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fluid. mech lec#4

The document provides an overview of pressure in fluid mechanics, defining it as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area, with units commonly used being pascal, kilopascal, and megapascal. It discusses pressure measurement methods, including manometers and mechanical gauges, highlighting their types, applications, and limitations. Additionally, it covers specific devices like barometers and Bourdon gauges for measuring atmospheric and other pressures.

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tero Ab
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8 views

fluid. mech lec#4

The document provides an overview of pressure in fluid mechanics, defining it as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area, with units commonly used being pascal, kilopascal, and megapascal. It discusses pressure measurement methods, including manometers and mechanical gauges, highlighting their types, applications, and limitations. Additionally, it covers specific devices like barometers and Bourdon gauges for measuring atmospheric and other pressures.

Uploaded by

tero Ab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE (HTI)

Mechatronics Department
Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Tarek Abbas


ENG. Yaser

Lec #4
PRESSURE
 Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. We
speak of pressure only when we deal with a gas or a liquid. The
counterpart of pressure in solids is normal stress. Since pressure is
defined as force per unit area, it has the unit of newtons per square meter
(N/m2), which is called a pascal (Pa). That is,

 The pressure unit pascal is too small for pressures encountered in


practice. Therefore, its multiples kilopascal (1 kPa = 10 3 Pa) and
megapascal (1 MPa= 10 6 Pa) are commonly used. Three other pressure
units commonly Used in practice, especially in Europe, are bar, standard
atmosphere, and kilogram-force per square centimeter:
Pressure at a Point
 At a point, fluid at rest has the same pressure in all direction.
 That is, it has magnitude but not a specific direction, and thus it is a scalar
quantity. This can be demonstrated by considering a small wedge-shaped
fluid element of unit length (into the page) in equilibrium, as shown in Fig.
3–4. The mean pressures at the three surfaces are P1 , P2 and P3,and the
force acting on a surface is the product of mean pressure and the surface
area. From Newton’s second law, a force balance in the x- and zdirections
 gives
Pressure variation:
 For static fluid, pressure varies only with elevation (depth) change within
fluid.
Pascal’s Law Application
Pressure Measurement

 The pressure measuring systems are classified into two types


 1. Manometers:
 Manometers are defined as the devices used for the measuring the pressure at a
point in the fluid by balancing the column of the fluid by the same or another
fluid.
 Ex:- Piezometers, U-tube Manometers, etc.

 2. Mechanical Gauges
 Mechanical gauges are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure by
balancing the column of the fluid by some mechanical arrangement.
 Ex:- Diaphragm Pressure gauge, Bourdon pressure gauge, Dead-weight pressure
gauge, Bellow pressure gauge.
Pressure measurement devices:

 Barometers: The instrument used to measure


atmospheric pressure is called barometer
 1. Mercury Barometer: which is illustrated in
figure below, which consist of a one meter length
tube filled with mercury and inverted into a pan
that’s filled partially with mercury. The height
difference of mercury in inverted tube respect to
outside them reads the atmospheric pressure value
(first was invented by E. Torricelli, 1643).
Gage pressure measurement:
THE MANOMETER
 The Manometers are further classified onto two types
 1. Simple Manometers and 2. Differential Manometers
 Simple Manometers A simple Manometer consist of a simple glass tube
having one of its end connected to the point where pressure is to be measure
and other end remains open to atmosphere.
 Piezometers- It is the most simplest type of manometers In this
manometer, a simple glass tube having one of its end connected to the point
where pressure is to be measure and other end remains open to atmosphere.
 The rise of liquid in the tube corresponds to pressure head. If at a point A, h
is the height of liquid in the piezometer tube then
U-Tube Manometers
Manometers limitations
 1. While it can be adapted to measure very small pressure differences, it
cannot be used conveniently for large pressure differences – although it is
possible to connect a number of manometers in series and to use mercury as
the manometric fluid to improve the range. (limitation)
 2. A manometer does not have to be calibrated against any standard; the
pressure difference can be calculated from second and third principles in
hydrostatics. ( Advantage)
 3. Some liquids are unsuitable for use because they do not form well
defined interface. Surface tension can also cause errors due to capillary rise;
this can be avoided if the diameters of the tubes are sufficiently large -
preferably not less than 12 mm diameter.(limitation)
 4. A major disadvantage of the manometer is its slow response, which
makes it unsuitable for measuring fluctuating pressures
 5. It is essential that the pipes connecting the manometer to the pipe or
vessel containing the liquid under pressure should be filled with this liquid
and there should be no air bubbles in the liquid.(limitation).
Mechanical Gauges
Bourdon gage
 Curved tube of elliptical cross-section changes curvature with changes in
pressure. Moving end of tube rotates a hand on a dial through a linkage
system. Pressure indicated by gage graduated in kPa or kg/cm2 (=98.0665
kPa) or psi or other pressure units.
 2. Aneroid Barometer: uses elastic diaphragm to measure atmospheric
pressure
Any Questions

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