1

WASTEWATER TO ELECTRICITY: A HYDROELECTRIC

PROCESS FOR SUSTAINABLE POWER GENERATION

A Capstone Project Presented to the

Senior High School Department
Bolbok Integrated National High School
Bolbok, Lipa City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Capstone/ Research Project

FABIC, SHANTEL ANGEL C.

KATIGBAK, GLYNNIS KLEIFER D.
MOSCOSO, EARL LAURENCE M.
MENDOZA, JESSA B.
PINILI, MARIEL B.
QUAN, SHEREE MARCELA AMOR
REYES, ERYLE HEDDECEL L.
February 2023
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ABSTRACT

The Philippines is one of the world's most populated countries, with a population
of approximately 1.2 billion people. However, the majority of the electricity
generated by the Philippines comes from coal that is accounted 47.6 percent of
total electricity generation in the country. However, coal is a non-renewable
energy once these resources are used up, they cannot be replaced, which is a
major problem for humanity as we are currently dependent on them to supply
most of our energy needs. Furthermore, producing an alternative resource a
development of hydroelectricity from wastewater, a renewable and sustainable
source of energy, a promising solution that can help to meet the growing demand
for clean and renewable energy while reducing waste and preserving water
resources. In addition, this proposes a hydroelectric process for sustainable power
generation based on wastewater treatment plants, industrial processes, or
agricultural operations. The process involves analyzing the quantity and quality of
the water, as well as the potential impacts on water quality, aquatic life, and other
environmental. This review highlights the increasing demand for electrical
energy, particularly in developing countries, due to population growth, economic
development, and electricity energy deficits caused by climate change. With the
combination of a dual filtration process and hydroelectric generator using
wastewater presents a promising solution to the energy and wastewater
management challenges facing the Philippines, particularly for improving public
health and protecting the environment.

Key terms: Wastewater, Electricity, Hydroelectric, Filtered water

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His
showers of blessings throughout our capstone research project to complete the
research successfully.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to our research

advisers, Ms. Janine Karen Oliveros and Ms. Aleli Camelle Cuenca, for providing
us invaluable supervision and support during the process of doing our research
project. We would like to thank them for their empathy, patience, and knowledge
that they imparts unto us. It was a great priviledge and honor to work and study
under their guidance.

The researchers’ gratitude also extends to Mr. Alvin J. Sabido, school

principal, Mr. Rommel Fanoga, shs coordinator and all the panelist who develop
our paper on our research defense. Without their help, our research project would
not be possible.

Lastly, our thanks and appreciations also go to our dearest parents for their
deep consideration for the finances and undying support throughout the making of
the research project. As well as for their words of encouragement to all those days
we’ve spent making the research project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Abstract ii

Acknowledgments iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Appendices vi

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 06

Statement of the Problem 07

Objectives of the Study 08

Scope and Limitations

08

Significance of the Study 08

Definition of Terms 09

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 10

CHAPTER 3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input, Process, Output 14

CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY

Process 15

CHAPTER X. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions 16
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Recommendations 18

Cited References 20

Appendices

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

A Blueprint of the product 24

B Photo documentation 25

C Time Table of Activities (Gantt Chart) 44

(For Proposal only)

D Budgetary Requirements (For Proposal only) 45

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CHAPTER 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In the Philippines, a total of 8,134-gigawatt hours (GWH) of electricity was

consumed by households in the country, which was an increase of 1,289 GWH, or
18.8 percent, during the 6 years that reflected an average of 215 GWH per year.
(Philippine Statistics Authority, 2005)

One emerging solution to this problem is the development of hydroelectric

generated from wastewater. Small-scale hydroelectric systems that can aid
wastewater treatment and provide renewable energy sources can generate
wastewater. (Energy Recovery, 2019). In addition, generating new
hydroelectricity from used water is a promising concept for the issue of energy
consumption that can help to meet the growing demand for clean and renewable
energy while reducing waste and preserving water resources. One way to generate
hydroelectricity from used water is to harness the power of water from wastewater
treatment plants, industrial processes, or agricultural operations. Moreover, water
is channeled through turbines or other devices to generate electricity.

Another approach is to capture the energy of water released from household

wastewater for water management. This water directs through turbines to generate
electricity and is used for other purposes downstream. To effectively harness the
energy of used water for hydroelectricity generation, it is necessary to evaluate
the quantity and quality of the water, as well as the available infrastructure and
technologies. Furthermore, this involves analyzing the flow rate and pressure of
the water, as well as the potential impacts on water quality, aquatic life, and other
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environmental factors and also can assist various policy and regulatory
considerations that can affect the development of hydroelectricity from used
water, including permits, licenses, and compliance with environmental standards.

