56 Chapter 2 Motion along a Straight Line

Chapter 2 Summary SolutionS to all exampleS

Straight-line motion, average and instantaneous ∆x x2 - x1 x

p2
vav@x = = (2.2) x2
x-velocity: When a particle moves along a straight line, ∆t t2 - t1

∆x = x2 - x1
we describe its position with respect to an origin O by

-x
∆x dx

av
v
means of a coordinate such as x. The particle’s average vx = lim = (2.3)

=
∆t S 0 ∆t dt

pe
x-velocity vav@x during a time interval ∆t = t2 - t1 is

o
= vx

Sl
p1
equal to its displacement ∆x = x2 - x1 divided by ∆t. x1 Slo
pe
The instantaneous x-velocity vx at any time t is equal to t1 t2
t
O
the average x-velocity over the time interval from t to ∆t = t2 - t1
t + ∆t in the limit that ∆t goes to zero. Equivalently,
vx is the derivative of the position function with respect
to time. (See Example 2.1.)

Average and instantaneous x-acceleration: The average ∆vx v2x - v1x vx

aav@x = = (2.4)
x-acceleration aav@x during a time interval ∆t is equal ∆t t2 - t1 p2
v2x
to the change in velocity ∆vx = v2x - v1x during

∆vx = v2x - v1x

∆vx dvx -x
that time interval divided by ∆t. The instantaneous ax = lim = (2.5) =
a av
x-acceleration ax is the limit of aav@x as ∆t goes to ∆t S 0 ∆t dt o pe
Sl
zero, or the derivative of vx with respect to t. (See a
p1 e = x
v1x Slop
Examples 2.2 and 2.3.)
t
O t1 t2
∆t = t2 - t1

Straight-line motion with constant acceleration: Constant x-acceleration only: a

v
When the x-acceleration is constant, four equations t = 0 x
vx = v0x + ax t (2.8) 0
a
relate the position x and the x-velocity vx at any time t v
to the initial position x0 , the initial x-velocity v0x (both x = x0 + v0x t + 12 ax t 2 (2.12) t = ∆t x
0
measured at time t = 0), and the x-acceleration ax . (See a
v x2 = v 0x 2 + 2ax 1x - x02 (2.13) v
Examples 2.4 and 2.5.) t = 2∆t x
0
1
+ vx2t a
x - x0 = 2 1v0x (2.14) v
t = 3∆t x
0
a
v
t = 4∆t x
0

Freely falling bodies: Free fall is a case of motion with

constant acceleration. The magnitude of the accelera-
tion due to gravity is a positive quantity, g. The ay = -g
acceleration of a body in free fall is always downward. = -9.80 m>s2
(See Examples 2.6–2.8.)

t
Straight-line motion with varying acceleration:
L0
ax
When the acceleration is not constant but is a known vx = v0x + ax dt (2.17)
function of time, we can find the velocity and position
t

L0
as functions of time by integrating the acceleration aav-x
function. (See Example 2.9.) x = x0 + vx dt (2.18)

t
O t1 t2
∆t
 Discussion Questions 57

Solution
BriDging proBlEm ThE Fall oF a SupErhEro

The superhero Green Lantern steps from the top of a tall building. 2.30 Our sketch for this problem.
He falls freely from rest to the ground, falling half the total distance
to the ground during the last 1.00 s of his fall (Fig. 2.30). What is
the height h of the building?

Solution GuidE

idEntify and SEt up

h = ?
1. You’re told that Green Lantern falls freely from rest. What does
this imply about his acceleration? About his initial velocity?
2. Choose the direction of the positive y-axis. It’s easiest to make Falls last h>2
the same choice we used for freely falling objects in Section 2.5. in 1.00 s
3. You can divide Green Lantern’s fall into two parts: from the
top of the building to the halfway point and from the halfway
point to the ground. You know that the second part of the fall
lasts 1.00 s. Decide what you would need to know about Green
Lantern’s motion at the halfway point in order to solve for the
target variable h. Then choose two equations, one for the first
EValuatE
part of the fall and one for the second part, that you’ll use to-
5. To check your answer for h, use one of the free-fall equations
gether to find an expression for h. (There are several pairs of
to find how long it takes Green Lantern to fall (i) from the top
equations that you could choose.)
of the building to half the height and (ii) from the top of the
ExECutE building to the ground. If your answer for h is correct, time
4. Use your two equations to solve for the height h. Heights are (ii) should be 1.00 s greater than time (i). If it isn’t, go back and
always positive numbers, so your answer should be positive. look for errors in how you found h.

Problems For assigned homework and other learning materials, go to MasteringPhysics®.

., .., ...: Difficulty levels. CP: Cumulative problems incorporating material from earlier chapters. CALC: Problems requiring calculus.
DATA: Problems involving real data, scientific evidence, experimental design, and/or statistical reasoning. BIO: Biosciences problems.

diSCuSSion QuEStionS Q2.6 Under what conditions does the magnitude of the average
Q2.1 Does the speedometer of a car measure speed or velocity? velocity equal the average speed?
Explain. Q2.7 When a Dodge Viper is at Elwood’s Car Wash, a BMW
Q2.2 The black dots at the top of Fig. Q2.2 represent a series of Z3 is at Elm and Main. Later, when the Dodge reaches Elm and
high-speed photographs of an insect flying in a straight line from Main, the BMW reaches Elwood’s Car Wash. How are the cars’
left to right (in the positive x-direction). Which of the graphs in average velocities between these two times related?
Fig. Q2.2 most plausibly depicts this insect’s motion? Q2.8 A driver in Massachusetts was sent to traffic court for
speeding. The evidence against the driver was that a policewoman
Figure Q2.2 observed the driver’s car alongside a second car at a certain mo-
ment, and the policewoman had already clocked the second car
going faster than the speed limit. The driver argued, “The second
vx ax x vx vx car was passing me. I was not speeding.” The judge ruled against
the driver because, in the judge’s words, “If two cars were side by
side, both of you were speeding.” If you were a lawyer represent-
t t t t t ing the accused driver, how would you argue this case?
O O O O O
Q2.9 Can you have zero displacement and nonzero average ve-
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) locity? Zero displacement and nonzero velocity? Illustrate your
answers on an x-t graph.
Q2.3 Can an object with constant acceleration reverse its direc- Q2.10 Can you have zero acceleration and nonzero velocity? Use
tion of travel? Can it reverse its direction twice? In both cases, a vx@t graph to explain.
explain your reasoning. Q2.11 Can you have zero velocity and nonzero average accelera-
Q2.4 Under what conditions is average velocity equal to instan- tion? Zero velocity and nonzero acceleration? Use a vx@t graph to
taneous velocity? explain, and give an example of such motion.
Q2.5 Is it possible for an object to be (a) slowing down while its Q2.12 An automobile is traveling west. Can it have a velocity
acceleration is increasing in magnitude; (b) speeding up while its toward the west and at the same time have an acceleration toward
acceleration is decreasing? In both cases, explain your reasoning. the east? Under what circumstances?
58 Chapter 2 Motion along a Straight Line

Q2.13 The official’s truck in Fig. 2.2 is at x1 = 277 m at t1 = 2.4 .. From Pillar to Post. Starting from a pillar, you run
16.0 s and is at x2 = 19 m at t2 = 25.0 s. (a) Sketch two different 200 m east (the +x@direction) at an average speed of 5.0 m>s and
possible x-t graphs for the motion of the truck. (b) Does the average then run 280 m west at an average speed of 4.0 m>s to a post.
velocity vav@x during the time interval from t1 to t2 have the same Calculate (a) your average speed from pillar to post and (b) your
value for both of your graphs? Why or why not? average velocity from pillar to post.
Q2.14 Under constant acceleration the average velocity of a par- 2.5 . Starting from the front door of a ranch house, you walk
ticle is half the sum of its initial and final velocities. Is this still 60.0 m due east to a windmill, turn around, and then slowly walk
true if the acceleration is not constant? Explain. 40.0 m west to a bench, where you sit and watch the sunrise. It
Q2.15 You throw a baseball straight up in the air so that it rises takes you 28.0 s to walk from the house to the windmill and then
to a maximum height much greater than your height. Is the mag- 36.0 s to walk from the windmill to the bench. For the entire trip
nitude of the ball’s acceleration greater while it is being thrown or from the front door to the bench, what are your (a) average velocity
after it leaves your hand? Explain. and (b) average speed?
Q2.16 Prove these statements: (a) As long as you can ignore the 2.6 .. A Honda Civic travels in a straight line along a road. The
effects of the air, if you throw anything vertically upward, it will car’s distance x from a stop sign is given as a function of time t
have the same speed when it returns to the release point as when it by the equation x1t2 = at 2 - bt 3, where a = 1.50 m>s2 and
was released. (b) The time of flight will be twice the time it takes b = 0.0500 m>s3. Calculate the average velocity of the car for
to get to its highest point. each time interval: (a) t = 0 to t = 2.00 s; (b) t = 0 to t = 4.00 s;
Q2.17 A dripping water faucet steadily releases drops 1.0 s apart. (c) t = 2.00 s to t = 4.00 s.
As these drops fall, does the distance between them increase, de-
crease, or remain the same? Prove your answer.
Q2.18 If you know the initial position and initial velocity of a ve- Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
hicle and have a record of the acceleration at each instant, can you 2.7 . CALC A car is stopped at a traffic light. It then travels
compute the vehicle’s position after a certain time? If so, explain along a straight road such that its distance from the light is given
how this might be done. by x1t2 = bt 2 - ct 3, where b = 2.40 m>s2 and c = 0.120 m>s3.
Q2.19 From the top of a tall building, you throw one ball straight (a) Calculate the average velocity of the car for the time interval
up with speed v0 and one ball straight down with speed v0. t = 0 to t = 10.0 s. (b) Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the
(a) Which ball has the greater speed when it reaches the ground? car at t = 0, t = 5.0 s, and t = 10.0 s. (c) How long after starting
(b) Which ball gets to the ground first? (c) Which ball has a from rest is the car again at rest?
greater displacement when it reaches the ground? (d) Which ball 2.8 . CALC A bird is flying due east. Its distance from a tall build-
has traveled the greater distance when it hits the ground? ing is given by x1t2 = 28.0 m + 112.4 m>s2t - 10.0450 m>s32t 3.
Q2.20 You run due east at a constant speed of 3.00 m>s for a What is the instantaneous velocity of the bird when t = 8.00 s?
distance of 120.0 m and then continue running east at a constant 2.9 .. A ball moves in a
speed of 5.00 m>s for another 120.0 m. For the total 240.0-m run, straight line (the x-axis). The Figure e2.9
is your average velocity 4.00 m>s, greater than 4.00 m>s, or less graph in Fig. E2.9 shows this vx (m/s)
than 4.00 m>s? Explain. ball’s velocity as a function
of time. (a) What are the ball’s 3.0
Q2.21 An object is thrown straight up into the air and feels no
air resistance. How can the object have an acceleration when it has average speed and average
2.0
stopped moving at its highest point? velocity during the first 3.0 s?
Q2.22 When you drop an object from a certain height, it takes (b) Suppose that the ball moved 1.0
time T to reach the ground with no air resistance. If you dropped in such a way that the graph seg-
t (s)
it from three times that height, how long (in terms of T) would it ment after 2.0 s was -3.0 m>s O 1.0 2.0 3.0
take to reach the ground? instead of +3.0 m>s. Find the
ball’s average speed and average
velocity in this case.
exercises 2.10 .. A physics professor leaves her house and walks along the
Section 2.1 Displacement, Time, sidewalk toward campus. After 5 min it starts to rain, and she re-
and average Velocity turns home. Her distance from her house as a function of time is
2.1 . A car travels in the + x-direction on a straight and level shown in Fig. E2.10. At which of the labeled points is her velocity
road. For the first 4.00 s of its motion, the average velocity of the (a) zero? (b) constant and positive? (c) constant and negative?
car is vav@x = 6.25 m>s. How far does the car travel in 4.00 s? (d) increasing in magnitude? (e) decreasing in magnitude?
2.2 .. In an experiment, a shearwater (a seabird) was taken from
Figure e2.10
its nest, flown 5150 km away, and released. The bird found its way
back to its nest 13.5 days after release. If we place the origin at the x (m)
nest and extend the + x@axis to the release point, what was the IV
bird’s average velocity in m>s (a) for the return flight and (b) for 400 III
the whole episode, from leaving the nest to returning? 300
2.3 .. Trip Home. You normally drive on the freeway be-
tween San Diego and Los Angeles at an average speed of 200 V
105 km>h 165 mi>h2, and the trip takes 1 h and 50 min. On a II
Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic slows you down and you 100 I
drive the same distance at an average speed of only 70 km>h t (min)
143 mi>h2. How much longer does the trip take? O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 exercises 59

2.11 .. A test car travels in a Figure e2.11 starting does it take the turtle to return to its starting point? (d) At
straight line along the x-axis. what times t is the turtle a distance of 10.0 cm from its starting
x ( m)
The graph in Fig. E2.11 C point? What is the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the
40 B
shows the car’s position x as a D turtle at each of those times? (e) Sketch graphs of x versus t,
30 A
function of time. Find its in- 20 vx versus t, and ax versus t, for the time interval t = 0 to t = 40 s.
stantaneous velocity at points 10 E
2.16 . An astronaut has left the International Space Station to
A through G. test a new space scooter. Her partner measures the following ve-
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
F G t (s) locity changes, each taking place in a 10-s interval. What are the
magnitude, the algebraic sign, and the direction of the average ac-
celeration in each interval? Assume that the positive direction is to
Section 2.3 average and Instantaneous acceleration the right. (a) At the beginning of the interval, the astronaut is mov-
2.12 . Figure E2.12 shows the velocity of a solar-powered car ing toward the right along the x-axis at 15.0 m>s, and at the end of
as a function of time. The driver accelerates from a stop sign, the interval she is moving toward the right at 5.0 m>s. (b) At the
cruises for 20 s at a constant speed of 60 km / h, and then brakes to beginning she is moving toward the left at 5.0 m>s, and at the end
come to a stop 40 s after leaving the stop sign. (a) Compute she is moving toward the left at 15.0 m>s. (c) At the beginning she
the average acceleration during these time intervals: (i) t = 0 is moving toward the right at 15.0 m>s, and at the end she is mov-
to t = 10 s; (ii) t = 30 s to t = 40 s; (iii) t = 10 s to t = 30 s; ing toward the left at 15.0 m>s.
(iv) t = 0 to t = 40 s. (b) What is the instantaneous acceleration 2.17 . CALC A car’s velocity as a function of time is given by
at t = 20 s and at t = 35 s ? vx1t2 = a + bt 2, where a = 3.00 m>s and b = 0.100 m>s3.
(a) Calculate the average acceleration for the time interval t = 0
Figure e2.12 to t = 5.00 s. (b) Calculate the instantaneous acceleration for
t = 0 and t = 5.00 s. (c) Draw vx@t and ax@t graphs for the car’s
vx (km>h) motion between t = 0 and t = 5.00 s.
2.18 .. CALC The position of the front bumper of a test car
60
under microprocessor control is given by x 1t2 = 2.17 m +
50 14.80 m>s22t 2 - 10.100 m>s62t 6. (a) Find its position and acceler-
ation at the instants when the car has zero velocity. (b) Draw x-t,
40
vx@t, and ax@t graphs for the motion of the bumper between t = 0
30 and t = 2.00 s.
20

10
Section 2.4 Motion with Constant acceleration
2.19 .. An antelope moving with constant acceleration covers
t (s) the distance between two points 70.0 m apart in 6.00 s. Its speed
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
as it passes the second point is 15.0 m>s. What are (a) its speed at
the first point and (b) its acceleration?
2.13 . The Fastest (and Most Expensive) Car! The table shows 2.20 .. BIO Blackout? A jet fighter pilot wishes to accelerate
test data for the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, the fastest street car from rest at a constant acceleration of 5g to reach Mach 3 (three
made. The car is moving in a straight line (the x-axis). times the speed of sound) as quickly as possible. Experimental
tests reveal that he will black out if this acceleration lasts for more
Time (s) 0 2.1 20.0 53
than 5.0 s. Use 331 m>s for the speed of sound. (a) Will the period of
Speed (mi , h) 0 60 200 253 acceleration last long enough to cause him to black out? (b) What
is the greatest speed he can reach with an acceleration of 5g before
(a) Sketch a vx@t graph of this car’s velocity (in mi>h) as a function he blacks out?
of time. Is its acceleration constant? (b) Calculate the car’s average 2.21 . A Fast Pitch. The fastest measured pitched baseball
acceleration (in m>s2) between (i) 0 and 2.1 s; (ii) 2.1 s and 20.0 s; left the pitcher’s hand at a speed of 45.0 m>s. If the pitcher was in
(iii) 20.0 s and 53 s. Are these results consistent with your graph in contact with the ball over a distance of 1.50 m and produced con-
part (a)? (Before you decide to buy this car, it might be helpful to stant acceleration, (a) what acceleration did he give the ball, and
know that only 300 will be built, it runs out of gas in 12 minutes at (b) how much time did it take him to pitch it?
top speed, and it costs more than $1.5 million!) 2.22 .. A Tennis Serve. In the fastest measured tennis serve,
2.14 .. CALC A race car starts from rest and travels east along the ball left the racquet at 73.14 m>s. A served tennis ball is typi-
a straight and level track. For the first 5.0 s of the car’s motion, cally in contact with the racquet for 30.0 ms and starts from rest.
the eastward component of the car’s velocity is given by Assume constant acceleration. (a) What was the ball’s acceleration
vx1t2 = 10.860 m>s32t 2. What is the acceleration of the car when during this serve? (b) How far did the ball travel during the serve?
vx = 12.0 m>s? 2.23 .. BIO Automobile Air Bags. The human body can sur-
2.15 . CALC A turtle crawls along a straight line, which we will vive an acceleration trauma incident (sudden stop) if the magni-
call the x-axis with the positive direction to the right. The equa- tude of the acceleration is less than 250 m>s2. If you are in an
tion for the turtle’s position as a function of time is x 1t2 = automobile accident with an initial speed of 105 km>h 165 mi>h2
50.0 cm + 12.00 cm>s2t - 10.0625 cm>s22t 2. (a) Find the turtle’s and are stopped by an airbag that inflates from the dashboard,
initial velocity, initial position, and initial acceleration. (b) At over what distance must the airbag stop you for you to survive
what time t is the velocity of the turtle zero? (c) How long after the crash?
60 Chapter 2 Motion along a Straight Line

2.24 . BIO A pilot who accelerates at more than 4g begins to 2.30 .. A cat walks in a straight line, which we shall call the
“gray out” but doesn’t completely lose consciousness. (a) Assuming x-axis, with the positive direction to the right. As an observant physi-
constant acceleration, what is the shortest time that a jet pilot cist, you make measurements of this cat’s motion and construct
starting from rest can take to reach Mach 4 (four times the speed a graph of the feline’s velocity as a function of time (Fig. E2.30).
of sound) without graying out? (b) How far would the plane travel (a) Find the cat’s velocity at t = 4.0 s and at t = 7.0 s.
during this period of acceleration? (Use 331 m>s for the speed of (b) What is the cat’s acceleration at t = 3.0 s? At t = 6.0 s ? At
sound in cold air.) t = 7.0 s ? (c) What distance does the cat move during the first
2.25 . BIO Air-Bag Injuries. During an auto accident, the 4.5 s? From t = 0 to t = 7.5 s ? (d) Assuming that the cat started
vehicle’s air bags deploy and slow down the passengers more gen- at the origin, sketch clear graphs of the cat’s acceleration and posi-
tly than if they had hit the windshield or steering wheel. According tion as functions of time.
to safety standards, air bags produce a maximum acceleration of
60g that lasts for only 36 ms (or less). How far (in meters) does a Figure e2.30
person travel in coming to a complete stop in 36 ms at a constant vx (cm>s)
acceleration of 60g?
2.26 . BIO Prevention of Hip Fractures. Falls resulting in hip 8
fractures are a major cause of injury and even death to the elderly. 6
Typically, the hip’s speed at impact is about 2.0 m>s. If this can be
4
reduced to 1.3 m>s or less, the hip will usually not fracture. One
way to do this is by wearing elastic hip pads. (a) If a typical pad is 2
5.0 cm thick and compresses by 2.0 cm during the impact of a fall, t (s)
what constant acceleration (in m>s2 and in g’s) does the hip undergo O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
to reduce its speed from 2.0 m>s to 1.3 m>s? (b) The acceleration
you found in part (a) may seem rather large, but to assess its effects 2.31 .. The graph in Fig. E2.31 shows the velocity of a motor-
on the hip, calculate how long it lasts. cycle police officer plotted as a function of time. (a) Find the
2.27 . BIO Are We Martians? It has been suggested, and not instantaneous acceleration at t = 3 s, t = 7 s, and t = 11 s.
facetiously, that life might have originated on Mars and been car- (b) How far does the officer go in the first 5 s? The first 9 s? The
ried to the earth when a meteor hit Mars and blasted pieces of first 13 s?
rock (perhaps containing primitive life) free of the Martian sur-
face. Astronomers know that many Martian rocks have come to Figure e2.31
the earth this way. (For instance, search the Internet for “ALH vx (m>s)
84001.”) One objection to this idea is that microbes would have 50
had to undergo an enormous lethal acceleration during the impact. 45
Let us investigate how large such an acceleration might be. To 40
escape Mars, rock fragments would have to reach its escape 35
velocity of 5.0 km>s, and that would most likely happen over 30
a distance of about 4.0 m during the meteor impact. (a) What 25
would be the acceleration (in m>s2 and g’s) of such a rock frag- 20
ment, if the acceleration is constant? (b) How long would this 15
acceleration last? (c) In tests, scientists have found that over 10
40% of Bacillus subtilis bacteria survived after an acceleration 5
of 450,000g. In light of your answer to part (a), can we rule out t (s)
the hypothesis that life might have been blasted from Mars to O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
the earth?
2.28 . Entering the Freeway. A car sits on an entrance ramp 2.32 . Two cars, A and B, move Figure e2.32
to a freeway, waiting for a break in the traffic. Then the driver ac- along the x-axis. Figure E2.32 is x (m)
celerates with constant acceleration along the ramp and onto the a graph of the positions of A and 25
freeway. The car starts from rest, moves in a straight line, and has B versus time. (a) In motion dia- A
20
a speed of 20 m>s 145 mi>h2 when it reaches the end of the 120-m- grams (like Figs. 2.13b and
2.14b), show the position, veloc- 15 B
long ramp. (a) What is the acceleration of the car? (b) How much
time does it take the car to travel the length of the ramp? (c) The ity, and acceleration of each of 10
traffic on the freeway is moving at a constant speed of 20 m>s. the two cars at t = 0, t = 1 s, 5
What distance does the traffic travel while the car is moving the and t = 3 s. (b) At what time(s), t (s)
length of the ramp? if any, do A and B have the same O 1 2 3 4
2.29 .. At launch a rocket ship weighs 4.5 million pounds. position? (c) Graph velocity versus time for both A and B. (d) At
When it is launched from rest, it takes 8.00 s to reach 161 km>h; at what time(s), if any, do A and B have the same velocity? (e) At
the end of the first 1.00 min, its speed is 1610 km>h. (a) What is what time(s), if any, does car A pass car B? (f) At what time(s), if
the average acceleration (in m>s2) of the rocket (i) during the first any, does car B pass car A?
8.00 s and (ii) between 8.00 s and the end of the first 1.00 min? 2.33 .. A small block has constant acceleration as it slides down
(b) Assuming the acceleration is constant during each time inter- a frictionless incline. The block is released from rest at the top of
val (but not necessarily the same in both intervals), what distance the incline, and its speed after it has traveled 6.80 m to the bottom
does the rocket travel (i) during the first 8.00 s and (ii) during the of the incline is 3.80 m>s. What is the speed of the block when it is
interval from 8.00 s to 1.00 min? 3.40 m from the top of the incline?
 exercises 61

2.34 . At the instant the traffic light turns green, a car that has your reaction time in terms of this measured distance, d. (b) If the
been waiting at an intersection starts ahead with a constant accel- measured distance is 17.6 cm, what is your reaction time?
eration of 2.80 m>s2. At the same instant a truck, traveling with a 2.42 .. A brick is dropped (zero initial speed) from the roof of a
constant speed of 20.0 m>s, overtakes and passes the car. (a) How building. The brick strikes the ground in 1.90 s. You may ignore
far beyond its starting point does the car overtake the truck? air resistance, so the brick is in free fall. (a) How tall, in meters, is
(b) How fast is the car traveling when it overtakes the truck? the building? (b) What is the magnitude of the brick’s velocity just
(c) Sketch an x-t graph of the motion of both vehicles. Take x = 0 before it reaches the ground? (c) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs
at the intersection. (d) Sketch a vx@t graph of the motion of both for the motion of the brick.
vehicles. 2.43 .. Launch Failure. A 7500-kg rocket blasts off verti-
cally from the launch pad with a constant upward acceleration of
Section 2.5 Freely Falling bodies 2.25 m>s2 and feels no appreciable air resistance. When it has
2.35 .. (a) If a flea can jump straight up to a height of 0.440 m, reached a height of 525 m, its engines suddenly fail; the only force
what is its initial speed as it leaves the ground? (b) How long is it acting on it is now gravity. (a) What is the maximum height this
in the air? rocket will reach above the launch pad? (b) How much time will
2.36 .. A small rock is thrown vertically upward with a speed of elapse after engine failure before the rocket comes crashing down
22.0 m>s from the edge of the roof of a 30.0-m-tall building. The to the launch pad, and how fast will it be moving just before it
rock doesn’t hit the building on its way back down and lands on crashes? (c) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs of the rocket’s motion
the street below. Ignore air resistance. (a) What is the speed of the from the instant of blast-off to the instant just before it strikes the
rock just before it hits the street? (b) How much time elapses from launch pad.
when the rock is thrown until it hits the street? 2.44 .. A hot-air balloonist, ris- Figure e2.44
2.37 . A juggler throws a bowling pin straight up with an initial ing vertically with a constant ve-
speed of 8.20 m>s. How much time elapses until the bowling pin v = 5.00 m>s
locity of magnitude 5.00 m>s,
returns to the juggler’s hand? releases a sandbag at an instant
2.38 .. You throw a glob of putty straight up toward the ceiling, when the balloon is 40.0 m above
which is 3.60 m above the point where the putty leaves your hand. the ground (Fig. E2.44). After the
The initial speed of the putty as it leaves your hand is 9.50 m>s. sandbag is released, it is in free
(a) What is the speed of the putty just before it strikes the ceiling? fall. (a) Compute the position and
(b) How much time from when it leaves your hand does it take the velocity of the sandbag at 0.250 s
putty to reach the ceiling? and 1.00 s after its release. (b) How
2.39 .. A tennis ball on Mars, where the acceleration due to many seconds after its release does
gravity is 0.379g and air resistance is negligible, is hit directly up- the bag strike the ground? (c) With
ward and returns to the same level 8.5 s later. (a) How high above what magnitude of velocity does
its original point did the ball go? (b) How fast was it moving just it strike the ground? (d) What is
after it was hit? (c) Sketch graphs of the ball’s vertical position, the greatest height above the
vertical velocity, and vertical acceleration as functions of time ground that the sandbag reaches? 40.0 m to ground
while it’s in the Martian air. (e) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs
2.40 .. Touchdown on the Moon. A lunar lander is making for the motion.
its descent to Moon Base I (Fig. E2.40). The lander descends 2.45 . BIO The rocket-driven sled Sonic Wind No. 2, used for
slowly under the retro-thrust of its descent engine. The engine is investigating the physiological effects of large accelerations, runs
cut off when the lander is 5.0 m above the surface and has a down- on a straight, level track 1070 m (3500 ft) long. Starting from rest,
ward speed of 0.8 m>s.With the engine off, the lander is in free it can reach a speed of 224 m>s1500 mi>h2 in 0.900 s. (a) Compute
fall. What is the speed of the lander just before it touches the sur- the acceleration in m>s2, assuming that it is constant. (b) What is
face? The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is 1.6 m>s2. the ratio of this acceleration to that of a freely falling body (g)?
(c) What distance is covered in 0.900 s? (d) A magazine article
Figure e2.40 states that at the end of a certain run, the speed of the sled de-
creased from 283 m>s 1632 mi>h2 to zero in 1.40 s and that during
this time the magnitude of the acceleration was greater than 40g.
Are these figures consistent?
2.46 . An egg is thrown nearly vertically upward from a point
near the cornice of a tall building. The egg just misses the cornice
on the way down and passes a point 30.0 m below its starting
point 5.00 s after it leaves the thrower’s hand. Ignore air resistance.
5.0 m (a) What is the initial speed of the egg? (b) How high does it rise
above its starting point? (c) What is the magnitude of its velocity
at the highest point? (d) What are the magnitude and direction of
its acceleration at the highest point? (e) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t
2.41 .. A Simple Reaction-Time Test. A meter stick is held graphs for the motion of the egg.
vertically above your hand, with the lower end between your 2.47 .. A 15-kg rock is dropped from rest on the earth and
thumb and first finger. When you see the meter stick released, you reaches the ground in 1.75 s. When it is dropped from the same
grab it with those two fingers. You can calculate your reaction height on Saturn’s satellite Enceladus, the rock reaches the
time from the distance the meter stick falls, read directly from the ground in 18.6 s. What is the acceleration due to gravity on
point where your fingers grabbed it. (a) Derive a relationship for Enceladus?
62 ChApTer 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

2.48 . A large boulder is ejected vertically upward from a vol- proBLems

cano with an initial speed of 40.0 m>s. Ignore air resistance. (a) At 2.55 . BIO A typical male sprinter can maintain his maximum
what time after being ejected is the boulder moving at 20.0 m>s acceleration for 2.0 s, and his maximum speed is 10 m> s. After
upward? (b) At what time is it moving at 20.0 m>s downward? he reaches this maximum speed, his acceleration becomes zero,
(c) When is the displacement of the boulder from its initial position and then he runs at constant speed. Assume that his acceleration
zero? (d) When is the velocity of the boulder zero? (e) What are is constant during the first 2.0 s of the race, that he starts from
the magnitude and direction of the acceleration while the boulder rest, and that he runs in a straight line. (a) How far has the sprinter
is (i) moving upward? (ii) Moving downward? (iii) At the highest run when he reaches his maximum speed? (b) What is the magni-
point? (f) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and y-t graphs for the motion. tude of his average velocity for a race of these lengths: (i) 50.0 m;
2.49 .. You throw a small rock straight up from the edge of a (ii) 100.0 m; (iii) 200.0 m?
highway bridge that crosses a river. The rock passes you on its 2.56 . CALC A lunar lander is descending toward the moon’s
way down, 6.00 s after it was thrown. What is the speed of the surface. Until the lander reaches the surface, its height above the
rock just before it reaches the water 28.0 m below the point where surface of the moon is given by y1t2 = b - ct + dt 2, where
the rock left your hand? Ignore air resistance. b = 800 m is the initial height of the lander above the surface,
2.50 .. CALC A small object moves along the x-axis with accel- c = 60.0 m>s, and d = 1.05 m>s2. (a) What is the initial velocity
eration ax1t2 = - 10.0320 m>s32115.0 s - t2. At t = 0 the object of the lander, at t = 0? (b) What is the velocity of the lander just
is at x = - 14.0 m and has velocity v0x = 8.00 m>s. What is the before it reaches the lunar surface?
x-coordinate of the object when t = 10.0 s? 2.57 ... Earthquake Analysis. Earthquakes produce several
types of shock waves. The most well known are the P-waves (P for
primary or pressure) and the S-waves (S for secondary or shear).
Section 2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration In the earth’s crust, P-waves travel at about 6.5 km>s and S-waves
2.51 . CALC A rocket starts from rest and moves upward from move at about 3.5 km>s. The time delay between the arrival of
the surface of the earth. For the first 10.0 s of its motion, the verti- these two waves at a seismic recording station tells geologists how
cal acceleration of the rocket is given by ay = 12.80 m>s32t, where far away an earthquake occurred. If the time delay is 33 s, how far
the + y-direction is upward. (a) What is the height of the rocket from the seismic station did the earthquake occur?
above the surface of the earth at t = 10.0 s? (b) What is the speed 2.58 .. A brick is dropped from the roof of a tall building. After
of the rocket when it is 325 m above the surface of the earth? it has been falling for a few seconds, it falls 40.0 m in a 1.00-s
2.52 .. CALC The acceleration of a bus is given by ax1t2 = at, time interval. What distance will it fall during the next 1.00 s?
where a = 1.2 m>s3. (a) If the bus’s velocity at time t = 1.0 s Ignore air resistance.
is 5.0 m>s, what is its velocity at time t = 2.0 s ? (b) If the 2.59 ... A rocket carrying a satellite is accelerating straight up
bus’s position at time t = 1.0 s is 6.0 m, what is its position at from the earth’s surface. At 1.15 s after liftoff, the rocket clears
time t = 2.0 s ? (c) Sketch ay@t, vy@t, and x-t graphs for the the top of its launch platform, 63 m above the ground. After an ad-
motion. ditional 4.75 s, it is 1.00 km above the ground. Calculate the mag-
2.53 .. CALC The acceleration of a motorcycle is given by nitude of the average velocity of the rocket for (a) the 4.75-s part of
ax1t2 = At - Bt 2, where A = 1.50 m>s3 and B = 0.120 m>s4. its flight and (b) the first 5.90 s of its flight.
The motorcycle is at rest at the origin at time t = 0. (a) Find its 2.60 ... A subway train starts from rest at a station and acceler-
position and velocity as functions of time. (b) Calculate the maxi- ates at a rate of 1.60 m>s2 for 14.0 s. It runs at constant speed for
mum velocity it attains. 70.0 s and slows down at a rate of 3.50 m>s2 until it stops at the
2.54 .. BIO Flying Leap of the Flea. High-speed motion pic- next station. Find the total distance covered.
tures 13500 frames>second2 of a jumping, 210@mg flea yielded the 2.61 . A gazelle is running in a straight line (the x-axis). The
data used to plot the graph in Fig. E2.54. (See “The Flying Leap graph in Fig. P2.61 shows this animal’s velocity as a function of
of the Flea” by M. Rothschild, Y. Schlein, K. Parker, C. Neville, time. During the first 12.0 s, find (a) the total distance moved
and S. Sternberg in the November 1973 Scientific American.) and (b) the displacement of the gazelle. (c) Sketch an ax@t graph
This flea was about 2 mm long and jumped at a nearly vertical showing this gazelle’s acceleration as a function of time for the
takeoff angle. Use the graph to answer these questions: (a) Is the first 12.0 s.
acceleration of the flea ever zero? If so, when? Justify your an-
swer. (b) Find the maximum height the flea reached in the first Figure P2.61 vx (m>s)
2.5 ms. (c) Find the flea’s acceleration at 0.5 ms, 1.0 ms, and 12.0
1.5 ms. (d) Find the flea’s height at 0.5 ms, 1.0 ms, and 1.5 ms.
8.00
Figure e2.54
4.00

150
t (s)
Speed (cm>s)

O 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 12.0

100

50 2.62 ..Collision. The engineer of a passenger train traveling

at 25.0 m>s sights a freight train whose caboose is 200 m ahead on
the same track (Fig. P2.62). The freight train is traveling at
O 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 15.0 m>s in the same direction as the passenger train. The engi-
Time (ms) neer of the passenger train immediately applies the brakes,
 problems 63

Figure P2.62 2.69 ... CALC The acceleration of a particle is given by ax1t2 =
-2.00 m>s2 + 13.00 m>s32t. (a) Find the initial velocity v0x such
that the particle will have the same x-coordinate at t = 4.00 s as it
had at t = 0. (b) What will be the velocity at t = 4.00 s ?
vPT = 25.0 m>s
2.70 . Egg Drop. You are Figure P2.70
on the roof of the physics build-
a = -0.100 m>s2 ing, 46.0 m above the ground
vFT = 15.0 m>s
(Fig. P2.70). Your physics pro-
200 m fessor, who is 1.80 m tall, is
walking alongside the building
at a constant speed of 1.20 m>s.
If you wish to drop an egg on 46.0 m
your professor’s head, where
should the professor be when
you release the egg? Assume v = 1.20 m>s
causing a constant acceleration of 0.100 m>s2 in a direction oppo- that the egg is in free fall.
site to the train’s velocity, while the freight train continues with 1.80 m
constant speed. Take x = 0 at the location of the front of the pas-
senger train when the engineer applies the brakes. (a) Will the
cows nearby witness a collision? (b) If so, where will it take place? 2.71 . A certain volcano on earth can eject rocks vertically to a
(c) On a single graph, sketch the positions of the front of the pas- maximum height H. (a) How high (in terms of H) would these rocks
senger train and the back of the freight train. go if a volcano on Mars ejected them with the same initial velocity?
2.63 ... A ball starts from rest and rolls down a hill with uni- The acceleration due to gravity on Mars is 3.71 m>s2; ignore air re-
form acceleration, traveling 200 m during the second 5.0 s of its sistance on both planets. (b) If the rocks are in the air for a time T on
motion. How far did it roll during the first 5.0 s of motion? earth, for how long (in terms of T) would they be in the air on Mars?
2.64 .. Two cars start 200 m apart and drive toward each other 2.72 .. An entertainer juggles balls while doing other activities.
at a steady 10 m>s. On the front of one of them, an energetic grass- In one act, she throws a ball vertically upward, and while it is in
hopper jumps back and forth between the cars (he has strong the air, she runs to and from a table 5.50 m away at an average
legs!) with a constant horizontal velocity of 15 m>s relative to the speed of 3.00 m>s, returning just in time to catch the falling ball.
ground. The insect jumps the instant he lands, so he spends no (a) With what minimum initial speed must she throw the ball
time resting on either car. What total distance does the grasshop- upward to accomplish this feat? (b) How high above its initial
per travel before the cars hit? position is the ball just as she reaches the table?
2.65 . A car and a truck start from rest at the same instant, with 2.73 ... Look Out Below. Sam heaves a 16-lb shot straight up,
the car initially at some distance behind the truck. The truck has a giving it a constant upward acceleration from rest of 35.0 m>s2
constant acceleration of 2.10 m>s2, and the car has an acceleration for 64.0 cm. He releases it 2.20 m above the ground. Ignore air
of 3.40 m>s2. The car overtakes the truck after the truck has moved resistance. (a) What is the speed of the shot when Sam releases it?
60.0 m. (a) How much time does it take the car to overtake the (b) How high above the ground does it go? (c) How much time
truck? (b) How far was the car behind the truck initially? (c) What does he have to get out of its way before it returns to the height of
is the speed of each when they are abreast? (d) On a single graph, the top of his head, 1.83 m above the ground?
sketch the position of each vehicle as a function of time. Take 2.74 ... A flowerpot falls off a windowsill and passes the win-
x = 0 at the initial location of the truck. dow of the story below. Ignore air resistance. It takes the pot
2.66 .. You are standing at rest at a bus stop. A bus moving at a 0.380 s to pass from the top to the bottom of this window, which is
constant speed of 5.00 m>s passes you. When the rear of the bus is 1.90 m high. How far is the top of the window below the window-
12.0 m past you, you realize that it is your bus, so you start to run sill from which the flowerpot fell?
toward it with a constant acceleration of 0.960 m>s2. How far 2.75 .. Two stones are thrown vertically upward from the ground,
would you have to run before you catch up with the rear of the bus, one with three times the initial speed of the other. (a) If the faster
and how fast must you be running then? Would an average college stone takes 10 s to return to the ground, how long will it take the
student be physically able to accomplish this? slower stone to return? (b) If the slower stone reaches a maximum
2.67 .. Passing. The driver of a car wishes to pass a truck that height of H, how high (in terms of H) will the faster stone go?
is traveling at a constant speed of 20.0 m>s (about 45 mi>h). Assume free fall.
Initially, the car is also traveling at 20.0 m>s, and its front bumper 2.76 ... A Multistage Rocket. In the first stage of a two-stage
is 24.0 m behind the truck’s rear bumper. The car accelerates at a rocket, the rocket is fired from the launch pad starting from rest
constant 0.600 m>s2, then pulls back into the truck’s lane when the but with a constant acceleration of 3.50 m>s2 upward. At 25.0 s
rear of the car is 26.0 m ahead of the front of the truck. The car is after launch, the second stage fires for 10.0 s, which boosts the
4.5 m long, and the truck is 21.0 m long. (a) How much time is re- rocket’s velocity to 132.5 m>s upward at 35.0 s after launch. This
quired for the car to pass the truck? (b) What distance does the car firing uses up all of the fuel, however, so after the second stage
travel during this time? (c) What is the final speed of the car? has finished firing, the only force acting on the rocket is gravity.
2.68 .. CALC An object’s velocity is measured to be vx1t2 = Ignore air resistance. (a) Find the maximum height that the stage-
a - bt 2, where a = 4.00 m>s and b = 2.00 m>s3. At t = 0 the two rocket reaches above the launch pad. (b) How much time after
object is at x = 0. (a) Calculate the object’s position and accel- the end of the stage-two firing will it take for the rocket to fall
eration as functions of time. (b) What is the object’s maximum back to the launch pad? (c) How fast will the stage-two rocket be
positive displacement from the origin? moving just as it reaches the launch pad?
64 ChApTer 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

2.77 ... During your summer internship for an aerospace com- Figure P2.84
pany, you are asked to design a small research rocket. The rocket t (s)
is to be launched from rest from the earth’s surface and is to reach 0.9
a maximum height of 960 m above the earth’s surface. The rock- 0.8
et’s engines give the rocket an upward acceleration of 16.0 m>s2
0.7
during the time T that they fire. After the engines shut off, the
0.6
rocket is in free fall. Ignore air resistance. What must be the value
of T in order for the rocket to reach the required altitude? 0.5
2.78 .. A physics teacher performing an outdoor demonstration 0.4
suddenly falls from rest off a high cliff and simultaneously shouts 0.3
“Help.” When she has fallen for 3.0 s, she hears the echo of her 0.2
shout from the valley floor below. The speed of sound is 340 m>s. 0.1
(a) How tall is the cliff? (b) If we ignore air resistance, how fast x (m)
will she be moving just before she hits the ground? (Her actual 0 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
speed will be less than this, due to air resistance.)
2.79 ... A helicopter carrying Dr. Evil takes off with a constant
second-order polynomial (quadratic) fit to the plotted data. You
upward acceleration of 5.0 m>s2. Secret agent Austin Powers
are asked to find the glider’s acceleration, which is assumed to be
jumps on just as the helicopter lifts off the ground. After the two
constant. There is some error in each measurement, so instead of
men struggle for 10.0 s, Powers shuts off the engine and steps out
using a single set of x and t values, you can be more accurate if
of the helicopter. Assume that the helicopter is in free fall after its
you use graphical methods and obtain your measured value of the
engine is shut off, and ignore the effects of air resistance. (a) What
acceleration from the graph. (a) How can you re-graph the data so
is the maximum height above ground reached by the helicopter?
that the data points fall close to a straight line? (Hint: You might
(b) Powers deploys a jet pack strapped on his back 7.0 s after leav-
want to plot x or t, or both, raised to some power.) (b) Construct
ing the helicopter, and then he has a constant downward accelera-
the graph you described in part (a) and find the equation for the
tion with magnitude 2.0 m>s2. How far is Powers above the ground
straight line that is the best fit to the data points. (c) Use the straight-
when the helicopter crashes into the ground?
2.80 .. Cliff Height. You are climbing in the High Sierra when
line fit from part (b) to calculate the acceleration of the glider.
(d) The glider is released at a distance x = 1.35 m from the
you suddenly find yourself at the edge of a fog-shrouded cliff. To
bottom of the track. Use the acceleration value you obtained in
find the height of this cliff, you drop a rock from the top; 8.00 s
part (c) to calculate the speed of the glider when it reaches the bot-
later you hear the sound of the rock hitting the ground at the foot
tom of the track.
of the cliff. (a) If you ignore air resistance, how high is the cliff if
2.85 .. DATA In a physics lab experiment, you release a small
the speed of sound is 330 m>s ? (b) Suppose you had ignored the
steel ball at various heights above the ground and measure the
time it takes the sound to reach you. In that case, would you have
ball’s speed just before it strikes the ground. You plot your data on
overestimated or underestimated the height of the cliff? Explain.
2.81 .. CALC An object is moving along the x-axis. At t = 0 it
a graph that has the release height (in meters) on the vertical axis
and the square of the final speed (in m2>s2) on the horizontal axis.
has velocity v0x = 20.0 m>s. Starting at time t = 0 it has accel-
In this graph your data points lie close to a straight line. (a) Using
eration ax = - Ct, where C has units of m>s3. (a) What is the
g = 9.80 m>s2 and ignoring the effect of air resistance, what is
value of C if the object stops in 8.00 s after t = 0? (b) For the
the numerical value of the slope of this straight line? (Include the
value of C calculated in part (a), how far does the object travel
correct units.) The presence of air resistance reduces the magni-
during the 8.00 s?
2.82 .. A ball is thrown straight up from the ground with speed v0.
tude of the downward acceleration, and the effect of air resistance
increases as the speed of the object increases. You repeat the experi-
At the same instant, a second ball is dropped from rest from a
ment, but this time with a tennis ball as the object being dropped.
height H, directly above the point where the first ball was thrown
Air resistance now has a noticeable effect on the data. (b) Is the
upward. There is no air resistance. (a) Find the time at which the
final speed for a given release height higher than, lower than, or
two balls collide. (b) Find the value of H in terms of v0 and g such
the same as when you ignored air resistance? (c) Is the graph of
that at the instant when the balls collide, the first ball is at the
the release height versus the square of the final speed still a
highest point of its motion.
2.83 . CALC Cars A and B travel in a straight line. The distance
straight line? Sketch the qualitative shape of the graph when air
resistance is present.
of A from the starting point is given as a function of time by
2.86 ... DATA A model car starts from rest and travels in a
xA1t2 = at + bt 2, with a = 2.60 m>s and b = 1.20 m>s2. The
straight line. A smartphone mounted on the car has an app that
distance of B from the starting point is xB1t2 = gt 2 - dt 3, with
transmits the magnitude of the car’s acceleration (measured by an
g = 2.80 m>s2 and d = 0.20 m>s3. (a) Which car is ahead just
accelerometer) every second. The results are given in the table:
after the two cars leave the starting point? (b) At what time(s) are
the cars at the same point? (c) At what time(s) is the distance from
A to B neither increasing nor decreasing? (d) At what time(s) do A Time (s) Acceleration 1m , s2 2
and B have the same acceleration?
2.84 .. DATA In your physics lab you release a small glider
0 5.95
1.00 5.52
from rest at various points on a long, frictionless air track that is
inclined at an angle u above the horizontal. With an electronic 2.00 5.08
photocell, you measure the time t it takes the glider to slide a 3.00 4.55
distance x from the release point to the bottom of the track. 4.00 3.96
Your measurements are given in Fig. P2.84, which shows a 5.00 3.40
 passage problems 65

Each measured value has some experimental error. (a) Plot accel-
passage probLems
eration versus time and find the equation for the straight line that
gives the best fit to the data. (b) Use the equation for a1t2 that you BIO Blood Flow in ThE hEarT. The human circulatory
found in part (a) to calculate v1t2, the speed of the car as a func- system is closed—that is, the blood pumped out of the left ventri-
tion of time. Sketch the graph of v versus t. Is this graph a straight cle of the heart into the arteries is constrained to a series of con-
line? (c) Use your result from part (b) to calculate the speed of the tinuous, branching vessels as it passes through the capillaries and
car at t = 5.00 s. (d) Calculate the distance the car travels be- then into the veins as it returns to the heart. The blood in each of
tween t = 0 and t = 5.00 s. the heart’s four chambers comes briefly to rest before it is ejected
by contraction of the heart muscle.
chaLLenge probLems 2.90 If the contraction of the left ventricle lasts 250 ms and the
speed of blood flow in the aorta (the large artery leaving the heart)
2.87 ... In the vertical jump, an athlete starts from a crouch and is 0.80 m>s at the end of the contraction, what is the average
jumps upward as high as possible. Even the best athletes spend acceleration of a red blood cell as it leaves the heart? (a) 310 m>s2;
little more than 1.00 s in the air (their “hang time”). Treat the ath- (b) 31 m>s2; (c) 3.2 m>s2; (d) 0.32 m>s2.
lete as a particle and let ymax be his maximum height above the 2.91 If the aorta (diameter da) branches into two equal-sized
floor. To explain why he seems to hang in the air, calculate the arteries with a combined area equal to that of the aorta, what is
ratio of the time he is above ymax>2 to the time it takes him to go the diameter of one of the branches? (a) 1da; (b) da >12; (c) 2da;
from the floor to that height. Ignore air resistance. (d) da >2.
2.88 ... Catching the Bus. A student is running at her top 2.92 The velocity of blood in the aorta can be measured directly
speed of 5.0 m>s to catch a bus, which is stopped at the bus stop. with ultrasound techniques. A typical graph of blood velocity ver-
When the student is still 40.0 m from the bus, it starts to pull sus time during a single heartbeat is shown in Fig. P2.92. Which
away, moving with a constant acceleration of 0.170 m>s2. (a) For statement is the best interpretation of this graph? (a) The blood
how much time and what distance does the student have to run at flow changes direction at about 0.25 s; (b) the speed of the blood
5.0 m>s before she overtakes the bus? (b) When she reaches the flow begins to decrease at about 0.10 s; (c) the acceleration of the
bus, how fast is the bus traveling? (c) Sketch an x-t graph for both blood is greatest in magnitude at about 0.25 s; (d) the acceleration
the student and the bus. Take x = 0 at the initial position of the of the blood is greatest in magnitude at about 0.10 s.
student. (d) The equations you used in part (a) to find the time
have a second solution, corresponding to a later time for which the
Figure P2.92
student and bus are again at the same place if they continue their
specified motions. Explain the significance of this second solu- 1.0
Blood velocity (m>s)

tion. How fast is the bus traveling at this point? (e) If the student’s
0.8
top speed is 3.5 m>s, will she catch the bus? (f) What is the mini-
0.6
mum speed the student must have to just catch up with the bus?
For what time and what distance does she have to run in that case? 0.4
2.89 ... A ball is thrown straight up from the edge of the roof of 0.2
a building. A second ball is dropped from the roof 1.00 s later.
Ignore air resistance. (a) If the height of the building is 20.0 m, 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
what must the initial speed of the first ball be if both are to hit the Time (s)
ground at the same time? On the same graph, sketch the positions
of both balls as a function of time, measured from when the first
ball is thrown. Consider the same situation, but now let the initial
speed v0 of the first ball be given and treat the height h of the
building as an unknown. (b) What must the height of the building
be for both balls to reach the ground at the same time if (i) v0 is
6.0 m>s and (ii) v0 is 9.5 m>s ? (c) If v0 is greater than some value
vmax, no value of h exists that allows both balls to hit the ground at
the same time. Solve for vmax. The value vmax has a simple physical
interpretation. What is it? (d) If v0 is less than some value vmin, no
value of h exists that allows both balls to hit the ground at the
same time. Solve for vmin. The value vmin also has a simple physical
interpretation. What is it?
66 Chapter 2 Motion along a Straight Line

answers

chapter opening Question ?

(iii) Acceleration refers to any change in velocity, including both at R, ax = 0 (velocity is not changing); and at S, ax 7 0 (velocity
speeding up and slowing down. is increasing, i.e., changing from negative to zero to positive).
2.4 (b) The officer’s x-acceleration is constant, so her vx@t
test your understanding Questions graph is a straight line. The motorcycle is moving faster than the
2.1 (a): (iv), (i) and (iii) (tie), (v), (ii); (b): (i) and (iii); (c): (v) In car when the two vehicles meet at t = 10 s.
(a) the average x-velocity is vav­x = ∆x>∆t. For all five trips, ∆t = 2.5 (a) (iii) Use Eq. (2.13) with x replaced by y and ay = - g;
1 h. For the individual trips, (i) ∆x = + 50 km, vav­x = + 50 km>h; v y2 = v 0y 2 - 2g1y - y02. The starting height is y0 = 0 and
(ii) ∆x = -50 km, vav­x = - 50 km>h; (iii) ∆x = 60 km - 10 km = the y-velocity at the maximum height y = h is vy = 0, so 0 =
+ 50 km, vav­x = + 50 km>h; (iv) ∆x = + 70 km, vav­x = +70 km>h; v 0y 2 - 2gh and h = v 0y 2>2g. If the initial y-velocity is increased
(v) ∆x = - 20 km + 20 km = 0, vav­x = 0. In (b) both have vav­x = by a factor of 2, the maximum height increases by a factor of
+ 50 km>h. 22 = 4 and the ball goes to height 4h. (b) (v) Use Eq. (2.8) with x
2.2 (a) P, Q and S (tie), R The x-velocity is (b) positive when replaced by y and ay = -g; vy = v0y - gt. The y-velocity at the
the slope of the x-t graph is positive (P), (c) negative when the maximum height is vy = 0, so 0 = v0y - gt and t = v0y>g. If the
slope is negative (R), and (d) zero when the slope is zero (Q and S). initial y-velocity is increased by a factor of 2, the time to reach
(e) R, P, Q and S (tie) The speed is greatest when the slope of the the maximum height increases by a factor of 2 and becomes 2t.
x-t graph is steepest (either positive or negative) and zero when 2.6 (ii) The acceleration ax is equal to the slope of the vx@t graph.
the slope is zero. If ax is increasing, the slope of the vx­t graph is also increasing
2.3 (a) S, where the x-t graph is curved upward (concave up). and the graph is concave up.
(b) Q, where the x-t graph is curved downward (concave down).
(c) P and R, where the x-t graph is not curved either up or down.
(d) At P, ax = 0 (velocity is not changing); at Q, ax 6 0 (veloc- bridging problem
ity is decreasing, i.e., changing from positive to zero to negative); h = 57.1 m
ChApTer 3 suMMary SolutionS to all exampleS

r = xnd + y ne + z kn
S
Position, velocity, and acceleration vectors: The (3.1) y
S
position vector r of a point P in space is the vector S S
r2 − r1 ∆r
S
∆r
S

from the origin to P. Its components are the coordi- S

vav = = (3.2)
S
vav =
t2 - t1 ∆t ∆t
nates x, y, and z. y1
S
The average velocity vector vav during the time
S
S S S
r1 ∆r
S ∆r dr ∆y
S
interval ∆t is the displacement ∆r (the change in v = lim = (3.3)
S ∆t S 0 ∆t dt y2
position vector r ) divided by ∆t. The instantaneous S
S S
velocity vector v is the time derivative of r , and its dx dy dz r2
vx = vy = vz = (3.4) x
dt dt dt O x1 x2
components are the time derivatives of x, y, and z.
S ∆x
The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of v. S
S
v2 − v1
S S
∆v
S
The velocity v of a particle is always tangent to the aav = = (3.8)
t2 - t1 ∆t
particle’s path. (See Example 3.1.) S
v2
S S
S
The average acceleration vector aav during the S ∆v dv
S a = lim = (3.9) y
time interval ∆t equals ∆v (the change in velocity ∆t S 0 ∆t dt
S S
S
vector v) divided by ∆t. The instantaneous accel- v1 S ∆v
∆v
S
dvx aav =
S S
eration vector a is the time derivative of v, and its ∆t
ax =
components are the time derivatives of vx , vy , and vz . dt
(See Example 3.2.) dvy
The component of acceleration parallel to the direc- ay = (3.10) S
v1
dt S
tion of the instantaneous velocity affects the speed, v2
S S dvz x
while the component of a perpendicular to v affects az = O
the direction of motion. (See Examples 3.3 and 3.4.) dt

Projectile motion: In projectile motion with no air x = 1v0 cos a02t (3.19) y
S
v S
v
vy
resistance, ax = 0 and ay = - g. The coordinates 1 2 vx
y = 1v0 sin a02t - 2 gt (3.20) vy
vx
and velocity components are simple functions of vy
S
v
time, and the shape of the path is always a parab- vx = v0 cos a0 (3.21) S
v
vx ay = -g
ola. We usually choose the origin to be at the initial vy = v0 sin a0 - gt (3.22) O
x
position of the projectile. (See Examples 3.5–3.10.)

Uniform and nonuniform circular motion: When a v2 S

v
particle moves in a circular path of radius R with arad = (3.27) S
v
R S
arad S
constant speed v (uniform circular motion), its arad
S
acceleration a is directed toward the center of the 4p2R S
arad = (3.29) S
v arad
T2
S
circle and perpendicular to v. The magnitude arad of S
S
v
arad
the acceleration can be expressed in terms of v and R
S
or in terms of R and the period T (the time for one arad S
arad
revolution), where v = 2pR>T. (See Examples 3.11 v
S
S
and 3.12.) v
If the speed is not constant in circular motion
(nonuniform circular motion), there is still a radial
S
component of a given by Eq. (3.27) or (3.29), but
S
there is also a component of a parallel (tangential)
to the path. This tangential component is equal to
the rate of change of speed, dv>dt.

Relative velocity: When a body P moves relative to vP>A@x = vP>B@x + vB>A@x S

vB>A
(3.32) S S S
a body (or reference frame) B, and B moves rela- (relative velocity along a line) vP>A = vP>B + vB>A
tive to a body (or reference frame) A, we denote the S
S
vP>B
S S S vP>A
vP>A = vP>B + vB>A
S
velocity of P relative to B by vP>B, the velocity of P
S (3.35)
relative to A by vP>A, and the velocity of B relative (relative velocity in space) P (plane)
S
to A by vB>A . If these velocities are all along the
same line, their components along that line are re-
B (moving air)
lated by Eq. (3.32). More generally, these velocities
are related by Eq. (3.35). (See Examples 3.13–3.15.)
A (ground
observer)
91
92 ChAPTer 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

Solution
bridging problEm launCHing up an inClinE

You fire a ball with an initial speed v0 at an angle f above the sur- 3. In the projectile equations in Section 3.3, the launch angle a0
face of an incline, which is itself inclined at an angle u above the is measured from the horizontal. What is this angle in terms of
horizontal (Fig. 3.37). (a) Find the distance, measured along the u and f? What are the initial x- and y-components of the ball’s
incline, from the launch point to the point when the ball strikes initial velocity?
the incline. (b) What angle f gives the maximum range, measured 4. You’ll need to write an equation that relates x and y for points
along the incline? Ignore air resistance. along the incline. What is this equation? (This takes just geom-
etry and trigonometry, not physics.)
soLution guide
execute
identify and set uP 5. Write the equations for the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of
1. Since there’s no air resistance, this is a problem in projectile the ball as functions of time t.
motion. The goal is to find the point where the ball’s parabolic 6. When the ball hits the incline, x and y are related by the equa-
trajectory intersects the incline. tion that you found in step 4. Based on this, at what time t does
2. Choose the x- and y-axes and the position of the origin. the ball hit the incline?
When in doubt, use the suggestions given in Problem-Solving 7. Based on your answer from step 6, at what coordinates x and y
Strategy 3.1 in Section 3.3. does the ball land on the incline? How far is this point from the
launch point?
8. What value of f gives the maximum distance from the launch
3.37 Launching a ball from an inclined ramp. point to the landing point? (Use your knowledge of calculus.)
v0
eVaLuate
f 9. Check your answers for the case u = 0, which corresponds to
u the incline being horizontal rather than tilted. (You already
know the answers for this case. Do you know why?)

Problems For assigned homework and other learning materials, go to MasteringPhysics®.

., .., ...: Difficulty levels. CP: Cumulative problems incorporating material from earlier chapters. CALC: Problems requiring calculus.
DATA: Problems involving real data, scientific evidence, experimental design, and/or statistical reasoning. BIO: Biosciences problems.

discussion Questions
what would be the path of the package as observed by the pilot?
Q3.1 A simple pendulum (a mass swinging at the end of a string) As observed by a person on the ground?
swings back and forth in a circular arc. What is the direction of Q3.7 Sketch the six graphs of the x- and y-components of posi-
the acceleration of the mass when it is at the ends of the swing? tion, velocity, and acceleration versus time for projectile motion
At the midpoint? In each case, explain how you obtained your with x0 = y0 = 0 and 0 6 a0 6 90°.
answer. Q3.8 If a jumping frog can give itself the same initial speed re-
S S
Q3.2 Redraw Fig. 3.11a if a is antiparallel to v1. Does the particle gardless of the direction in which it jumps (forward or straight up),
move in a straight line? What happens to its speed? how is the maximum vertical height to which it can jump related
Q3.3 A projectile moves in a parabolic path without air resistance. to its maximum horizontal range R max = v 02>g?
S S S
Is there any point at which a is parallel to v? Perpendicular to v? Q3.9 A projectile is fired upward at an angle u above the hori-
Explain. zontal with an initial speed v0. At its maximum height, what are
Q3.4 A book slides off a horizontal tabletop. As it leaves the its velocity vector, its speed, and its acceleration vector?
table’s edge, the book has a horizontal velocity of magnitude v0. Q3.10 In uniform circular motion, what are the average velocity
The book strikes the floor in time t. If the initial velocity of the and average acceleration for one revolution? Explain.
book is doubled to 2v0, what happens to (a) the time the book is in Q3.11 In uniform circular motion, how does the acceleration
the air, (b) the horizontal distance the book travels while it is in the change when the speed is increased by a factor of 3? When the
air, and (c) the speed of the book just before it reaches the floor? radius is decreased by a factor of 2?
In particular, does each of these quantities stay the same, double, Q3.12 In uniform circular motion, the acceleration is perpendic-
or change in another way? Explain. ular to the velocity at every instant. Is this true when the motion is
Q3.5 At the instant that you fire a bullet horizontally from a not uniform—that is, when the speed is not constant?
rifle, you drop a bullet from the height of the gun barrel. If there is Q3.13 Raindrops hitting the side windows of a car in motion
no air resistance, which bullet hits the level ground first? Explain. often leave diagonal streaks even if there is no wind. Why? Is
Q3.6 A package falls out of an airplane that is flying in a straight the explanation the same or different for diagonal streaks on
line at a constant altitude and speed. If you ignore air resistance, the windshield?
 exercises 93

Q3.14 In a rainstorm with a strong wind, what determines the the x- and y-components of the dog’s velocity? (b) What are the
best position in which to hold an umbrella? magnitude and direction of the dog’s velocity? (c) Sketch the ve-
Q3.15 You are on the west bank of a river that is flowing north locity vectors at t1 and t2. How do these two vectors differ?
with a speed of 1.2 m>s. Your swimming speed relative to the 3.7 .. CALC The coordinates of a bird flying in the xy-plane are
water is 1.5 m>s, and the river is 60 m wide. What is your path given by x1t2 = at and y1t2 = 3.0 m - bt 2, where a = 2.4 m>s
relative to the earth that allows you to cross the river in the short- and b = 1.2 m>s2. (a) Sketch the path of the bird between t = 0
est time? Explain your reasoning. and t = 2.0 s. (b) Calculate the velocity and acceleration vec-
Q3.16 A stone is thrown into the air at an angle above the tors of the bird as functions of time. (c) Calculate the magnitude
horizontal and feels negligible air resistance. Which graph in and direction of the bird’s velocity and acceleration at t = 2.0 s.
Fig. Q3.16 best depicts the stone’s speed v as a function of time t (d) Sketch the velocity and acceleration vectors at t = 2.0 s. At
while it is in the air? this instant, is the bird’s speed increasing, decreasing, or not
changing? Is the bird turning? If so, in what direction?
3.8 . CALC A remote-controlled car is moving in a vacant parking
Figure Q3.16 S
lot. The velocity of the car as a function of time is given by v =
v v v v v 35.00 m>s - 10.0180 m>s 2t 4 d + 32.00 m>s + 10.550 m>s 2t4 ne .
3 2 n 2

(a) What are ax1t2 and ay1t2, the x- and y-components of the car’s
velocity as functions of time? (b) What are the magnitude and
t t t t t direction of the car’s velocity at t = 8.00 s? (b) What are the
magnitude and direction of the car’s acceleration at t = 8.00 s?
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Section 3.3 Projectile Motion

exercises 3.9 . A physics book slides off a horizontal tabletop with a speed
Section 3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors of 1.10 m>s. It strikes the floor in 0.480 s. Ignore air resistance.
3.1 . A squirrel has x- and y-coordinates 11.1 m, 3.4 m2 at time
Find (a) the height of the tabletop above the floor; (b) the horizon-
tal distance from the edge of the table to the point where the book
t1 = 0 and coordinates 15.3 m, - 0.5 m2 at time t2 = 3.0 s. For
strikes the floor; (c) the horizontal and vertical components of the
this time interval, find (a) the components of the average velocity,
book’s velocity, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity,
and (b) the magnitude and direction of the average velocity.
3.2 . A rhinoceros is at the origin of coordinates at time t1 = 0.
just before the book reaches the floor. (d) Draw x-t, y-t, vx@t, and
vy@t graphs for the motion.
For the time interval from t1 = 0 to t2 = 12.0 s, the rhino’s aver-
3.10 .. A daring 510-N swim- Figure E3.10
age velocity has x-component - 3.8 m>s and y-component 4.9 m>s.
mer dives off a cliff with a run- v0
At time t2 = 12.0 s, (a) what are the x- and y-coordinates of the
ning horizontal leap, as shown in
rhino? (b) How far is the rhino from the origin?
3.3 .. CALC A web page designer creates an animation in which
Fig. E3.10. What must her mini-
mum speed be just as she leaves 9.00 m
a dot on a computer screen has position
the top of the cliff so that she 1.75 m
r = 34.0 cm + 12.5 cm>s22t 24 nd + 15.0 cm>s2t ne .
S
will miss the ledge at the bottom,
which is 1.75 m wide and 9.00 m Ledge
(a) Find the magnitude and direction of the dot’s average veloc-
ity between t = 0 and t = 2.0 s.(b) Find the magnitude and below the top of the cliff?
direction of the instantaneous velocity at t = 0, t = 1.0 s, and 3.11 . Crickets Chirpy and Milada jump from the top of a ver-
t = 2.0 s. (c) Sketch the dot’s trajectory from t = 0 to t = 2.0 s, tical cliff. Chirpy drops downward and reaches the ground in
and show the velocities calculated in part (b). 2.70 s, while Milada jumps horizontally with an initial speed of
3.4 . CALC The position of a squirrel running in a park is given 95.0 cm>s. How far from the base of the cliff will Milada hit the
by r = 310.280 m>s2t + 10.0360 m>s22t 24 nd + 10.0190 m>s32t 3ne .
S
ground? Ignore air resistance.
(a) What are vx1t2 and vy1t2, the x- and y-components of the veloc- 3.12 . A rookie quarterback throws a football with an initial
ity of the squirrel, as functions of time? (b) At t = 5.00 s, how far upward velocity component of 12.0 m>s and a horizontal veloc-
is the squirrel from its initial position? (c) At t = 5.00 s, what are ity component of 20.0 m>s. Ignore air resistance. (a) How much
the magnitude and direction of the squirrel’s velocity? time is required for the football to reach the highest point of the
trajectory? (b) How high is this point? (c) How much time (after it
Section 3.2 The Acceleration Vector is thrown) is required for the football to return to its original level?
3.5 . A jet plane is flying at a constant altitude. At time t1 = 0, How does this compare with the time calculated in part (a)?
it has components of velocity vx = 90 m>s, vy = 110 m>s. At time (d) How far has the football traveled horizontally during this
t2 = 30.0 s, the components are vx = - 170 m>s, vy = 40 m>s. time? (e) Draw x-t, y-t, vx@t, and vy@t graphs for the motion.
(a) Sketch the velocity vectors at t1 and t2. How do these two vec- 3.13 .. Leaping the River I. During a storm, a car traveling
tors differ? For this time interval calculate (b) the components of on a level horizontal road comes upon a bridge that has washed
the average acceleration, and (c) the magnitude and direction of out. The driver must get to the other side, so he decides to try leap-
the average acceleration. ing the river with his car. The side of the road the car is on is 21.3 m
3.6 .. A dog running in an open field has components of veloc- above the river, while the opposite side is only 1.8 m above the river.
ity vx = 2.6 m>s and vy = - 1.8 m>s at t1 = 10.0 s. For the time The river itself is a raging torrent 48.0 m wide. (a) How fast should
interval from t1 = 10.0 s to t2 = 20.0 s, the average acceleration the car be traveling at the time it leaves the road in order just to
of the dog has magnitude 0.45 m>s2 and direction 31.0° measured clear the river and land safely on the opposite side? (b) What is the
from the + x@axis toward the + y@axis. At t2 = 20.0 s, (a) what are speed of the car just before it lands on the other side?
94 Chapter 3 Motion in two or three Dimensions

3.14 . BIO The Champion Jumper of the Insect World. The (a) What is the height of the shelf above the point where the quar-
froghopper, Philaenus spumarius, holds the world record for insect ter leaves your hand? (b) What is the vertical component of the
jumps. When leaping at an angle of 58.0° above the horizontal, velocity of the quarter just before it lands in the dish?
some of the tiny critters have reached a maximum height of 58.7 cm 3.20 . Firemen use a high-pressure hose to shoot a stream of
above the level ground. (See Nature, Vol. 424, July 31, 2003, p. 509.) water at a burning building. The water has a speed of 25.0 m>s
(a) What was the takeoff speed for such a leap? (b) What horizontal as it leaves the end of the hose and then exhibits projectile mo-
distance did the froghopper cover for this world-record leap? tion. The firemen adjust the angle of elevation a of the hose until
3.15 .. Inside a starship at rest on the earth, a ball rolls off the the water takes 3.00 s to reach a building 45.0 m away. Ignore air
top of a horizontal table and lands a distance D from the foot of resistance; assume that the end of the hose is at ground level.
the table. This starship now lands on the unexplored Planet X. The (a) Find a. (b) Find the speed and acceleration of the water at the
commander, Captain Curious, rolls the same ball off the same highest point in its trajectory. (c) How high above the ground does
table with the same initial speed as on earth and finds that it lands the water strike the building, and how fast is it moving just before
a distance 2.76D from the foot of the table. What is the accelera- it hits the building?
tion due to gravity on Planet X? 3.21 .. A man stands on the roof of a 15.0-m-tall building and
3.16 . On level ground a shell is fired with an initial velocity of throws a rock with a speed of 30.0 m>s at an angle of 33.0° above
40.0 m>s at 60.0° above the horizontal and feels no appreciable air the horizontal. Ignore air resistance. Calculate (a) the maximum
resistance. (a) Find the horizontal and vertical components of the height above the roof that the rock reaches; (b) the speed of the
shell’s initial velocity. (b) How long does it take the shell to reach rock just before it strikes the ground; and (c) the horizontal range
its highest point? (c) Find its maximum height above the ground. from the base of the building to the point where the rock strikes
(d) How far from its firing point does the shell land? (e) At its the ground. (d) Draw x-t, y-t, vx@t, and vy@t graphs for the motion.
highest point, find the horizontal and vertical components of its 3.22 .. A 124-kg balloon carrying a 22-kg basket is descending
acceleration and velocity. with a constant downward velocity of 20.0 m>s. A 1.0-kg stone is
3.17 . A major leaguer hits a baseball so that it leaves the bat thrown from the basket with an initial velocity of 15.0 m>s per-
at a speed of 30.0 m>s and at an angle of 36.9° above the hori- pendicular to the path of the descending balloon, as measured
zontal. Ignore air resistance. (a) At what two times is the baseball relative to a person at rest in the basket. That person sees the stone
at a height of 10.0 m above the point at which it left the bat? hit the ground 5.00 s after it was thrown. Assume that the balloon
(b) Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the baseball’s continues its downward descent with the same constant speed of
velocity at each of the two times calculated in part (a). (c) What 20.0 m>s. (a) How high is the balloon when the rock is thrown?
are the magnitude and direction of the baseball’s velocity when it (b) How high is the balloon when the rock hits the ground? (c) At
returns to the level at which it left the bat? the instant the rock hits the ground, how far is it from the basket?
3.18 . A shot putter releases the shot some distance above the (d) Just before the rock hits the ground, find its horizontal and
level ground with a velocity of 12.0 m>s, 51.0° above the horizon- vertical velocity components as measured by an observer (i) at rest
tal. The shot hits the ground 2.08 s later. Ignore air resistance. in the basket and (ii) at rest on the ground.
(a) What are the components of the shot’s acceleration while in
flight? (b) What are the components of the shot’s velocity at the Section 3.4 Motion in a Circle
beginning and at the end of its trajectory? (c) How far did she 3.23 .. The earth has a radius of 6380 km and turns around once
throw the shot horizontally? (d) Why does the expression for R in on its axis in 24 h. (a) What is the radial acceleration of an object
Example 3.8 not give the correct answer for part (c)? (e) How high at the earth’s equator? Give your answer in m>s2 and as a fraction
was the shot above the ground when she released it? (f) Draw x-t, of g. (b) If arad at the equator is greater than g, objects will fly off
y-t, vx@t, and vy@t graphs for the motion. the earth’s surface and into space. (We will see the reason for this
3.19 .. Win the Prize. In a carnival booth, you can win a in Chapter 5.) What would the period of the earth’s rotation have
stuffed giraffe if you toss a quarter into a small dish. The dish is on to be for this to occur?
a shelf above the point where the quarter leaves your hand and is 3.24 .. BIO Dizziness. Our balance is maintained, at least in
a horizontal distance of 2.1 m from this point (Fig. E3.19). If you part, by the endolymph fluid in the inner ear. Spinning displaces
toss the coin with a velocity of 6.4 m>s at an angle of 60° above this fluid, causing dizziness. Suppose that a skater is spinning very
the horizontal, the coin will land in the dish. Ignore air resistance. fast at 3.0 revolutions per second about a vertical axis through the
center of his head. Take the inner ear to be approximately 7.0 cm
from the axis of spin. (The distance varies from person to person.)
Figure E3.19
What is the radial acceleration (in m>s2 and in g’s) of the endo-
lymph fluid?
3.25 . BIO Pilot Blackout in a Figure E3.25
Power Dive. A jet plane comes
v = 6.4 m>s ? in for a downward dive as shown
in Fig. E3.25. The bottom part
60°
of the path is a quarter circle with
a radius of curvature of 280 m.
According to medical tests, pilots
will lose consciousness when
they pull out of a dive at an up-
ward acceleration greater than
5.5g. At what speed (in m>s and in mph) will the pilot black out
2.1 m during this dive?
 exercises 95

3.26 .. A model of a helicopter rotor has four blades, each 3.40 m time does it take her to reach the opposite end if she walks (a) in
long from the central shaft to the blade tip. The model is rotated in the same direction the sidewalk is moving? (b) In the opposite
a wind tunnel at 550 rev>min. (a) What is the linear speed of the direction?
blade tip, in m>s? (b) What is the radial acceleration of the blade 3.32 . Two piers, A and B, are located on a river; B is 1500 m
tip expressed as a multiple of g? downstream from A (Fig. E3.32). Two friends must make round
3.27 . A Ferris wheel with Figure E3.27 trips from pier A to pier B and return. One rows a boat at a con-
radius 14.0 m is turning about stant speed of 4.00 km>h relative to the water; the other walks on
a horizontal axis through its the shore at a constant speed of 4.00 km>h. The velocity of the
center (Fig. E3.27). The lin- river is 2.80 km>h in the direction from A to B. How much time
ear speed of a passenger on the m does it take each person to make the round trip?
1 4.0
rim is constant and equal to
6.00 m>s. What are the mag-
nitude and direction of the Figure E3.32
passenger’s acceleration as she
passes through (a) the lowest
point in her circular motion
A 1500 m B
and (b) the highest point in her
circular motion? (c) How much
time does it take the Ferris wheel to make one revolution? vcurrent
3.28 . The radius of the earth’s orbit around the sun (assumed
to be circular) is 1.50 * 108 km, and the earth travels around this
orbit in 365 days. (a) What is the magnitude of the orbital veloc-
ity of the earth, in m>s? (b) What is the radial acceleration of the 3.33 .. A canoe has a velocity of 0.40 m>s southeast relative to
earth toward the sun, in m>s2 ? (c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for the the earth. The canoe is on a river that is flowing 0.50 m>s east
motion of the planet Mercury (orbit radius = 5.79 * 107 km, relative to the earth. Find the velocity (magnitude and direction)
orbital period = 88.0 days). of the canoe relative to the river.
3.29 .. BIO Hypergravity. At its Ames Research Center, 3.34 .. The nose of an ultralight plane is pointed due south, and
NASA uses its large “20-G” centrifuge to test the effects of very its airspeed indicator shows 35 m>s. The plane is in a 10@m>s wind
large accelerations (“hypergravity”) on test pilots and astronauts. blowing toward the southwest relative to the earth. (a) In a vector-
S
In this device, an arm 8.84 m long rotates about one end in a addition diagram, show the relationship of vP>E (the velocity of the
horizontal plane, and an astronaut is strapped in at the other end. plane relative to the earth) to the two given vectors. (b) Let x be east
S
Suppose that he is aligned along the centrifuge’s arm with his and y be north, and find the components of vP>E. (c) Find the magni-
S
head at the outermost end. The maximum sustained acceleration tude and direction of vP>E.
to which humans are subjected in this device is typically 12.5g. 3.35 . Crossing the River I. A river flows due south with a
(a) How fast must the astronaut’s head be moving to experience speed of 2.0 m>s. You steer a motorboat across the river; your
this maximum acceleration? (b) What is the difference between velocity relative to the water is 4.2 m>s due east. The river is
the acceleration of his head and feet if the astronaut is 2.00 m tall? 500 m wide. (a) What is your velocity (magnitude and direction)
(c) How fast in rpm 1rev>min2 is the arm turning to produce the relative to the earth? (b) How much time is required to cross the
maximum sustained acceleration? river? (c) How far south of your starting point will you reach the
opposite bank?
3.36 . Crossing the River II. (a) In which direction should
Section 3.5 Relative Velocity
the motorboat in Exercise 3.35 head to reach a point on the oppo-
3.30 . A railroad flatcar is traveling to the right at a speed of site bank directly east from your starting point? (The boat’s speed
13.0 m>s relative to an observer standing on the ground. Someone relative to the water remains 4.2 m>s.) (b) What is the velocity of
is riding a motor scooter on the flatcar (Fig. E3.30). What is the the boat relative to the earth? (c) How much time is required to
velocity (magnitude and direction) of the scooter relative to the flat- cross the river?
car if the scooter’s velocity relative to the observer on the ground 3.37 .. BIO Bird Migration. Canada geese migrate essen-
is (a) 18.0 m>s to the right? (b) 3.0 m>s to the left? (c) zero? tially along a north–south direction for well over a thousand kilo-
meters in some cases, traveling at speeds up to about 100 km>h. If
Figure E3.30 one goose is flying at 100 km>h relative to the air but a 40@km>h
wind is blowing from west to east, (a) at what angle relative to
v = 13.0 m>s
the north–south direction should this bird head to travel directly
southward relative to the ground? (b) How long will it take the
goose to cover a ground distance of 500 km from north to south?
(Note: Even on cloudy nights, many birds can navigate by using
the earth’s magnetic field to fix the north–south direction.)
3.38 .. An airplane pilot wishes to fly due west. A wind of
80.0 km>h (about 50 mi>h) is blowing toward the south. (a) If
the airspeed of the plane (its speed in still air) is 320.0 km>h
3.31 . A “moving sidewalk” in an airport terminal moves (about 200 mi>h), in which direction should the pilot head?
at 1.0 m>s and is 35.0 m long. If a woman steps on at one end (b) What is the speed of the plane over the ground? Draw a vec-
and walks at 1.5 m>s relative to the moving sidewalk, how much tor diagram.
96 Chapter 3 Motion in two or three Dimensions

ProbLeMs a constant rate of 3.00 m>s. Determine (a) the bird’s speed relative
to the ground; (b) the bird’s acceleration (magnitude and direc-
3.39 . CALC A rocket is fired at an angle from the top of a tower tion); and (c) the angle between the bird’s velocity vector and the
of height h0 = 50.0 m. Because of the design of the engines, its horizontal.
position coordinates are of the form x1t2 = A + Bt 2 and y1t2 = 3.47 .. In fighting forest fires, airplanes work in support of ground
C + Dt 3, where A, B, C, and D are constants. The acceleration of crews by dropping water on the fires. For practice, a pilot drops a
the rocket 1.00 s after firing is a = 14.00dn + 3.00en2 m>s2. Take
S
canister of red dye, hoping to hit a target on the ground below. If the
the origin of coordinates to be at the base of the tower. (a) Find the plane is flying in a horizontal path 90.0 m above the ground and has
constants A, B, C, and D, including their SI units. (b) At the instant a speed of 64.0 m>s 1143 mi>h2, at what horizontal distance from
after the rocket is fired, what are its acceleration vector and its the target should the pilot release the canister? Ignore air resistance.
velocity? (c) What are the x- and y-components of the rocket’s ve- 3.48 ... A movie stuntwoman drops from a helicopter that is
locity 10.0 s after it is fired, and how fast is it moving? (d) What is 30.0 m above the ground and moving with a constant velocity
the position vector of the rocket 10.0 s after it is fired? whose components are 10.0 m>s upward and 15.0 m>s horizon-
3.40 ... CALC A faulty model rocket moves in the xy-plane tal and toward the south. Ignore air resistance. (a) Where on the
(the positive y-direction is vertically upward). The rocket’s accel- ground (relative to the position of the helicopter when she drops)
eration has components ax1t2 = at 2 and ay1t2 = b - gt, where should the stuntwoman have placed foam mats to break her fall?
a = 2.50 m>s4, b = 9.00 m>s2, and g = 1.40 m>s3. At t = 0 (b) Draw x-t, y-t, vx@t, and vy@t graphs of her motion.
the rocket is at the origin and has velocity v0 = v0xnd + v0yne with 3.49 .. An airplane is flying with a velocity of 90.0 m>s at an
S

v0x = 1.00 m>s and v0y = 7.00 m>s. (a) Calculate the velocity and angle of 23.0° above the horizontal. When the plane is 114 m
position vectors as functions of time. (b) What is the maximum directly above a dog that is standing on level ground, a suitcase
height reached by the rocket? (c) What is the horizontal displace- drops out of the luggage compartment. How far from the dog will
ment of the rocket when it returns to y = 0? the suitcase land? Ignore air resistance.
3.41 .. CALC If r = bt 2nd + ct 3ne , where b and c are positive 3.50 .. A cannon, located 60.0 m from the base of a vertical
S

constants, when does the velocity vector make an angle of 45.0° 25.0-m-tall cliff, shoots a 15-kg shell at 43.0° above the horizontal
with the x- and y-axes? toward the cliff. (a) What must the minimum muzzle velocity be
3.42 .. CALC The position of a dragonfly that is flying par- for the shell to clear the top of the cliff? (b) The ground at the top
S
allel to the ground is given as a function of time by r = of the cliff is level, with a constant elevation of 25.0 m above the
32.90 m + 10.0900 m>s 2t 4 d − 10.0150 m>s 2t e . (a) At what
2 2 n 3 3n
cannon. Under the conditions of part (a), how far does the shell
value of t does the velocity vector of the dragonfly make an angle land past the edge of the cliff?
of 30.0o clockwise from the + x-axis? (b) At the time calculated in 3.51 . CP CALC A toy rocket is launched with an initial ve-
part (a), what are the magnitude and direction of the dragonfly’s locity of 12.0 m>s in the horizontal direction from the roof of a
acceleration vector? 30.0-m-tall building. The rocket’s engine produces a horizontal
3.43 ... CP A test rocket Figure P3.43 acceleration of 11.60 m>s32t, in the same direction as the initial
starting from rest at point A velocity, but in the vertical direction the acceleration is g, down-
is launched by accelerating ward. Ignore air resistance. What horizontal distance does the
it along a 200.0-m incline at .0 m rocket travel before reaching the ground?
1.90 m>s2 (Fig. P3.43). The 200
3.52 ... An important piece of landing equipment must be
incline rises at 35.0° above 35.0° thrown to a ship, which is moving at 45.0 cm>s, before the ship
the horizontal, and at the in- can dock. This equipment is thrown at 15.0 m>s at 60.0° above the
A
stant the rocket leaves it, the horizontal from the top of a tower at the edge of the water, 8.75 m
engines turn off and the rocket is subject to gravity only (ignore above the ship’s deck (Fig. P3.52). For this equipment to land at
air resistance). Find (a) the maximum height above the ground that the front of the ship, at what distance D from the dock should the
the rocket reaches, and (b) the rocket’s greatest horizontal range ship be when the equipment is thrown? Ignore air resistance.
beyond point A.
3.44 .. CALC A bird flies in the xy-plane with a velocity vector
Figure P3.52
given by v = 1a - bt 22dn + gt ne , with a = 2.4 m>s, b = 1.6 m>s3,
S
15.0 m>s
and g = 4.0 m>s2. The positive y-direction is vertically upward.
At t = 0 the bird is at the origin. (a) Calculate the position and
60.0°
acceleration vectors of the bird as functions of time. (b) What is
the bird’s altitude (y-coordinate) as it flies over x = 0 for the first 45.0 cm>s
time after t = 0?
3.45 .. A sly 1.5-kg monkey and a jungle veterinarian with
a blow-gun loaded with a tranquilizer dart are 25 m above the 8.75 m
ground in trees 70 m apart. Just as the veterinarian shoots hori-
zontally at the monkey, the monkey drops from the tree in a vain
attempt to escape being hit. What must the minimum muzzle ve-
locity of the dart be for the dart to hit the monkey before the mon-
D
key reaches the ground?
3.46 ... BIO Spiraling Up. Birds of prey typically rise up-
ward on thermals. The paths these birds take may be spiral-like. 3.53 ...The Longest Home Run. According to Guinness World
You can model the spiral motion as uniform circular motion com- Records, the longest home run ever measured was hit by Roy “Dizzy”
bined with a constant upward velocity. Assume that a bird com- Carlyle in a minor league game. The ball traveled 188 m (618 ft)
pletes a circle of radius 6.00 m every 5.00 s and rises vertically at before landing on the ground outside the ballpark. (a) If the ball’s
 Problems 97

initial velocity was in a direction 45° above the horizontal, what Figure P3.58
did the initial speed of the ball need to be to produce such a home
run if the ball was hit at a point 0.9 m (3.0 ft) above ground level?
Ignore air resistance, and assume that the ground was perfectly 10.0 ft
flat. (b) How far would the ball be above a fence 3.0 m (10 ft) high
if the fence was 116 m (380 ft) from home plate?
3.54 .. An Errand of Mercy. An airplane is dropping bales 36.0 ft
of hay to cattle stranded in a blizzard on the Great Plains. The
pilot releases the bales at 150 m above the level ground when the 3.59 ... Look Out! A snow- Figure P3.59
plane is flying at 75 m>s in a direction 55° above the horizontal. ball rolls off a barn roof that
How far in front of the cattle should the pilot release the hay so slopes downward at an angle v0 = 7.00 m>s
that the bales land at the point where the cattle are stranded? of 40° (Fig. P3.59). The edge
3.55 .. A baseball thrown at an angle of 60.0° above the hori- of the roof is 14.0 m above the
40°
zontal strikes a building 18.0 m away at a point 8.00 m above the ground, and the snowball has a
point from which it is thrown. Ignore air resistance. (a) Find the speed of 7.00 m>s as it rolls off
magnitude of the ball’s initial velocity (the velocity with which the roof. Ignore air resistance.
the ball is thrown). (b) Find the magnitude and direction of the 14.0 m
(a) How far from the edge of the
velocity of the ball just before it strikes the building. barn does the snowball strike
3.56 ... A water hose is used to fill a large cylindrical storage the ground if it doesn’t strike
tank of diameter D and height 2D. The hose shoots the water at anything else while falling?
45° above the horizontal from the same level as the base of the (b) Draw x-t, y-t, vx@t, and vy@t
tank and is a distance 6D away (Fig. P3.56). For what range of graphs for the motion in part (a). 4.0 m
launch speeds 1v02 will the water enter the tank? Ignore air resis- (c) A man 1.9 m tall is standing
tance, and express your answer in terms of D and g. 4.0 m from the edge of the barn.
Figure P3.56 Will the snowball hit him?
3.60 .. A boy 12.0 m above the ground in a tree throws a ball for
his dog, who is standing right below the tree and starts running
2D the instant the ball is thrown. If the boy throws the ball horizon-
v0 = ? tally at 8.50 m>s, (a) how fast must the dog run to catch the ball
Water
45° just as it reaches the ground, and (b) how far from the tree will the
dog catch the ball?
6D D 3.61 .. Suppose that the boy in Problem 3.60 throws the ball up-
ward at 60.0° above the horizontal, but all else is the same. Repeat
3.57 .. A grasshopper leaps into the air from the edge of a verti- parts (a) and (b) of that problem.
cal cliff, as shown in Fig. P3.57. Find (a) the initial speed of the 3.62 .. A rock is thrown with a velocity v0, at an angle of a0
grasshopper and (b) the height of the cliff. from the horizontal, from the roof of a building of height h. Ignore
Figure P3.57 air resistance. Calculate the speed of the rock just before it strikes
the ground, and show that this speed is independent of a0.
3.63 .. Leaping the River II. A physics professor did dare-
6.74 cm devil stunts in his spare time. His last stunt was an attempt to jump
50.0° across a river on a motorcycle (Fig. P3.63). The takeoff ramp was
inclined at 53.0°, the river was 40.0 m wide, and the far bank was
15.0 m lower than the top of the ramp. The river itself was 100 m
below the ramp. Ignore air resistance. (a) What should his speed
Not to
have been at the top of the ramp to have just made it to the edge
scale
of the far bank? (b) If his speed was only half the value found in
part (a), where did he land?

1.06 m Figure P3.63

3.58 .. Kicking an Extra Point. In Canadian football, after 15.0 m

a touchdown the team has the opportunity to earn one more point
by kicking the ball over the bar between the goal posts. The bar is
53.0°
10.0 ft above the ground, and the ball is kicked from ground level,
36.0 ft horizontally from the bar (Fig. P3.58). Football regula-
tions are stated in English units, but convert them to SI units for 100 m
this problem. (a) There is a minimum angle above the ground such
that if the ball is launched below this angle, it can never clear the
bar, no matter how fast it is kicked. What is this angle? (b) If the
ball is kicked at 45.0° above the horizontal, what must its initial 40.0 m
speed be if it is just to clear the bar? Express your answer in m>s
and in km>h.
98 ChAPTer 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

3.64 . A 2.7-kg ball is thrown upward with an initial speed of 3.70 ... CP Bang! A student sits atop a platform a distance h
20.0 m>s from the edge of a 45.0-m-high cliff. At the instant the above the ground. He throws a large firecracker horizontally with
ball is thrown, a woman starts running away from the base of a speed v. However, a wind blowing parallel to the ground gives
the cliff with a constant speed of 6.00 m>s. The woman runs in a the firecracker a constant horizontal acceleration with magni-
straight line on level ground. Ignore air resistance on the ball. (a) tude a. As a result, the firecracker reaches the ground directly
At what angle above the horizontal should the ball be thrown so below the student. Determine the height h in terms of v, a, and g.
that the runner will catch it just before it hits the ground, and how Ignore the effect of air resistance on the vertical motion.
far does she run before she catches the ball? (b) Carefully sketch 3.71 .. An airplane pilot sets a compass course due west and
the ball’s trajectory as viewed by (i) a person at rest on the ground maintains an airspeed of 220 km>h. After flying for 0.500 h, she
and (ii) the runner. finds herself over a town 120 km west and 20 km south of her
3.65 . A 76.0-kg rock is rolling horizontally at the top of a verti- starting point. (a) Find the wind velocity (magnitude and direction).
cal cliff that is 20 m above the surface of a lake (Fig. P3.65). The (b) If the wind velocity is 40 km>h due south, in what direction
top of the vertical face of a dam is located 100 m from the foot should the pilot set her course to travel due west? Use the same
of the cliff, with the top of the dam level with the surface of the airspeed of 220 km>h.
water in the lake. A level plain is 25 m below the top of the dam. 3.72 .. Raindrops. When a train’s velocity is 12.0 m>s east-
(a) What must be the minimum speed of the rock just as it leaves ward, raindrops that are falling vertically with respect to the earth
the cliff so that it will reach the plain without striking the dam? make traces that are inclined 30.0° to the vertical on the windows of
(b) How far from the foot of the dam does the rock hit the plain? the train. (a) What is the horizontal component of a drop’s velocity
with respect to the earth? With respect to the train? (b) What is
Figure P3.65 the magnitude of the velocity of the raindrop with respect to the
v0 earth? With respect to the train?
3.73 ... In a World Cup soccer match, Juan is running due north
20 m Cliff
toward the goal with a speed of 8.00 m>s relative to the ground. A
100 m teammate passes the ball to him. The ball has a speed of 12.0 m>s
Lake and is moving in a direction 37.0° east of north, relative to the
ground. What are the magnitude and direction of the ball’s veloc-
Dam 25 m
ity relative to Juan?
3.74 .. An elevator is moving upward at a constant speed of
Plain 2.50 m>s. A bolt in the elevator ceiling 3.00 m above the elevator
floor works loose and falls. (a) How long does it take for the bolt to
3.66 .. Tossing Your Lunch. Henrietta is jogging on the side- fall to the elevator floor? What is the speed of the bolt just as it hits
walk at 3.05 m>s on the way to her physics class. Bruce realizes the elevator floor (b) according to an observer in the elevator?
that she forgot her bag of bagels, so he runs to the window, which (c) According to an observer standing on one of the floor landings of
is 38.0 m above the street level and directly above the sidewalk, the building? (d) According to the observer in part (c), what distance
to throw the bag to her. He throws it horizontally 9.00 s after she did the bolt travel between the ceiling and the floor of the elevator?
has passed below the window, and she catches it on the run. Ignore 3.75 .. Two soccer players, Mia and Alice, are running as Alice
air resistance. (a) With what initial speed must Bruce throw the passes the ball to Mia. Mia is running due north with a speed of
bagels so that Henrietta can catch the bag just before it hits the 6.00 m>s. The velocity of the ball relative to Mia is 5.00 m>s in a
ground? (b) Where is Henrietta when she catches the bagels? direction 30.0o east of south. What are the magnitude and direc-
3.67 .. A cart carrying a vertical missile launcher moves hori- tion of the velocity of the ball relative to the ground?
zontally at a constant velocity of 30.0 m>s to the right. It launches 3.76 .. DATA A spring-gun projects a small rock from the
a rocket vertically upward. The missile has an initial vertical ground with speed v0 at an angle u0 above the ground. You have
velocity of 40.0 m>s relative to the cart. (a) How high does the been asked to determine v0. From the way the spring-gun is con-
rocket go? (b) How far does the cart travel while the rocket is in structed, you know that to a good approximation v0 is independent
the air? (c) Where does the rocket land relative to the cart? of the launch angle. You go to a level, open field, select a launch
3.68 .. A firefighting crew uses a water cannon that shoots water angle, and measure the horizontal distance the rock travels. You
at 25.0 m>s at a fixed angle of 53.0° above the horizontal. The fire- use g = 9.80 m>s2 and ignore the small height of the end of the
fighters want to direct the water at a blaze that is 10.0 m above spring-gun’s barrel above the ground. Since your measurement in-
ground level. How far from the building should they position cludes some uncertainty in values measured for the launch angle
their cannon? There are two possibilities; can you get them both? and for the horizontal range, you repeat the measurement for sev-
(Hint: Start with a sketch showing the trajectory of the water.) eral launch angles and obtain the results given in Fig. 3.76. You
3.69 ... In the middle of the night you are standing a horizontal
Figure P3.76
distance of 14.0 m from the high fence that surrounds the estate of
your rich uncle. The top of the fence is 5.00 m above the ground. Distance (m)
You have taped an important message to a rock that you want to 12.00
throw over the fence. The ground is level, and the width of the
fence is small enough to be ignored. You throw the rock from a 10.00
height of 1.60 m above the ground and at an angle of 56.0o above
the horizontal. (a) What minimum initial speed must the rock have 8.00
as it leaves your hand to clear the top of the fence? (b) For the
initial velocity calculated in part (a), what horizontal distance be- Launch
6.00
yond the fence will the rock land on the ground? 15.0 35.0 55.0 75.0 angle (°)
 Passage Problems 99

ignore air resistance because there is no wind and the rock is small and head downstream. They catch up with and retrieve the bottle
and heavy. (a) Select a way to represent the data well as a straight (which has been moving along with the current) 5.0 km downstream
line. (b) Use the slope of the best straight-line fit to your data from from the turnaround point. (a) Assuming a constant paddling effort
part (a) to calculate v0. (c) When the launch angle is 36.9o, what throughout, how fast is the river flowing? (b) What would the canoe
maximum height above the ground does the rock reach? speed in a still lake be for the same paddling effort?
3.77 .. DATA You have constructed a hair-spray-powered po- 3.81 ... CP A rocket designed to place small payloads into orbit
tato gun and want to find the muzzle speed v0 of the potatoes, is carried to an altitude of 12.0 km above sea level by a converted
the speed they have as they leave the end of the gun barrel. You airliner. When the airliner is flying in a straight line at a constant
use the same amount of hair spray each time you fire the gun, and speed of 850 km>h, the rocket is dropped. After the drop, the air-
you have confirmed by repeated firings at the same height that liner maintains the same altitude and speed and continues to fly
the muzzle speed is approximately the same for each firing. You in a straight line. The rocket falls for a brief time, after which its
climb on a microwave relay tower (with permission, of course) rocket motor turns on. Once that motor is on, the combined effects
to launch the potatoes horizontally from different heights above of thrust and gravity give the rocket a constant acceleration of
the ground. Your friend measures the height of the gun barrel magnitude 3.00g directed at an angle of 30.0° above the horizon-
above the ground and the range R of each potato. You obtain the tal. For safety, the rocket should be at least 1.00 km in front of the
following data: airliner when it climbs through the airliner’s altitude. Your job is
to determine the minimum time that the rocket must fall before
Launch height h Horizontal range R its engine starts. Ignore air resistance. Your answer should include
2.00 m 10.4 m (i) a diagram showing the flight paths of both the rocket and
6.00 m 17.1 m the airliner, labeled at several points with vectors for their veloci-
9.00 m 21.3 m ties and accelerations; (ii) an x-t graph showing the motions of
12.00 m 25.8 m
both the rocket and the airliner; and (iii) a y-t graph showing the
motions of both the rocket and the airliner. In the diagram and
Each of the values of h and R has some measurement error: The the graphs, indicate when the rocket is dropped, when the rocket
muzzle speed is not precisely the same each time, and the barrel motor turns on, and when the rocket climbs through the altitude
isn’t precisely horizontal. So you use all of the measurements to of the airliner.
get the best estimate of v0. No wind is blowing, so you decide
to ignore air resistance. You use g = 9.80 m>s2 in your analy-
sis. (a) Select a way to represent the data well as a straight line. Passage ProbLeMs
(b) Use the slope of the best-fit line from part (a) to calculate the
average value of v0. (c) What would be the horizontal range of a BIO BallisTic sEEd disPErsal. Some plants disperse
potato that is fired from ground level at an angle of 30.0o above their seeds when the fruit splits and contracts, propelling the
the horizontal? Use the value of v0 that you calculated in part (b). seeds through the air. The trajectory of these seeds can be deter-
3.78 ... DATA You are a member of a geological team in mined with a high-speed camera. In an experiment on one type
Central Africa. Your team comes upon a wide river that is flowing of plant, seeds are projected at 20 cm above ground level with
east. You must determine the width of the river and the current initial speeds between 2.3 m>s and 4.6 m>s. The launch angle is
speed (the speed of the water relative to the earth). You have a measured from the horizontal, with + 90° corresponding to an
small boat with an outboard motor. By measuring the time it takes initial velocity straight up and -90° straight down.
to cross a pond where the water isn’t flowing, you have calibrated 3.82 The experiment is designed so that the seeds move no
the throttle settings to the speed of the boat in still water. You more than 0.20 mm between photographic frames. What mini-
set the throttle so that the speed of the boat relative to the river is a mum frame rate for the high-speed camera is needed to achieve
constant 6.00 m>s. Traveling due north across the river, you reach this? (a) 250 frames>s; (b) 2500 frames>s; (c) 25,000 frames>s;
the opposite bank in 20.1 s. For the return trip, you change the (d) 250,000 frames>s.
throttle setting so that the speed of the boat relative to the water 3.83 About how long does it take a seed launched at 90° at the
is 9.00 m>s. You travel due south from one bank to the other and highest possible initial speed to reach its maximum height? Ignore
cross the river in 11.2 s. (a) How wide is the river, and what is the air resistance. (a) 0.23 s; (b) 0.47 s; (c) 1.0 s; (d) 2.3 s.
current speed? (b) With the throttle set so that the speed of the 3.84 If a seed is launched at an angle of 0° with the maximum
boat relative to the water is 6.00 m>s, what is the shortest time in initial speed, how far from the plant will it land? Ignore air resis-
which you could cross the river, and where on the far bank would tance, and assume that the ground is flat. (a) 20 cm; (b) 93 cm;
you land? (c) 2.2 m; (d) 4.6 m.
3.85 A large number of seeds are observed, and their initial
launch angles are recorded. The range of projection angles is
chaLLenge ProbLeMs found to be -51° to 75°, with a mean of 31°. Approximately 65%
3.79 ... CALC A projectile thrown from a point P moves in such of the seeds are launched between 6° and 56°. (See W. J. Garrison
a way that its distance from P is always increasing. Find the maxi- et al., “Ballistic seed projection in two herbaceous species,” Amer.
mum angle above the horizontal with which the projectile could J. Bot., Sept. 2000, 87:9, 1257–64.) Which of these hypotheses is
have been thrown. Ignore air resistance. best supported by the data? Seeds are preferentially launched
3.80 ... Two students are canoeing on a river. While heading (a) at angles that maximize the height they travel above the plant;
upstream, they accidentally drop an empty bottle overboard. They (b) at angles below the horizontal in order to drive the seeds into
then continue paddling for 60 minutes, reaching a point 2.0 km the ground with more force; (c) at angles that maximize the hori-
farther upstream. At this point they realize that the bottle is zontal distance the seeds travel from the plant; (d) at angles that
missing and, driven by ecological awareness, they turn around minimize the time the seeds spend exposed to the air.
100 Chapter 3 Motion in two or three Dimensions

Answers

chapter opening Question ?

(iii) A cyclist going around a curve at constant speed has an ac- dashed line). The effect of gravity is to make both the monkey
celeration directed toward the inside of the curve (see Section 3.2, and the dart fall the same distance 12 gt 2 below their g = 0 po-
especially Fig. 3.12a). sitions. Point A is the same distance below the monkey’s initial
position as point P is below the dashed straight line, so point A is
test your understanding Questions where we would find the monkey at the time in question.
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3.4 (ii) At both the top and bottom of the loop, the acceleration
3.1 (iii) If the instantaneous velocity v is constant over an in- is purely radial and is given by Eq. (3.27). Radius R is the same
terval, its value at any point (including the end of the interval) at both points, so the difference in acceleration is due purely to
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is the same as the average velocity vav over the interval. In (i) differences in speed. