
1
Hence, area of the square = ( a 5 )2 r , respectively.
4π 2
⇒ r2 = = 4 ∴ r = 4 = 2 units Given,
Circumference of Ist circle 2
=
= 5a 2 sq units π Circumference of IInd circle 3
49. (c) A ∴ Diameter of circle (d) = 2 ⋅ r = 2 ⋅ 2 2
= 4 units 2 πr 2 2 r r  4
⇒ 1 = ⇒ 1⇒ 1 =
=
53. (b) Here, ∆ABC forms an equilateral 2 πr 3 3 r  9
a a 2
r
2  2
triangle. ...(i)
A 2
Area of Ist circle πr 2  r  4
B C x/3 x/3 ∴ = 1 = 1 =
D
a Area of IInd circle πr 2  r  9
G x/3 F 2 2

Height of equilateral triangle (AD) or 4 : 9

x/3 x/3 x/3 x/3
3 3 × Side 56. (c) Let the radius of a circle be r and a be
= × Side ⇒ 3 = H
2 2 the length of the side of a square.
x/3 x/3 x/3 x/3
⇒ 2 3 = 3 × Side Given, circumference of a circle
2 3 B C = Perimeter of a square
∴ Side = = 2 cm x/3 D x/3 E x/3 π
3 ⇒ 2 πr = 4a ⇒ a = r = 1.57r
2
∴ Perimeter of an equilateral triangle
= 3a = 3 × 2 = 6 cm Now, area of the circle (A c )
where, AGHF form a rhombus and = πr 2 = 3.14r 2
50. (a) Let the width of the rectangle be x ∆HDE is also an equilateral triangle.
and area of the square (As )
unit. ∴ Area of rhombus = (Area of ∆AGF = a 2 = 2.4649 r 2
∴ Length = ( 2 x + 5) unit + Area of ∆ GFH ) ∴ Area of circle > Area of square
According to the question,
330 CDS Pathfinder

57. (c) Given that, ratio of their radii = 5 : 3 So, the area of a segment of a circle is 63. (c) Area of the path = Area of circular
i.e. r : r = 5 :3 always less than area of its water [fountain + path]
1 2
corresponding sector. − Area of circular water fountain
A II. Distance travelled by a circular wheel
r2 of diameter 2d cm in one revolution
( 2d )
B = 2π = 2 × 3.14 × d = 6.28 d
O r1 2 m
3. 3
which is greater than 6d cm. r=
Hence, both statements are correct. m
1.5
r 5 60. (a) Q Angle described in 60 min by
⇒ 1 = ...(i) minute hand of a clock = 360° = π (33
. + 15
. )2 − π (33
. )2
r 3
2 and angle described in 40 min by = [( 48
. )2 − (33
. )2 ] π
Let, r = 5x and r = 3x minute hand of a clock
1 2 = ( 23.04 − 1089
. )π
360°
Also, given that area enclosed between = × 40 = 240° = 12.15 π m 2
the circumferences of two concentric 60°
circles = 16 π cm 2 2 π( 2 ⋅ 5) × 240° 64. (d) Let the equal sides of isosceles right
∴ Required distance =
360° triangle be a cm.
∴ π ( r 2 − r 2 ) = 16 π 10 π
1 2
= cm Then AB = BC = a
⇒ (5x)2 − (3x)2 = 16 3
In ∆ABC , by pythagoras theorem
⇒ 25x2 − 9x2 = 16 61. (d) Given that, length of hour hand AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 = 2 AB 2
= 4 cm
⇒ 16x = 16 ⇒ x = 1
2 2
⇒ AC 2 = 2a 2 ∴ AC = 2a
and length of minute hand = 6 cm
∴ x=1 A
∴ Hour hand rotating in 1 day
∴ r = 5 and r = 3 = 2 × 360° = 720°
1 2
∴Area of the outer circle = πr 2 = π(5)2 ∴ Hour hand rotating in 2 days √2
1 a
= 25 π cm 2 = 2 × 720° = 1440° a
58. (b) Given that, perimeter of a rectangle Similarly,
Minute hand rotating in 1 day 90°
= 82 m C
= 24 × 360° B a
∴ 2 (Length + Breadth) = 82 m
∴ Minute hand rotating in 3 days 1
⇒ Length + Breadth = 41 m Area of ∆ABC = ×a×a
= 72 × 360° 2
⇒ l + b = 41m ...(i)
∴ Distance travelled by hour hand ⇒
1
1 = a2 ⇒ a = 2
Also, its area = 400 m 2 2 π( 4) × 1440° 2
= = 32 π
⇒ l.b = 400 ...(ii) 360° ∴ Perimeter of ∆ABC = 2a + a 2
Now, ( l − b ) = ( l + b ) − 4 lb
2 2
and distance travelled by minute hand =2 2+ 2⋅ 2
= ( 41)2 − 4 ( 400) 2 π( 6) × 72 × 360° = 2 ( 2 + 1) units
=
= 1681− 1600 =81 360
65. (c) Given that, CD = 20 cm
∴ l− b = 9 ...(iii) = 6 × 144 π cm
and area of rectangle ABCD = 100 cm 2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get ∴ Required ratio = 32 π : 6 × 144 π
= 1 : 27 A P B
2l = 50 ⇒ l = 25 m and b = 16 m
62. (c) Let side of a square be a cm.
∴ Required breadth (b) = 16 m
Given that, radius of a circle = 8 cm
59. (c) I. We know that, area of segment and diameter of a circle = 16 cm
(PRQP)
D Q C
= Area of sector (OPRQO) A a D
− Area of ∆ OPQ ⇒ AD × CD = 100 cm 2

π r 2θ 1 2 ⇒ AD × 20 = 100
= − r sin θ a a
∴ AD = 5 cm
360 2 1
S ∴ Area of ∆PDC = × PQ × CD
B a C 2
1
= × 5 × 20 = 5 × 10 = 50 cm 2
Q Length of a diagonal of a square 2
O = Diameter of a circle [Q AD = PQ ]
⇒ a 2 = 16
θ 66. (c) Area of parallelogram
∴ a = 8 2 cm
= Base × Height
∴ Area of square ABCD = a 2 = (8 2 )2
P Q = 8.06 × 2.08 = 16. 76 cm 2
R = 64 × 2 = 128 cm 2
MATHEMATICS Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 331

67. (a) Let b = 4x and l = 9x Now, perimeter of an isosceles triangle Now, let x and y be the length and
∴ Area of rectangle = l × b = 2a + b = 2 × 5 + 8 breadth of the rectangle, respectively.
144 = 4 x × 9 x = 10 + 8 = 18 cm Now in ∆ABD, by pythagoras theorem
144 AB 2 + AD 2 = (5)2 ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 25
⇒ x2 = ⇒ x2 = 4 ∴ x = 2 71. (a) Area of equilateral triangle
36 3a 2 Since, they form pythagorian triplet,
Now, b = 4 × 2 = 8 cm and = =x ...(i)
4 ∴ x = 4 and y = 3
l = 9 × 2 = 18 cm y So, area of rectangle = 3 × 4 = 12 cm 2
∴ Perimeter of rectangle = 2( b + l) and perimeter = 3a = y ⇒ a = ...(ii)
3 75. (c) Let AO = OB = r [radius of circle]
= 2(8 + 18) = 2 × 26 = 52 cm Now, putting the value of a from Eq. (ii)
68. (d) Area between square and semi-circles in Eq. (i), we get
= Area of square − 2 (Area of semi-circle) 2
3  
y
O
D C 3 3 × y2
=x ⇒ x=
4 9×4 90°
5
y2 y2 B
⇒ x= ⇒ x= A
5 cm 10 cm 3 3×4 12 3 C minor segment
⇒ 12 3 x = y 2 In ∆AOB, by pythagoras theorem,
On squaring both sides, we get AB 2 = OA 2 + OB 2
A y = 432 x
4 2
⇒ (5 ) 2 = r 2 + r 2 [Q AB = 5 cm ]
B
10 cm 72. (b) Here, a = 7 cm, b = 24 cm 25
∴ r2 = cm
1 22 2
= ( 10)2 − 2 × × × 5)2 = 100 − 785
. and c = 25 cm
Now, area of sector
2 7 Semi-perimeter of triangle θ
ACBOA = × π r2
= 21.5 cm 2 a + b + c 7 + 24 + 25 56 360°
s = = =
Hence, the area between the square and 2 2 2 90° 25 25 π
semi-circular cross-section is 21.5 cm 2 . = × π× = cm 2
= 28 cm 360° 2 8
69. (a) 1 m = 1000 mm According to the question, Now, area of minor segment ACBA
∴ 10 m = 10000 mm Area of circle = Area of triangle = Area of sector ACBOA − Area of triangle
25 π r 2 25 π 25
Number of 200 mm lengths that can be = s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) = − = −
cut from 10 m of ribbon 8 2 8 4
= 28( 28 − 7)( 28 − 24)( 28 − 25) 25 π − 50  2
=
10000
= 50 =   cm
 8 
200 = 28 × 21 × 4 × 3 = 7056 = 84 cm 2
Area of major segment = Area of circle
1
70. (a) Area of the ∆ABC = × b × h 73. (b) Diameters of a circle intersect at the − Area of minor segment
2 centre of circle. 25 π − 50 
A C = πr − 
2

 8 
r 25 π ( 25 π − 50)
= −
2 8
A B
a r r 100 π − 25 π + 50 75 π + 50
a O = =
3 cm r 8 8
(h ) 25  3 π
+ 1 cm 2
25
D = (3 π + 2 ) = 
8 4  2 
Area of circle
B
D C Required ratio = 76. (c)
b/2 b/2 Area of ∆ACD A
b πr 2
= = π
1 1
⇒ 12 = × b ×3 × 2r × r E
2 D
2
12 × 2 74. (c) Area of rectangle inscribed in a circle
∴ b= = 8 cm
3 is maximum, when B C
b 8 F
Here, BD = CD = = = 4 cm
2 2 A B Perimeters of triangles
1 1 1
In right angled ∆ABD, by pythagoras = 3 + 3 × + 3 × + 3 × + ...
theorem, 2 4 8
= 3  1 + + + + .... = 3 ×
D C 1 1 1 1
AB = BD 2 + AD 2
 2 4 8  1−
1
⇒ a= 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 Diameter of the circle = Diagonal of the 2
= 25 = 5 cm rectangle = 6 units
332 CDS Pathfinder

77. (c) In ∆ABC , by pythagoras theorem, π r 2θ 83. (c) Let the three sides of a triangle be a, b
⇒ = 72 π
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 360° and c, respectively.
C 72 × 360 ∴ a = 56 cm, b = 39 cm
z ⇒ θ= = 20°
36 × 36 and c = 25 cm
10
y 8 πr θ A
Now, length of arc ACB =
B 180°
A 6 25 cm 39 cm
x π × 36 × 20
= = 4 π cm
180 c b
= 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100 cm
∴ BC = 10 cm 80. (d) Since, ∆AOB, ∆BOC and ∆COD are
6 equilateral.
Radius of semi-circle x = = 3 D
2 ∴ Side of an equilateral triangle B 56 cm C
π(3) 2
Now, area of semi-circle = x = = radius of semi-circle = 2 cm a
2
9π Now, total area of three equilateral Perimeter of triangle, 2s = a + b + c
= cm 2 triangles
2 ⇒ 2s = 25 + 39 + 56
8 3
Radius of semi-circle, y = cm =3× (Side) 2 ⇒ s = 60 cm
2 4
16 π Now, area of triangle
Area of semi-circle = y = cm 2 B 2 C
2 = s ( s – a )( s – b )( s – c )
Radius of semi-circular,
10 2 2 = 60( 60 – 25)( 60 – 39)( 60 – 56)
=z= = 5 cm 2 2 2
2 = 60 × 35 × 21 × 4 = 420 cm 2 …(i)
25 π
Area of semi-circle = z = cm 2 A 2 2 D
1
Again area of triangle = × Base
2 O
2
9 π 16 π 25 π × Altitude
Now, x + y − z = + − =0 3
2 2 2 =3× × 4 = 3 3 cm 2 1
4 = × BC × AD ...(ii)
78. (b) D C 2
81. (c) D C
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
O d/2 d/2 × BC × AD = 420
2
2a
1
⇒ × 56 × AD = 420
2
A B
d/2 d/2 420
For inscribed circle, Diameter of circle ⇒ AD = = 15 cm
A B 28
= Diagonal of square = 2 a 2d
Now, in ∆ABC by pythagoras theorem, Hence, the length of AD is 15 cm.
From the figure it is clear that, 4 circular
AB + BC
2 2
= AC 2
⇒ 2 AB = 4a 2 2
84. (a) Let the r be the radius of semi-circle.
plates of diameter d can be made from.
AB = 2a ⇒ AB = 2a
2 2
In ∆ABC ,
square plate of side 2d with minimum
Q Area of inner square AO = OB = OC = r [radius of circle]
loss of material.
= AB 2 = ( 2a )2 = 2a 2
∴ Area of largest triangle
For circumscribed square, 82. (d) Given, sides of a triangle are in the 1
Diameter of a circle = Side of square 1 1 1 = × Base × Height
ratio = : : i.e. 6 : 4 : 3 2
∴ Area of circumscribed square 2 3 4
= ( 2a )2 = 4a 2 Let the sides of a triangle be 6x, 4x and
C
∴ Difference between areas of outer 3x, respectively.
and inner squares r
We know that,
= 4a 2 − 2a 2 = 2a 2
A B
Perimeter of a triangle = Sum of all sides r O r
79. (d) Given that, area of sector = 72 π cm 2 2r
of a triangle
B
⇒ 52 = 6x + 4x + 3x =
1 1
× AB × OC = × 2r × r
cm

⇒ 52 = 13x 2 2
36

C 52 [Q AB = OA + OB ]
O θ Q x= =4
13 =r 2

∴ Smallest side of a triangle Hence, the area of the largest triangle

A = 3x = 3 × 4 = 12 cm is r 2 .
MATHEMATICS Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 333

85. (c) Given, a side of rhombus ( a ) = 13 cm 87. (b) Given, radius of circle, r = 3 cm πd 2 ( 2 + 3 )2
=
and a diagonal of rhombus (d ) = 10 cm Area of remaining portion 12
1
Now, in right angled ∆ABD, = Area of circle – 2 (Area of sector Hence, the area of big circle is
E C OABQO). πd 2 ( 2 + 3 )2
= .
2 π r 2θ
cm

= πr 2 – 12
5

D 360° 40° 89. (c) Let the angles of a triangle be 4x, x

2θ 
= πr 2  1 –
cm

90° and x, respectively.

 360° 
5

O
A
A B i.e. ∠A = 4x,
13 cm 2 2 × 40  40° ∠B = x and
= πr 1 −
 360°  120°
AB 2 = AD 2 + BD 2 A Q ∠C = x a

a

× 9 1– 
22 8 B
⇒ 132 = 52 + BD 2 = Q Sum of all
7  36  30° 30°
angles of a
⇒ BD 2 = 169 – 25 = 144
triangle = 180° B b C
Q BD = 12 cm =
22
×9  1 – 2  = 22 × 7 × 9 = 22 cm 2
 ∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∴ EB = 2 × BD = 2 × 12 = 24 cm 7 9  7 9
Length of second diagonal ( d ) = 24 cm 88. (d) Given, diameter of each circle = d
2 ⇒ 4x + x + x = 180° ⇒ 6x = 180°
1 ∴ Radius of each circle = d / 2
Now, area of rhombus = × d × d ⇒ x = 30°
2 1 2 F
1 ∴ ∠A = 4x = 30 × 4 = 120°,
= × 10 × 24 = 120 cm 2
2 d/2 d/2 ∠B = x = 30°
A B
Shortcut Method and ∠C = x = 30°
Here, a = 13 cm, d = 10 cm d/2
So, it is clear that, given triangle is
1
We know that, D C isosceles triangle. Let the sides isosceles
triangle be a, a and b, respectively.
4a 2 = d 2 + d 2 E
1 2 ∴ Perimeter of triangle
CE = AF = BF = d / 2
⇒ 4 × 132 = 102 + d 2 = a + a + b = 2a + b
2
Here, ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle. b a
⇒ 4 × 169 = 100 + d2 Using sine rule, =
2 ∴ Altitude of equilateral triangle sin 120° sin 30°
⇒ 676 – 100 = d2 3 3 3 b a 2b b
2 = (Side) = ( AB ) = d ⇒ = ⇒ = 2a ⇒ a =
⇒ d = 576 = 24 cm 2 2 2 3 / 2 1/ 2 3 3
2
1 [Q AB = AF + FB = d ] Now,
b
=
b
Now, area of rhombus = d d
2 1 2 Let D be the centroid of ∆ABC 2a + b 2 × b + b
1 3
= × 10 × 24 = 120 cm 2 Q Ratio of centroid of equilateral
2 triangle = 2 : 1 b 3
= =
86. (d) Let the side of a square paper sheet C 2b + 3b 2 + 3
be a cm. 3
Given, area of square paper sheet
d d 90. (a) Given, a, b and c be the sides of a
= 784 cm 2 right triangle, where c is the hypotenuse.
D
⇒ a = 784 2
⇒ a = 28 cm ∴ c2 = a 2 + b 2 ...(i)
D C A
A B
F
2 3 3
∴ Length of DC = × d = d c
28 cm 3 2 3 b
O
Now, radius of big circle,
r
3 d
28 cm
R = DE = DC + CE = d+ B a C
A B 3 2
28 and perimeter of triangle 2s = a + b + c
Q Diameter of one circle = = 14 cm  3 1  d × 3( 2 + 3 )
=d  + = a+ b+ c
2 ∴ s =
 3 2 6 2
14
and radius of one circle = = 7 cm ∴ Area of big circle = πR2 1
2 Area of triangle = × BC × AC
2 2
∴ Circumference of each plate = 2 πr  3( 2 + 3 ) 
= πd ×  1
22  6  ⇒ ∆ = ab …(ii)
= 2π × 7 = 2 × × 7 = 44 cm 2
7  d 2 × 3( 2 + 3 )2 
Hence, the circumference of each plate = π×  From Eq. (i), c 2 = a 2 + b 2
is 44 cm.  36  ⇒ c 2 = ( a + b )2 – 2ab
334 CDS Pathfinder

⇒ 2ab = ( a + b )2 – c 2 Q 452 × 2 πr = 2260 97. (a) Area of trapezium

( a + b )2 – c 2 2260 × 7 35 1
⇒ ab = r= = = (Sum of parallel side) × Distance
2 452 × 2 × 22 44 2
ab 35 35 13 between them
Now, area of triangle = [from Eq. (ii)] Diameter = 2 × = =1 m
2 44 22 22 1
⇒ (5x + 7x ) × 14 = 336
[( a + b )2 – c 2 ] 2
[( a + b )2 – c 2 ] 94. (d) Area of remaining portion
∆= 2 ,∆= ⇒ 12x × 7 = 336 ⇒ x = 4
2 4 = Area of rectangle – Area of semi-circle
∆ D C The length of smaller side
∴ Radius of circle, r =
s = 4 × 5 = 20 cm
( a + b – c )( a + b + c ) ( a + b − c ) 14 cm
98. (c) We have, 2 πr = 100
= =
a + b + c
4 ×  
2
A D C
 2  B
18 cm
( a + b – c) O
Hence, the radius of circle is 1 22
2 = 18 × 14 − × ×7×7
2 7
91. (c) Let the radius of outer circle and = 252 − 77 = 175 cm 2 A B
inner circle be R and r , respectively.
Perimeter of outer 95. (d) Let length of side of square and 100
∴ 2r= cm
circle = 2 πR equilateral triangle be x and y, π
and perimeter of respectively.
Let the side of square be l cm.
inner circle = 2 πr R Then, 4x = 3 y …(i)
2 πR 23 100 50 2
= ∴ l 2= ⇒ l= cm
Q r Given, diagonal of square = 12 2 π π
2 πr 22 5m
R 23 ⇒ x 2 = 12 2 99. (b) There are 437 fruits plants.
⇒ =
r 22 Q x = 12 cm …(ii) Q 437 = 19 × 23
From the figure, R = 5 + r 4x 4
∴ y= = × 12 ∴ There are 19 rows and 23 trees or
5 + r 23 3 3
∴ = ⇒ 110 + 22r = 23r there are 23 rows and 19 trees.
r 22 = 16 cm
Given, the distance between any two
⇒ r = 110 m 3
So, area of triangle = × 16 × 16 adjacent plants is 2 m and the distance
So, diameter of the inner circle is 220 m. 4 between any two adjacent rows is 2 m.
= 64 3 cm 2
92. (a) Let the sides of a triangular field be ∴ Length of orchard
a, b and c, respectively. 96. (d) Let the side of square be x.
= [ 1 + 22 ( 2) + 1] = 46 m
∴ a = 41 m, b = 40 m and c = 9 m Area of square = x 2
Breadth of orchard
Perimeter of triangular field = a + b + c Now, increased length
= [ 1 + 18 ( 2) + 1] = 38 m
= x  1 +
⇒ 2s = a + b + c = ( 41 + 40 + 9) 30  13x
 = ∴ Perimeter of orchard
⇒ 2s = 90 ⇒ s = 45 m  100  10
and increased breadth = [( 46 × 2) + (38 × 2)] = 168 m
Q Area of triangular field
∴ Cost of fencing at the rate of
= x  1 +
= s ( s – a )( s – b )( s – c ) 20  12x
 =
= 45( 45 – 41)( 45 – 40)( 45 – 9)  100  10 = ` 100 per metre
= 45 × 4 × 5 × 36 Now, new area of rectangle = 168 × 100 = ` 16800
= 9 ×5 ×5 × 4 × 9 × 4 13x 12x 156x 2
= × = 100. (b) Let length of the side of square be l.
= 9 × 5 × 4 = 180 m 2 10 10 100 A
Increased in area 90°–θ
Given, area of each rose bed = 900 cm 2
900 156x 2 56x 2
= m2 = − x2 =
100 × 100 100 100
∴ Number of rose beds Percentage increased in area y F D
Area of triangular field 56x 2
= = × 100
Area of one rose bed 100x 2 l
180 × 100 × 100 = 56% l θ
= = 2000 B C
900 E
Shortcut Method x
93. (b) 1 km = 1000 m 1 dm = 10 m Here, x = 30% , y = 20% DE l
In ∆DEC , tan θ = = …(i)
Q 2 km and 26 dm x −l
∴ Net effect =  x + y +
xy  EC
= 2000 + 260 = 2260 m 
%
100  FD
Let radius be r m. In ∆AFD, tan ( 90° − θ) = cot θ =
30 × 20 
Distance covered in revolution = 2 πr = 30 + 20 +
AF
= 56%
Distance covered in 452 revolution  100  =
l
…(ii)
Hence, area is increased by 56%. y−l
= 452 × 2 πr
MATHEMATICS Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures 335

On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 104. (c) Here, base = 300 units and side 2 π  16 707 4 707  1
= ⋅ − ⋅ = × 707 m 2
l2 = 170 units 8  9 π 9 π  3
1=
( x − l) ( y − l) We know that, ∴ Cost of levelling the shaded portion
⇒ xy − xl − yl + l = l2 2 Area of an isosceles triangle 707
= × 63 = ` 14847
xy Base 3
Q l( x + y ) = xy ⇒ l= = 4 (Side) 2 − (Base) 2
x + y 4 107. (b) We know that, Area of rhombus
4xy 300 1
∴ Perimeter of square = 4l = = 4( 170)2 − (300)2 = × product of diagonals
x + y 4 2
= 75 4 × 28900 − 90000 1
= ×d ×d
101. (c) Let a be the side of regular polygon 2 1 2
a = 75 115600 − 90000 = 75 25600
then, inradius, r =
π D C
2 tan   = 75 × 160 = 12000 sq units
 n
π 105. (d) Let the radius of the circle be r. d2
⇒ a = 2r tan   d2
 n Then, side of square ABCD = 2 r d1
∴ Perimeter of polygon,
π r r
p = na = 2nr tan  
A B A B
d1
 n
π
⇒ tan  
p From the above figure,
= …(i)
 n 2nr Area of rectangle = d × d
1 2
π C D
Area of polygon = nr tan  
2 = 2 (Area of rhombus)
 n
= 2 × 2 = 4 sq units
p pr ∴ Area of empty space = Area of square
= nr 2 × = [from Eq. (i)] 108. (b) In the given question, A radii of 3 m
2nr 2 − 4 [Area of quadrant]
is divided in such a way that the radii of
= ( 2 r ) 2 − 4  × πr 2 
102. (c) Let the radius of smaller ring be r 150 1
⇒ smaller semi-circle is 1 m and radii of
and the radius of bigger ring be r.
1
847  4 
bigger semi-circle is 2 m.
150 6 2
⇒ = r
847 7 C
⇒ r2 =
25 Q π = 22 
121  7  y B
x w
z
5
⇒ r= cm
Since, the smaller ring takes three full 11 A
revolutions to roll over the 106. (c) Area of circle with diameter (AD)
circumference of bigger ring.
π( AD ) 2
∴ 2 πr = 3 ( 2 πr ) ⇒ r = 3 r = Area of shaded portion A
1 1
4
Area of pathway = πr 2 − πr 2 = n( πr 2 ) = Area of semi–circle of radii 3 m − Area
1 1 π( AD ) 2 of semi–circle of radii 2 m + Area of
⇒ πr 2 = ( n + 1) πr 2 So, = 707
1 4 semi- circle of radii 1 m
r2
⇒ r 2 = ( n + 1) ⇒ n = 9−1=8 ⇒ AD =
707
×4 = 2
707
m
1 1 1
= π(3)2 − π ( 2)2 + π ( 1)2
9 π π 2 2 2
103. (d) Number of rounds that a wheel of 1
As, AB = BC = CD =
AD 2 707
= m = π ( 9 − 4 + 1) = 3 π
diameter D will make in traversing a 2
3 3 π
distance = n (πD )
and AC = 2 AB = BD Area of portion B
Given that, distance = 4 km
4 707 = 2 [Area of semi-circle of radii 2 m
⇒ n( πD ) = 4000 m = 2CD = m − Area of semi-circle of radii 1 m]
3 π

n  π ×  = 4000
7
= 2  π ( 2) 2 − π ( 1) 2  = 3 π
⇒ 1 1
 11 ∴ Area of shaded portion = 2
 2 2 
[Area of semi-circle with AC as
n  ×  = 4000
22 7
⇒ diameter − Area of semi-circle with
Similarly, area of shaded portion C
 7 11
AB as diameter] = Area of portion A
⇒ n = 2000 2 π( AC ) 2 2 π( AB ) 2 Hence, the ratio of areas A, B and C is
= −
Hence, the number of rounds is 2000. 8 8 1 : 1 : 1.
 CDS Pathfinder

27
336

SURFACE AREA AND

VOLUME OF SOLIDS
Regularly (10-12) questions have been asked from this chapter. Questions from this chapter are
direct formula based, so one must be through with all the formulae and their application. It is easy
to score section in the exam.

In this chapter, we will study how to find the surface area and volume of solid figures, like
parallelopiped, cube, cuboid, cylinder, cone, frustum of cone, sphere and hemisphere and the
combination of solid figures.

SOLID FIGURES
The objects which occupy space (i.e. they have three dimensions) are called solid figures. The solid
figures can be derived from the plane figures.
A solid figure has surface area and volume.

Surface Area of Solid Figure

Surface area of a solid body is the area of all of its surfaces together. It is always measured in square units.
Surface area is also referred to as the total surface area. The area of four walls or the area excluding top
and bottom is called curved surface area or lateral surface area.

Volume of Solid Figure

The measure of space occupied by a solid is called its volume. It is always measured in cubic units.

Cuboid
A figure which is surrounded by six rectangular surfaces, is called cuboid. It is also called rectangular
parallelopiped.
• A cuboid has 8 corners, 12 edges, 6 faces and 4 diagonals.
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 337

• Volume of cuboid = Area of base × height = l × b × h D 8 8 C

where, l = length, b = breadth and h = height 8 8
D C
32
36 20
A B
8
• Total surface area of cuboid = 2 ( lb + bh + lh) 8
A 8 8 B
• Diagonal of the cuboid = l 2 + b 2 + h 2 48
D
• Lateral surface area or Area of four walls = 2( l + b) h. C

8
EXAMPLE 1. The volume of a cuboid is 880 cm 3 , the
area of its base is 88 cm 2 . Then, its height is
a. 10 cm b. 12 cm c. 14 cm d. 16 cm 32
20
Sol. a. Here, volume of a cuboid = 880 cm3 A B
Area of the base = 88 cm 2
When square of side 8 cm is cut-off from each corner
Volume of the cuboid 880 and the flaps turned up, we get an open box whose
Height = = = 10 cm
Area of the base 88 Length = 48 − (8 + 8) = 32 cm

EXAMPLE 2. The length of the longest rod that can Breadth = 36 − (8 + 8) = 20 cm

be placed in a room 12 m long, 9 m broad and 8 m and height = 8 cm
high is ∴ Volume of the box = l × b × h = 32 × 20 × 8 = 5120 cm3
a. 15 m b. 16 m
c. 17 m d. 17.5 m Cube
Sol. c. Since, the length of the longest rod is the diagonal of A cuboid whose length, breadth and height are same is
the room called a cube.
= l 2 + b2 + h2 = (12) 2 + (9) 2 + (8) 2 • A cube has 6 surfaces, 12 edges, 8 corners and 4
diagonals.
= 144 + 81 + 64 = 289 = 17 m
• Cube is a special case of cuboid which has 6 square
EXAMPLE 3. The areas of three adjacent faces of a faces.
cuboid are x , y and z. If its volume is V, then which of • Volume of a cube = (side) 3 D C
the following is true?
• Total surface area of a cube
a. V = x 3 y 2 z 2 b. V 2 = xyz
= 6 × (side) 2
x 2y
c. V = 3 xyz d. V = • Diagonal of a cube = 3 × edge
z A B
Sol. b. Let the dimensions of a cuboid be l , b and h • Lateral surface area or area of four walls = 4 × (side) 2
respectively, then volume of cuboid, V = lbh
Also, x = lb, y = bh and z = hl EXAMPLE 5. If the surface area of a cube is 96 cm 2 ,
∴ V = lbh
then, its volume is
On squaring both sides, we get a. 16 cm3 b. 64 cm3
c. 12 cm3 d. 32 cm3
V 2 = l 2b2h2 = ( lb) ⋅ ( bh) ⋅ (hl ) = xyz
Sol. b. Surface area of cube = 6 × a2 , where a = Side of a cube
EXAMPLE 4. A metallic sheet is of rectangular shape
⇒ 6 a2 = 96 ⇒ a2 = 16 ⇒ a = 4 cm
with dimensions 48 cm × 36 cm from each of its corners
a square of 8 cm is cut-off. An open box is made of ∴ Volume of the cube = a 3 = 4 3 = 64 cm3
the remaining sheet, what is the volume of the box?
a. 13824 cm3 b. 1728 cm3 EXAMPLE 6. The surface area and the length of
c. 5120 cm3 d. None of these the diagonal of the cube, if the volume of a cube is
2197 cm 3 , are
Sol. c. Given length of metallic sheet = 48 cm
a. 1012 cm2 and 21.516 cm b. 1024 cm2 and 24.516 cm
Breadth of metallic sheet = 36 cm c. 1014 cm2 and 22.516 cm d. None of these
338 CDS Pathfinder

Sol. c. Volume of cube = (side) 3 = 2197 cm3 (i) Volume of the cylinder A
B

⇒ Side of cube = volume of a cube = 13 cm

3 = (Area of base) × Height
= πr 2 h cu units
⇒ Surface area of cube
= 6 (side) 2 = 6 (13) 2 = 6 × 169 = 1014 cm2 (ii) Curved surface area = Circumference h
and length of the diagonal of the cube = 3 × side of the base × Height
= 3 × 13 = 1. 732 × 13 = 22.516 cm = 2πrh sq units
(iii) Total surface area = Curved surface + D
EXAMPLE 7. How many 6 m cubes can be cut from Area of two ends
C
a cuboid measuring 36 m × 15 m × 8 m?
= 2πrh + 2πr 2 = 2πr ( h + r ) sq units
a. 10 b. 15
c. 19 d. 20 EXAMPLE 9. The volume of a cylinder is 448 π cm 3
Sol. d. Volume of given cuboid = ( 36 × 15 × 8) m 3
and height 7 cm. Then, its lateral surface area and
Volume of the cube to be cut = (6 × 6 × 6) m3 total surface area are
∴ Number of cubes that can be cut from the cuboid a. 349 cm2 and 753.286 cm2
Volume of the cuboid 36 × 15 × 8 b. 352 cm2 and 754.286 cm2
= = = 20
Volume of the cube 6 ×6 ×6 c. 353 cm2 and 755.286 cm2
d. None of the above
EXAMPLE 8. Two cubes each of 10 cm edge are Sol. b. Given, volume of the cylinder = 448 π cm3
joined end-to-end. Then, the surface area of the
and height of the cylinder = 6 cm
resulting cuboid is
Let radius be r, then πr 2h = 448 π
D C
448 π 448
∴ r2 = = = 64 ⇒ r = 8 cm
10 hπ 7
∴ Lateral surface area of the cylinder = 2πrh
B
22
A = 2× × 8 × 7 = 352 cm2
10 10 10 7
a. 100 cm 2
b. 1000 cm2 Total surface area of the cylinder = 2π r (h + r)
c. 2000 cm2 22
d. None of these = 2× × 8 (7 + 8)
7
Sol. b. Length of the resulting cuboid = 10 + 10 = 20 cm 22 5280
= 2× × 8 × 15 = ≈ 754.286 cm2
Breadth of resulting cuboid = 10 cm 7 7
Height of resulting cuboid = 10 cm
∴ Surface area of resulting cuboid = 2 ( lb + bh + hl ) EXAMPLE 10. The radii of two cylinders are in the
= 2[ 20 × 10 + 10 × 10 + 20 × 10] ratio 2 : 3 and their heights are in the ratio 5 : 3. Then,
= 2[ 200 + 100 + 200] = 2 × 500 = 1000 cm2
the ratio of their volumes is
a. 4 : 9 b. 16 : 25 c. 20 : 27 d. None of these
IMPORTANT FORMULAE Sol. c. For first cylinder,
l
Volume of prism = Area of base × height Let radius = r1, height = h1, volume = V1
l
Lateral surface area of prism = Perimeter of base × height For second cylinder,
l
Volume of pyramid = 1 / 3 × Area of base × height
Let radius = r2 , height = h2 and volume = V2
l
Lateral surface area = 1 / 2 × Perimeter of base × slant
r1 2 h 5 2r 5h
height Then, = and 1 = ⇒ r1 = 2 and h1 = 2
r2 3 h2 3 3 3
Right Circular Cylinder Required ratio of their volumes be V1 : V2.
A right circular cylinder is a solid figure obtained by ⇒ πr12 h1 : π r22 h2 ⇒ r12h1 : r22 h2
revolving the rectangle, say ABCD about its one side,
4 2 5h2 2 20
say BC. Let base radius of right circular cylinder be r ⇒ r2 : r2 h2 ⇒ : 1 ⇒ 20 : 27
9 3 27
and its height be h. Then,
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 339

EXAMPLE 11. A cylindrical bucket of diameter 28 cm

and height 12 cm is full of water. The water is emptied
Right Circular Cone A
into a rectangular tub of length 66 cm and breadth 28 cm. A right circular cone is a solid,
The height to which water rises in the tub is generated by the revolution of a
a. 2 cm b. 4 cm c. 6 cm d. 8 cm right angled triangle about one of
its sides containing the right l
Sol. b. Volume of water in the bucket angle. Let height of a right h
22 circular cone be h, slant height be
= πr 2h = × 14 × 14 × 12 = 7392 cm3
7 l and its radius be r, Then,
Let h be the height to which water rises in the tub. B r
C
(i) The slant height of the cone, O
∴ Volume of water in the tub = 66 × 28 × h cm 3

l = AC = r 2 + h 2 units
According to the question,
1
7392 (ii) Volume of cone = πr 2 h cu units
66 × 28 × h = 7392 ⇒ h = = 4 cm 3
66 × 28
(iii) Curved surface area of cone = πrl sq units
Hence, the height to which water rises in the tub is 4 cm. (iv) Total surface area of a cone = Curved surface area
+ Base area = πr ( l + r ) sq units
Hollow Cylinder
A hollow cylinder is one which EXAMPLE 13. How many metres of cloth 5 m wide
D R C
is empty from inside and has will be required to make a conical tent, the radius of
some difference between the whose base is 7 m and whose height is 24 m?
internal and external radius. a. 100 m b. 105 m c. 109 m d. 110 m
h
Let R and r be the external and Sol. d. Given radius of base ( r) = 7 m
internal radii of the hollow and vertical height of tent (h) = 24 m
cylinder and h be its height. A B
r
Slant height of the tent ( l )
Then,
(i) Volume of hollow cylinder = π ( R2 − r 2 ) h cu units = r 2 + h2 = 242 + 72 = 625 = 25 m

(ii) Curved surface area 22

Now, curved surface area = πrl = × 7 × 25 = 550 m2
= 2 π Rh + 2 π rh = 2 π ( R + r ) h sq units 7
(iii) Total surface area Q Width of cloth = 5 m
= 2πrh + 2πRh + 2π ( R2 − r 2 ) sq units ∴ Length required to make conical tent
= 2 π ( R + r ) ( h + R − r ) sq units 550
= = 110 m
5
EXAMPLE 12. A hollow cylindrical tube, open at
both ends is made of iron 1 cm thick. The volume of EXAMPLE 14. The radius and the height of a right
iron used in making the tube, if the external diameter circular cone are in the ratio 5 : 12 . If its volume is
is 12 cm and the length of tube is 70 cm, is 314 m 3 , the slant height and the radius are
a. 2420 cm3 b. 2520 cm3 a. 12 m, 5 m b. 13 m, 4 m c. 1 m, 4 m d. 13 m, 5 m
c. 2720 cm3 d. 2900 cm3
Sol. d. Let radius of cone be 5x and the height of the cone
Sol. a. Here, external radius (R 1 ) = 6 cm be 12x .
1 2
and internal radius (R2) = 6 − 1 = 5 cm ∴ Volume of cone = 314 = πr h
3
Height of hollow cylinder (h) = 70 cm 1
⇒ × 314
. × (5 x) 2 × (12 x) = 314 ⇒ 314x3 = 314
∴ Volume of iron used in making tube 3
= External volume − Internal volume ⇒ x3 = 1 ⇒ x = 1
= πR 2h − πr 2h = πh (R 2 − r 2) Q Radius = 5 m and height = 12 m
22 ∴ Slant height = r 2 + h2 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13 m
= × 70 × ( 36 − 25)
7
Hence, the slant height and the radius are 5 m and
= 220 × 11= 2420 cm3 13 m.
340 CDS Pathfinder

Frustum of a Cone (ii) Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2 sq units

If a right circular cone is cut-off by a plane parallel to 4
(iii) Volume of a hollow sphere = π ( R3 − r 3 ) cu units
the base of the cone, then the portion of the cone 3
between the cutting plane and base of the cone is called where, r = Inner radius and R = Outer radius
the frustum of the cone. Let R, r be the radii of base
and top ( R > r ) of the frustum of a cone. Let height of EXAMPLE 16. Given that the volume of a metal
frustum of a cone be h and slant height be l, then sphere is 38808 cm3 . Then, its radius and its surface
r
area are
D C
a. 7 cm and 616 cm2 b. 21 cm and 5544 cm2
c. 14 cm and 2464 cm2 d. None of these
h
Sol. b. Given, volume of the metal sphere = 38808 cm3
4 3
A B But volume of sphere = πr
R 3
4 3 3 7
(i) Slant height of frustum of right circular cone ∴ πr = 38808 ⇒ r 3 = 38808 × × = 9261
3 4 22
= BC = h 2 + ( R − r ) 2 units
⇒ r = (9261)1/ 3 = 21cm
(ii) Volume of frustum of right circular cone
∴ Surface area of the sphere = 4 πr 2
πh 2
= [ R + r 2 + Rr ] cu units 22
3 =4× × 21 × 21
7
(iii) Curved (lateral) surface area of frustum of right = 5544 cm2
circular cone = πl ( R + r ) sq units
(iv) Total surface area of frustum of right circular cone EXAMPLE 17. How many balls each of radius 2 cm
= Area of base + Area of top + Lateral surface area can be made by melting a big ball whose radius is 8 cm.
a. 4 balls b. 16 balls c. 64 balls d. 128 balls
= π [ R2 + r 2 + l ( R + r ) ] sq units
Sol. c. Given radius of big ball (R) = 8 cm
(v) Total surface area of bucket = π [( R + r ) l + r 2 ] sq unit
[Q it is open at the bigger end.] 4 4
∴ Volume of big ball = πR 3 = π (8) 3
3 3
EXAMPLE 15. The radii of the ends of a bucket of Radius of small ball ( r) = 2 cm
height 24 cm are 15 cm and 5 cm. Then, its capacity is 4
∴ Volume of small balls = π ( 2) 3
a. 8000 cm3 b. 8100 cm3 3
c. 8171.43 cm3 d. 8200.43 cm3 Volume of big ball
∴ Required number of balls =
Sol. c. Given, h = 24 cm, R = 15cm and r = 5 cm Volume of small ball
4
Capacity of bucket = Volume π (8) 3 8 × 8 × 8
D C = 3 = = 64 balls
of frustum of a cone
π ( 2) 3 2 × 2 × 2
5 cm 4
πh 2 3
= [R + r 2 + Rr ]
3 24 cm
22 24 EXAMPLE 18. A copper sphere of diameter 18 cm is
= × [(15) 2 + 52 + 15 × 5] drawn into a wire of diameter 4 mm. Then, the length
7 3 A
15 cm
B
22 of the wire is
= × 8 [ 225 + 25 + 75]
7 a. 243 m b. 343 m c. 443 m d. 972 m
176 Sol. a. Let the length of wire be h cm.
= ( 325) = 8171.43 cm3
7
Volume of sphere = Volume of wire [by condition]
Sphere ⇒  4  
 π × 9 × 9 × 9 =  π ×
2
×
2
× h
3   10 10 
The set of all points in space, which are
h
equidistant from a fixed point, is called a r ⇒ = 972 ⇒ h = (972 × 25) cm
O 25
sphere. Let radius of sphere be r, then 972 × 25
4 = = 243 m
(i) Volume of sphere = πr 3 cu units 100
3 Hence, the length of the wire is 243 m.
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 341

Hemisphere IMPORTANT FORMULAE

A plane passing through the centre cuts the sphere in l
If the side of a cube is increased by x %, then its volume
two equal parts, each part is called a hemisphere.
 3 
is increased by  1 +
x 
Let the radius of hemisphere be r, then O r  − 1  × 100% .
  100  
2
(i) Volume of hemisphere = πr 3 cu units l
If the length, breadth and height of cuboid are made x , y
3
and z times respectively, then its volume is increased by
(ii) Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2 πr 2 sq units ( xyz − 1) × 100% .
(iii) Total surface area = 2πr 2 + πr 2 = 3 πr 2 sq units If the length, breadth and height of a cuboid are
l

increased by x %, y % and z % respectively, then its

2
(iv) Volume of hemispherical shell = π( R3 − r 3 ) volume is increased by
3  xy + yz + zx xyz 
where, R = outer radius, r = inner radius x + y + z + +  % .
 100 (100) 2 
l
If the sides and diagonal of a cuboid are given, then
EXAMPLE 19. The volumes of two hemispheres are
the total surface area in terms of diagonal and sides is
in the ratio 8 : 27. What is the ratio of their radii? given by
a. 2 : 3 b. 3 : 2 c. 1 : 2 d. 2 : 1
Total surface area = (Sum of the sides) 2 − (Diagonal) 2 .
Sol. a. Let volumes be V1 and V2. l
If the side of a cube is increased by x % , then the surface
2 3 2 3 
∴ V1 : V2 = 8 : 27 ⇒ πr1 : πr2 = 8 : 27 x2 
area is increased by  2x +  %.
3 3
 100 
⇒ r13 : r23 = 8 : 27 ⇒ r1 : r2 = 2 : 3

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Three equal cubes are placed adjacently in a 6. How many metres of cloth 50 m wide will be
row. The ratio of total surface area of the new required to make a conical tent, the radius of
cuboid to that of the sum of the surface areas of whose base is 7 m and whose height is 24 m?
the three cubes is (a) 9 m (b) 11 m (c) 12 m (d) 13 m
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 6 : 5 (c) 7 : 9 (d) 6 : 7 7. The radius and height of a right circular
2. If side of a cube is increased by 12%, by how much cone are in the ratio of 5 : 12 and its volume is
percent does its volume increase? 2512 cm3 . The slant height of the cone is
(a) 24 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 26 cm (d) 27 cm
(a) 35.2% (b) 40.5% (c) 45.0% (d) 42.4%
8. If the height of a cone is doubled, then its
3. The curved surface area of a cylinder is 1320 cm 2 volume is increased by
and its base has diameter 21 cm, then the height (a) 100% (b) 200% (c) 300% (d) 400%
of the cylinder is
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 22 cm (d) 25 cm 9. If the surface areas of two spheres are in the
ratio of 4 : 25, then the ratio of their volumes is
4. A cylindrical vessel can hold 154 g of water. If (a) 2 : 25 (b) 4 : 75 (c) 8 : 125 (d) 16 : 125
the radius of its base is 3.5 cm and 1 cm3 of
water weights 1 g. The depth of the water is
10. A cone and a cylinder are of the same height.
Their radii of the bases are in ratio of 2 : 1. The
(a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm ratio of their volumes is
(c) 4 cm (d) 5 cm (a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 1 : 3
5. The curved surface area of a cylindrical pillar is 11. If the height and diameter of a right circular
264 m 2 and its volume is 924 m3 . The diameter cylinder are 32 cm and 6 cm respectively, then
of the pillar is the radius of the sphere whose volume is equal
(a) 3 m (b) 6 m to the volume of the cylinder is
(c) 7 m (d) 14 m (a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 8 cm
342 CDS Pathfinder

container is 32400 π cm 3 , then the height h of the

12. Two solid spheres of gold having diameters 3 cm
and 4 cm are molten and then cast into one big container satisfies which one of the following ?
sphere of gold. If the radius of this sphere is x, (a) 135 cm < h < 150 cm (b) 140 cm < h < 147 cm
then what is the value of x3 ? (c) 145 cm < h < 148 cm (d) 139 cm < h < 145 cm
(a) 125 cm 3 (b) 15.625 cm 3 21. A conical flask of base radius r and height h is
(c) 11.375 cm 3 (d) 9.875 cm 3 full of milk. The milk is now poured into a
13. The total surface area of a cone, whose slant cylindrical flask of radius 2r. What is the height
height is equal to the radius R of its base, is S. If to which the milk will rise in the flask?
h h h h
A is the area of a circle of radius 2R, then which (a) (b) (c) (d)
one of the following is correct? 3 6 9 12
(a) A = S (b) A = 2S (c) A = S/ 2 (d) A = 4S 22. The radius and height of a right circular cone
14. A cylinder having base of circumference 60 cm is are in the ratio 3 : 4 and its volume is 96 π cm 3 .
rolling without sliding at a rate of 5 rounds per What is the lateral surface area?
second. How much distance will the cylinder roll (a) 24 π cm2 (b) 36 π cm2 (c) 48 π cm2 (d) 60 π cm2
in 5 s?
23. What is the number of wax balls, each of radius
(a) 15 m (b) 1.5 m (c) 30 m (d) 3 m 1 cm, that can be molded out of a sphere of
15. 27 drops of water form a big drop of water. If the radius 8 cm?
radius of each smaller drop is 0.2 cm, then what (a) 256 (b) 512 (c) 768 (d) 1024
is the radius of the bigger drop? 24. 10 cylindrical pillars of a building have to be
(a) 0.4 cm (b) 0.6 cm (c) 0.8 cm (d) 1.0 cm painted. The diameter of each pillar is 70 cm and
16. A circus tent is made of canvas and is in the the height is 4 m. What is the cost of painting at
form of a right circular cylinder and a right the rate of ` 5 per m 2 ?
circular cone above it, the diameter and height (a) ` 400 (b) ` 440 (c) ` 480 (d) ` 500
of the cylindrical part of the tent are 126 m and 25. The radii of the circular ends of a bucket of
5 m, respectively. The total height of the tent is height 40 cm are of lengths 35 cm and 14 cm.
21 m. Then, the cost of the canvas used for tent What is the volume of the bucket?
at the rate of ` 12 per m 2 (a) 60060 cm3 (b) 70040 cm3
(a) ` 14850 (b) ` 168200 (c) ` 178200 (d) ` 112000 (c) 80080 cm3 (d) 80160 cm3
17. A solid sphere of radius 6 cm is melted into a 26. If S is the total surface area of a cube and V is its
hollow cylinder of uniform thickness. If the volume, then which one of the following is correct?
external radius of the base of the cylinder is 5 cm (a) V 3 = 216 S 2 (b) S 3 = 216 V 2
and its height is 32 cm. The uniform thickness of
(c) S 3 = 6 V 2 (d) S 2 = 36 V 3
the cylinder is
(a) 1.5 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 1.2 cm (d) 1 cm 27. A cylindrical tank 7 m in diameter, contains
18. Given a solid cylinder of radius 10 cm and length water to a depth of 4 m. What is the total area of
1000 cm a cylindrical hole is made into it to wetted surface?
obtain a cylindrical shell of uniform thickness (a) 110.5 m2 (b) 126.5 m2
(c) 131.5 m2 (d) 136.5 m2
and having volume equal to one-fourth of the
original volume of the original cylinder. The 28. The radii of two cylinders are in the ratio 2 : 3
thickness of the cylindrical shell is and their curved surface areas are in the ratio
(a) 5 ( 5 − 2 ) cm (b) 7 ( 2 − 3 ) cm 5 : 3. What is the ratio of their volumes?
(c) 10 cm (d) 5 2 cm (a) 20 : 27 (b) 10 : 9 (c) 9 : 10 (d) 27 : 20
19. A tent is of the shape of right circular cylinder 29. A cylindrical vessel of height 10 cm has base
upto a height of 3 m and then becomes a right radius 60 cm. If d is the diameter of a spherical
circular cone with a maximum height of 13.5 m vessel of equal volume, then what is the value
above the ground. The cost of painting the inner of d ?
side of the tent at the rate of ` 2 per m 2, if the (a) 30 cm (b) 60 cm (c) 90 cm (d) 120 cm
radius of the base is 14 m is
(a) ` 2048 (b) ` 2068 (c) ` 2008 (d) ` 2088
30. A hollow sphere of internal and external
diameters 4 cm and 8 cm, respectively is melted
20. A container is in the form of a right circular into a cone of base diameter 8 cm. The height of
cylinder surmounted by a hemisphere of the same the cone is
radius 15 cm as the cylinder. If the volume of the (a) 11 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 14 cm (d) 16 cm
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 343

31. If the diameter of a sphere is doubled, how does 41. A measuring jar of internal diameter 10 cm is
its surface area change? partially filled with water. Four equal spherical
(a) It increases two times (b) It increases three times balls of diameter 2 cm each are dropped in it
(c) It increases four times (d) It increases eight times and they sink down in the water completely. The
32. A cistern 6 m long and 4 m wide contains water change in the level of water in the jar is
to a depth of 1.25 m. What is the area of wetted 16 15 16
(a) cm (b) cm (c) cm (d) None of these
surface? 65 16 75
(a) 40 m2 (b) 45 m2 (c) 49 m2 (d) 73 m2 42. The height of a cone is 30 cm. A small cone is cut
off at the top by a plane parallel to the base. If
33. The outer and inner diameters of a circular pipe 1
are 6 cm and 4 cm, respectively. If its length is its volume be of the volume of the given cone,
27
10 cm, then what is the total surface area in cm 2?
then the height above the base where the section
(a) 35 π (b) 110 π is made, is
(c) 150 π (d) None of these (a) 12 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 22 cm
34. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a 43. From a wooden cylindrical block, whose diameter
hemisphere such that the diameter of the base of is equal to its height, a sphere of maximum
the cone is equal to that of the hemisphere. If possible volume is carved out. What is the ratio
the diameter of the base of the cone is 6 cm and of the volume of the utilised wood to that of the
its height is 4 cm, what is the surface area in wasted wood?
cm 2 of the toy ? (Take π = 3.14) (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
(a) 93.62 (b) 103.62 (c) 113.62 (d) 115.50 44. The base diameter of a right circular cylinder is
35. A solid cylinder of height 9 m has its curved 3 cm. There is a section making an angle of 30°
surface area equal to one-third of the total with the cross section. What is its area?
surface area. What is the radius of the base? 9π 3 3π 9π 9 3π
(a) cm2 (b) cm2 (c) cm2 (d) cm2
(a) 9 m (b) 18 m (c) 27 m (d) 30 m 4 2 8 8
45. A cone is inscribed in a hemisphere such that
36. The volume of a sphere is 8 times that of another their bases are common. If C is the volume of the
sphere. What is the ratio of their surface areas? cone and H that of the hemisphere, then what is
(a) 8 : 1 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 3 the value of C : H ?
37. The dimensions of a field are 12 m × 10 m. A pit (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 4 : 5
5 m long, 4 m wide and 2 m deep is dug in one 46. If the diameter of a wire is decreased by 10%, by
corner of the field and the Earth removed has how much per cent (approximately) will the
been evenly spread over the remaining area of length be increased to keep the volume constant?
the field. The level of the field is raised by (a) 5% (b) 17% (c) 20% (d) 23%
(a) 30 cm (b) 35 cm (c) 38 cm (d) 40 cm 47. The diameter of a solid metallic right circular
38. A cube of 9 cm edge is immersed completely in a cylinder is equal to its height. After cutting out
rectangular vessel containing water. If the the largest possible solid sphere S from this
dimensions of base are 15 cm and 12 cm. Then, cylinder, the remaining material is recast to
the rise in water level in the vessel is form a solid sphere S1. What is the ratio of the
(a) 4.05 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 3.5 cm (d) 3 cm radius of sphere S to that of sphere S1?
1 1 1 1 1 1

39. From a solid cube of edge 3 m, a solid of largest (a) 1 : 2 3 (b) 2 3 : 1 (c) 2 3 : 3 3 (d) 3 2 : 2 2
sphere is curved out. What is the volume of solid 48. A square has its side equal to the radius of a
left? sphere. The square revolves round a side to
(a) (27 − 2.25 π ) m 3 (b) (27 − 4.5 π ) m 3 generate a surface of total area S. If A is the
(c) 2.25 π m 3 (d) 4.5π m 3 surface area of the sphere, then which one of the
following is correct?
40. A rectangular tank is 80 × 40 cm3 . Water flows (a) A = 3S (b) A = 2S (c) A = S (d) A < S
into it through a pipe of cross-section area 49. A swimming pool is 24 m long and 15 m broad.
40 cm 2 at the speed of 10 km/h. The rise in the When x number of men dive into the pool, the
1 height of the water rises by 1 cm. If the average
level of water in the tank in h is
2 amount of water displaced by one man is 0.1 m3 ,
(a)
3
cm (b)
4
cm (c)
5
cm (d) 6 cm
then what is the value of x?
2 3 8 (a) 36 (b) 72 (c) 108 (d) 360
344 CDS Pathfinder

50. Water is distributed to a town of 50000 58. From a solid cylinder of height 4 cm and radius
inhabitants from a rectangular reservoir consisting 3 cm, a conical cavity of height 4 cm and of base
of 3 equal compartments. Each compartment has radius 3 cm is hollowed out. What is the total
length and breadth 200 m, 100 m, respectively surface area of the remaining solid?
and 12 m depth of water in the beginning. The (a) 15π cm2 (b) 22 π cm2 (c) 33π cm2 (d) 48π cm2
allowance is 20 L per head per day. For how
many days will the supply of water hold out? 59. The curved surface of a cylinder is 1000 cm 2. A
wire of diameter 5 mm is wound around it, so as
(a) 240 days (b) 720 days (c) 800 days (d) 900 days
to cover it completely. What is the length of the
51. A right circular cylinder and a right circular wire used?
cone have equal bases and equal volumes. But (a) 22 m (b) 20 m
the lateral surface area of the right circular cone (c) 18 m (d) None of these
is 15/8 times the lateral surface area of the right
circular cylinder. What is the ratio of radius to 60. In order to fix an electric pole along a roadside, a
height of the cylinder? pit with dimensions 50 cm × 50 cm is dug with
the help of a spade. The pit is prepared by
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 9 : 4 (c) 15 : 8 (d) 8 : 15
removing Earth by 250 strokes of spade. If one
52. The volume of a cuboid whose sides are in the stroke of spade removes 500 cm3 of Earth, then
ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 is same as that of a cube. What what is the depth of the pit?
is the ratio of length of diagonal of cuboid to that (a) 2 m (b) 1 m (c) 0.75 m (d) 0.5 m
of cube?
(a) 1.25 (b) 175
. (c) 2 (d) 3. 5
61. A figure is formed by revolving a rectangular
sheet of dimensions 7 cm × 4 cm about its length.
53. A field is 125 m long and 15 m wide. A tank What is the volume of the figure thus formed?
10 m × 7.5 m × 6 m was dug in it and the Earth, (a) 352 cm3 (b) 296 cm3
thus dug out was spread equally on the (c) 176 cm3 (d) 616 cm3
remaining field. The level of the field thus raised
is equal to which one of the following? 62. The diagonals of the three faces of a cuboid are
(a) 15 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 25 cm (d) 30 cm x , y , z , respectively. What is the volume of the
cuboid?
54. If C1 is a right circular cone with base radius r1 cm x yz
(a)
and height h1 cm and C2 is a right circular 2 2
cylinder with base radius r2 cm and height h2 cm
( y2 + z2 ) ( z2 + x2 ) (x2 + y2 )
and if r1 : r2 = 1 : n (where n is a positive integer) (b)
and their volumes are equal, then which one of 2 2
the following is correct? ( y + z − x2 ) ( z2 + x2 − y2 ) (x2 + y2 − z2 )
2 2
(c)
(a) h1 = 3nh2 (b) h1 = 3n h2 2 2 2
(d) None of the above
(c) h1 = 3h2 (d) h1 = n h22

63. The volume of a cone is equal to that of a sphere.

55. A right circular cone is cut by a plane parallel to If the diameter of base of cone is equal to the
its base in such a way that the slant heights of diameter of the sphere, what is the ratio of
the original and the smaller cone thus obtained height of cone to the diameter of the sphere?
are in the ratio 2 : 1. If V1 and V 2 are respectively
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
the volumes of the original cone and of the new
cone, then what is V1 : V 2? 64. The length, breadth and height of a rectangular
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 8 : 1
parallelopiped are in ratio 6 : 3 : 1. If the surface
area of a cube is equal to the surface area of this
56. The surface area of a sphere is 616 cm 2. If its parallelopiped, then what is the ratio of the
radius is changed so that the area gets reduced volume of the cube to the volume of the
by 75%, then the radius becomes parallelopiped?
(a) 1.6 cm (b) 2.3 cm (c) 2.5 cm (d) 3.5 cm (a) 1 : 1 (b) 5 : 4 (c) 7 : 5 (d) 3 : 2
57. A sphere is inscribed in a cubical box such that 65. A hollow hemisphere is made of a sheet of a
the sphere is tangent to all six faces of the box. metal 1 cm thick. If the outer radius is 5 cm.
What is the ratio of the volume of the cubical box What is the weight of the hemisphere (1 cm3 of
to the volume of sphere? the metal weight 9 g)?
4π 6
(a) 6π (b) 36π (c) (d) (a) 54 π g (b) 366 π g (c) 122 π g (d) 108 π g
3 π
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 345

II. Square of volume of a spherical body is directly

66. Half of a large cylindrical tank open at the top is proportional to cube of its surface area.
filled with water and identical heavy spherical
III. A sphere occupies the biggest space but has the
balls are to be dropped into the tank without
smallest surface area.
spilling water out. If the radius and the height of
the tank are equal and each is four times the Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
radius of a ball, what is the maximum number of (a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these
balls that can be dropped? 73. Consider the following statements:
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 48 I. The curved surface area of a right circular cone
67. A cylinder is circumscribed about a hemisphere of base radius r and height h is given by
and a cone is inscribed in the cylinder so as to πr ( h 2 + r 2 ).
have its vertex at the centre of one end, and the II. The right circular cone of base radius r and
other end as its base. The volume of the cylinder, height h when cut opened along the slant height,
hemisphere and the cone are respectively in the forms a rectangle of length πr and breadth
ratio
h2 + r2 .
(a) 2 : 3 : 2 (b) 3 : 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 2 : 3
III. If a right circular cone is cut off by a plane
68. A conical cavity is drilled in a circular cylinder of parallel to the base of the cone, then its curved
height 15 cm and base radius 8 cm. The height πh
surface area is [R2 + r 2 + Rr ].
and the base radius of the cone are also same. 3
Then the whole surface area of the remaining IV. If a right triangle is being revolved about one of
solid is its edges. The surface generated by the hypotenuse
(a) 440 π cm 2 (b) 240 π cm 2 (c) 640 π cm 2 (d) 960 π cm 2 is the lateral surface of the right circular cone.
69. Smaller lead shots are to be prepared by Which of the above statement(s) are correct?
using the material of a spherical lead shot of (a) I and II (b) I, II and III (c) I, III and IV (d) All of these
radius 1 cm. Same possibilities are listed in the
Directions (Q. Nos. 74-76) Read the following
statements given below
information carefully and answer the given
I. The material is just sufficient to prepare 8 shots
questions that follow.
each of radius 0.5 cm.
A cone of height 10 cm and radius 5 cm is divided into
II. A shot of radius 0.75 cm and a second shot of two parts by drawing a plane through the mid-point of its
radius 0.8 cm can be prepared from the available axis, parallel to its base.
material.
Which of the above statement is/are correct? 74. What is the ratio of the volume of the original
(a) Only I (b) Only II cone to the volume of the frustum left?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 4 7 8 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 8 7 8
70. Consider the following statements:
I. The volume of a cuboid is the product of the 75. What is the area of the top circle of the frustum
lengths of its coterminous edges. in square centimetre?
II. The surface area of a cuboid is twice the sum of 5π 25 π
(a) 25π (b) (c) (d) None of these
the products of lengths of its coterminous edges 4 4
taken two at a time. 76. What is the ratio of the curved surface area of
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? the original cone and the curved surface area of
(a) Only I (b) Only II the frustum?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) 3 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 4: 3
71. Consider the following statements :
The length of a side of a cube is 1 cm. Which of Directions (Q. Nos. 77-79) Read the following
the following can be the distance between any information carefully and answer the given
two vertices? questions that follow.
I. 1 cm II. 2 cm III. 3 cm Let C be a right circular cone. It is given that the two
Select the correct answer using the code given ends of a frustum of C are of radii 3 cm and 6 cm and the
below. height of the frustum is 9 cm.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) All of these
77. What is the slant height of the given frustum?
72. Consider the following statements. (a) 3 10 cm (b) 6 10 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm
I. When eight drops of water combine to form a
single drop, the surface area of all the eight drops 78. What is the height of the cone?
is greater than the surface area of big drop. (a) 9 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 13.5 cm (d) 18 cm
346 CDS Pathfinder

79. What is the total surface area of the given frustum? 89. What is the volume of the frustum? e 2012 II
(a) 9 π (2 10 + 5) cm2 (b) 9 π (3 10 + 5) cm2 (a) 3H(P + Q + PQ ) (b) H(P + Q + PQ )
(c) 9 π (3 10 + 4) cm2 (d) 27 π ( 10 + 1) cm2 (c) H(P + Q + PQ ) / 3 (d) H(P + Q − PQ ) / 3
90. Let the largest possible right circular cone and
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS largest possible sphere be fitted into two cubes of
same length. If C and S denote the volume of
80. What will be the cost to plaster the inner surface cone and volume of sphere, respectively. Then,
of a well 14 m deep and 4 m in diameter at the which one of the following is correct? e 2012 II
rate of ` 25 per m 2? e 2012 I
(a) C = 2 S (b) S = 2 C (c) C = S (d) C = 3S
(a) ` 4000 (b) ` 4200 (c) ` 4400 (d) ` 5400
91. 10 circular plates each of thickness 3 cm, are
81. What is the length of the uniform wire of placed one above the other and a hemisphere of
diameter 0.4 cm that can be drawn from a solid radius 6 cm is placed on the top just to cover the
sphere of radius 9 cm? e 2012 I
cylindrical solid. What is the volume of the solid
(a) 243 m (b) 240 m (c) 60.75 m (d) 60 m so formed? e 2012 II
82. The total surface area of a cube is 150 cm 2. What (a) 264 π cm 3 (b) 252π cm 3
is its volume? e 2012 I (c) 236 π cm 3 (d) None of these
(a) 64 cm3 (b) 81 cm3 (c) 125 cm3 (d) 160 cm3 92. A right circular metal cone (solid) is 8 cm high and
83. If the volume of a cube is 729 cm3 , then what is the radius is 2 cm. It is melted and recast into a
the length of its diagonal? e 2012 I sphere. What is the radius of the sphere? e 2012 II
(a) 9 2 cm (b) 9 3 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 18 3 cm (a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 5 cm

84. The curved surface area of a right circular cone 93. The volume of a cube is numerically equal to
of radius 14 cm is 440 cm 2. What is the slant sum of its edges. What is the total surface area?
height of the cone? e 2012 I (a) 12 sq units (b) 36 sq units e 2012 II

(a) 10 cm (b) 11cm (c) 12 cm (d) 13 cm (c) 72 sq units (d) 144 sq units

85. A large solid metallic cylinder whose radius and 94. The diameter of base of a right circular cone is
height are equal to each other is to be melted and 7 cm and slant height is 10 cm, then what is its
48 identical solid balls are to be recast from the lateral surface area? e 2012 II
liquid metal, so formed. What is the ratio of the (a) 110 cm 2 (b) 100 cm 2 (c) 70 cm 2 (d) 49 cm 2
radius of a ball to the radius of the cylinder? 95. What is the height of a solid cylinder of radius
(a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 12 e 2012 I 5 cm and total surface area is 660 cm 2? e 2012 II
(c) 1 : 8 (d) 1 : 4 (a) 10 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 16 cm
86. What are the dimensions (length, breadth and
height, respectively) of a cuboid with volume
96. If the ratio of the diameters of two spheres is
3 : 5, then what is the ratio of their surface areas?
720 cm3 , surface area 484 cm 2 and the area of
e 2012 II
the base 72 cm 2? e 2012 I
(a) 9 : 25 (b) 9 : 10 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 27 : 125
(a) 9, 8 and 10 cm (b) 12, 6 and 10 cm
(c) 18, 4 and 10 cm (d) 30, 2 and 12 cm 97. What is the volume of the largest sphere that can
87. If the surface area of a sphere is 616 cm 2, then be curved out of a cube of edge 3 cm? e 2012 II

what is its volume? e 2012 I (a) 9π cm 3 (b) 6π cm 3 (c) 4.5 π cm 3 (d) 3π cm 3

(a) 4312/3 cm 3 (b) 4102/3 cm3 98. What is the quantity of cloth required to roll
(c) 1257 cm 3 (d) 1023 cm3 up to form a right circular tent whose base is of
radius 12 m and height 5 m? e 2013 I
Directions (Q.Nos. 88-89) Read the following
(a) 40π m 2 (b) 60π m 2 (c) 78π m 2 (d) 156π m 2
information carefully and answer the given
questions that follow. 99. The volume of the material of a hemispherical
The areas of the ends of a frustum of a cone are P and Q, shell with outer and inner radii 9 cm and 7 cm,
where P < Q and H is its thickness. respectively is approximately e 2013 I
88. What is the difference in radii of the ends of the (a) 808 cm 3 (b) 800 cm 3 (c) 816 cm 3 (d) 824 cm 3
frustum? e 2012 II
100. The ratio of surface area to diameter of a sphere
Q− P Q− P
(a) (b) whose volume is 36π cm3 , is e 2013 I
π π
(a) 3π (b) 6π (c) 6 (d) None of these
(c) Q − P (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 347

101. A cylindrical tube open at both ends is made of 111. If x is the curved surface area and y is the
metal. The internal diameter of the tube is 6 cm volume of a right circular cylinder, then which
and length of the tube is 10 cm. If the thickness one of the following is correct? e 2014 I
of the metal used is 1 cm, then the outer curved (a) Only the ratio of the height to radius of the cylinder
surface area of the tube is e 2013 I is independent of x
(a) 140π cm 2 (b) 146.5 π cm 2 (b) Only the ratio of height to radius of the cylinder is
(c) 70π cm 2 (d) None of these independent of y
(c) Either (a) or (b)
102. From a solid wooden right circular cylinder, a (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
right circular cone whose radius and height are
same as the radius and height of the cylinder, 112. A cylinder is surmounted by a cone at one end, a
respectively is carved out. What is the ratio of hemisphere at the other end. The common radius
the volume of the utilised wood to that of the is 3.5 cm, the height of the cylinder is 6.5 cm
wasted wood? e 2013 I and the total height of the structure is 12.8 cm.
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 3 The volume V of the structure lies between
e 2014 I
103. If the heights and the areas of the base of a right (a) 370 cm 3 and 380 cm 3 (b) 380 cm 3 and 390 cm 3
circular cone and a pyramid with square base (c) 390 cm 3 and 400 cm 3 (d) None of these
are the same, then they have e 2013 I
(a) same volume and same surface area 113. The diameter of the base of a cone is 6 cm and
(b) same surface area but different volumes its altitude is 4 cm. What is the approximate
(c) same volume but different surface areas curved surface area of the cone? e 2014 I

(d) different volumes and different surface areas (a) 45 cm 2 (b) 47 cm 2 (c) 49 cm 2 (d) 51 cm 2

104. The volume of a right circular cone of height 114. A drainage tile is a cylindrical shell 21 cm long.
3 cm and slant height 5 cm is e 2013 I The inside and outside diameters are 4.5 cm and
(a) 49.3 cm 3
(b) 50.3 cm 3 5.1 cm, respectively. What is the volume of the
clay required for the tile? e 2014 I
(c) 52 cm 3 (d) 53 cm 3
(a) 6.96 π cm 3 (b) 6.76π cm 3
105. A bucket is of a height 25 cm. Its top and bottom (c) 5.76 π cm 3 (d) None of these
radii are 20 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Its
capacity (in L) is e 2013 I
115. A cube has each edge 2 cm and a cuboid is 1 cm
long, 2 cm wide and 3 cm high. The paint in a
(a) 17.5 π 3 (b) 17.5 π (c) 20 π (d) 25 π
certain container is sufficient to paint an area
106. The height of a cylinder is 15 cm. The lateral equal to 54 cm 2. e 2014 I
surface area is 660 cm 2. Its volume is e 2013 II
Which one of the following is correct?
(a) 1155 cm 3 (b) 1215 cm 3 (c) 1230 cm 3 (d) 2310 cm 3 (a) Both cube and cuboid can be painted
107. The diameter of the Moon is approximately (b) Only cube can be painted
one-fourth of the diameter of the Earth. What is (c) Only cuboid can be painted
the ratio (approximate) of their volumes? e 2013 II (d) Neither cube nor cuboid can be painted
(a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 64 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 128
116. A cone of radius r cm and height h cm is divided
108. A conical cap has the base diameter 24 cm and into two parts by drawing a plane through the
height 16 cm. What is the cost of painting the middle point of its height and parallel to the base.
surface of the cap at the rate of 70 paise What is the ratio of the volume of the original
per cm 2? e 2013 II cone to the volume of the smaller cone? e 2014 I
(a) ` 520 (b) ` 524 (c) ` 528 (d) ` 532 (a) 4 : 1 (b) 8 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 6 : 1

109. What is the whole surface area of a cone of base 117. If 64 identical small spheres are made out of big
radius 7 cm and height 24 cm? e 2013 II sphere of diameter 8 cm, then what is surface
(a) 654 cm 2
(b) 704 cm 2
(c) 724 cm 2
(d) 964 cm 2 area of each small sphere? e 2014 I
(a) π cm 2 (b) 2 π cm 2 (c) 4π cm 2 (d) 8π cm 2
110. A tent is in the form of a right circular cylinder
surmounted by a cone. The diameter of the 118. The dimensions of a field are 15 m by 12 m. A
cylinder is 24 m. The height of the cylindrical pit 8 m long, 2.5 m wide and 2 m deep is dug in
portion is 11 m, while the vertex of the cone is one corner of the field and the earth removed is
16 m above the ground. What is the area of the evenly spread over the remaining area of the
curved surface for conical portion? e 2013 II field. The level of the field is raised by e 2014 I
(a) 3434/9 m 2 (b) 3431/8 m 2 200
(a) 15 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 25 cm (d) cm
(c) 3432/7 m 2 (d) 3234/7 m 2 9
348 CDS Pathfinder

119. What is the diameter of the largest circle lying on 129. Consider the following statements in respect of
the surface of a sphere of surface area 616 cm 2? four spheres A, B, C and D having respective
e 2014 I
radii 6, 8, 10 and 12 cm.
(a) 14 cm (b) 10.5 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 3.5 cm
I. The surface area of sphere C is equal to the sum
120. The volume of a hollow cube is 216x3 . What is of surface areas of spheres A and B.
the surface area of the largest sphere which can
II. The volume of sphere D is equal to the sum of
be enclosed in it? e 2014 I
(a) 18 π x2 (b) 27 π x2 (c) 36 π x2 (d) 72 π x2 volumes of spheres A, B and C. e 2014 II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
Directions (Q. Nos. 121-122) Read the following
information carefully and answer the given (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
questions that follow. 130. The diameter of a metallic sphere is 6 cm. The
A right angled triangle having hypotenuse 25 cm and sphere is melted and drawn into a wire of uniform
legs in the ratio 3 : 4 is made to revolve about its circular cross-section. If the length of the wire is
hypotenuse. (π = 3.14) 36 m, then what is its radius? e 2014 II
(a) 0.1 cm (b) 0.01 cm (c) 0.001 cm (d) 1.0 cm
121. What is the volume of the double cone so
formed? e 2014 II 131. What is the maximum distance between two
(a) 3124 cm 3
(b) 3424 cm 3
(c) 3768 cm 3
(d) 3924 cm 3 points of a cube of side 2 cm? e 2014 II
(a) 3 cm (b) 2 3 cm (c) 4 3 cm (d) 2 2 cm
122. What is the surface area of the double cone so
formed? e 2014 II
132. The total outer surface area of a right circular
2 2 2 2 cone of height 24 cm with a hemisphere of radius
(a) 1101.2 cm (b) 11114
. cm (c) 1310.4 cm (d) 1318.8 cm
7 cm upon its base is e 2015 I

123. If the side of a cube is increased by 100%, then (a) 327 π cm 2 (b) 307 π cm 2
by what percentage is the surface area of the (c) 293 π cm 2 (d) 273 π cm 2
cube increased? e 2014 II
(a) 150% (b) 200% (c) 300% (d) 400%
133. A sphere and a cube have same surface area.
The ratio of square of their volumes is e 2015 I
124. A cylinder circumscribes a sphere. What is the (a) 6 : π (b) 5 : π (c) 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 1
ratio of volume of the sphere to that of the
cylinder? e 2014 II
134. The radius of a sphere is equal to the radius of
the base of a right circular cone, and the volume
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 3 : 2
of the sphere is double the volume of the cone.
Directions (Q. Nos. 125-126) Read the following The ratio of the height of the cone to the radius
information carefully and answer the given of its base is e 2015 I

questions that follow. (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2

A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on the 135. If the radius of a sphere is increased by 10%,
hemisphere with the same radius. The diameter of the then the volume will be increased by e 2015 I
base of the conical portion is 12 cm and its height is 8 cm. (a) 33.1% (b) 30% (c) 50% (d) 10%
125. What is the total surface area of the toy? e 2014 II 136. If three metallic spheres of radii 6 cm, 8 cm and
(a) 132 π cm2 (b) 112 π cm2 (c) 96 π cm2 (d) 66 π cm2 10 cm are melted to form a single sphere, then
the diameter of the new sphere will be e 2015 I
126. What is the volume of the toy? e 2014 II (a) 12 cm (b) 24 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 36 cm
(a) 180 π cm3 (b) 240 π cm3 (c) 300 π cm3 (d) 320 π cm3
137. If the height of a right circular cone is increased
127. The areas of the three adjacent faces of a by 200% and the radius of the base is reduced by
cuboidal box are x, 4x and 9x sq unit. What is the 50%, then the volume of the cone e 2015 I
volume of the box? e 2014 II (a) remains unaltered (b) decreases by 25%
(a) 6x2 cu units (b) 6x3 / 2 cu units (c) increases by 25% (d) increases by 50%
(c) 3x3 / 2 cu units (d) 2 x3 / 2 cu units
138. A rectangular paper of 44 cm long and 6 cm wide
128. What is the number of pairs of perpendicular is rolled to form a cylinder of height equal to
planes in a cuboid? e 2014 II width of the paper. The radius of the base of the
(a) 4 (b) 8 cylinder so rolled is e 2015 I
(c) 12 (d) None of these (a) 3.5 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 14 cm
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 349

139. The diagonals of three faces of a cuboid are 13, 149. 30 metallic cylinders of same size are melted and
281 and 20 linear units. Then, the total surface cast in the form of cones having the same radius
area of the cuboid is e 2015 I and height as those of the cylinders.
(a) 650 sq units (b) 658 sq units Consider the following statements
(c) 664 sq units (d) 672 sq units I. A maximum of 90 cones will be obtained.
140. A cylindrical vessel of radius 4 cm contains II. The curved surface of the cylinder can be
water. A solid sphere of radius 3 cm is lowered flattened in the shape of a rectangle but the
into the water until it is completely immersed. curved surface of the cone when flattened has
The water level in the vessel will rise by e 2015 I the shape of triangle.
(a) 1.5 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 2.25 cm (d) 4.5 cm Which one of the following statement(s) is/are
141. A rectangular block of wood having dimensions correct in respect of the above? e 2015 II
3m × 2m × 1.75 m has to be painted on all its (a) Both statement I and statement II are correct and
faces. The layer of paint must be 01
. mm thick. statement II is the correct explanation of statement I
Paint comes in cubical boxes having their edges (b) Both statement I and statement II are correct and
equal to 10 cm. The minimum number of boxes statement II is not the correct explanation of
of paint to be purchased is e 2015 I
statement I
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2 (c) statement I is correct but statement II is not correct
(d) statement I is not correct but statement II is correct
142. If the surface area of a cube is 13254 cm 2, then
the length of its diagonal is e 2015 II 150. Water is filled in a container in such a manner
(a) 44 2 cm (b) 44 3 cm (c) 47 2 cm (d) 47 3 cm that its volume doubles every 5 min. If it takes
143. A water tank, open at the top, is hemispherical 30 min for the container to be full, in how much
at the bottom and cylindrical above it. The time will it be one-fourth full ? e 2015 II

radius is 12 m and the capacity is 3312 π m3 . (a) 7.5 min (b) 15 min (c) 20 min (d) 17.5 min
The ratio of the surface areas of the spherical 151. Consider the following statements:
and cylindrical portions, is e 2015 II I. If the height of a cylinder is doubled, the area of
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 4 : 5 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 6 : 5 the curved surface is doubled.
144. A large water tank has the shape of a cube. If II. If the radius of a hemispherical solid is doubled,
128 m3 of water is pumped out, the water level its total surface area becomes fourfold.
goes down by 2m. Then, the maximum capacity Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
of the tank is e 2015 II correct? e 2015 II

(a) 512 m 3 (b) 480 m 3 (c) 324 m 3 (d) 256 m 3 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
145. The areas of three mutually perpendicular faces
of a cuboid are x, y, z. If V is the volume, then 152. From the solid gold in the form of a cube of side
xyz is equal to e 2015 II length 1 cm, spherical solid balls each having
(a) V (b) V 2
(c) 2V (d) 2 V 2 the surface area π1/ 3 cm 2 are to be made.
Assuming that there is no loss of the material in
146. How many right angled triangles can be formed process of making the balls, the maximum
by joining the vertices of a cuboid? e 2015 II
(a) 24 (b) 28 (c) 32 (d) None of these
number of balls made will be e 2015 II
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 9
147. Three rectangles R1, R2 and R3 have the same
area. Their lengths x1, x2 and x3 respectively are 153. A hollow cylindrical drum has internal diameter
such that x1 < x2 < x3 . If V1, V 2 and V3 are the of 30 cm and a height of 1 m. What is the
volumes of the cylinders formed from the maximum number of cylindrical boxes of
rectangles R1, R2 and R3 respectively by joining diameter 10 cm and height 10 cm each that can
the parallel sides along the breadth, then which be packed in the drum? e 2015 II
one of the following is correct? e 2015 II (a) 60 (b) 70 (c) 80 (d) 90
(a) V3 < V2 < V1 (b) V1 < V3 < V2 154. A pipe with square cross-section is supplying
(c) V1 < V2 < V3 (d) V3 < V1 < V2 water to a cistern which was initially empty. The
148. Let V be the volume of an inverted cone with vertex area of cross-section is 4 cm 2 and the nozzle
at origin and the axis of the cone is along positive velocity of water is 40m/s. The dimensions of the
Y-axis. The cone is filled with water up to half of cistern 10 m × 8m × 6m. Then, the cistern will be
its height. The volume of water is e 2015 II full in e 2015 II
V V V V (a) 9.5 h (b) 9 h
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 6 3 2 (c) 8 h and 20 min (d) 8 h
350 CDS Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 b 4 c 5 d 6 b 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 c
11 c 12 c 13 b 14 a 15 b 16 c 17 d 18 a 19 b 20 a
21 d 22 d 23 b 24 b 25 c 26 b 27 b 28 b 29 b 30 c
31 c 32 c 33 b 34 b 35 b 36 b 37 d 38 a 39 b 40 c
41 c 42 c 43 a 44 b 45 a 46 d 47 b 48 c 49 a 50 b
51 b 52 b 53 c 54 b 55 d 56 d 57 d 58 d 59 b 60 d
61 a 62 c 63 a 64 d 65 b 66 b 67 b 68 a 69 c 70 c
71 d 72 d 73 c 74 c 75 c 76 d 77 a 78 d 79 b 80 c
81 a 82 c 83 b 84 a 85 d 86 a 87 a 88 a 89 c 90 b
91 d 92 a 93 c 94 a 95 d 96 a 97 c 98 d 99 a 100 b
101 d 102 a 103 c 104 b 105 a 106 d 107 b 108 c 109 b 110 c
111 d 112 a 113 b 114 d 115 a 116 b 117 c 118 c 119 a 120 c
121 c 122 d 123 c 124 a 125 a 126 b 127 b 128 c 129 c 130 a
131 b 132 d 133 a 134 a 135 a 136 b 137 b 138 c 139 c 140 c
141 c 142 d 143 b 144 a 145 b 146 a 147 a 148 a 149 b 150 c
151 c 152 c 153 d 154 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (c) Let ‘a’ be the edge of three equal 3. (b) Given, diameter of the base of the 6. (b) Given, r = 7 m, h = 24 m
cubes. Surface area of a single cube cylinder = 21 cm Slant height of cone,
= 6 (Side)2 = 6 a 2 21
∴ Radius = cm = r 2 + h2 = 242 + 72
∴ Sum of the surface areas of the three 2
cubes is = 3 ( 6a 2 ) = 18a 2 = 576 + 49 = 625 = 25 m
As, curved surface area = 2 πrh = 1320
Length of resulting cuboid = 3a
22 21 Curved surface area = πrl
Breadth of resulting cuboid = a ⇒ 2× × × h = 1320
22
Height of resulting cuboid = a 7 2 = × 7 × 25 = 550 m 2
1320 7
∴ Total surface area of cuboid ∴ h= = 20 cm
= 2 ( lb + bh + hl ) 22 × 3 Width of cloth = 50 m
= 2 (3a 2 + a 2 + 3a 2 ) = 14a 2 3
4. (c) 1 cm of water weighs 1 g. Length required =
550
= 11 m
14a 2 7 50
Required ratio = = , i.e. 7 : 9 QVolume of 154 g of water = 154 cm 3
18a 2 9 7. (c) Let radius and height of a
2. (b) Here, x = 12, ∴ Volume of cylinder = πr 2 h = 154 cm 3
right circular cone be 5x and 12x
According to the formula, percentage 22
⇒ (3.5)2 × h = 154 respectively.
increase in volume 7
 3
 ∴ r = 5x and h = 12x
=   1 +
x  77h
 − 1 × 100% ⇒ = 154
  100   2
1
Volume of cone = πr 2 h = 2512
154 × 2 3
 3
 ⇒ h= = 4 cm
=   1 +
12 
 − 1 × 100% 77 ⇒
1
× 3.14 × (5x)2 × 12x = 2512
  100   3
 3
 5. (d) Here, 2 πrh = 264 m 2 2512
3 ⇒ x3 = =8
=  1 +  − 1 × 100% and πr 2 h = 924 m 3 [given]
 25  314

πr 2 h 924 ⇒ x=2
 28 3
 ∴ =
=    − 1 × 100% 2 πrh 264
∴ Radius = 10 cm, height = 24 cm
  25   r 7
⇒ = ⇒r = 7m ∴ Slant height,
=  21952 
− 1 × 100% =[ 1.405 − 1]× 100% 2 2
 15625  l = r 2 + h2 = 102 + 242
∴ Diameter of pillar
= 0.405 × 100% = 40.5% = r × 2 = 7 × 2 = 14 m = 676 = 26 cm
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 351

8. (a) Let r and H be the radius and height 15. (b) Let the radius of big drop and small 18. (c) Volume of original cylinder
of the cone respectively. drop be R and r respectively. = [ π × ( 10)2 × 1000] cm 3
1 By given condition, Volume of shell
∴ Original volume = πr 2 h = V 1
3 27 × Volume of smaller drops = Volume = × π × 100000 = 25000 π cm 3
New radius = r and new height = 2h of bigger drop 4
1 4 4 Let r be the radius of shell, then
New volume = πr 2 × 2h = 2V ∴ 27 × πr 3 = πR 3
3 3 3 πr 2 h = 25000 π
∴ Increase in volume = 2V − V = V 25000 π
⇒ 27 × (0.2) 3 = R 3 [Q r = 0.2 cm ] ⇒ r2 = = 25
Increase percentage of volume π × 1000
⇒ (3 × 0.2) 3 = R 3 ⇒ R = 0.6 cm ⇒ r = 5 cm
=  × 100 % = 100%
V
126 Now, thickness = 2r = 2 × 5 = 10 cm
V  16. (c) Common radius = = 63 m
2 ⇒ R2 = 100 + 25 = 125
9. (c) Ratio of surface area Curved surface area of cylindrical part ⇒ R = 125
2
4 πr 2 ∴ Thickness of cylindrical shell
=   =   ⇒
4 2 r 2 = 2 πrh
= =
4 πR2  25   5  R 5 = R − 10 = 125 − 10
Now, ratio of volumes = 5 5 − 5 × 2 = 5 ( 5 − 2) cm
4 3 16 C
πr 3 3 D 19. (b) Curved surface area of cylinder
=   =   =
3 r 2 8 21 m
= 22
4  R 5 125 =2× × 14 × 3 = 264 m 2
πR3 5 7
3
10.5 m
= 8 : 125 A B
63 m
10. (c) Let radius of cylinder = x and radius D C
22 13.5 cm
of cone = 2x = 2× × 63 × 5 = 1980 m 2
7 3m
Height of each = h Height of cone = 21 − 5 = 16 m
Volume of cone
∴ Required ratio = Curved surface area of conical part = πrl A B
Volume of cylinder
22 14 m
1 = × 63 × ( 63)2 + ( 16)2
π 4x 2 h 7 Height of cone = 13.5 − 3 = 10.5 m
3 4
= = = 4:3 22 Slant height of cone
πx 2 h 3 = × 63 × 3969 + 256
7 = (10.5)2 + (14)2 = 110.25 + 196
11. (c) Volume of sphere = Volume of cylinder 22
4 = × 63 × 65 = 12870 m 2 = 306.65 = 17. 5 m
∴ πR 3 = π × 3 × 3 × 32 7
3 Curved surface area of cone = πrl
⇒ R3 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 8 ⇒ R = 6 cm Q Total surface area 22
= × 14 × 17.5 = 770 m 2
3 = 1980 + 12870 = 14850 m 2 7
4 3
12. (c) Volume of first sphere = π  ∴ Total cost of canvas used Total area to be painted
3  2
4 = 14850 × 12 = ` 178200 = 264 + 770 = 1034 m 2
and volume of second sphere = π ( 2) 3
3 17. (d) Given, radius of cylinder = 6 cm ∴Cost of painting = 1034 × 2 = ` 2068
∴ Volume of big sphere Volume of sphere
20. (a) Let height of the cylinder be H.
4  3 
3
= π   + ( 2) 3  [by condition]
4 4 22
= πr 3 = × ×6×6×6 By given condition,
3  2   3 3 7
4 3 4  27 88 × 2 × 36 Volume of hemisphere + Volume of
⇒ πx = π  + 8 = cm 3
cylinder = Volume of container
3 3 8  7
2 3
Let r be its internal radius, R be its ∴ πr + πr 2 H = 32400 π
x3 = 91/ 8 = 11.375 cm 3 3
external radius, then material used to
13. (b) Given, l = R cast the cylinder
15 cm
22
Q Total surface area of cone, = πh ( R2 − r 2 ) = × 32 ( 25 − r 2 )
S = π R ( R + l ) = π R ( R + R) = 2 π R 2 7 D C
22
∴ Area of circle, A = π ( 2R) = 4 πR
2 2
Hence, × 32 × ( 25 − r 2 )
7
⇒ A = 2S
88 × 2 × 36 H
14. (a) In one round, distance covered by =
7
cylinder = 60 cm
88 × 2 × 36 × 7
In one second, distance covered by ⇒ ( 25 − r 2 ) = =9 A
22 × 32 × 7 B
cylinder = 60 × 5 = 300 cm 15 cm
⇒ r = 25 − 9 = 16 ⇒ r = 4 cm
2
2
In five seconds, distance covered by ⇒ π × 3375 + π × 225 H = 32400 π
cylinder = 300 × 5 = 1500 cm = 15 m Thickness of cylinder 3
= R − r = 5 − 4 = 1 cm ⇒ 2 π × 1125 + π × 225 H = 32400 π
352 CDS Pathfinder

On dividing both sides by 225 π, we get 25. (c) Given, Outer radius of hollow sphere
⇒ 10 + H = 144 ⇒ H = 134 cm R = 35 cm , r = 14 cm and h = 40 cm 8
( R) = = 4 cm
∴ Height of container ∴ Volume of the bucket 2
πh 2 Volume of metal of the sphere
= 15 + 134 = 149 cm = ( R + r 2 + Rr )
3 4 4 4
= πR 3 − πr 3 = π ( 4 3 − 2 3 )
21. (d) Since, milk is in a conical flask whose 22 × 40 3 3 3
base radius and height are r and h , = (352 + 142 + 35 × 14)
7×3 4
respectively. = π × 56 cm 3
1 880 3
∴ Volume of milk = πr 2 h = ( 1225 + 196 + 490)
21 8
3 Radius of base of cone ( x) = = 4 cm
Now, this milk is poured into a 880 2
= × 1911 = 80080 cm 3
cylindrical flask whose base radius is 2r. 21 1 2 4
∴ π 4 h = π × 56 [by condition]
Let H be the height of cylindrical flask. 3 3
26. (b) Let side of a cube be a unit.
∴ Volume of milk 4
∴ Volume of cube, V = a 3 × 56 × 3
= Volume of cylindrical flask and total surface area of cube, S = 6 ( a )2 ⇒ h= 3 = 14 cm
16
1 2 S 3 = 63 ( a 6 ) = 216 V 2
⇒ πr h = π ( 2r )2 H Hence, the height of cone is 14 cm.
3
27. (b) Total area of wetted surface
1 2 h 31. (c) Surface area of sphere, S = 4 πr 2
⇒ πr h = 4 πr 2 H ⇒ H = = Curved surface area of cylinder + Area 1
3 12 If radius is 2r, then surface area of
of base of cylinder
22. (d) Let radius and height of a cone be r sphere,
= 2 πrh + πr 2
and h. S = 4 π ( 2r )2 = 16 πr 2
r 3 4r = π [2 × 3. 5 × 4 + (3.5)2 ] 2
Q = ⇒h= …(i) 22 22 ∴ S = 4S
2 1
h 4 3 = (28 + 12. 25 ) = × 40.25 Hence, it increases four times.
1 7 7
Volume of cone = πr 2 h
3 = 126 .5 m 2 32. (c) Given, l = 6 m, b = 4 m
∴
1
96 π = π × r 2 ×
4r 28. (b) Let height h , radius r , area S and h = 1. 25 m
1 1 1
3 3 Area of wetted surface
and volume V of first cylinder.
1
[from Eq. (i)] = 2 ( l × h + b × h) + l × b
96 × 3 × 3 Similarly, height h , radius r , area S
⇒ r3 = = 216 2 2
and volume V of second cylinder.
2 = 2 ( 75. + 5) + 24
4 2 r = 25 + 24 = 49 m 2
2
⇒ r = 6 cm and h = 8 cm By given condition, 1 = …(i)
r 3 33. (b) Given, R = 3 cm, r = 2 cm, h = 10 cm
2
∴ Lateral surface area = πrl 2π r h Total surface area
S
[Q l 2 = r 2 + h 2 ] ∴ 1 = 5 ⇒ 1 1
=
5
S 3 2 πr h 3 = 2 π ( R + r) ( R + h − r)
= πr r 2 + h 2 2 2 2
h h = 2 π (3 + 2) (3 + 10 − 2)
= π × 6 36 + 64 = 60 π cm 2 2 5 5
⇒ 1 × = ⇒ 1 = …(ii) = 110 π cm 2
h 3 3 h 2
23. (b) Q Volume of wax balls 2 2 6
2 34. (b) For conical part, r = = 3 cm,
4 4 V π r2h r  h  2
= π ( 1)3 = π cm 3 = 1  1
1 1
∴ 1 =
3 3 V π r2h r  h  h = 4cm, l = h 2 + r 2 = 5 cm
2 2 2  2  2
4 Surface area of conical part = πrl
and volume of sphere = π (8)3 cm 3 2
=     =
2 5 10
3 or, 10 : 9 = 3.14 × 3 × 5 = 47.1 cm 2
4  3   2 9
π (8 ) 3 6
For hemispherical part, r = = 3 cm
∴Required number of balls = 3 29. (b) By given condition, 2
4
π Volume of cylindrical vessel = Volume of Surface area of hemispherical part
3 sphere = 2 πr 2 = 2 × 3.14 × 3 × 3
= 512 4
∴ πr 2 h = π R3 = 5652
. cm 2
70 3
24. (b) Given, r = cm = 0.35 m 3 ∴ Surface area of toy = 47.1 + 56.52
2 4 d
⇒ ( 60)2 × 10 =   = 103.62 cm 2
and h = 4 m 3  2
35. (b) Let r and h be the radius and height
∴ Surface area of 10 cylinders 4 d3
⇒ ( 60)2 × 10 = × of the cylinder. Here, h = 9 m
= 10 ( 2 πrh ) 3 8 By given condition,
⇒ d 3 = ( 60)2 × ( 60) 2 πr
= 10  2 × . × 4 = 88 m 2
22 2 πr × h = ( h + r)
× 035 ∴ d = 60 cm
 7  3
1
∴ Total cost of 10 pillars painting at
30. (c) Given, inner radius of hollow sphere ⇒ 9 = ( 9 + r ) ⇒ 27 = 9 + r
4 3
the rate of ` 5 per m 2 ( r ) = = 2 cm
2 ∴ r = 18 m
= 88 × 5 = ` 440
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 353

36. (b) Let r and r be the radii of two spheres. 41. (c) Given radius of balls = 1 cm 4 3
1 2 Q Volume of sphere = πr
4 3
4 3 Volume of each ball = × π × 1 × 1 × 1 4
πr r 3 ∴ Volume of utilised wood = πr 3
3 1 8 2
Q = ⇒ 1 = 4 3
4 3 1
πr r 1 = π cm 3
2 3 and volume of wasted wood
3 2 4 πr 2
∴ Volume of 4 balls 4 6 πr 3 − 4 πr 3 2 πr 3
∴ Ratio of their surface areas = 1 = 2 πr 3 − πr 3 = =
2 4 πr 2 4 16 3 3 3
 2
=   = 4: 1 2 =4× π= π cm 3 4 3 2 3
 1 3 3 ∴ Required ratio = πr : πr = 2 : 1
3 3
37. (d) Area of the field = Length × Breadth D C D C
44. (b) Let the slant height of cone = l cm
= 12 × 10 = 120 m 2
h In ∆ ABC ,
Area of the pit’s surface = 5 × 4 = 20 m 2
Area on which the Earth is to be spread A B A B
= 120 − 20 = 100 cm 2 F E
Volume of Earth dug out Volume of water increased
= 5 × 4 × 2 = 40 cm 3 = Volume of balls
40 2 16
∴ Level of field raised = = m ⇒ Area of base × height = π C
100 5 3
2 16 l
= × 100 = 40 cm ⇒ π ×5×5× h = π
5 3 30°
38. (a) Edge of cube = 9 cm 16 16 A D
∴ h= = cm 3/2 B
For rectangular vessel, 3 × 25 75
AB 3 / 2
Length = 15 cm and breadth = 12 cm 42. (c) Given, height of the cone = 30 cm cos 30° = = [Q AC = l cm]
AC l
Let the rise in the water level is x cm. ∴ Volume of original cone ( AOB ) 3/ 2  3
Volume of cube = 9 3 = 9 × 9 × 9 cm 3 1 ⇒l = = 3 cm Q cos30° =
Volume of water risen in the vessel
= πR2 H 3/2  2 
3
= 15 × 12 × x cm 3 O ∴ Area of cone ACD = πrl
⇒ 15 × 12 × x = 9 × 9 × 9 3 3 3π
9 × 9 × 9 81 C P D = π× × 3 = cm 2
∴ x= = = 4.05 cm 2 2
15 × 12 20
1
39. (b) The maximum diameter of a sphere 45. (a) Volume of cone, C = πR2 H
A B 3
Q
in a cube is of 3 m. 1
1 = πR 3 [Q H = R]
4 = × πR2 × 30 = 10 πR2 cm 3
∴ Volume of sphere, V = π (1.5) 3 3
1
3 3 D
= 4.5 π m 3 Volume of small cone OCD A R R B
Volume of cube, V = (3) 3 = 27 m 3 1
2 = of volume cone AOB
and Volume of solid left = V − V 27 R
2 1
1 2 1
= (27 − 4.5 π ) m 3 ⇒ πr h = × 10 πR2 C
3 27 2
40. (c) Length of water flowing in 1h = 10 km 10 πR2 2 Volume of hemisphere, H =πR 3
1 3 10  R  3
∴ Length of the water flowing in h ⇒h = × ⇒h =   1 2
2 27 πr 2
9 r ∴C : H = πR 3 : πR 3 = 1 : 2
= 5 km = 5000 m R 30 3 3
Q = [Q ∆ OQB ~ ∆ OPD ]
Area of pipe r h 46. (d) Volume of wire = πr 2 h
40 1
= 40 cm 2 = m2 = m2 10  30 
2
10 900 Now, new radius of the wire
10000 250 ∴ h=   = × 2 r × 90 9r
1 9  h 9 h = =
∴ Volume of water flowing in h 100 10
2 ⇒ h 3 = 10 × 100
Let new length of the wire be L. .
1 ⇒ h = 3 1000 = 10 cm 2
= 5000 × = 20 m 3  9r
250 ∴ Required height ∴ Volume of new wire = π   × L
 10 
Area of bottom of tank
= H − h = 30 − 10 = 20 cm  
= 80 × 40 = 3200 m 2 =
81
πr 2 L
43. (a) Let r be the radius of cylindrical
∴ Depth of water block, then height will be 2r.
100
Volume 20 1 81
= = = m Volume of block = π ( r 2 ) ( 2r ) = 2 πr 3 By given condition, πr 2 h = πr 2 L
Area 3200 160 100
1 5 A sphere of maximum possible volume 100
= × 100 cm = cm is curved out whose radius will be r. ⇒ L= h
160 8 81
354 CDS Pathfinder

100 19 50. (b) Given, length of one compartment and diagonal of cube = y 3 = 2x 3
Increases in length = h−h= h
81 81 = 200 m [from Eq. (i)]
19 / 81h and breadth of one compartment
Percentage increase = × 100% Hence, the required ratio
h = 100 m 21x 21
= 23.45% = 23% (approx) and height of water in one compartment = = = = 175 .
= 12 m 2x 3 4 ×3
47. (b) Let the height of cylinder be h. Volume of one compartment
53. (c) Area of tank,
D C = 200 × 100 × 12
= 240000 m 3 BCDE = 10 × 75 . = 75 m 2
∴ Volume of 3 compartments G F
• h
= 3 × 240000 = 720000 m 3 E
= 720000000 L D
A B 7.5 m
h [Q 1 m = 1000 L ]
3
A
Then, radius of cylinder = B 10 m C
2 Total requirement of water 50000
h inhabitants in 1 day Area of remaining field
Also, radius of the sphere, r =
2 = 50000 × 20 = 1000000 L ABEDFGA = 125 × 15 − 75
2 = 1800 m 2
Q Volume of cylinder = π   h ∴ Required number of days
h
 2 720000000 Volume of Earth dug = 10 × 75 . × 6
= = 720 days
= 450 m 3
πh 3 1000000
= By given condition, 1800 × h = 450
4 51. (b) Let r and h be the radius and height
1 1
and volume of sphere. of the cone and r and H be the radius ⇒ h = m = × 100 cm = 25 cm
3
πh 3 4 4
S = πr 3 = π   =
4 4 h and height of the cylinder.
3 3  2 6 1 54. (b) Let r = k and r = nk
∴ Volume of cone = πr 2 h 1 2
Q Volume of remaining material 3 Since, V =V
1 2
πh 3 πh 3 πh 3 and volume of cylinder = πr 2 H ∴
1 2
πr h = πr 2 h
= − =
4 6 12 1 3 1 1 2 2
By given condition, πr 2 h = πr 2 H 1 2
∴Volume of sphere in remaining material, 3 ⇒ πk × h = πn2 k 2 h
1 2
⇒ h = 3H …(i) 3
4
S = πr 3 ⇒ h = 3 n2 h
1
3 1 Lateral surface area of cone = πrl 1 2

4 3 πh 3 55. (d) Let r be the radius, h the height and l

By given condition, πr = and lateral surface area of cylinder
the slant height of smaller cone
3 1 12 = 2 πrH slant height of original cone 2
h 3
h Given, =
⇒ r3 = ⇒ r = By given condition, πrl =
15
× 2 πrH slant height of smaller cone 1
1
16 1
2 ⋅ 21 / 3 8
r h/2 Since, ∆ ABM and ∆ ADL are similar.
Required ratio = = = 21 / 3 ⇒ l =
15
H ⇒ l2 =
225 2
H
r
1
h / 2 ⋅ 21 / 3 4 16
A

⇒ r : r = 21 / 3 : 1 225 2 l
1 ⇒ r 2 + h2 = H [Q r 2 + h 2 = l 2 ]
16 2l
48. (c) Let side of square be x D r E
225 2
∴ Radius of sphere = x ⇒ r2 + 9 H 2 = H [from Eq. (i)] L
16
Surface area of sphere, A = 4 πx2
81 2 r2 81
Since, square revolves round a side to ⇒ r2 = H ⇒ 2
=
16 H 16
generate a cylinder whose height and 2r M
r 9 B C
radius are x and x, respectively. ⇒ =
H 4
∴ S = 2 π x ( x + x ) = 4 πx 2
∴ r: H = 9: 4 Therefore, radius and height of original
So, it is clear that, A = S. cone will be 2r and 2h respectively.
52. (b) Let the sides of the cuboid be x, 2x 1
49. (a) Given, length of pool = 24 m π × ( 2r )2 × 2h
and 4x and the side of the cube is y. V 8r 2 h
and breadth of pool = 15 m ∴ 1 = 3 = 2 =8
∴ Volume of cuboid = x × 2x × 4x V 1 r h
Rise in height of water 2 πr h
2
= 8x 3 3
= 1 cm = 0.01 m ∴ V :V = 8 : 1
and volume of cube = y 3 1 2
Volume of water displaced by x men 56. (d) By given condition,
By given condition,
= 24 × 15 × 0.01 = 3.6 m 3 Surface area of new sphere = 25% of 616
Volume of cuboid = Volume of cube
But volume of water displaced by x men
∴ 8x = y ⇒ y = 2x
3 3
…(i) 4 π r 2 = 154
= 0.1 x m 3 2
=   ⇒ r = 3.5 cm
∴ Diagonal of cuboid 154 7
3.6 ⇒ r2 =
∴ 0.1 x = 3.6 ⇒ x = = 36
× 4  2
22
0.1 = x2 + 4x2 + 16x2 = 21x
7
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 355

57. (d) Let side of a cube be ‘a’ unit. Hence, volume of cuboid = lbh 66. (b) Let the radius of ball be r.
a
Then, radius of sphere is unit. ( y + z − x ) (z + x − y )
2 2 2 2 2 2 Q Radius of base of cylinder = 4r
2
and height of cylinder = 4r
Volume of cube ( a) 3 6 ( x2 + y 2 − z 2 )
∴ = = = ∴
4 3
Volume of spherical ball = πr
Volume of sphere 4 π  a  3 π 2×2×2
  3
3  2 and volume of water
1 ( y + z 2 − x 2 ) (z 2 + x 2 − y 2 )
2
58. (d) Total surface area = Curved surface = 1
= π ( 4r )2 ( 4r ) = 32 πr 3
area of cylinder + Curved 2 2 ( x2 + y 2 − z 2 ) 2
surface area of cone + Top surface area Also, volume of remaining portion of
of cylinder 63. (a) Let the radius of cone and sphere be cylinder = 32 πr 3
= 2 πrh + πrl + πr 2 = π [ 2rh + r 2 + rl ] r and height of cone be h .
1 Let number of spherical balls be n.
= π [ 2 × 3 × 4 + 32 + 3 32 + 42 ] By given condition,
∴
4
32 πr 3 = n × πr 3
= 48 π cm 2 Volume of cone = Volume of sphere 3
1 4 h 2 ⇒ n = 8 × 3 = 24
59. (b) Curved surface of a cylinder ∴ π r 2 h = π ( r )3 ⇒ 1 =
1 67. (b) From the information given in the
3 3 2r 1
= 1000 cm 2 , 2 πrh = 1000 …(i) question and the figure it is clear that
Length of wire used in one round or, 2 : 1
Radius of the hemisphere = radius of
= Perimeter of cylinder’s base = 2 πr 64. (d) Let the length, breadth and height of cone = height of cone = height of
a rectangular parallelopiped be 6x, 3x cylinder. Let it be r .
∴ Number of rounds and x, respectively.
Height of cylinder h Then, ratio of volume of cylinder,
= = Also, let the side of a cube be a. hemisphere and cone.
Diameter of wire 0.5
By given condition,
∴ Required length of wire D C
h 2 πrh Surface area of a cube = Surface area of
= 2 πr × =
05
. 05
. rectangular parallelopiped
=
1000
= 2000 cm or 20 m ⇒ 6 ( a )2 = 2 ( 6x × 3x + 3x × x + x × 6x)
05
. ⇒ 6a 2 = 2 ( 18x2 + 3x2 + 6x2 )
60. (d) Let h be the depth of the pit. ⇒ 6a 2 = 54x2 A B
∴ Volume of Earth dug ∴ a = 3x
2 1
= 500 × 250 cm 3 = 125000 cm 3 Now, = πr 3 : πr 3 : πr 3
3 3
Volume of cube
But volume of pit = 50 × 50 × h 2 1
Volume of rectangular parallelopiped = 1: : =3: 2: 1
125000 3 3
∴ h= = 50 cm = 0.5 m a3 (3x)3 27x3 3
50 × 50 = = = =
6x × 3x × x 18x3 18x3 2 68. (a) l = 152 + 82 = 17 cm
61. (a) Since, sheet is revolved about its D C
or, 3 : 2
length, threfore a cylinder is formed with
65. (b) Given thickness of a metal = 1 cm l cm
h = 7 cm and r = 4 cm
15 cm
∴ Volume of the figure, thus formed 5 cm
22 4 cm
= π r2h = × 4 × 4 × 7 = 352 cm 3
7
A 8 cm B
62. (c) Let l, b and h be the sides of cuboid.
then, l 2 + b 2 = x2 …(i)
Total surface area of the remaining solid
b 2 + h2 = y 2 …(ii)
∴ Inner radius = 2 πrh + πr 2 + πrl
and h2 + l 2 = z2 …(iii)
= outer radius – thickness = 2 π × 8 × 15 + π(8)2 + π × 8 × 17
Adding Eq. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
= 5 − 1 = 4 cm = 240 π + 64π + 136π
2 ( l 2 + b 2 + h 2 ) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 2
Volume of hemisphere = π( R3 − r 3 ) = 440 π cm 2
1
⇒ l 2 + b 2 + h 2 = ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3
69. (c) Volume of spherical lead shot
2 2 2
= π(53 − 43 ) = π ( 125 − 64) 4 4
…(iv) 3 3 = π ( 1)3 = π cm 3
From Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) 2 3 3
= π × 61 cm 3
3 I. Volume of 8 shots
y 2 + z 2 − x2 z 2 + x2 − y 2
h= ,l = Q Weight of 1 cm 3 of metal = 9 g 4
2 2 = π (0.5) 3 × 8
∴ Weight of all metal 3
x2 + y 2 − z 2 4
and b= = 2 / 3 π × 61 × 9 g = 366 π g = π cm 3
2 3
356 CDS Pathfinder

II. Volume of both shots h 2 + r 2 of formed rectangle, 77. (a) In ∆ABC , AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2

4 4 AC 2 = 92 + ( 6 − 3)2 = 81 + 9 = 90
= π (0.75) 3 + π ( 08 . )3 So, statement II is false.
3 3
Statement III and IV are correct. ∴ AC = 3 10 cm
4  3 4 
3 3
= π    +    Solution. (74-76) 78. (d) By using properties of similar
3  4  5 
As cone is divided into two parts by a triangle in ∆MPA and ∆MOC .
3 x
= π 
4 27 64  plane through mid-point of its axis, = ⇒ 3x + 27 = 6x
+ 
3  64 125  therefore it will bisect the slant height. 6 x+9
∆AOB ~ ∆ADC ⇒ 27 = 3x
4  3375 + 4096 
= π A
⇒ x = 9 cm
3  8000 

Hence, height of cone = 9 + 9
4  7471 4 C
= π  = π (0.93) cm
3 D = 18 cm
3  8000  3 10
79. (b) Total surface area of the frustum
Hence, statement I, II are true.
= π[ R + r ) l + r 2 + R2 ]
70. (c) I. Coterminous edges are those who
have same boundaries and for a 5 B
where, l = h 2 + ( R − r )2
O
cuboid, these may be considered as = π [( 6 + 3) 81 + 9 + 9 + 36]
length, breadth and height. DC AD 1 OB = π( 9 90 + 45)
∴ = = ⇒ DC =
So, given statement is true OB AO 2 2 = 9 π(3 10 + 5) cm 2
II. The surface area of a cuboid is twice ∴Radius of smaller cone will be half of
the sum of the products of lengths of 80. (c) Curved surface area of the well
original cone
its coterminous edges taken two at a 22
= 2 πrh = 2 × × 2 × 14 = 176 m 2
time. 74. (c) The volume of the original cone 7
Hence, both statements I and II are 1 250 π
= × π × (5)2 × 10 = Q Expense of getting per square metre
correct. 3 3 plastered = ` 25
71. (d) I. The distance between vertices The volume of the frustum. ∴ Expense of 176 m 2 = 176 × 25
2
250 π 1 = ` 4400
− × π   × 5
B and C is 1 cm. 5
=
II. The distance between A and B is 3 3  2 81. (a) Given that,
12 + 12 = 2 cm 250 π 125 π 875 π Radius of sphere (r) = 9 cm = 0.09 m
= − =
F G 3 12 12 and diameter of wire (d) = 0.4 cm
B C Thus, dividing the two volumes, we ⇒ R = 0. 2 cm = 0.002 m
8 Given condition,
get
7 Volume of sphere = Volume of wire
4 4 r3
D 75. (c) Area of the top circle of the frustum ⇒ π r 3 = π R2 h ⇒ h = ⋅ 2
E 2 3 3 R
25 π
= π   =
5
A 4 0.09 × 0.09 × 0.09
O  2 4 = × = 81 × = 243 m
III. The distance between vertices B 3 0.002 × 0.002
76. (d) Let l be slant height of original cone.
82. (c) Total surface area of cube
and D is 12 + 12 + 12 = 3 cm Curved surface area of cone
= π × 5 × l = 5 πl = 6 × (Side)2
Hence, the statements I and II, III
are correct. Curved surface area of frustum ∴ 150 = 6 × (Side)2
5 l 15 150
72. (d) I. It is true that the surface area of all = 5 πl − π × × = πl ⇒ Side2 = = 25
the eight drops is greater than the 2 2 4 6
surface area of big drop. Thus, the ratio of the two will be
4 ∴ Side = 25 = 5 cm
II. Let radius of spherical body be ‘a’. 3 ∴ Volume of cube = (Side)3
4 or 4 : 3. = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 cm 3
∴ Volume of sphere, V = πa 3
3 Solution. (77-79)
M 83. (b) Volume of cube = (Side)3
∴ Surface area of sphere, S = 4 πa 2
Q 729 = a 3 ⇒ a = 9 cm
16 2 6
⇒ V2 = π a ∝ S3 x
3 cm
∴ Diagonal of cube = Side × 3
9 P
D A = 9 × 3 = 9 3 cm
III. It is true that sphere occupies biggest
space but has smallest surface area. 84. (a) Curved surface area of right circular
9 cm

Hence, all statements are true. cone = π r l

22 440 × 7
73. (c) I. It is a correct statement. B B C ∴ 440 = × 14 × l ⇒ l =
O 6 cm 7 22 × 14
II. The length may be πr but the
breadth is always less than Here, r = 3 cm, r = 6 cm and h = 9 cm = 10 cm
1 2
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 357

85. (d) Volume of cylinder = πr 2 h Given, P < Q ⇒ r =

P
and R =
Q = 1080 π + 2 π × 72
1
4 3 π π = 1080 π + 144 π = 1224 π cm 3
Volume of sphere = πr ∴ Difference in radii of the ends of the
3 2 92. (a) Given that, the height and radius of a
frustum = R − r
Number of spheres = 48 Q P Q− P right circular metal cone (solid) are 8 cm
πr 2 h = − = and 2 cm, respectively.
∴
Volume of cylinder
= 1 π π π
4 i.e. h = 8 cm and r = 2 cm
Volume of sphere π r3 89. (c) We know that,
3 2 Let the radius of the sphere be R .
Volume of frustum 1 4
πr h
2
πr 3 Then, by condition, πr 2 h = πR3
⇒ 1 = 48 ⇒ 1 = 48 πH 2 3 3
4 4 3 = ( R + r 2 + Rr )
π r3 πr 3 ⇒ 4 × 8 = 4R3 ⇒ R3 =( 2)3
2 2
3 3
π  Q 
2
 P
2
Q P  ∴ R=2
[Q r = h] = H   +   + .  Hence, radius of the sphere = 2 cm
1 3  π   π  π π
r 
3
r 
3

⇒
3  1  = 48 ⇒  1  = 48 × 4 93. (c) Let the edge of a square be x. Then,
r  r  πH Q P PQ 
4  2  2 3 =  + +  its volume is x3 and sum of its edges is 12x.
3 π π π 
r r r Now, by condition, x3 = 12x
⇒ 1 = ( 64)1 / 3 ⇒ 1 = 4 ⇒ 2 = 1
H
r r 1 r 4 = ( P + Q + PQ ) ⇒ x ( x2 − 12) = 0
2 2 1 3
⇒ x2 = 12 [Q x ≠ 0]
Hence, the ratio of radius of ball to 90. (b) Let the side of both cubes be a,
cylinder is 1 : 4. ∴ Its total surface area = 6x2
then the height and radius of a cone, = 6 ( 12) = 72 sq units
86. (a) Volume of the cuboid = 720 cm 3 a
h = a and r =
2 94. (a) Given that,
Area of base = lb = 72 Diameter of a right circular cone = 7 cm
C C
Height of the cuboid 7
D ∴ Radius of a right circular cone = cm
Volume of the cuboid D 2
=
Base area of the cuboid and slant height of a right circular cone
B
720 B (l) = 10 cm
= = 10 cm ∴ Lateral surface area of a cone = π r l
72 A A
‘C’ ‘S’ 22 7
Surface area of the cuboid a = × × 10 = 11 × 10 = 110 cm 2
= 2 ( lb + bh + hl ) and radius of sphere ( R) = 7 2
2
⇒ 484 = 2 ( 72 + b × 10 + l × 10) 1 2 95. (d) Let the height and radius of solid
∴ Volume of cone (C) = πr h cylinder be h and r cm , respectively.
⇒ 20( l + b ) = 340 ⇒ l + b = 17 3
2 Given that, r = 5 cm
πa 3
= π   a ⇒ C =
So, it is obvious that length, breadth and 1 a
...(i) and total surface area = 660 cm 2
height of the cuboid is 9 cm, 8 cm and 3  2 12
10 cm. 4 ⇒ 2 πrh + 2 πr 2 = 660
and volume of sphere (S) = πR3 ⇒ 2 πr ( h + r ) = 660
87. (a) Surface area of the sphere 3
= 4 πr 2 330 330 7
3
πa 3 ⇒ ( h + 5) = = ×
= π   =
4 a
616 ... (ii) 5π 5 22
⇒ 616 = 4 πr 2 ⇒ πr 2 = = 154 3  2 6 66 × 7
4 ⇒ h= − 5 = 21 − 5 = 16
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), S = 2C
154 × 7 22
⇒ r2 = = 49 91. (d) If 10 circular plates each of thickness ∴ Required height = 16 cm
22 3 cm, are placed one above the other, 96. (a) Let the diameters of two spheres be
Q r= 49 = 7 cm then it forms a cylinder with height
(3 × 10 = 30 cm) and a hemisphere of d and d , respectively.
4 3 1 2
∴ Volume of the sphere =
πr radius 6 cm is placed on the top just to Q d : d = 3 :5
3 1 2
cover the cylinder that means its radius
4 22
= × ×7×7×7=
4312
cm 3 is also 6 cm. ∴ Ratio of their surface areas
3 7 3
∴ Radius of hemi-sphere (R) = 6 cm 4 πr 2 ( 2 r ) 2 d 2
= 1 = 1 = 1
88. (a) Given that, Radius of cylinder (r) = 6 cm 4 πr 2 ( 2 r ) 2 d 2
2 2 2
Area of first end = P = πr 2
and height of cylinder (h) = 30 cm d 
2
and area of second end = Q = πR2 2
=  1  =   =
3 9
∴ Volume of the solid = Volume of = 9 : 25
r  d  5 25
D C cylinder + Volume of hemisphere  2
2
= πr 2 h + π R3 97. (c) From figure, it is clear that
3
H 2 Diameter of a sphere = Side of the cube
= π ( 6)2 × 30 + π ( 6)3 = 3 cm
3
3
2 Q Radius = cm
A
R
B = π × 36 × 30 + π × 216 2
3
358 CDS Pathfinder

∴ Volume of the largest sphere Thickness of the metal = 1 cm 105. (a) Given that,
C D C Height of bucket = 25 cm
D 10 cm
D C
180°
B

A 25 cm
3
= π (Radius)3 = π  
4 4 3
3 3  2 A B
A B
4 27 9
= π. = π = 4.5 π cm 3 Q Outer radius (R)
3 8 2 20 cm
= Thickness of the metal Radius of top ( R) = 20 cm
98. (d) Given that, radius of a right circular + Internal radius
cone (r) = 12 m and radius of bottom ( r ) = 10 cm
= 1 + 3 = 4 cm ∴ Capacity of bucket
Height of a right circular cone (h) = 5 m π
∴ Outer curved surface area = h ( R2 + r 2 + rh )
∴Lateral height of cone (l) = r 2 + h2 = 2 πrh = 2 × π × 4 × 10 = 80 π
3
π
= 144 + 25 = 169 = 13 m = × 25 ( 400 + 100 + 200) cm 3
102. (a) Let the height and radius of right 3
∴ Required quantity of cloth to roll up π
circular cylinder be h and r, respectively. = × 25 × 700 cm 3
to form a right circular tent = πr l 3
Then, volume of cylinder = π r 2 h π 175 × 100 17. 5 π
= π × (12) × (13) = 156 π m 2 = × L= L
D C 3 1000 3
99. (a) Given that, Outer radius of
hemispherical shell (R) = 9 cm 106. (d) Given that, h = 15 cm
9 cm Let r be the radius of cylinder.
7 cm h Lateral surface area of cylinder = 2 πrh
⇒ 2 πrh = 660 [given]
⇒ πrh = 330
22 22
A ⇒ × r × 15 = 330 ⇒ × r = 22
r B 7 7
Volume of circular cone =
1
π r2h Q r = 7 cm
and inner radius of hemispherical shell ∴ Required ratio
3 ∴ Volume of cylinder = πr 2 h
(r) = 7 cm Volume of utilised wood =
22
× 49 × 15
= 7
∴ Volume of a hemispherical shell Volume of wasted wood
2 Volume of right circular cone = 22 × 7 × 15 = 2310 cm 3
= π ( R3 − r 3 ) =
3 Volume of right circular cylinder 107. (b) Given that, the diameter of Moon
2 22 is approximately one-fourth of the
= × × ( 729 − 343) − Volume of right circular cone
3 7 diameter of Earth.
2 22 16984 1 2
πr h
1 2
πr h If radius of Moon = r
= × × 386 = = 808.76 1 Then, radius of Earth = 4r
3 7 21 = 3 = 3 = = 1:2
1 2 2 2 4 3
πr h − π r h
2 2
πr h πr
≈ 808 cm 3 (approx) Volume of Moon 3
3 3 ∴ =
100. (b) Let r be the radius of the sphere. Volume of Earth 4
103. (c) Since, volume of cone and pyramid π ( 4r )3
Given that, volume of sphere = 36 π 1 3
= × Base area × Height r3 1
4 3 = = = 1 : 64
⇒ π r 3 = 36 π ⇒ r 3 = 27 = (3)3 64 r 3 64
3 Therefore, they have same volume but
Q r = 3 cm their surface areas are not same as
108. (c) Slant height, l = h2 + r 2
∴ Diameter of sphere nothing can be said about their slant
= 2r = 2 (3) = 6 cm heights. = 162 + 122
and surface area of sphere = 4 πr 2 104. (b) Given that, height of cone (h) = 3 cm = 256 + 144 = 400 = 20 cm
C
= 4 π (3)2 = 36 π cm 2 and slant height of cone (l) = 5 cm
∴ Required ratio Let r be the radius of cone.Then,
Surface area of sphere 36 π
16 cm

= = = 6π l = r 2 + h 2 = 5 ⇒ r 2 + h 2 = 25 l
Diameter of sphere 6
⇒ r = 25 − 9 = 16 ⇒ r = 4 cm
2

101. (d) Given that, 1

∴ Volume of cone = πr 2 h 12 cm
Internal diameter of the tube = 6 cm 3 A B
∴ Internal radius (r) = 3 cm 1 22 352
= × × 16 × 3 = = 50.3 cm 3 24 cm
Height of the tube (h) = 10 cm 3 7 7
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 359

Curved surface area = πrl and height of cone = h ′ In ∆AOB and ∆ACD, ∆AOB ~ ∆ACD
=
22
× 12 × 20 cm 2 ∴ Volume of the complete structure By basic proportionality theorem,
7 1 2 r h
= πr 2 h ′ + πr 2 h + πr 3 CD = , since AC =
Cost of painting the surface of the cap 3 3 2 2
22 h′ Volume of original cone
= × 12 × 20 × 0.70 = ` 528 = πr 2  + h + r  Now, ratio =
2
7 3 3  Volume of smaller cone
1 2
109. (b) Slant height, l = h 2 + r 2 πr h
= π (3.5)2  × 3.5
28
. 2
+ 6.5 + 3 8
= ( 24)2 + ( 7)2 = 576 + 49  3 3  = 2
=
1  r   h 1
= 625 = 25 = π × 3.5 × 3.5 × 9. 76 = 37586
. cm 3 π   
E 3  2  2
C
∴ Required ratio = 8 : 1
2.8 cm
117. (c) Volume of each small sphere
4
l D C π( 4) 3
h Volume of bigger sphere 3
3.5 cm = =
12.8 cm Number of small spheres 64
6.5 cm 4 π × 4× 4× 4 4
A O B = × = π cm 3
r 3.5 cm 3 64 3
Total surface area = πr ( l + r ) A B Let radius of small sphere be r ′.
22 4 4
= × 7 ( 25 + 7) ∴ πr ′3 = π ⇒ r ′ = 1 cm
7 3 3
22 Hence, volume (V ) of the structure lies
= × 7 × 32 = 704 cm 2 Now, surface area of small sphere
7 between 370 cm 3 and 380 cm 3 .
24 = 4 πr ′ 2 = 4 π cm 2
110. (c) Radius of cone, r = = 12 cm 6
2 113. (b) Given, radius of cone = = 3 cm 118. (c) Volume of Earth dug out
2
Slant height of the cone, l = 52 + 122 = 8 × 2.5 × 2 = 40 m 3
and height of cone = 4 cm C
= 25 + 144 = 169 = 13 m D
E Now, curved surface area = πrl
where,l = r 2 + h 2 = 32 + 42 = 5 cm
2.5m 12 m
5m ∴Curved surface area = π × 3 × 5 = 15 π
C 15 × 22
D = ≈ 47 cm 2 8m
7 A
16 m 12 m 15 m B
114. (d) Volume of clay required
 5.1 2 2
 Area where Earth is spread × Field level
= π    −    × 21
11 m 45
.
 2   2  raised
12 m  
= Volume of Earth dug out
A B = π [( 255
. )2 − ( 2. 25)2 ] × 21
⇒ [( 12 × 15) − (8 × 2.5)] × h = 40
24 m = π ( 03
. × 48
. ) × 21 = 30. 24 π cm 2 40 40 1
Curved surface area for conical portion ∴ h= = = m
115. (a) Surface area of cube which can be 180 − 20 160 4
22 3432 2
= πrl = × 12 × 13 = m painted = 6 (Side)2 = 6( 2)2 = 24 cm 2
7 7 100
Now, surface area of cuboid which can = cm = 25 cm
111. (d) Curved surface area of cylinder be painted 4
= 2 π rh = x = 2( lb + bh + lh ) 119. (a) Given, surface area of sphere
Volume of cylinder = πr 2 h = y = 2( 2 + 6 + 3) = 22 cm 2 = 616 cm 2
2 π rh x 2y Total surface area of both cube and cuboid 616 × 7
⇒ = ⇒ r= ⇒ 4 πr 2 = 616 ⇒ r 2 =
= 22 + 24 = 46 cm 2 < 54 cm 2 4 × 22
πr h y
2
x Hence, both cube and cuboid can be
x ⇒ r2 = 7 × 7 ∴ r = 7 cm
Also, h= painted.
2 πr ∴ Diameter of the largest circle lying on
x 116. (b) Let the cone is divided into two parts sphere
by a line l.
∴ Required ratio = = 2 πr
h
A = 2 × r = 14 cm
r 2y
x 120. (c) Given, volume of cube = 216x3
h/2
x x3 x (Side)3 = 216x3 ⇒ Side = 6x
= × = l D
2 y 2 y 8 πy 2 C r/2 h Since, sphere is enclosed in hollow cube.
2π ⋅
x ∴ Diameter of sphere = 6x
So, the ratio is not independent of x or y. Now, surface area of sphere = 4 πr 2
112. (a) Let common radius be r cm. 2
= 4 π   = 36 πx2
C O r B 6x
Then, height of cylinder = h  2
360 CDS Pathfinder

121. (c) Let ABC be a right angled triangle. Then, new side of cube = x + 100% of x 127. (b) Let length, breadth and height of a
Then, hypotenuse, AC = 25 cm = x + x = 2x cuboidal box be l , b and h, respectively.
C
A ∴ New surface area of cube = 6( 2x )2
15 cm = 6 × 4x2 = 24x2 D h
Now, increase percentage in surface area
B D
E 24x2 − 6x2
= × 100 b
B
20 cm 6x 2 A
18 l
= × 100 = 300%
6 Given, areas of the three adjacent faces
C
124. (a) Let radius of the sphere be r. are x, 4x and 9x sq units.
Let AB = 3x and BC = 4x
Since, cylinder circumscri- D C Now, lb = x
Thus, AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
bes a sphere. [Q area of rectangular face =
[by pythagoras theorem]
∴ Radius of the base of h length × breadth]
⇒ ( 25)2 = (3x)2 + ( 4x)2 cylinder = r and height Similarly, bh = 4x and lh = 9x
⇒ ( 25)2 = 9x2 + 16x2 of cylinder = 2r A B Now, ( lb ) ⋅ ( bh ) ⋅ ( lh ) = ( x) ⋅ ( 4x) ⋅ ( 9x)
⇒ 25 = x2 ⇒ x = 5 = Diameter of sphere
∴ AB = 15 cm and BC = 20 cm 4 3 ⇒ ( lbh )2 = 36x3 ⇒ lbh = 36x3
Now, volume of sphere = πr
Now, ∆ABC revolves about AC , so it 3 ∴ lbh = 6x3 / 2
forms two cones ABD and BCD. and volume of cylinder
Hence, volume of cuboidal box
Since, ∆AEB and ∆ABC are similar. = πr 2 h = πr 2 ( 2 r ) = 2 πr 3
BE AB BE 15 = lbh = 6x3 / 2 cu units
∴ = ⇒ = 4 3
πr 128. (c) In a cuboid, 4 perpendicular face pairs
BC AC 20 25 3 4
∴ Required ratio = =
15 × 20 2 πr 3 3×2 in bottom surface, 4 perpendicular face
⇒ BE = = 12 cm pairs in top surface and 4 perpendicular
25 2
= =2:3 face pairs in vertical surface.
So, radius of the base of cone 3
= BE = 12 cm Hence, total perpendicular pairs are 12.
125. (a) Given, diameter of
In right angled ∆AEB, the base of the conical 129. (c) I. Surface area of sphere A
12 cm
portion = 12 cm = 4 π( 6)2 = 144 π cm 2
AE = ( AB ) − ( BE )2 2
∴ Radius of conical Surface area of sphere B = 4 π(8)2
= ( 15)2 − ( 12)2
portion = 6 cm 8 cm = 256 π cm 2
= 225 − 144 = 81 = 9 cm
Radius of hemisphere Surface area of sphere C = 4 π( 10)2
So, height of cone ABD = AE = 9 cm = 6 cm and height of = 400 π cm 2
∴ Height of cone BCD = AC − AE conical portion = 8 cm
Now, sum of surface area of spheres
= 25 − 9 = 16 cm ∴ Slant height of conical portion A and B
1
Now, volume of cone ABD = πr 2 h = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 144 π + 256 π = 400 π cm 2
3
1 [Q l = r 2 + h2 ] = Surface area of sphere C
= π( 12)2 × 9 = 432 π cm 3
3 = 100 = 10 cm Hence, statement I is correct.
and volume of cone Now, total surface area of the toy II. Q Volume of sphere D
1 4
BCD = π ( 12)2 × 16 = 768 π cm 3 = Curved surface area of conical portion = π( 12)3 = 2304 π cm 3
3 3
∴ Required volume of double cone + Curved surface area of hemisphere
4
= πrl + 2 πr 2 = π( rl + 2r 2 ) Volume of sphere A = π( 6)3 cm 3
= 432 π + 768 π = 1200 π 3
= 1200 × 3.14 [Q π = 3.14] = π ( 6 × 10 + 2 × 6 × 6) 4
Volume of sphere B = π(8)3 cm 3
= 3768 cm 3 = π ( 60 + 72) = 132 π cm 2 3
126. (b) Volume of the toy and volume of sphere
122. (d) Q Surface area of cone ABD = πrl 4
= Volume of conical portion C = π( 10)3 cm 3
= π × 12 × 15 = 180 π cm 2
3
and surface area of cone + Volume of hemisphere Now, sum of volumes of spheres
BCD = π × 12 × 20 = 240 π cm 2 1 2
= πr h + πr 3
2 A , B and C
∴Required surface area of double cone 3 3 4
= π[63 + 83 + 103 ]
= π  r 2 h + r 3 
= 180 π + 240 π = 420 π 1 2 3
3 3  4
= 420 × 3.14 = 13188
. cm 2 = π [ 216 + 512 + 1000]
= π  × ( 6)2 × 8 + × ( 6)3 
1 2 3
123. (c) Let side of a cube be x.  3 3  = 2304 π cm 3 = Volume of sphere D
Then, surface area of cube = 6x2 Hence, statement II is also correct.
= π [ 96 + 144] = 240 π cm 3
If the side of cube is increased by 100%.
MATHEMATICS > Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 361

130. (a) Given, diameter of a sphere, d = 6 cm 16 2 6×6×6 137. (b) Let the radius and height of the cone
= π ×
d 6 9 4 × 4 × 4 × π3 be r and h, respectively.
∴ Radius of a sphere, r = = = 3 cm
2 2 6
= = 6: π ∴ Initial volume of cone
π 1
Let the radius of wire be R cm. (V ) = πr 2 h …(i)
Hence, the ratio of square of their 3
Also, given the length of wire, H = 36 m volume is 6 : π. new height, H = h + h × 200%
= 3600 cm = h+
200h
= 3h
134. (a) Let radius of sphere and cone be r.
According to the question, 100
4
∴ Volume of sphere V = πr 3 and new radius, R = r − r × 50%
Volume of sphere = Volume of wire 1
3 50r r
4 3 1 =r− =
⇒ πr = πR2 H and volume of cone V = πr 2 h 100 2
2
3 3 1
4 Now, according to the question, ∴ New volume of cone (V ) = πR2 H
⇒ × (3)3 = R2 × 3600 2
3
4 1
3 V = 2V ⇒ πr 3 = 2 × πr 2 h 2
r2
= π   × 3h = π ×
1 r 1
4 × 32
1 2
3 3 × 3h
( 6)2 3  2 3 4
⇒ R2 = = ⇒ 2r 3 = r 2 h ⇒ 2r = h ⇒
h 2
= 1 3 3V
3600 ( 60)2 r 1 = πr 2 h × = [from Eq. (i)]
3 4 4
∴ R=
6
=
1
= 0.1 cm ∴ h: r = 2: 1 3V V
60 10 Decrease in volume = V − =
135. (a) Let the radius of sphere be r. 4 4
131. (b) Given, side of a cube = 2 cm 4
∴ Volume of sphere = πr 3 ∴ Decrease percentage in volume
3 Decrease in Volume
∴ Maximum distance between two = × 100%
points of a cube According to the question, Initial Volume
V /4 V
= Length of diagonal If the radius of a sphere is increased by = × 100% = × 100% = 25%
10%. V 4V
= 3 × Side = 2 3 cm
Then, new radius r ′ = r + r × 10% 138. (c) Given a rectangular paper of 44 cm
132. (d) Let the slant height of cone be l cm. r 11r
=r+ = long and 6 cm wide is rolled to form a
Given, h = 24 cm and r = 7 cm 10 10 cylinder of height equal to width of the
4
∴ l 2 = h2 + r 2 ∴ New volume of sphere = πr ′3 paper.
3 ∴Circumference of the base of cylinder
⇒ l 2 = 242 + 72 = 576 + 49 4 π  11r 
3
4 1331r 3
=   = π× = 44
⇒ l 2 = 625 ⇒ l = 25 cm 
3 10  3 1000 44 44 × 7
i.e. 2 πr = 44 ⇒ r = =
Total surface area = Curved surface Increased volume 2 π 2 × 22
area of cone + curved surface area of 4 1331 3 4 3 4 3 331 ∴ r = 7 cm
hemisphere = π× r − πr = πr ×
3 1000 3 3 1000 Hence, the radius of the base of the
= πrl + 2 πr 2 = πr ( l + 2r ) cylinder is 7 cm.
Increased percentage
= π × 7( 25 + 2 × 7) = 7 π[ 25 + 14]
4 3 331 139. (c) Let the C
= 7 π × 39 = 273 π cm 2 πr ×
3 1000 × 100% = 33.1% dimensions of
=
4 3 cuboid be l, b D h
133. (a) Let the radius of the sphere and side πr
of cube be r and a respectively. 3 and h
respectively. B
∴ Total surface area of sphere 136. (b) Since, three metallic spheres are b
melted to form a single sphere. For first face A
( S ) = 4 πr 2 sq units l
1
So, the sum of volume of three spherical l 2 + b 2 = 132 [Q l 2 + b 2 = d 2 ]
and total surface area of cube
solid sphere. ⇒ l 2 + b 2 = 169 …(i)
( S ) = 6a 2 sq units
2 4 4 4
Now, according to the question, = π( 6)3 + π(8)3 + π( 10)3 For second face
3 3 3
r2 6 b 2 + h 2 =( 281)2
S = S ⇒ 4 πr 2 = 6a 2 ⇒ = 4
= π[ 63 + 83 + 103 ] ⇒ b + h 2 = 281.
2
…(ii)
1 2
a2 4 π 3
…(i) For third face
Let r be the radius of new sphere
4 3
∴Volume of sphere (V ) = πr cu units h 2 + l 2 = 202 ⇒ h 2 + l 2 = 400 …(iii)
4 3 4
1
3 ∴ πr = π( 63 + 83 + 103 ) On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
3 3
and volume of cube (V ) = a 3 cu units 2 ( l 2 + b 2 + h 2 ) = 850
2 ⇒ r 3 = 63 + 83 + 103 ⇒ l 2 + b 2 + h 2 = 425 …(iv)
Now, 2 ⇒ r 3 = 216 + 512 + 1000
2  4 πr 3  Subtracting Eq. (i) form Eq. (iv), we get
V    16 2  r 2 
3
⇒ r 3 = 1728
 1 = 3 3  = π  2 h 2 = 256 ⇒ h = 16 units
V   a  9 a  ⇒ r 3 = 12 × 12 × 12 similarly, b 2 = 25 ⇒ b = 5 units
 2
  ⇒ r = 12 cm and l 2 = 144 ⇒ l = 12 units
3
16 2  6  ∴ Diameter of the new sphere
= π   [from Eq. (i)] ∴ Total surface area of cuboid
9  4π
= 2r = 2 × 12 = 24 cm = 2( lb + bh + lh )
362 CDS Pathfinder

= 2 ( 12 × 5 + 5 × 16 + 16 × 12) volume of water tank after taking out 1 2 h

Hence, volume of water = πr
= 2 ( 60 + 80 + 192) water 3 1 2
= 2 × 332 = 664 sq units = l × l × ( l − 2) = l 2 ( l − 2) 1 r2 1 3V 3V V
∴ l − 128 = l 2 ( l − 2)
3 = πh = πh = =
Hence, the total surface area of cuboid is 6 4 24 πh 24 8
664 sq units. ⇒ 2l 2 = 128 ⇒ l 2 = 64 ⇒ l = 8 m
So, volume of cubical tank 149. (b) Let radius be r and height be h of the
140. (c) Given, radius of vessel, ( r ) = 4 cm
= 83 = 512 m 3 . cylinder.
and radius of sphere ( R) = 3 cm 1
Let height of vessel be h cm, then volume 145. (b) Let the sides of the cuboid be l , b Then, 30 ⋅ π r 2 h = π r 2 h × n
and h respectively. 3
of vessel= πr 2 h = π( 42 )h = 16 πh
4 Volume of cuboid, ⇒ n = 30 × 3 = 90 cones
and volume of sphere = πR3 = 36 π
3 V = l ×b×h …(i) Statement I is correct. Statement II is
Given, x = lb, y = bh and z = lh also correct. But statement II is not
Let H be the rise in water level
∴ xyz = lb × bh × lh correct explanation of statement of I.
∴ Volume of water displaced = ( lbh )2 = V 2 [using Eq. (i)]
= volume of sphere 150. (c) At 30 min, the container was full
146. (a) On each face, we can draw four right
36 angled triangles by choosing one vertex ∴ At 5 min before i.e. in 25 min, the
⇒ 16 π H = 36 π ⇒ H = = 2.25 cm container was half filled and at 20 min,
16 to serve as the right angled and two
adjacent vertices. Since there are six container was one-fourth full.
141. (c) Volume of paint required
faces, you can form 6 × 4 = 24 triangles. 151. (c) I. Area of curved surface = 2 πrh
= 2 × (3 × 2 × 0.0001) +
147. (a) Let the area of each rectangle be A. Q 2 πr ( 2h ) = 2 ⋅ 2 πrh
2 × ( 2 × 1.75 × 0.0001) +
Then, breadth of R , R and ∴ Curved surface area is also doubled.
2 × (3 × 1.75 × 0.0001) A A
1 2
A
R are , and respectively It is correct.
= 0.0012 + 0.0007 + 0.00105 = 0.00295 m 3 3
x x x
1 2 3 II. Total surface area of hemisphere
Volume of cubical box = 103 . Cylinder is formed by joining parallel = 3 πr 2
= 1000 cm = 0.001 m
3 3
side of breadth. Q 3 π ( 2r ) 2 = 3 π 4 r 2 = 4 ⋅3 ⋅ π r 2
∴ Boxes required =
0.00295
≈ 3.
Here, length becomes height = 4 times the area
A A
0.001 and 2 πr = breadth = ⇒ r= It is also correct.
x 2 πx
142. (d) Let the sides of a cube be l cm. A2 A2 152. (c) Let n spherical ball be made.
∴ V = πr 2 h = π 2 2 × x = 1
Then, 6l = 13254
2
4π x 4π x Then, 4 πr 2 = π 3
⇒ l2 =
13254
= 2209 ⇒ l = 47 A2 A2
Now, V , V and V are , 1
6 1 2 3
4 π x 4 πx π3 1 −2 1 −1
2

∴ Length of diagonal = l 3 = 47 3 cm
1 2
⇒ r2 = = π 3 ⇒ r2 =  π 3 
A 2
4π 4 2 
and respectively
143. (b) Let the height of cylindrical 4 πx 1 −1
portion be h. 3 ⇒ r=π 3
1 1 1 2
Then,
2 3
πr + πr 2 h = 3312 π Q x <x <x ⇒ > > 3
1 2 3
3 x x x 4 1 −1
1 2 3 Given, n ⋅ π  π 3  = 1 × 1 × 1
πr 2  r + h  = 3312 π
2
⇒
2 A A2 A2 3 2 
⇒ > >
 3  4 πx 4 πx 4 πx 4 1 1 n
 2  1 2 3 ⇒ n⋅ π × × = 1 ⇒ =1
⇒ 12 × 12 × 12 + h = 3312 ∴ V <V <V 3 8 π 6
 3  3 2 1
148. (a) Since, ∆OAB and ∆OCD are similar ∴ n=6
⇒ 8 + h = 23 ⇒ h = 15m
r h 2
∴ = = 153. (d) Let n cylindrical boxes be packed.
r h 1
1 ⇒ n × π × 5 × 5 × 10
2
1 = π × 15 × 15 × 100
h We have, V = πr 2 h
3 ∴ n = 90 boxes
C r 154. (c) We have, area of cross-section of pipe
r D
= 4 cm 2 = 4 × 10− 4 m 2
and 4 × 10− 4 × 40 m 3 water flows in 1 s.
r1
Surface area of hemisphere 2 πr 2
h A
B Let cistern fill in t s.
Q =
Surface area of cylinder 2 πrh h
⇒ 4 × 10− 4 × 40 × t = 10 × 8 × 6
r 12 4 2
= = = 30000
h 15 5 ⇒ t = 30000 s = h
O 60 × 60
∴ r : h = 4:5
3V r r2 50
144. (a) Let the length of water tank be lm. ⇒ r = 2
⇒ r = ⇒ r2 = = h = 8 h and 20 min
πh 1
2 1
4 6
volume of tank = l × l × l = l 3
28
363

STATISTICS
Usually (10-13) questions have been asked from this chapter. This chapter is very important from
examination point of view and generally questions are asked from the graphical representation of data,
measures of central tendency.

Statistics is the branch of Mathematics which deals with the Class Intervals Class intervals are the groups in
collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. In which all the observations are divided. Each class is
this chapter, we shall study measures of central tendency i.e. bounded by two figures (numbers) which are called
mean, median and mode of ungrouped data and grouped class limits. The figure on the left side of a class, is
data. Concept of cumulative frequency, the cumulative called its lower limit and that on the right side of a
frequency distribution how to draw cumulative frequency class, is called its upper limit.
curves (ogive) and graphical representation of data will also Class mark It is the mid-point of the class interval.
be discussed.
Lower class limit + Upper class limit
i.e. Class mark =
Collection of Data 2
Collection of data is the first step in statistics towards Range or a class size Difference between the upper
achieving the goal or conclusion. limit and the lower limit of a class is called its class
On the basis of collection, data are of two types size.
1. Primary data The data collected actually in the process Range = Upper limit − Lower limit
of investigation by the investigator is called primary data. e.g. Range of the observations 4, 7, 8, 10, 12
It is original and first hand information. = 12 − 4 = 8
2. Secondary data The data collected by someone and used
Frequency of an observation The number of times
by any other person known as secondary data.
an observation occurs is called its frequency.
Presentation of Data
Raw or Ungrouped data When the data presented is Frequency distribution
random and is not prepared according to some order, it is The tabular arrangement of data, showing the
known as raw or ungrouped data. It does not give us a clear frequency of each observation is called a frequency
picture of the class. distribution. It is a method of presenting the data in
a summarized form. Frequency distribution is also
Grouped data When the data is arranged in any manner
known as frequency table.
like ascending or descending order etc., it is called grouped
data. It can also be presented in the form of a table called There are two types of frequency distribution which
frequency distribution table. are as follows:
364 CDS Pathfinder

1. Discrete frequency distribution Wages (in `) Number of workers

999.5-1099.5 125
A frequency distribution is called a discrete frequency
1099.5-1199.5 150
distribution, if data are presented in a way such that
exact measurements of the units are clearly shown. 1199.5-1299.5 200
1299.5-1399.5 250
Marks Number of students (frequency)
1399.5-1499.5 175
40 7
1499.5-1599.5 100
60 3
80 3
100 2
Cumulative frequency
If the frequency of first class interval is added to the
Total 15
frequency of second class and this sum is added to third
class and so on, then frequencies so obtained are known
2. Continuous frequency distribution as cumulative frequency.
Exclusive form A frequency distribution in which upper
limit of each class is excluded and lower limit is EXAMPLE 1. Consider the table given below :
included, is called an exclusive form. Number of students Cumulative
Marks
e.g. In the class 0-10 of marks obtained by students, a (frequency) frequency
student who has obtained 10 marks is not included in 0-10 13 13
this class. It will be counted in the next class i.e 10-20. 10-20 7 20

Inclusive method In this method,the classes are so 20-30 5 25

formed that the upper limit of a class is included in that 30-40 4 29
class. The following example illustrates the method. In 40-50 1 30
class 1000-1099, we include workers having wages 50-60 7 37
between ` 1000 and ` 1099. If the income of a worker 60-70 3 40
is exactly ` 1100, then it will be included in the next 70-80 4 44
class 1100-1199. 80-90 5 49
90-100 1 50
Exclusive method Inclusive method
Total 50
Wages (in `) Number of workers Wages (in `) Number of works
1000-1100 125 1000-1099 125
Then, find the value of the following
1100-1200 150 1100-1199 150
(i) frequency of class 10-20. (ii) class size.
1200-1300 200 1200-1299 200
1300-1400 250 1300-1399 250 (iii) mid value of 60-70. (iv) total frequencies.
1400-1500 175 1400-1499 175 a. 10, 65, 50, 60 b. 7, 10, 65, 60
1500-1600 100 1500-1599 100 c. 50, 65, 10, 10 d. 7, 10, 65, 50
Total 1000 Total 1000 Sol. d. (i) Here, frequency of class 10-20 is 7.
(ii) Class size = Upper limit − Lower limit = 30 − 20 = 10
It is clear from the above example that both the
inclusive and exclusive methods give us the same class Upper limit + Lower limit 60 + 70
(iii) Mid value = = = 65
frequency although the class intervals are aparently 2 2
different in the two cases. (iv) Total frequencies = 50
In the above example on inclusive method, the EXAMPLE 2. The class mark of the interval 12.5-17.5
difference between the lower limit of a class and upper is
limit of the preceding class is 1. a. 5 b. 12.5 c. 15 d. 17.5
1 1 Lower limit + Upper limit
Therefore, we subtract from the lower limit and add Sol. c. Class mark =
2 2 2
to upper limit of each class to make it continuous. 12. 5 + 17. 5 30
= = = 15
The adjusted classes would be as follows: 2 2
MATHEMATICS Statistics 365

EXAMPLE 3. The class marks of a distribution are 1. Arithmetic mean of ungrouped or individual
54, 64, 74, 84, 94 and 104. Then, the class size is observations If x1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . . , x n are n observations,
a. 5 b. 10 c. 54 d. 104 then
Sol. b. Since, class size is the difference between the x1 + x2 + . . . + xn 1 n
(i) Mean ( x ) = = ∑ xi
class marks of two adjacent classes. n ni=1
∴ Class size = 64 − 54 = 10
It is also called direct method.
1 n
MEASURES OF CENTRAL (ii) Mean ( x ) = A + ∑ d i
ni =1
TENDENCY where, A = Assumed mean and d i = xi − A .
An average or central value of a statistical series is the
It is also called shortcut method.
value of the variable which describes the charateristic
of the entire distribution. The following are the five EXAMPLE 4. If the heights of 5 persons are 144 cm,
measure of central tendency 152 cm, 150 cm, 158 cm and 155 cm, respectively. Find
(i) Arithmetic mean or mean (ii) Geometric mean the mean height.
(iii) Harmonic mean (iv) Median a. 152.5 cm b. 150 cmc. 149.8 cm d. 151.8 cm
(v) Mode Sum of the heights
Sol. d. Mean height =
Out of these measures of central tendency. Arithmetic Number of persons
mean, median and mode are sometimes knows as 144 + 152 + 150 + 158 + 155 759
= = = 151. 8 cm
measures of location. 5 5

EXAMPLE 5. If the average of 6, 8, 5, 7, x and 4 is 7.

Arithmetic Mean Then, the value of x is
The mean (or average) of number of observations is a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 15
the sum of the values of all the observations divided
by the total number of observations. Sol. c. Q Sum of observation = 6 + 8 + 5 + 7 + x + 4 = 30 + x
and number of observation = 6
Mean = Sum of observations/Number of observation 30 + x 30 + x
∴ Average = ⇒ 7=
Properties of Arithmetic Mean 6 6
⇒ 42 = 30 + x ⇒ x = 42 − 30 = 12
1. If every observation is increased by a constant,
Hence, the value of x is 12.
then the mean of the observations, so obtained
also increases by the same constant. EXAMPLE 6. The average of 27 observations is 35. If 5 is
2. If every observation is decreased by a constant, added to each observation, what will be the new mean?
then the mean of the observation, so obtained also a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40
decreases by the same constant.
Sol. d. Given, x = 35 and n = 27
3. If each observation is multiplied by a constant,
then the mean of the resulting observations can be Sum of observation = nx = 27 × 35 = 945
obtained by multiplying the mean by the same and new total of observation = 945 + 27 × 5 = 1080
1080
constant. ∴ New mean = = 40
27
4. If each observation is divided by a constant, then
the mean of the resulting observation can be Shortcut Method
obtained by dividing the mean by the same New mean = Previous mean + Number added to each term
= 35 + 5 = 40
constant.
5. The average of natural numbers from 1 to n is EXAMPLE 7. The mean of 53 observations is 18. If each
( n + 1) observation is multiplied by 3. What will be the new mean?
.
2 a. 18 b. 36 c. 53 d. 54
6. The average of odd numbers from 1 to n is
Sol. d. Given, x = 18 and n = 53
Last odd number + 1
  and the average of even So, sum of observation = nx = 53 × 18 = 954
2 New total of observation = 954 × 3 = 2842
Last even number + 2
 ⋅
numbers from 1 to n is  2862
∴ New mean = = 54
 2 53
366 CDS Pathfinder

Shortcut Method Wages (in `) Number

d = xi − A fd
i i
New mean = Previous mean × Constant multiplied to (xi ) workers ( fi )
each term = 18 × 3 = 54 800 7 −100 −700
2. Mean of grouped or continuous observations If 820 14 − 80 −1120
x1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . . , x n are n observations whose 860 19 − 40 −760
corresponding frequencies are f1 , f 2 , f 3 , . . . , f n , then 900 25 0 0
920 20 20 400
(i) Direct Method 980 10 80 800
x f + x2 f2 + . . . + xn fn 1000 5 100 500
(a) Mean, x = 1 1 Σ f i = 100 Σ f i d i = − 880
f1 + f2 + . . . + fn Total
n Here, A = 900
∑ fi xi Σf i d i −880
i=1 Σf i x i ∴ Mean = A + = 900 + = 900 − 8.80 = 891. 2
= = Σf i 100
n Σf i
∑ fi ∴ Mean wage = `891. 2
i=1
n EXAMPLE 10. Find the mean of the following data.
∑ fi d i
i=1 ∑ fi d i x 15 25 35 45 55 65
(b) Mean, x = A + =A+ 4 28 15 20 17 16
n
∑ fi f
∑ fi
i=1 a. 44.2 b. 42.4 c. 40.6 d. 41.6
where, A =Assumed mean and d i = xi − A . Sol. d. Here, the values of class marks xi are given, so let
A = 35 and class width, h = difference between two
 ∑ fi u i 
(ii) Step Deviation Method ( x ) = A +   ×h consecutive class marks = 10, then
 ∑ fi  xi − a
xi fi ui = fu
where, h = Difference between two consecutive class
i i
h
marks. 15 − 35 −20
15 4 = = −2 4 × ( −2 ) = −8
10 10
EXAMPLE 8. The arithmetic mean of the marks from 25 − 35 −10
= = −1
25 28 28 × ( −1) = −28
the following table is 10 10
35 − 35 0
Marks 0-10 10-s20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 35 = ( A ) 15 = = −0 15 × 0 = 0
10 10
Number of students 12 18 27 20 17 6
45 − 35 10
45 20 = =1 20 × 1 = 20
a. 20 b. 28 c. 2800 d. 100 10 10
55 − 35 20
Sol. b. We have, 55 17 = =2 17 × 2 = 34
10 10
Marks Class mark, (x) f fx 65 − 35 30
65 16 = =3 16 × 3 = 48
0-10 5 12 60 10 10
10-20 15 18 270 Total Σ fi = 100 Σ fi u i = 66
20-30 25 27 675
Thus, we have Σf iui = 66, Σf i = 100, h = 10
30-40 35 20 700
 Σf u  66
40-50 45 17 765 ∴ x = A + h i i  = 35 + 10 ×
 Σf i  100
50-60 55 6 330
660
Total Σf = 100 Σfx = 2800 = 35 + = 35 + 6.6 ⇒ x = 416
.
100
Σfx 2800
∴ x= = = 28
Σf 100 Weighted Arithmetic Mean
If corresponding weight of x1 , x 2 , . . . , x n are
EXAMPLE 9. Find the mean wage from the data
w1 , w 2 , . . . , w n respectively, then
given below :
Wages (in `) 800 820 860 900 920 980 1000 Weighted arithmetic mean
n
Number of workers 7 14 19 25 20 10 5
∑ w i xi
a. 890 b. 890.5 c. 891.2 d. 100 w1 x1 + w 2 x 2 + . . . + w n x n i=1
= =
Sol. c. Let the assumed mean be A = 900. w1 + w 2 + . . . + w n n
∑ wi
The given data can be written as under : i=1
MATHEMATICS Statistics 367

EXAMPLE 11. The weighted arithmetic mean of the EXAMPLE 13. What is the geometrical mean of the
first n natural numbers, the weights being the variate which takes values 210, 201, 202, 20, 12, 10, 2,
corresponding numbers, is 1 and 0?
n+1 n+ 2 2n + 1 a. 10 b. 9 c. 8 d. 0
a. b. c. d. None of these
2 2 3
Sol. d. The given variates are 210, 201, 202, 20, 12, 10, 2,
Sol. c. First n natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, . . . , n ; whose 1 and 0.
corresponding weights are 1, 2, 3, . . . , n , respectively. ∴ Geometric mean of given variates
1× 1+ 2 × 2 + ... + n × n = 9 210 × 201× 202 × 20 × 10 × 2 × 1× 0 = 9 0 = 0
∴ Weight arithmetic mean =
1+ 2 + ... + n
12 + 22 + . . . + n2 n(n + 1)( 2n + 1) 2n + 1 Harmonic Mean
= = =
1+ 2 + ... + n 6n(n + 1) 3 The harmonic mean of n positive numbers a1 , a 2 , . . . , a n is
2 1 11 1 1 1
n(n + 1)( 2n + 1)  =  + + +... + 
 H n  a1 a 2 a 3 an 
Q Σn 2 =
 6 
 n(n + 1)  where, H denotes the harmonic mean.
 Σn = 
 2 
Median
Combined Arithmetic Mean After arranging the given data in ascending or
If two sets of observations are given, then the combined descending order of magnitude, the value of the middle
mean of both the sets can be calculated by the following most observation is called the median of the data.
formula. 1. Median of an individual series If number of
n x + n2 x 2 observations is n. Then, arrange the observations in
x= 1 1
n1 + n2 ascending or descending order.
where, x = Mean of sets of observations (i) If n is an odd number, then
x1 = Mean of first set of observations  n + 1
Median = Value of the   th observation
n1 = Number of observations in first set  2 
x 2 = Mean of second set of observations
(ii) If n is an even number, then
n2 = Number of observations in second set
 n
Value of the   th observation
EXAMPLE 12. The average salary of male employees  2
in a firm was ` 5200 and that of females was ` 4200. n 
The mean salary of all the employees was ` 5000. The + Value of  + 1 th observation
2 
percentage of male and female employees are, Median =
respectively. 2
a. 80 and 20 b. 20 and 80 c. 60 and 40 d. 52 and 48 2. Median of a discrete frequency series First arrange
the data in ascending or descending order and find
Sol. a. Let x1 = 5200, x2 = 4200 and x = 5000
N
n1x1 + n2 x2 cumulative frequency. Now, find , where N = Σf i .
We know that, x= 2
n1 + n2 N
n1 4 See the cumulative frequency just greater than .
⇒ 5000 (n1 + n2) = 5200n1 + 4200n2 ⇒ = 2
n2 1
The corresponding value of x is median.
∴ The percentage of male employees in the firm
4 3. Median of a continuous series In this case, the
= × 100 = 80 class corresponding to the cumulative frequency just
4+1
greater than N / 2 is called the median class and the
and the percentage of female employees in the firm value of median is obtained by the following
1
= × 100 = 20 formula.
4+1
N 
 − c
Median = l +  2  ×h
Geometric Mean  f 
If a, G and b are in GP, then the geometric mean  
between a and b is, G = ab. where, l = Lower limit of median class
368 CDS Pathfinder

f = Frequency of median class Sol. a. Arranging the data in the form of a frequency table, we
h = Size of median class have
c = Cumulative frequency of class before Value Frequency
median class 2.2 4
2.3 2
EXAMPLE 14. From the data given, the median 2.4 1
of the average deposit balance of saving for the 2.5 2
branch during March 1982 is 2.6 1
Average deposit balance Number of deposit 2.7 2
(in `)
We see that, the value 2.2 has the maximum frequency 4. So,
0 – 100 26
the mode for the given series is 2.2.
100-200 68
2. Mode of a discrete frequency series In this case, mode is
200-300 145 the value of the variate corresponding to the maximum
300-400 242 frequency.
400-500 188
EXAMPLE 16. Compute the modal value for the following
500-600 65 frequency distribution.
600-700 16
x 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175
a. 356 b. 300 c. 56.2 d. 356.2 f 4 2 18 22 21 19 10 3 2
Sol. d. a. 115 b. 125 c. 22 d. 120
Average deposit Cumulative
f
balance (in `) frequency (c f ) Sol. b. From the given table, it is clear that 125 has the highest
Less than 100 26 26 frequency i.e. 22. Hence, modal value of the given frequency
100-200 68 94 distribution is 125.
200-300 145 239 3. Mode of a continuous series The class which has
300-400 242 481 maximum frequency is called modal class or group. The
mode is given by the formula,
400-500 188 669
f1 − f 0
500-600 65 734 Mode = l + ×h
2 f1 − f 0 − f 2
600-700 16 750
where, l = Lower limit of modal class
N 750
= = 375 h = Size of class interval
2 2
The frequency just greater than 375 is 481. f1 = Frequency of modal class
∴ Median class is 300-400. f 0 = Frequency of the class preceding the
modal class
 N − c
  375 − 239 f 2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the
Median = l + 2 × h = 300 + × 100 modal class
f 242
= 300 + 56. 2 = 356. 2 EXAMPLE 17. The mode of the following distribution is

Mode Class interval Frequency

0-10 5
The data value which occurs maximum number of
times in a data distribution is called mode. 10-20 8
20-30 7
1. Mode of individual series The value which is
repeated maximum number of times is called 30-40 12
mode of the series. 40-50 28
50-60 20
EXAMPLE 15. Find the mode for the following
60-70 10
series 2.5, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2 2.4, 2.7, 2.7, 2.5, 2.3, 2.2,
2.6 and 2.2. 70-80 10

a. 2.2 b. 2.3 a. 46 b. 6.66

c. 2.7 d. 2.6 c. 46.67 d. None of these
MATHEMATICS Statistics 369

Sol. c. Here, maximum frequency is 28. Thus, the class

40-50 is the modal class. Here, f1 = 28, f 0 = 12, f 2 = 20,
Graphical Representation of Data
l = 40 and h = 10 There are many ways of picturing a frequency
 f1 − f 0  10 ( 28 − 12) distribution of continuous type which are discussed
∴ Mode = l +   × h = 40 + below
 2f1 − f 0 − f 2  ( 2 × 28 − 12 − 20)
10 × 16
= 40 +
24
= 40 + 6.666 = 46.67 (approx) 1. Bar Graph
In a bar graph, bars of uniform width are drawn with
Relation between Mean, Median and Mode various heights. The heights of a bar represents the
The empirical relationship between the three measures frequency of observation.
of central tendency is given by
Mode = 3 (Median) − 2 (Mean)
50
In case, mean = median = mode, then distribution is said
40

Frequency
to be symmetric distribution.
30
EXAMPLE 18. If in a frequency distribution, the mean
and median are 20 and 21 respectively, then its mode 20
is approximate by 10
a. 24 b. 23 c. 25 d. None of these
Sol. b. Here, mean = 20 and median = 21 10 20 30 40 50
Number
Mode = 3 × Median − 2 × Mean = 63 − 40 = 23

Some Useful Formulae 2. Histogram

If x1 , x 2 , …, x n are n observations with their mean M, A histogram is the graphical representation of a
then deviation d i is given by d i = | x i − M | . frequency distribution in the form of the rectangles with
Σ |d i | class intervals as bases, and the corresponding
• Mean deviation for individual series is given by .
n frequencies as height. There being no gap between any
Σf i | d i | two consecutive rectangles.
• Mean deviation for discrete series is given by .
Σ fi
• Standard deviation (σ ) for ungrouped data is given by 40
Frequency

Σ | d i |2 30
σ= . 20
n
10
• Standard variation for grouped data is given by
Σf i | d i | 2
σ=
n
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
• Variance = σ 2
A histogram consists of a set of adjacent rectangles,
Standard deviation l

• Coefficient of variation = × 100 whose bases are equal to class sizes and height are equal
Mean to class frequencies.
Mean deviation The total area of the histogram = Sum of areas of all
• Coefficient of mean deviation = × 100 l

Mean rectangles. If the class intervals are of same size (width),

then the area of histogram = NK,
EXAMPLE 19. The mean deviation of the data, 3, 5, 6, where K = Size of a class and N = Sum of frequences of
7, 8, 10, 11, 14 is all classes.
a. 4 b. 3.25 c. 2.75 d. 2.4 l If the frequency distribution is discontinuous (inclusive),
change it to continuous (exclusive) and then construct a
3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 11+ 14 64
Sol. c.Mean = = =8 histogram.
8 8
∴ Σ δ = 3−8 + 5−8 + 6 −8 + 7 −8 + 8 −8
3. Frequency polygon
+| 10 − 8 | + 11− 8 + 14 − 8 = 22 A frequency polygon can be drawn by joining the
Σδ 22 mid-points of the respective tops of the rectangles of a
∴ Mean deviation = = = 2. 75
n 8 histogram in case of equal class intervals.
370 CDS Pathfinder

A frequency polygon for a grouped data can also be EXAMPLE 20. In statistics, a suitable graph
drawn independently by plotting the mid-points of the for representing the partitioning of total into subpart
all classes along X-axis and frequencies along Y-axis and is
joining the plotted points by straight line. a. an ogive
b. a pictograph
85 c. a histogram
d. a pie chart
80
Temperature

Sol. d. In statistics, a suitable graph for representing the

75 partitioning of total into sub parts is a pie chart.

70 EXAMPLE 21. The following diagram show the

expenditure of a family on various items A, B, C, D and E.
65
A
0 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 B 30%
Time 25%
E 10%
C D
4. Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve) 20% 15%
When we plot the upper or lower class limits along
X-axis and cumulative frequencies along Y-axis, And on Study the diagram carefully and answer the following
joining them we get a curve called an ogive. questions.
(i) The angle of pie diagram showing the expenditure
We have two types of ogive curves
incurred on item A is
(a) less than ogive (i.e. the rising curve) a. 30° b. 35°
It is the graph between upper limits and cumulative c. 108° d. None of these
frequencies of a distribution.
(ii) Which two expenditures together will form an angle
(b) more than ogive (i.e. a falling curve) of 90° at the centre of pie diagram?
It is the graph between lower limits and cumulative a. B and O b. C and A
frequencies of a distribution. c. D and E d. None of these

Note n
If we have both ogive (i.e. less than type and more (iii) If the income of the family is ` 3000 per month, then
than type), then these two ogives intersect each other at a expenditure of item C will be
point.
n
From this point, draw a perpendicular on X-axis, the point a. ` 400 b. ` 500 c. ` 600 d. ` 800
at which it cuts the X-axis gives the median.
i.e. the x-coordinate of intersection point gives the median.
Sol. (i) c. Angle for 100% = 360°
∴ Angle for expenditure of A = 30% of 360°
Pie-Diagram (or Pie chart) =
30
× 360 = 108°
A type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors 100
such that each sector represents a proportion of the (ii) c. Q 100% = 360°
whole. ∴ An angle of 90° at the centre of pie diagram in
E
Thus, in a pie chart 90 × 100
30° percentage is = = 25%
• Data is represented by sectors of a D A 360
circle. 120° 90°
Expenditure of items D and E makes upto
• Each part of data makes a certain B (15 + 10) = 25%.
C 80°
central angle. So, expenditure of D and E together will form
40°
• Sum of all the angles of sector is
an angle of 90° at the centre of pie diagram.
360°.
° (iii) c. Expenditure on item C
 Frequency × 360 
• Central angle =   20
 Total frequency  = 20% of ` 3000 = × 3000 = ` 600
100
MATHEMATICS Statistics 371

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Frequency polygon can be drawn after drawing 11. The following pie chart shows the marks
(a) ogive (b) bar chart obtained by a student in an examination who
(c) histogram (d) None of these scored 540 marks in all. The subject in which the
student scored 108 marks is
2. An ogive is used to determine
(a) mean (b) median (c) GM (d) HM
Mathematics
3. The mid-value of a class interval is 42. If the 90°
class size is 10, then the upper and lower limits English
63°
of the class are
Hindi
(a) 37.5 and 47.5 (b) 47 and 37 Social
60°
(c) 37 and 47 (d) 47.5 and 37.5 Science
Science 72°
4. The actual lower class limits of the following 75°
classes 10-19, 20-29, 30-39 and 40-49 are
(a) 9.5, 19, 29 and 39.5 (b) 10, 20, 30 and 40
(c) 9.5, 19.5, 29.5 and 39.5 (d) 18.5, 28.5, 38.5 and 48.5 (a) Science (b) Hindi
(c) English (d) Social Science
5. If the mean of five observations x , x + 2,
x + 4, x + 6 and x + 8 is 11, then the mean of first 12. A distribution consists of three components with
three observations is frequencies 45, 40 and 15 having their means 2,
(a) 9 (b) 11
2.5 and 2 respectively. The mean of the combined
(c) 13 (d) None of these
distribution is
(a) 2.1 (b) 2.2 (c) 2.3 (d) 2.4
6. The combined mean of three groups is 12 and 1 1 1 1 1
the combined mean of first two groups is 3. If 13. If the values 1, , , , , . . . , occur at
the first, second and third groups have 2, 3 2 3 4 5 n
and 5 items respectively, then mean of third frequencies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,…, n respectively, in a
group is frequency distribution, then the mean is
(a) 10 (b) 21 1 2
(a) 1 (b) n (c) (d)
(c) 12 (d) 18 n n+1
7. 10 is the mean of a set of 7 observations and 5 is 14. If the geometric mean of three observations 40,
the mean of a set of 3 observations. The mean of 50 and x is 10, then the value of x is
the combined set is given by 1
(a) (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 8.5 (d) 7.5 2
8. In a class of 50 students, 10 have failed and 15. Suppose, X is some statistical variable with
their average marks are 28. The total marks mean µ. Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn be its deviations from
obtained by the entire class are 2800. The mean with the respective frequencies f1 , f2 , . . . , fn .
average marks of those who have passed are What is the value of the sum
(a) 43 (b) 53 (c) 63 (d) 70 x1 f1 + x2 f2 + . . . + xn fn ?
9. Which of the following statements about the (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) µ (d) µ + 1
median is true?
16. Which one of the following statements is not
(a) It is not affected by extreme values
correct with reference to a histogram?
(b) It can be found even, if some items are not known
(a) Frequency curve is obtained by joining the
(c) It is useful when the data cannot be measured mid-points of the top of the adjacent rectangles with
quantitatively
smooth curves
(d) All of the above
(b) Histogram is drawn for continuous data
10. The middle item of the series arranged in (c) The height of the bar is proportional to the
ascending or descending order is called frequency of that class
(a) mean (b) median (d) Mode of the distribution can be obtained from the
(c) mode (d) standard deviation histogram
372 CDS Pathfinder

17. X 0 1 2 3 4 23. If the mean and median of a set of numbers are

Frequency 4 f 9 g 4 8.9 and 9 respectively, then the mode will be
(a) 7.2 (b) 8.2 (c) 9.2 (d) 10.2
The table above gives the frequency distribution
of a discrete variable X with two missing 24. If every number of a finite set is increased by
frequencies. If the total frequency is 25 and the any number k, then the measure of central
arithmetic mean of X is 2, then what is the value tendency should also increase by k. Which one of
of the missing frequency f? the following measures of central tendency does
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 not have this property?
(a) Arithmetic mean
18. The yield of paddy per plot of one acre were
obtained from a number of plots from two (b) Median
different districts in a state and are summarized (c) Mid-range i.e. the arithmetic mean of the largest
and the smallest numbers
in the following table.
(d) Geometric mean
Yield of paddy per Number of plots in Number of plots in
plot in quintals district A district B 25. If the median of the distribution (arranged in
ascending order) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, x, 15, 17, 19, 21 is
38.0-41.0 25 14
10, what is the value of x?
41.0-44.0 36 29
(a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 9 < x < 15 (d) 9 ≤ x ≤ 15
44.0-47.0 59 35
47.0-50.0 30 54
26. If the width of each of the ten classes in a
frequency distribution is 2.5 and the lower class
50.0-53.0 25 41
boundary of the lowest class is 5.1, then the
Which one of the following statements is correct? upper class boundary of the highest class is
(a) The mode for district A is higher than the mode for (a) 30.1 (b) 30 (c) 31.1 (d) 27.56
district B 27. The average value of the median of 2, 8, 3, 7, 4,
(b) The mode for district B is higher than the mode for 6, 7 and the mode of 2, 9, 3, 4, 9, 6, 9 is
district A
(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 7.5 (d) 6
(c) Both the distributions are symmetric
(d) Both the distributions have the same mean 28. When 10 is subtracted from each of the given
observations, the mean is reduced to 60%. If 5 is
19. Average score of 50 students in a class is 44. added to all the given observations, the mean
Later on it was found that the score 23 was will be
incorrectly recorded as 73. The correct average
(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 60 (d) 65
score is
(a) 42 (b) 43 (c) 45 (d) 46 29. A data has highest value 120 and the lowest
value 71. A frequency distribution in descending
20. In the “less than” type of ogive the cumulative order with seven classes is to be constructed.
frequency is plotted against
The limits of the second class interval shall be
(a) the lower limit of the concerned class interval
(a) 77 and 78 (b) 78 and 85
(b) the upper limit of the concerned class interval
(c) 85 and 113 (d) 113 and 120
(c) the mid value of the concerned class interval
(d) any value of the concerned class interval 1
30. If mean of y and is M, then what is the mean
y
21. A, B and C are three sets of values of x 1
A : 2, 3, 7, 1, 3, 2, 3 of y3 and ?
y3
B : 7, 5, 9, 12, 5, 3, 8
M(M 2 − 3)
C : 4, 4, 11, 7, 2, 3, 4 (a) (b) M 3
3
Select the correct statement from among the
(c) M 3 − 3 (d) M (4 M 2 − 3)
following
(a) Mean of A is equal to mode of C 31. For the following frequency distribution
(b) Mean of C is equal to median of B
Class interval 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
(c) Median of B is equal to mode of A
(d) Median, mean and mode of A are same Frequency 10 15 30 80 40 20

22. A student obtains 75%, 80% and 85% marks in If m is the value of mode, then which one of the
three subjects. If the marks of any other subject following is correct?
are added, then their average cannot be less than (a) 5 < m < 10 (b) 10 < m < 15
(a) 60% (b) 65% (c) 70% (d) 80% (c) 15 < m < 20 (d) 20 < m < 25
MATHEMATICS Statistics 373

32. Square diagrams are drawn to represent the 39. Consider the following statements in respect of
following data histogram
Country Pakistan India Myanmar China I. Histogram is an equivalent graphical
representation of the frequency distribution.
Labour Production
36 81 25 100 II. Histogram is suitable for continuous random
(in `)
variables, where the total frequency of an
Using the scale 1 cm 2 = ` 25 what is the length interval is evenly distributed over the interval.
of the representative square for India? Which of the statements given above is/are
(a) 1.8 cm (b) 1.2 cm (c) 1 cm (d) 2 cm correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
33. The standard deviation of 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 is (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 2.4 (b) 2.5 (c) 2.7 (d) 2.82
40. Examples of data are given below
34. The total number of cellphones sold for Motorola, I. Information on households collected by an
Samsung and Sony was 45664. The number of investigator by door-to-door visits.
cellphones sold for these companies were in the
II. Data on the percentage of literates, sex-wise, for
ratio 3:5:8 respectively. If these data were the different districts of a state collected from
shown on a pie chart, calculate the angle records of the census of India.
represented by the number of cellphones sold by
III. General information about families, collected by
Motorola.
telephonic interviews.
(a) 75° (b) 67.5° (c) 70° (d) 74.5°
Which one of the following in respect of the above
35. If the population figures are given for each State is correct?
of India, then the data can be classified as (a) I and II are primary data (b) I and III are primary data
(a) qualitative (b) quantitative (c) II and III are primary data (d) I, II and III are primary data
(c) chronological (d) geographical
41. Consider the following types of data
36. Which one of the following represents statistical I. Marks of students who appeared for a test of 100
data? marks.
(a) The names of all owners of shops located in a II. Collar sizes of 200 shirts sold in a week.
shopping complex
III. Monthly incomes of 250 employees of a factory.
(b) A list giving the names of all States of India
(c) A list of all European countries and their respective For which of the above data, mode is a suitable
capital cities measure of central tendency?
(d) The volume of a rainfall in certain geographical area, (a) I and II (b) Only II (c) I and III (d) All of these
recorded every month for 24 consecutive months
42. The cumulative frequency curve of a frequency
37. Prime numbers are the numbers which comes in distribution with 6 classes and total frequency
the table of 1 and itself only. 60 is a straight line. Consider the following
I. The mean of first seven prime numbers is statements
greater than their median. I. The first and the last classes have a frequency of
II. Mean is always greater than median. 10 each.
Select the correct option from the options given II. Both the middle classes have a total frequency of
30.
below
III. The frequency distribution does not have a mode.
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these
38. Consider the following statements in respect of a
histogram 43. State which of the following variables are
I. The histogram consists of vertical rectangular discrete?
bars with a common base such that there is no I. Number of children in a family.
gap between consecutive bars. II. Wages of workers.
II. The height of the rectangle is determined by the III. The ages of students.
frequency of the class it represents. IV. Weights of a set of a students.
Which of the statements given above is/are Select the correct answer using the codes given
correct? below
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) I and II (b) I, II and III
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) All of these (d) None of these
374 CDS Pathfinder

Directions (Q. Nos. 44-45) The number of goals

50. What is the sum of the squares of all the six
scored by a soccer team in a season were as follows:
numbers?
Number of goals Number of matches (a) 40 (b) 42 (c) 45 (d) 48
0 3
1 6
51. What is the value of c ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2 2
3 x 52. What is the mode?
4 5 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) None of these
44. If the mode is 1, the largest possible value of x is
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 6 Directions (Q. Nos. 53-55) Study the following pie
45. If the median is 2, the smallest possible value of diagram and answer the questions.
x is
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 6 Wheat

Directions (Q. Nos. 46-47) The itemwise expenditure Rice

70° Sugar
40°
of a non-government organisation for the year 110°
2008-2009 is given below. 140°

Item Expenditure (in ` lakh) Others

Salary of employees 6
Social welfare activities 7
Office contingency 3 53. The percentage of wheat production is
Vehicle maint evance 4 (a) 35% (b) 70% (c) 19.44% (d) 20%
Rent and hire charges 2.5 54. If the sugar production is 9000 kg, then the
Miscellaneous expenses 1.5 wheat production is
(a) 20000 kg (b) 24000 kg
The above data are represented by a pie diagram. (c) 15750 kg (d) None of these

46. What is the sectorial angle of the largest sector? 55. If the total production is 180000 kg, the
(a) 120° (b) 105° (c) 90° (d) 85° difference in sugar and wheat production is
(a) 10000 (b) 15000 (c) 20000 (d) None of these
47. What is the difference in the sectorial angles of
the largest and the smallest sectors? Directions (Q. Nos. 56-58) Consider the following
(a) 90° (b) 85° (c) 82.5° (d) 77.5° frequency distribution
Directions (Q. Nos. 48-49) The following table Class interval 1-4 4-7 7-10 10-13 13-16 16-19
gives the frequency distribution of life length in Frequency 6 30 40 16 4 4
hours of 100 electric bulbs having median life 20 h.
Life of bulbs (in h) Number of bulbs
56. What is the median of the data?
8-13 7 (a) 9.4 (b) 7.68 (c) 8.05 (d) 8.32
13-18 x 57. What is modal size of the given data?
18-23 40 (a) 8.14 (b) 7.88 (c) 7.62 (d) 8.48
23-28 y
58. The value of (Mean + Mode −2 Median) is equal to
28-33 10
(a) 0 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.1
33-38 2

48. What is the missing frequency of x? PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

(a) 31 (b) 27 (c) 24 (d) 14
49. What is the missing frequency of y? 59. Let the observations at hand be arranged in
(a) 27 (b) 24 (c) 14 (d) 11 increasing order. Which one of the following
measures will not be affected when the smallest
Directions (Q. Nos. 50-52) The arithmetic mean, and the largest observations are removed?
geometric mean and median of 6 positive numbers e 2012 I
7 (a) Mean (b) Median
a, a, b, b, c , c where a < b < c are , 2, 2 respectively. (c) Mode (d) Standard deviation
3
MATHEMATICS Statistics 375

60. Consider the following statements : 68. Consider the following statements :
I. The data collected by the investigator to be used I. A frequency distribution condenses the data and
by himself are called primary data. reveals its important features.
II. The data obtained from government agencies are II. A frequency distribution is an equivalent
called secondary data. representation of original data.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? e 2012 I correct? e 2013 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
61. Which one among the following statements is
correct? e 2012 I Directions (Q. Nos. 69-71) Read the following
(a) Simple bar diagrams are those diagrams which information carefully to answer the questions that
show two characteristics of the data follow. e 2013 I
(b) In pie diagrams, all the items are converted into In a frequency distribution having class intervals 0-10,
angles 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 the respective frequencies are x,
(c) A bar diagram is one in which data are shown in x + 8, x − 2 and x − 4 and the arithmetic mean of the
terms of bars distribution is 17.8.
(d) Bar diagrams present data through length and breadth
69. The value of x is
62. Consider the following distribution :
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12
Value of the variable 1 2 3 4 5
70. The median lies in which one of the following
Frequency 3 f 6 5 3
class intervals?
For what value of f, is the arithmetic mean of (a) 0-10 (b) 10-20 (c) 20-30 (d) 30-40
the above distribution 3.1? e 2012 I
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
71. The modal class is
(a) 0-10 (b) 10-20 (c) 20-30 (d) 30-40
63. Which of the following pair(s) is/are correctly
matched?
72. The mean of 7 observations is 7. If each observation
is increased by 2, then the new mean is e 2013 I
I. Weight of a person : Continuous variable (a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8
II. Educational qualification of the person : Attribute
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2012 II
73. There are 45 male and 15 female employees in
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II an office. If the mean salary of the 60 employees
is ` 4800 and the mean salary of the male
64. The mean of 100 values is 45. If 15 is added to employees is ` 5000, then the mean salary of the
each of the first forty values and 5 is subtracted female employees is e 2013 I
from each of the remaining sixty values, then the (a) ` 4200 (b) ` 4500 (c) ` 5600 (d) ` 6000
new mean becomes e 2012 II
(a) 45 (b) 48 (c) 51 (d) 55 Directions (Q. Nos. 74-75) Read the following
65. Which one of the following relations for the information carefully and answer the questions
numbers 10, 7, 8, 5, 6, 8, 5, 8 and 6 is correct? given below. e 2013 II
(a) Mean = Median (b) Mean = Mode e 2012 II The median of the following distribution is 14.4 and the
(c) Mean > Median (d) Mean > Mode total frequency is 20.
66. In histogram the width of the bars is Class interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
proportional to e 2012 II Frequency 4 x 5 y 1
(a) Frequency (b) Number of classes
(c) Class interval (d) None of these 74. What is x equal to?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
67. Which one of the following statements is correct?
e 2013 I 75. What is the relation between x and y?
(a) A frequency polygon is obtained by connecting the (a) 2 x = 3 y (b) 3x = 2 y (c) x = y (d) 2 x = y
corner points of the rectangles in a histogram
(b) A frequency polygon is obtained by connecting the
76. If m is the mean of p, q, r, s, t, u and v, then what
mid-points of the tops of the rectangles in a is ( p − m ) + ( q − m ) + (r − m ) + ( s − m ) + ( t − m )
histogram + ( u − m ) + ( v − m ) equal to? e 2013 II
(c) A frequency polygon is obtained by connecting the (a) 0 (b) s
corner points of the class intervals in a histogram ( p + v)
(c) (d) None of these
(d) None of the above 2
376 CDS Pathfinder

77. The average of u, v, w, x, y and z is 10. What is What is the modal class? e 2014 II
the average of u + 10, v + 20, w + 30, x + 40, y + 50 (a) 250-500 (b) 500-750
and z + 60 ? e 2013 II (c) 750-1000 (d) None of these
(a) 30 (b) 35 (c) 40 (d) 45 83. The geometric mean of ( x1 , x2 , x3 , ... , xn ) is X and
78. The mean of the following distribution is 18. the geometric mean of ( y1 , y2 , y3 , ... , yn ) is Y .
Class interval Frequency Which of the following statement is/are correct?
11-13 3 I. The geometric mean of
13-15 6 (x1y1 , x2y2, x3 y3 , ... , xn yn ) is XY .
15-17 9 x x x x  X
II. The geometric mean of  1 , 2 , 3 , ..., n  is .
17-19 13  y1 y2 y3 yn  Y
19-21 f
Select the correct answer using the codes given
21-23 5
below
23-25 4
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2014 II
What is the value of f ? e 2014 II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
84. Consider the following statements in respect of a
79. Consider the following statements pertaining to discrete set of numbers.
a frequency polygon of a frequency distribution
I. The arithmetic mean uses all the data and is
of a continuous variable having seven class
always uniquely defined.
intervals of equal width.
I. The original frequency distribution can be II. The median uses only one or two numbers from
reconstructed from the frequency polygon. the data and may not be unique.
II. The frequency polygon touches the X-axis in its Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
extreme right and extreme left. correct? e 2014 II
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are (a) Only I (b) Only II
correct? e 2014 II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
85. If xi ’s are the mid-points of the class intervals of
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
grouped data, fi ’s are the corresponding
80.Consider the following in respect of variate which frequencies and x is the mean, then what is
takes values 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 7, 7 and 7. Σfi ( xi − x ) equal to? e 2014 II
I. The median is equal to mean. (a) 0 (b) − 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
II. The mode is both 2 and 7.
86. When we take class intervals on the X-axis and
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are corresponding frequencies on the Y-axis and
correct? e 2014 II
draw rectangles with the areas proportional to
(a) Only I (b) Only II
the frequencies of the respective class intervals,
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
the graph so obtained is called e 2014 II
81. Which of the following items of information is a (a) bar diagram (b) frequency curve
good example of statistical data? e 2014 II (c) ogive (d) None of these
(a) A table of logarithms of numbers
(b) A list of names of 120 students of a class
87. Consider the following data:
(c) A list of annual incomes of the members of a club I. Number of complaints lodged due to road
accidents in a state within a year for 5
(d) Holiday list of the offices of Government of India in
the year 2013 consecutive years.
II. Budgetary allocation of the total available funds
82. The following table gives ‘less than’ type to the various items of expenditure.
frequency distribution of income per day.
Which of the above data is/are suitable for
Income (in `) less than Number of persons representation of a pie diagram? e 2014 II
1500 100
(a) Only I (b) Only II
1250 80 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
1000 70
750 55
88. Consider the following statements related to
cumulative frequency polygon of a frequency
500 32
distribution, the frequencies being cumulated
250 12 from the lower end of the range
MATHEMATICS Statistics 377

I. The cumulative frequency polygon gives an

96. If a variable takes discrete values a + 4, a − 3. 5,
equivalent representation of frequency
distribution table. a − 2.5, a − 3, a − 2, a + 0.5, a + 5 and a − 0. 5,
where a > 0, then the median of the data set is
II. The cumulative frequency polygon is a closed
e 2015 II
polygon with one horizontal and one vertical
(a) a − 2.5 (b) a − 1.25 (c) a − 1. 5 (d) a − 0 . 75
side. The other sides have non-negative slope.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
97. If each of n numbers xi = i ( i = 1, 2, 3, K , n ) is
correct? e 2014 II replaced by ( i + 1)xi , then the new mean is
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2015 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II n+ 3 n (n + 1)
(a) (b)
2 2
89. The class which has maximum frequency is (n + 1) (n + 2 ) (n + 1) (n + 2 )
(c) (d)
known as e 2014 II 3n 3
(a) median class (b) mean class
98. The weighted arithmetic mean of first 10 natural
(c) modal class (d) None of these
numbers whose weights are equal to the
90. Ten observations 6, 14, 15, 17, x + 1, 2x − 13, 30, corresponding numbers is equal to e 2015 II

32, 34 and 43 are written in ascending order. (a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 35 (d) 38 . 5
The median of the data is 24. What is the value 99. The election result in which six parties contested
of x? e 2014 II was depicted by a pie chart. Party A had an
(a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 24 angle 135° on this pie chart. If it secured 21960
votes, then how many valid votes in total were
Directions (Q. Nos. 91-94) Consider the following cast? e 2016 I
frequency distribution. e 2015 I (a) 51240 (b) 58560 (c) 78320 (d) 87840

Class Frequency 100. The mean and median of 5 observations are 9

0-10 4 and 8, respectively. If 1 is subtracted from each
observation, then the new mean and the new
10-20 5
median will respectively be e 2016 I
20-30 7 (a) 8 and 7 (b) 9 and 7
30-40 10 (c) 8 and 9
40-50 12 (d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
50-60 8 101. The age distribution of 40 children are as follows
60-70 4
Age (in years) 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11

91. What is the mean of the distribution? Number of children 4 7 9 12 6 2

(a) 37.2 (b) 38.1 (c) 39.2 (d) 40.1 Consider the following statements in respect of
92. What is the median class? the above frequency distribution
(a) 20-30 (b) 30-40 I. The median of the age distribution is 7 yr.
(c) 40-50 (d) 50-60 II. 70% of the children are in the age group 6-9 yr.
93. What is the median of the distribution? III. The modal age of the children is 8 yr.
(a) 37 (b) 38 (c) 39 (d) 40 Which of the above statements are correct?
e 2016 I
94. What is the mode of the distribution? (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
(a) 38.33 (b) 40.66
(c) 42.66 (d) 43.33 102. Suppose xi = λ i for 0 ≤ i ≤ 10, where λ > 1. Which
one of the following is correct? e 2016 I
95. There are five parties A, B, C , D and E in an (a) AM < Median (b) GM < Median
election. Out of total 100000 votes cast, 36000 (c) GM = Median (d) AM = Median
were cast to party A, 24000 to party B, 18000 1
to party C, 7000 to party D and rest to party E. 103. Suppose xi = for i = 1, 2, 3, ... , 11. Which one of
What angle will be allocated for party E in the i
pie chart? e 2015 I
the following is not correct? e 2016 I
(a) AM > 1 / 6 (b) GM >1 / 6
(a) 15° (b) 54° (c) 60° (d) 72°
(c) HM>1 / 6 (d) Median = HM
378 CDS Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 c 9 d 10 b
11 d 12 b 13 d 14 a 15 a 16 c 17 a 18 b 19 b 20 b
21 d 22 a 23 c 24 d 25 a 26 a 27 c 28 b 29 b 30 d
31 c 32 a 33 d 34 b 35 b 36 d 37 c 38 c 39 c 40 b
41 b 42 b 43 b 44 b 45 c 46 b 47 c 48 b 49 c 50 b
51 d 52 d 53 c 54 c 55 b 56 c 57 b 58 d 59 b 60 c
61 b 62 b 63 a 64 b 65 a 66 c 67 b 68 c 69 d 70 b
71 b 72 c 73 a 74 a 75 b 76 a 77 d 78 a 79 a 80 c
81. c 82 b 83 c 84 c 85 a 86 d 87 c 88 a 89 c 90 c
91 a 92 b 93 c 94 d 95 b 96 b 97 d 98 d 99 b 100 a
101 b 102 c 103 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (c) Frequency polygon can be drawn by Hence, the mean of first three 10. (b) Median is the middle item of the
joining the mid-points of the respective observation is 9. series arranged in ascending or
tops in histogram. 6. (b) Total sum of items descending order.
2. (b) An ogive is used to determine the = 2 × 12 + 3 × 12 + 5 × 12 11. (d) Central angle for 540 marks = 360°.
median. = 24 + 36 + 60 = 120 ∴ Central angle for 108 marks
Total sum of items of first two group 108
3. (b) Let the lower limit be x. Then, the = × 360° = 72°
upper limit of class interval = x + 10 = ( 2 + 3) × 3 = 15
540
Total sum of 5 items of group third
Q mid-value = 42 Here, the student scored 108 marks in
= 120 − 15 = 105
x + ( x + 10) Social Science.
∴ = 42 ⇒ 2x + 10 = 84 105
2 ∴ Mean of third group = = 21
5 12. (b) Given, n = 45,x = 2, n = 40
⇒ 2x = 74 ⇒ x = 37 1 1 2
∴ Lower limit = 37 Hence, the mean of third group is 21. x = 25
. and n = 15, x = 2.
2 3 3
Upper limit = 37 + 10 = 47 7. (c) Given, n = 7, x = 10 ∴ Required mean
1 1
4. (c) Lower class limits are obtained by and n = 3, x = 5 nx +nx +nx
2 2 = 1 1 2 2 3 3
subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit, so nx + nx n +n +n
1 1 2 2
clearly 9.5, 19.5, 29.5 and 39.5 are the Q Combined mean = 1 2 3

actual lower class limits. n +n 45 × 2 + 40 × 2.5 + 15 × 2

1 2 =
5. (a) Here, sum of 5 observations 7 × 10 + 3 × 5 85 45 + 40 + 15
= = = 8 .5
7+3 10 90 + 100 + 30 220
= x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) + ( x + 6) = = = 2. 2
+ ( x + 8) Hence, the mean of combined set is 8.5. 45 + 40 + 15 100
= 5x + 20 8. (c) Given, total number of students = 50 Hence, the mean of the combined
and total number of observation = 5 distribution is 2.2.
Total number of students passed
∴ Mean of total observations = 50 − 10 = 40 13. (d) Here,
n ( n + 1)
Sum of 5 observation Σf = ( 1 + 2 + 3+ ...+ n) =
= Total marks obtained by failed students i 2
Total number of observation  1
= 28 × 10 = 280 Σf × x =  1 × 1 + 2 ×
5x + 20 
= = 11 ⇒ 5x + 20 = 55 ∴ Total marks of 40 students
i i 2
+ 3 × + . . . + n × 
5 1 1
= 2800 − 280 = 2520
⇒ 5x = 55 − 20 = 35 ⇒ x = 7 3 n
∴ Required average of passed students = ( 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + n times) = n
∴ Mean of first three
2520
x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) 3x + 6 = = 63 Σf x 2
= = 40 ∴Mean = i i =
n
=
3 3 Σf 1 n + 1
9. (d) Clearly, all the statements are true n ( n + 1)
3 × 7 + 6 27 i
2
= = =9 (Q x = 7) about median.
3 3
MATHEMATICS Statistics 379

14. (a) Geometric mean of 40, 50 and x = ( 40 × 50 × x)1 / 3 2 + 3 + 7 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 21

21. (d) Mean of A = = =3
⇒ ( 40 × 50 × x)1 / 3 = 10 (given) 7 7
1000 1 Mode of A = 3, having maximum frequency.
⇒ 40 × 50 × x = 10 3 ⇒ x = =
40 × 50 2 Arrange data in ascending order, we have 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 7.
7 + 1
and median of A = 
1
Hence, the value of x is .  th value = 4th
2  2 
15. (a) We know that the sum of deviation from their mean is zero. value = 3
∴ x f + x f + L + xn f n = 0 Here, mean, median and mode are equal.
1 1 2 2
16. (c) The height of the bar is not proportional to the frequency of 22. (a) Total marks in 3 subjects = ( 75 + 80 + 85) = 240 out of 300.
the class. In any other subject the marks are atleast 0.
17. (a) x f f×x Average of 4 subjects =
240
= 60%
0 4 0 4
1 f f ∴ Average cannot be less than 60%.
2 9 18 23. (c) Given, mean = 8.9 and median = 9
3 g 3g Q Mode = (3 × Median) − (2 × Mean)
4 4 16 = (3 × 9 − 2 × 8.9) = 27 − 178
. = 9. 2
Total Σf = 17 + f + g Σfx = 34 + f + 3g 24. (d) If every number of a finite set is increased by any number k,
then measure of central tendency should also increase by k.
Σfx 34 + f + 3 g 34 + f + 3 g
Q Mean = = ⇒2= (Qmean = 2) But geometric mean does not have this property.
Σf 17 + f + g 17 + f + g
25. (a) Given distribution is 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, x, 15, 17, 19, 21.
⇒ 34 + 2 f + 2 g = 34 + f + 3 g ⇒ f − g = 0 …(i) Number of terms = 10 (even)
th term + Value of  + 1 th term
Given, Σf = 25 10 10
Value of
2  2 
∴ 17 + f + g = 25 ⇒ f + g = 25 − 17 ∴ Median =
2
⇒ f + g =8 …(ii)
Value of 5th term + Value of 6th term
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 f = 8 ⇒ f = 4 10 =
2
On putting f = 4 Eq. (i), we get 4 − g = 0 ⇒ g = 4 9+ x
⇒ 10 = ⇒ 20 = 9 + x ⇒ x = 11
18. (b) For district A, as the class 44.0-47.0 has maximum frequency, 2
so it is the modal class.
26. (a) Required class boundary = Lower class boundary of lowest
∴ l = 44, f = 59, f = 36, f = 30, and h = 3 class + Width of class × Number of class
1 0 2
f − f 59 − 36 = 5.1 + 25
. × 10 = 30.1
∴ Mode = l + 1 0 × h = 44 + ×3
2f − f − f 2 × 59 − 36 − 30 27. (c) Arranging the observation in ascending order 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8
1 0 2
23 × 3 ∴ Number of items = 7
= 44 + = 44 + 1.33 = 4533
.
n + 1  7 + 1 = 4th value = 6
52 ∴ Median =   th value =  
 2   2 
For district B, as the class 47.0-50.0 has the maximum frequency,
so it is the modal class. So, median = 6 and mode of 2, 9, 3, 4, 9, 6, 9 is 9.
1
∴ l = 47, f = 54, f = 35, f = 41 and h = 3 ∴ Average of median and mode = ( 6 + 9) = 7.5
1 0 2 2
f − f 54 − 35
∴ Mode = l + 1 0 × h = 47 + ×3 28. (b) Let the mean of observations x , x , x , . . . , xn be x.
1 2 3
2f − f − f 2 × 54 − 35 − 41 On subtracting 10 from each, the mean would be ( x − 10).
1 0 2

19 × 3 ( x − 10) = 60% of x
= 47 + = 47 + 1.78 = 48.78
32 ⇒ ( x − 10) =
60 3
x = x ⇒  1 − 3  x = 10
 
Thus, the mode for district B is higher than the mode for 100 5  5
2 5 × 10
district A. ⇒ x = 10 ⇒ x = = 25
5 2
19. (b) Given, average score of 50 students = 44
Now, 5 is added to all the given observations, then new mean
Total score = 44 × 50 = 2200
becomes = x + 5 = 25 + 5 = 30
Correct score of 50 students = ( 2200 − 73 + 23) = 2150
2150 29. (b) Range of the data = 120 − 71 = 49
∴ Correct average score = = 43 Range 49
50 ∴ Class size = = =7
Number of classes 7
20. (b) In the less than type of ogive, the cumulative frequency is The class are 71-78, 78-85, 85-92, 92-97 etc.
plotted against the upper limit of the concerned class interval.
So, limits of second class interval are 78 and 85.
380 CDS Pathfinder

1
y+ 38. (c) Since, the Since, median is 2 and the
y histogram 50 corresponding CF is 11.
30. (d) Here, mean, M = …(i)
2 consists of 40 N

Frequency
So, must be greater than 9.
New mean vertical 30 2
3 rectangular
1  1  1 16 + x
y3 + 3 y +  −3 y +  bars with a
20 ⇒ > 9 ⇒ x > ( 18 − 16) ⇒ x > 2
y  y  y common base 10 2
= = So, smallest possible value of x = 3.
2 2 such that 0
10 20 30 40 50 46. (b) Here, total expenditure
there is no
1   
2
 1 Number
 y +    y +  − 3 gap between = 6 + 7 + 3 + 4 + 25 . + 1.5
 y  

y  consecutive bars and also the height of = ` 24 lakh
= [from Eq. (i)] the rectangle is determined by the
2 Sectorial angle of largest sector
frequency of the class it represents. 360°
= M [( 2M ) − 3] = M( 4M − 3)
2 2
= × 7 = 105°
Hence, both statements are correct in
31. (c) Since, maximum frequency is 80, 24
respect of a histogram.
hence mode will be between 15 to 20. 39. (c) We know that, histogram is an 47. (c) Difference in the sectorial angles of
1 equivalent graphical representation of the largest and the smallest sectors
32. (a) ` 25 = 1 cm 2 ⇒ ` 1 = cm 2 360°
25 the frequency distribution and is suitable = 105° − × 1.5
81 for continuous random variables where 24
∴ ` 81 = cm 2 = Area of square
25 the total frequency of an interval is = 105° − 225 . ° = 825 . °
evenly distributed over the interval. N
Side of square =
81 9
= = 1.8 cm 48. (b) Here, l = 18, = 50 , c = 7 + x,
25 5 Hence, both the given statements are 2
correct. f = 40 and h = 5
33. (d) Given, n = 5
40. (b) Primary data is original research that  N − c
7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 55  
Mean = = = 11  
5 5
is obtained through first hand ∴ Median = l + 2 ×h
investigation. So, statements I and III f
Σ | d | 2 = |7 − 11|2 + |9 − 11|2 + |11 − 11|2 are primary data. (50 − ( 7 + x))
i
+ |13 − 11|2 + |15 − 11|2 = 40 = 18 + ×5
41. (b) Collar sizes of 200 shirts sold in a 40
Σd 2
40 week, here mode is a suitable measure of 5
∴σ = i = = 2 2 = 2 × 1. 41 central tendency. ∴ 20 = 18 + ( 43 − x)
n 5 40
= 2.82
42. (b) Since, the frequency in a straight line, [Q median = 20]
so we take all classes have equal ⇒ 800 = 720 + 215 − 5x
34. (b) Number of cellphones sold by frequency, i.e. 10.
3 ⇒ 5x = 935 − 800
Motorola = × 45664 I. It is true that first and last class have
16 135
10 frequency. ⇒ 5x = 135 ⇒ x = ⇒ x = 27
Central angle of Motorola 5
II. Both the middle classes have
 3 × 45664  frequency, 10 + 10 = 20 Hence, the value of x is 27.
 
× 360°  =  × 360° 
16 3 III. Since, all have equal frequency, so we 49. (c) We have,
=
 45664   16  cannot determined the mode. 7 + x + 40 + y + 10 + 2 = 100 (Q
  43. (b) A discrete frequency distribution is x = 27)
= 67.5° such a distribution in which data are ⇒86 + y = 100 ⇒ y = 100 − 86
35. (b) If the population figures are given for presented in a way that exact
measurements of the units are clearly ⇒ y = 14
each State of India, then data can be
classified as quantitative. shown. Clearly weights of a set of a Hence, the value of y is 14.
36. (d) The volume of rainfall in certain students is continuous, while other three Solutions (Q. Nos. 50-52) Since, a < b < c
geographical area, recorded every month are discrete.
Therefore, series is in increasing order
for 24 consecutive months. 44. (b) Since, modal size of given data is 1 i.e. a , a , b , b , c , c
37. (c) I. First seven prime numbers are 2, 3, and its corresponding frequency is 6.
∴ Median
5, 7, 11, 13, 17. So, x cannot be equal to or more than 6.  6  th term +  6 + 1 th term
2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17    
Mean = Hence, the maximum value of x is 5.   2 
7 = 2
58 45. (c) 2
= = 8. 28 Number of goals Frequency CF 3rd term + 4th term
7 =
7 + 1 0 3 3 2
Median = Value of   th term ⇒ 2=
b+b
⇒b = 2
 2  1 6 9
2
= Value of 4th term = 7 2 2 11 Also, arithmetic mean
Since, prime numbers are always 3 x 11 + x a+ a+ b+ b+ c+ c
=
increasing, therefore here mean is always 4 5 16 + x 6
greater than median. 7 a+ b+ c
Total N = 16 + x ⇒ = ⇒ a+ c+ 2= 7
Hence, both statements are correct. 3 3
MATHEMATICS Statistics 381

⇒a + c= 7− 2=5 …(i) 60. (c) Primary data are those data which is collected by investigator
and geometric mean = ( a 2 × b 2 × c 2 )1 / 6 himself, while secondary data are those which is collected by other
8 persons.
⇒ 2 = ( abc )1 / 3 ⇒ abc = 8 ⇒ ac = = 4 [Q b = 2]…(ii) Hence, both statements are correct.
2
∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, a = 1, c = 4 and b = 2 61. (b) In pie diagrams, all the items are converted into angles.
50. (b) Required sum = 2( a )2 + 2( b )2 + 2( c )2 62. (b) Given that, the arithmetic mean of the above distribution =3.1
= 2( 1)2 + 2( 2)2 + 2( 4)2 = 2 + 8 + 32 = 42 5

51. (d) The value of c is 4. ∑ xi f i x f +x f +x f +x f +x f

i =1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
52. (d) Q Mode = 3 (median) − 2 (mean) ⇒ = 3.1 ⇒ 5 5
= 3.1
5
f + f + f + f + f
= 3( 2) − 2   = 6 −
7 14 18 − 14 4
= = ∑ f
i
1 2 3 4 5
3 3 3 3 i =1

70° ( 1)(3) + ( 2)( f ) + (3)( 6) + ( 4)(5) + (5)(3)

53. (c) Percentage of wheat production = × 100% = 19.44% ⇒ = 3.1
360° 3+ f + 6+ 5+ 3
Hence,the percentage of wheat production is 19.44%. 3 + 2 f + 18 + 20 + 15
9000 × 70 ⇒ = 3.1 ⇒ 2 f + 56 = 3.1 f + 52.7
54. (c) If 40° = 9000 kg ⇒ 70° = = 15750 kg 17 + f
40
⇒ 1. 1 f = 3.3 ⇒ f =3
Hence, the wheat production is 15750 kg.
Hence, the value of f is 3.
55. (b) 360° = 180000 kg
63. (a) The weight of a person is continuous variable because the weight
Difference in Sugar and wheat angle = ( 70° − 40° ) = 30°
of the persons can be divide into different but certain range of
180000 × 30
∴ Required production = = 15000 kg intervals. But educational qualification of the person does not show
360 the attributes. Hence, statement I is true and statement II is false.
Hence, the difference in sugar and wheat production is 15000 kg.
64. (b) Let 100 value be x , x , x ,..., x
1 2 3 100
Solutions (Q. Nos. 56-58)
Sum of values x + x + x + L+ x
1 2 3 100
Class interval fi cf xi fi xi QMean = , 45 =
Total number of values 100
1-4 6 6 2.5 15.0
⇒ x + x + x + L + x = 4500 …(i)
4-7 30 36 5.5 165.0 1 2 3 100
Now, according to the question
7-10 40 76 8.5 340.0
∴ Sum of new value
10-13 16 92 11.5 184.0
= ( x + 15 + x + 15 + L + x + 5) + x − 5 + x
13-16 4 96 14.5 58.0 1 2 40 41 42
−5 + L + x −5
16-19 4 100 17.5 70.0 100
Sum of new value
Total N = 100 832.0 ∴ New mean =
Number of values
N 100 ( x + x + x + L + x ) + 40 × 15
56. (c) We have, = = 50, so cf just greater than 50 is 76 which 1 2 3 40
2 2
+ (x +x +L + x ) − 5 × 60
lies in class 7-10. =
41 42 100

∴ Median class = 7 − 10, l = 7, f = 40, c = 36, h = 3 100

 N − c ( x + x + L + x ) + 600 − 300
1 2 100 4500 + 300
  = = [from Eq. (i)]
Median = l +  2  50 − 36  × 3 = 7 + 42 = 8.05
 ×h = 7+   100 100
 f   40  40 4800
  = = 48
100
57. (b) The maximum frequency is 40, which lies in the class = 7 − 10 Hence, the new mean is 48.
∴ Modal class = 7 − 10 ⇒ l = 7, f = 40, f = 30, f = 16, h = 3
1 0 2 65. (a) Given numbers are 10, 7, 8, 5, 6, 8, 5, 8 and 6.
 f − f 
Mode = l +  1 0  ×h First we arrange these numbers in ascending order.
2f − f − f 
 1 0 2 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10
40 − 30 Total term, n = 9 (odd)
= 7 +   × 3 = 7 + 30 = 7 + 088
 . = 788
. Now,
 2 × 40 − 30 − 16  34 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 10 63
(i) Mean = = =7
Σf x 832 9 9
58. (d) Mean = i i = = 8.32
n + 1  9 + 1 th term = 5th term = 7
Σf 100 (ii) Median =   th term =  
i  2   2 
∴ Mean + Mode − 2 Median = 832
. + 788
. − 2 × 8.05
= 16.2 − 16.1 = 0.1 (iii) Mode =8 (higher frequency term)
∴ Mean = Median
59. (b) In an increasing order arrangements of observations, the
median will not be affected when the smallest and the largest 66. (c) In histogram the width of the bars is proportional to class
observations are removed. interval.
382 CDS Pathfinder

67. (b) A frequency polygon can be drawn joining the mid-points of 6−x 36 − 6x
⇒ 14. 4 − 12 = × 6 ⇒ 2.4 =
the respective tops of the rectangle of a histogram in the case of 5 5
equal class intervals. ⇒ 12 = 36 − 6x ⇒ 6x = 24 ⇒ x = 4
68. (c) A frequency distribution is a comprehensive way to classify raw 75. (b) We have, 4 + x + 5 + y + 1 = 20 ⇒ x + y = 10
data of a quantitative variable. It shows how different values of a
⇒ 4 + y = 10 (Q x = 4) ⇒ y = 6
variable are distributed in different classes along with their
x 4 2
corresponding class frequencies. It is an equivalent representation Now, = = ⇒ 3x = 2 y
of original data. y 6 3
Sum of the observations
69. (d)
CI x f f×x 76. (a) Q Mean =
Number of observations
0-10 5 x 5x p+ q+ r+ s + t+u+ v
⇒ =m
10-20 15 x+ 8 15 ( x + 8) 7
20-30 25 x−2 25 ( x − 2 ) ⇒ p + q + r + s + t + u + v = 7m …(i)
30-40 35 x−4 35 ( x − 4) ∴ ( p − m) + ( q − m) + ( r − m) + ( s − m) + ( t − m)
Total Σf = 4x + 2 Σfx = 80x − 70
+ (u − m ) + ( v − m )
Σfx 80x − 70 = ( p + q + r + s + t + u + v ) − 7m [from Eq. (i)]
Q Mean = . =
⇒ 178
Σf 4x + 2 = 7m − 7m = 0
Sum of the observations
⇒ . ( 4x + 2) = 80x − 70 ⇒ 712
178 . x + 35.6 = 80x − 70 77. (d) Q Average =
105.6 Number of observations
⇒ . x = 105.6
88 ⇒ x= = 12 u + v + w+ x+ y +z
.
88 ⇒ = 10 (Q average = 10)
6
70. (b) Class interval (ci) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 ⇒ u + v + w + x + y + z = 10 × 6 = 60 ...(i)
Frequencies ( f ) 12 20 10 8 Now, sum of new observations
Cumulative frequency (cf ) 12 32 42 50
u + 10 + v + 20 + w + 30 + x + 40 + y + 50 + z + 60
Here, N = 50 ⇒
N
= 25 = (u + v + w + x + y + z ) + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 60
2 = 60 + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 60 = 270 [from Eq. (i)]
The frequency just greater than 25 is 32. Now, average of u + 10, v + 20, w + 30, x + 40, y + 50
So, median class is 10-20. 270
and z + 60 = = 45
71. (b) Here, modal class is 10- 20, because it has maximum frequency 6
i.e. 20. 78. (a) Class interval xi fi xi fi
72. (c) Given that, mean of 7 observations = 7 11-13 12 3 36
⇒ New mean = Previous mean + Number added to each term 13-15 14 6 84
= 7+ 2 = 9 15-17 16 9 144
73. (a) Given that, number of male employees (M) = 45 17-19 18 13 234
Number of female employees (F) = 15 19-21 20 f 20 f
21-23 22 5 110
Mean salary of male employees (x ) = ` 5000
M
23-25 24 4 96
Total number of employees = ( M + F ) = 45 + 15 = 60
Total Σfi = 40 + f Σxi fi = 704 + 20 f
Mean salary of total employees ( x ) = ` 4800
Here, Σf = 40 + f and Σxf = 704 + 20 f and mean, x = 18
MF
Let mean salary of female employees be x F . i i
Mx + F x 45 × 5000 + 15 × x Σx f 704 + 20 f
x = M F
⇒ 4800 = F ∴ Mean, x = i i ⇒ 18 =
MF (M + F ) 60 Σf 40 + f
i

⇒ 4800 × 60 − 45 × 5000 = 15 × x ⇒ 704 + 20 f = 720 + 18 f

∴ x
F
= 4800 × 4 − 3 × 5000 = 300 ( 16 × 4 − 50) ⇒ 20 f − 18 f = 720 − 704 ⇒ 2 f = 16 ⇒ f = 8
F
= 300 × 14 = ` 4200 Hence, the value of f is 8.
Hence, the mean salary of female employees is ` 4200. 79. (a) Frequency polygon is formed by joining the mid-points of
histogram. The original frequency distribution can be
 n − cf  reconstructed from frequency polygon. Frequency polygon does
 
74. (a) Median = l +  2  ×h not touch the X-axis in its extreme right and extreme left.
 f 
  Hence, only statement I is true.
 20 − ( 4 + x)  2 × 4 + 7 × 4 8 + 28
80. (c) I. Mean of all observations = = = 4 .5
  10 − 4 − x
⇒ 14.4 = 12 +  2  × 6 = 12 + ×6 8 8
 5  5 For median, first we arrange the given observations in
  ascending order = 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 7, 7, 7, n=8 (even)
MATHEMATICS Statistics 383

n
th term +  n + 1 th term Here, n = 10 (even)
 
2   n  
∴ Median = 2 n
Value of   th term + Value of  + 1 th term
2  2 2 
∴ Median =
th term +  + 1 th term
8 8 2
2  4th + 5th 2 + 7
Value of   th term + Value of  + 1 th term
= 2 = = = 4 .5 10 10
2 2 2  2  2 
=
II. Mode is both 2 and 7, since frequency of occurrence is same i.e. 2
maximum frequency. Value of 5th term + Value of 6th term
=
81. (c) A list of annual incomes of the members of a club is a good 2
x + 1 + 2x − 13 3x − 12
example of statistical data. = =
2 2
82. (b) Income Class Number of
Frequency 3x − 12
less than interval persons But given, median = 24 ⇒ = 24
2
1500 1250-1500 100 20
⇒ 3x − 12 = 24 × 2 = 48 ⇒ 3x = 48 + 12
1250 1000-1250 80 10
⇒ 3x = 60 ⇒ x = 20
1000 750-1000 70 15
Hence, the value of x is 20.
750 500-750 55 23
500 250-500 32 20 Solutions (Q. Nos. 91-94)
250 0-250 12 12 Class Frequency Class mark f(x ) cf
interval (f) (x)
Here, maximum frequency is 23. 0-10 4 5 20 4
So, the modal class is 500-750. 10-20 5 15 75 9
83. (c) Geometric mean of 20-30 7 25 175 16
( x , x , x , L , xn ) = ( x ⋅ x L xn )1 / n = X 30-40 10 35 350 26
1 2 3 1 2
and geometric mean of ( y , y , y , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , y n ) 40-50 12 45 540 38
1 2 3
= ( y ⋅ y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ yn ) 1/n
=Y 50-60 8 55 440 46
1 2
60-70 4 65 260 50
∴ Geometric mean of ( x y , x y , K , xn y n )
1 1 2 2 Total 50 1860
= ( x y ⋅ x y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xn y n ) 1/n
1 1 2 2
Σfx 1860
= ( x ⋅ x ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xn )1 / n × ( y ⋅ y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ y n )1 / n = XY 91. (a) Mean = = = 37. 2
1 2 1 2
1/n Σf 50
 x1 x x   x 1 x2 x  Hence, the value of mean is 37.2.
Geometric mean of  , 2 , K, n  =  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ n 
y y  y y y n  N 50
 1 2
y n  1 2 92. (b) Here, N = 50, Now, = = 25
( x ⋅ x ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xn ) 1/n 2 2
1 2 X which lies in the cumulative frequency corresponding class
= =
( y ⋅ y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ y n )1 / n Y interval for cf 26 is 30-40.
1 2
93. (c) From the table, l = 30, f = 10, C = 16 and h = 10
84. (c) Arithmetic mean uses all the data and is always uniquely
 N −C 
defined. Median uses only one or two numbers from the data and  
n + 1  
may not be uniques.   th term for odd n and half the sum of ∴ Median = l + 2 ×h
 2  f
 n + 1 th and nth terms for even n. ( 25 − 16)
  = 30 + × 10 = 30 + 9 = 39
2  2 10
85. (a) If xi ’s are the mid-points of the class intervals of grouped 94. (d) Modal class of the given data is 40-50, because it has largest
data, f ’s are the corresponding frequencies and x is the mean, frequency among the given classes of the data i.e. 12.
i
then Σ f ( x − x ) = 0 Here, l = 40, f = 12 , f = 10, f = 8 and h = 10
i i 1 0 2
86. (d) When we take class intervals on the X-axis and corresponding  f − f   12 − 10  × 10
frequencies on the Y-axis and draw rectangles with the areas ∴ Mode = l +  1 0
 × h = 40 +  
 1
2 f − f − f   2 × 12 − 10 − 8 
proportional to the frequencies of the respective class intervals, the 0 2
graph so obtained is called histogram. 2 × 10 20
= 40 + = 40 + = 40 + 333
. = 43.33
87. (c) Both statements I and II are suitable for representation of a pie 24 − 18 6
diagram. Hence, the mode of given data is 43.33.
88. (a) Here, statement I is correct but statement II is not correct. 95. (b) Given, total number of votes = 100000
89. (c) The class which has maximum frequency is known as modal Party E get votes = 100000 − (36000 + 24000 + 18000 + 7000)
class. = 100000 − 85000 = 15000
90. (c) Given observations in ascending order are 15000
∴ Angle allocated for party E = × 360° = 54°
6, 14, 15, 17, x + 1, 2x − 13, 30, 32, 34 and 43. 100000
384 CDS Pathfinder

96. (b) We have, discrete values a + 4 , a − 35,

. a − 25,
. I. Here, N = 40 ⇒
N
= 20
a − 3, a − 2, a + 0.5, a + 5 and a − 0.5 2
Now, ascending order is a − 35,
. a − 3, a − 25,
. a − 2, Thus, 7 -8 is the median class.
a − 05,
. a + 05,. a + 4, a + 5. N
∴ l = 7, f = 9 , C = 11, = 20 and h = 1
a − 2 + a − 0.5 2a − 25
. 2
∴ Median = = = a − 1.25
N
2 2 −C
97. (d) We have, x = i Median = l + 2 ×h
i f
2x + 3x + 4x + K+ ( n + 1)x n 20 − 11
Mean = 1 2 3
= 7+ ×1
n 9
2 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 4 × 3+ K+ ( n + 1) × n
= = 7 + 1 = 8 yr
n
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ( n + 1) Hence, statement I is incorrect.
+
Σn ( n + 1) Σn2 + Σn 6 2 II. Total number of children (N) = 40
= = =
n n n Number of children in the age group 6-9 = 7 + 9 + 12 = 28
n ( n + 1)  2n + 1 ( n + 1)( n + 2)
= + 1 = ∴ Required percentage =
28
× 100% = 70%
2n  3  3 40
1 × 1 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 3+ K+10 × 10
98. (d) Weighted AM = Hence, statement II is correct.
10
III. Q Modal group = 8 - 9,
10 × 11 × 21
6 21 × 11 77 ∴ Modal age = 8 yr
= = = = 38.5
10 6 2 Since, 9 is not included in this group.
99. (b) Let the total votes be x. Hence, statement III is correct.
360°
Then, central angle of party A = × 21960 102. (c) We have 11 observations as follow
x
360° 360° × 21960 1, λ , λ2 , λ3 , λ4 , λ5 , λ6 , λ7 , λ8 , λ9 , λ10
⇒ 135° = × 21960 ⇒ x = = 58560
x 135° Here, number of observations = 11 (odd)
11 +
Median = 
Sum of 5 observations 1
 th term = 6th term = λ
5
100. (a) Q = 9 …(i)
Number of observations  2 
⇒ Sum of 5 observations = 9 × 5 = 45 1 + λ + λ2 +…+ λ10  λ11 − 1 
∴ AM = = 
If 1 is subtracted from each observation, then 11  11( λ − 1) 
Sum of 5 observations − 5
New mean of 5 observations = 1
5 and GM = ( 1⋅ λ ⋅ λ2 ⋅ λ3 … λ10 ) 11 = ( λ1 + 2 + 3 + … + 10 )1 / 11
45 − 5
= =8
5 = ( λ )55 /11 = λ5 …(ii)
 5 + 1
Median of 5 observations =   th term = 3rd term = 8 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get GM = Median
 2 
103. (d) We have, 11 observations as follows
If 1 is subtracted from each observation, then
1 1 1 1 1
New median = 8 − 1 = 7 1, , , , , …,
2 3 4 5 11 (odd)
Hence, the new mean and median are 8 and 7, respectively.
11 + 1
∴Median = 
1
101. (b)  th term = 6th term = …(i)
Age (in years)
Number of Cumulative  2  6
children frequency
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
5-6 4 4 and =  + + + +…+ 
HM 11  1 1 / 2 1 / 3 1 / 4 1 / 11
6-7 7 11
1 1
7-8 9 20 ⇒ = (1 + 2 + 3 + … +11 )
8-9 12 32
HM 11
1 66 1
9-10 6 38 ⇒ = ⇒ HM =
HM 11 6
10-11 2 40
Total N = 40 ∴ HM = Median [from Eq. (i)]