Overall, this hydroelectricity generated from used water can offer a

sustainable and efficient way to produce clean power sources, support water
conservation, and reduce waste. These “Energy Systems” can lower greenhouse
gas emissions and improve the sustainability of our energy system. (Zahmatkesh
et al., 2022)

Statement of the Problem

According to statistics, 70% of the Philippines' annual water supply ranges

from 160 billion cubic meters. has been lost or wasted (DENR. 2012), which
means that water from rivers and other bodies that contain water in the country is
not utilized to its maximum capacity and is considered to be a waste.
Additionally, the cost of electricity is PHP 9.75 per kWh, resulting in an average
monthly use of 200 kWh by residential consumers. The average family's monthly
electricity bill increases by around PHP 1,950.90. (Crismundo, 2023)

In this case, the direct financial costs of energy consumption, there are
indirect costs that arise. For instance, increased energy consumption can lead to
higher greenhouse gas emissions, affect climate change, and additional costs
associated with adaptation and mitigation measures. Additionally, high energy
consumption can lead to higher demand on the energy grid and contribute to
infrastructure costs and potential power outages. Due to this issue, this project
aims to answer the following problems:

 The high energy consumption of water and electricity in a laundry shop,

carwash shop, or household.
 The false perception of people regarding wastewater.
 The dependency on fossil fuels.
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Objectives of the Study

The study specifically aims:

 To minimize the high energy consumption of water and electricity of a

laundry shop, carwash shop, or household.
 To reuse the wastewater or sewage in a community.
 To generate electricity using the energy from wastewater which is a
renewableand sustainable source of energy.

Scope and Limitations

The study focused on hydroelectric generator with water filtration that

provides clean and renewable energy from the movement of water while also
filtering the water to remove impurities and improve its quality.

Water-filtering hydroelectric generators have a highwater flow requirement

for effective electricity generation. Therefore, they may not be appropriate for
regions with low water availability or for locations that suffer from frequent
droughts.

Another limitation is that water filtration can decrease the efficiency of the
hydroelectric generator, as some energy is required to power the filtration system.
This means that the generator may produce less electricity than a traditional
hydroelectric generator without a filtration system.

Significance of the Study

The proposed project offers significant benefits to multiple stakeholders.

Firstly, residents will have access to renewable energy, reducing their reliance on
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conventional sources and contributing to environmental preservation. Effective

wastewater management provides a sustainable water source for various purposes,
enhancing residents' quality of life. Secondly, carwash and laundry owners can
reduce water consumption, align with environmentally conscious practices, and
lower operational costs through the project's sustainable water and energy
solutions. Lastly, the project serves as a valuable reference for future researchers,
advancing knowledge in renewable energy, wastewater management, and
sustainable practices. In conclusion, this project has far-reaching impacts on
residents, businesses, and research, promoting a more sustainable future.

Definition of Terms

The following important terms are defined based on context or how they
were used in the study:
Electricity. It is the product produce from the wastewater that flows to the
hydroelectric turbine.

Filtered water. It is the product produce from filtering the wastewater in

2 stages of filter.

Hydroelectric. It is the process where it produces electricity from

wastewater managemen.

Wastewater. It is a material used to generate electricity and filtered water.

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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

Hydroelectricity, in particular, is one of the oldest and largest sources of

renewable energy and has been extensively studied in recent years. In fact, a
systematic review of renewable energy sources, technologies, and public opinions
conducted from 2009 to 2018 showed that hydropower remains a promising
source of energy generation and storage (Qazi et al., 2019; Sahrakorpi et al.,
2021). Despite serious efforts at all levels to reduce reliance on fossil fuels,
worldwide electricity production in 2017 still relied on them for 73.5% of
production, with renewable sources contributing only 26.5% (Hussain et al.,
2019) which showed that it is not widely explored and used. However, studies
have revealed that hydropower can be applied to existing urban water systems,
harnessing an excess of energy that would otherwise be wasted, while also
meeting human recreational needs that interact with the urban hydrological cycle
ways that produce water security through efficient use of diverse source
availability. This approach not only protects natural resources and human health
but also paves the way for sustainable development (Llácer-Iglesias et al., 2021).

In the Philippines, hydropower plays a significant role in the electricity

sector, with over 70 power plants in operation, representing about 16% of the
national total installed capacity of approximately 3,701 MW. Among these,
around 566 MW is run-of-river plants, while 3,135 MW are dam-type facilities
(Andritz, 2019). While many may associate hydropower with large facilities like
the Binga plant, there are hydropower facilities of all sizes in the Philippines.
(Energy Gov., 2021). The most common type of hydropower plant in the country
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is an impoundment facility, which stores river water in a reservoir behind a dam,

and releases it through a turbine to generate electricity. These facilities also serve
other needs, such as flood control, recreation, and water quality. (Abbas et al.,
2018) Moreover, hydropower facilities are relatively easy to obtain and use, with
even small-scale facilities taking advantage of water flows in municipal water
systems or irrigation ditches. The hydroelectric process is based on the kinetic
energy generated by the flowing water as it passes through a turbine, which then
produces mechanical energy converted into electricity by a generator. (Pankaj et
al., 2023). Although the availability of hydropower depends on climate, it is still a
steady source of power generation, complementing other renewable energy
sources. Additionally, clean water sources used for humanistic needs, when
discharged as domestic wastewater, can also contribute to hydropower generation.
(Hydroelectric-4, 2019).

In terms of the hydropower generator, it utilizes two types of energy present

in running water, namely kinetic energy and potential energy. The turbine blades
of the hydraulic plants are rotated by the falling water, thereby generating
electrical energy in the electric generators attached to the shaft of the turbine. This
generated electrical energy is then transmitted to transformers and connected to
the main grid for distribution. (Hydroelectric-3, 2019). The size of hydropower
plants varies according to the amount of electricity they generate, ranging from
large power plants generating between 30 MW to 100 MW to small hydroelectric
plants generating power between 100 kW to 1 MW, and even micro-hydroelectric
plants generating electricity between 5 kW and 100 kW. (Uchiyama, 2018) Pico-
hydropower plants are the smallest, with a maximum capacity of generating 5
kW. Furthermore, micro-hydroelectric turbines are effectively used in generating
electricity from discharged wastewater from wastewater treatment plants. Despite
their different sizes, hydropower generators operate efficiently. (Power et al.,
2017)
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Wastewater management remains a major issue in the Philippines, where

only 10% of wastewater is treated, and 58% of groundwater is contaminated. In
addition, according to the Science Advances journal of the AAAS released in
April 2021, the country is home to 28% of the world's rivers that are polluted by
plastic, and nine million Filipinos rely on unsafe water supplies. Nonetheless,
wastewater has significant potential as an energy source. For instance, sewage is
estimated to have a huge energy potential, with biogas and hydraulic power
generation from sewage sludge being two significant avenues for energy
production. (Scherer, 2022) The World Bank also highlights the potential of
wastewater as a source of renewable energy through biogas production, and there
are several ways to generate energy from wastewater, such as burning biomass or
using microbial fuel cells. (World Bank Group, 2021) One innovative example is
photocatalytic fuel cells, which can generate electricity while filtering wastewater.
(Meng et al., 2019)

This process is when wastewater is treated to remove pollutants, it generates

more than three times the amount of energy required to treat it. Researchers use
photocatalytic fuel cells to capture energy from wastewater. This process is
developed to generate electricity while filtering wastewater. This dual Electricity
Generation and Purification process is composed of two filters at the bottom,
which remove unwanted material and desilt the water passing through. And at the
top, there is a layer of nanowires that generate electricity. (Sharma, 2023) One
example of this is a microbial fuel cell that combines filtration and energy
production. The filtration system is integrated into the anode electrode of a
microbial electrochemical system. The system is set up like a typical microbial
fuel cell, a bacterial battery that uses electrochemically active bacteria as a
catalyst whereas a traditional fuel cell would use platinum. (Siddiqui et al., 2021)
Therefore, while wastewater poses many challenges, it also presents many
opportunities for sustainable power generation.
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This literature review highlights the global increase in demand for

electrical energy, particularly in developing countries, due to population growth,
economic development, and electricity energy deficits caused by climate change
(Nimje et al., 2015). In addition, by developing a hydropower generator from
wastewater by utilizing a filtration process, the kinetic or potential energy in
running water can be harnessed to generate electricity (Sharma et al., 2023). This
process not only provides a sustainable source of energy but also offers a solution
to the country's wastewater management issues (Sahrakorpi et al., 2021). the
combination of the filtration process and hydroelectric generator using wastewater
presents a promising solution to the energy and wastewater management
challenges facing the Philippines. Furthermore, addressing the electrical energy
crisis and wastewater management is crucial for improving public health and
protecting the environment in the Philippines. It is also an opportunity to reduce
reliance on fossil fuels and pollution.
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CHAPTER 3

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A water storage with a Wastewater To

- Filter
1 (Sediment)
control valve will be Electricity: A
PROCESS

connected to two filters Hydroelectricity

OUTPUT
- Hydroelectric
INPUT

via PVC pipes. A

Water Turbine
hydroelectric turbine Process For
- Light Diode Sustainable
between the filters will
- Filter 2 (Carbon)
- PVC Pipe
charge a battery and Power
- Water Storage supply power to a Generation
- Control Valve circuit breaker. Filtered
- Switch water will be stored in a
filtered water storage
facility.

Feedback
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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

This diagram demonstrates the development of a sustainable process

for generating electricity from wastewater.

Wastewater to filtered water Waste

After being stored in the water
Once the product is assembled storage facility, the
Collect and organize all the Attach the materials to the correctly, the wastewater will
necessary equipment and corresponding components of be discharged to the first stage wastewater will be directed to
resources for the assembly the product according to the filter system and stored in the the hydroelectric
process of the product. specifications. turbine/generator to produce
wastewater storage facility.
electricity.

The filtered water will flow Then, the water that has been The electricity produced by
Wastewater to Electricity: A continuously until it reaches filtered by the first stage filter the hydroelectric
Hydroelectric Process for the filtered water storage will undergo another filtration turbine/generator will be
Sustainable Power Generation facility where it will be stored process by the second stage transferred to the switch to
and recycled. filter. power the LED light.
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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

In this study, the existing background of Hydropower application on

wastewater power generation with a filtered system was examined, analyzing

published on review of related literature for potential assessment and publicly

available data of real case studies. The analysis of methodology concluded the

project feasibility process is usually the only decision factor considered, although

they proved to be useful for estimation at a laundry shop, carwash shop and even

on community level. However, some modifications could be introduced in the

future studies to offer a close approach to decision making researcher at a bigger

scale and regarding other driving factors too. The samples of the area of study

should be adjusted to the most likely decision-level. From the Appendix A

illustrate the actual blueprint of the product and the possibilities at that level, the

cut-off value to determine potential before undertaking the economic study,

should be based on a technical feasibility. Nowadays, this could be established in

an individual minimum power output of 100 Watts. Environmental or social

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factors such as contribution to energy self-sufficiency and real options to

implement other technologies should be considered to ponder the result.

During the research, 13 real cases studies were identified, many of them

not included in previous articles, providing then a new and more complete

framework. Their technical data were analyzed, showing different profiles,

proving that no standard solution exist. The analysis of their performance also

indicated that improving machinery efficiency still poses a major challenge,

particularly also indicated regarding the change of flow rate. Despite the

limitations to obtain data, the lack of studies existing sites so far demonstrated the

need to complete this gap of knowledge to develop a better understanding of the

current framework before continuing with further research.

In conclusion, even though hydropower does not present the high potential of

other renewable energy options such as biogas, with novel approach, this

technology could contribute to reach (SDGs) Sustainable Development Goals,

increasing the offer of sustainable solutions to the wastewater sector. If affordable

and suitable product is developed, hydropower might be considered as a simple

solution to be easily implemented in a considerable number of energy

consumption worldwide. Of particular interest would be to explore the hydro-

turbine and Filtration areas, with special focus on Reusable water process and

improving efficiency, to adjust the current market to the need of small wastewater

treatment plants and overcome the current lack of awareness. This might

contribute to achieving emissions reduction targets, without facing the risks of

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undertaking significant modifications of the wastewater to electricity processes,

areas or affecting the surrounding environment. If real experiencing in a

technology performance exists, it should be considered as very valuable

information to establish a solid framework for improvement. There is an available

kinetic energy in wastewater that are harnessed and a source of energy that a

community can use which is considered very valuable too.

Recommendations

The following recommendations were drawn based on the results and

conclusions of the study:

1. Further study of other parts of the product present in the blueprint is

suggested by our close validators. Studies may also be done in different

seasons to see if the final output may affect the availability of heavy

materials contents in area.

2. Investigation on the wastewater studied to support the findings of its

capability to produce available kinetic energy after removal of pollutants

specifically, the wastewater treatment plant, however, as an alternative we

use a dual filtration system that efficiently increase the performance of the

products water purity without decreasing its pressure.

3. Effects of wastewater to electricity product cultivated in the school

grounds may also be taken into consideration by the next studies.

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4. The significance of employing a dual filtration system concluded in

optimizing effiecient removal of suspended solids and pathogen form

wastewater, and lead to better water quality to have a better performance

in the application on kinetic energy that flows in the turbine.

5. A mesh independent analysis was considered to balance between the

simulation detail and the flow rate of the water. The new flap type mesh

filter mainly utilize the pressure difference between the inside and outside

of the filter to complete the filtration process.

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CITED REFERENCES

Abbas, A. I., Qandil, M., Muhannad Al-Haddad, & Amano, R. S.

(2018). Utilization of Hydro-Turbines in Wastewater Treatment
Plants (WWTPs). ResearchGate; unknown. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328089089_Utilization_of
_Hydro-Turbines_in_Wastewater_Treatment_Plants_WWTPs

Andritz, AG. (2019). Philippines - Good prospects for green energy.

Andritz.com. Retrieved from:
https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hydro-news-asia/phil
ippines

Crismundo, K. (2023). Meralco rates up in January. @Pnagovph;

Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from:
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1192372

Farah, U., & Yasmin, S. (2021). Generating Hydroelectricity using

Recycled Water. 2021 International Conference on Information
and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development
(ICICT4SD). Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1109/icict4sd50815.2021.9397032
 21

Llácer-Iglesias, R. M., López-Jiménez, P. A., & Pérez-Sánchez, M. (2021).

Hydropower Technology for Sustainable Energy Generation in
Wastewater Systems: Learning from the Experience. Water, 13(22),
3259. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223259

Meng, Y., Xing, X., Jiangaio, X., & Chong, L. (2019). Generating energy
from wastewater | Stanford News. Stanford News; Stanford
University. Retrieved from:
https://news.stanford.edu/2019/07/29/generating-energy-
wastewater/

Qazi, A., Hussain, F., Rahim, N. ABD., Hardaker, G., Alghazzawi, D.,
Shaban, K., & Haruna, K. (2019). Towards Sustainable Energy: A
Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Technologies,
and Public Opinions. IEEE Access, 7, 63837–63851. Retrieved
from: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2906402

Scherer, G. (2022). The thick of it: Delving into the neglected global
impacts of human waste. Mongabay Environmental News.
Retrieved from: https://news.mongabay.com/2022/01/the-thick-of-
it-delving-into-the-neglected-global-impacts-of-human-waste/

Sharma, S. (2023). New membrane generates electricity while filtering

wastewater. Interestingengineering.com; Interesting Engineering.
Retrieved from:
https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/membrane-clean-
water-generate-electricity

Siddiqui, S., Bhatnagar, P., Dhingra, S., Upadhyay, U., & Sreedhar, I.
(2021). Wastewater treatment and energy production by microbial
 22

fuel cells. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(5), 3569–3592.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01411-2

Uchiyama, T., Honda, S., Okayama, T., & Degawa, T. (2016). A

Feasibility Study of Power Generation from Sewage Using a
Hollowed Pico-Hydraulic Turbine. Engineering, 2(4), 510–517.
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Fuel consumption of Filipino Households - HECS Highlights SR- 1995 |

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2005). Retrieved June 16, 2023, from
Psa.gov.ph website: https://psa.gov.ph/content/fuel-consumption-filipino-
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Sahrakorpi, T., Khosravi, A., & El, M. (2021). Hydropower. 181–194.

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Zahmatkesh, S., Keshteli, M.,Bokhari, A., Sundaramurthy, S., Panneerselvam,

B., & Rezakhani. R., (2022). Wastewater treatment with nanomaterials for
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Pankaj Kumar Yadav, Kumar, A., & Jaiswal, S. (2023). A critical review of
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hydrokinetic turbine to fulfill the energy need. 9, 2102–2117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.01.033
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APPENDIX A

BLUEPRINT OF THE PRODUCT

Figure 1. Hydroelectric Generator with Water Filtration

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APPENDIX B

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
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APPENDIX C

TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

(For proposal only)

Month/Duration
Activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1. Proposal preparation

2. Research
preparation

3. Data Collection

4. Data Analysis

5. Paper writing

6. Paper
Dissemination
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APPENDIX D

BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

(For proposal only)

Items Estimated Cost

Major Equipment
Water Turbine P400
st
Water Filter (1 Stage) (elements) P415
Water Filter (2nd Stage) P120
Supplies and Materials
Plywood (30” x 20”)
Plastic Container
Wastewater Storage P70
1st Stage Filter P40
Filtered Water Storage
PVC Pipe (1pc) P105
Valve (1pc) P75
Switch (1pc) P15
Wires P22
Faucet (1pc) P21
Light Diode (5pcs) P20
Silicon Sealant (1pc) P240
Glue Stick (2 pcks) P100
Popsicle sticks (7 pcks) P250
Teflon Tape (2pcs) P28
Electrical Tape (1pc) P25
Female Adaptor (2pcs) P30
Male Adaptor (2pcs) P30
Transportation, Communication and P200
Representation
Miscellaneous P58
Total estimated expenses P2,264
35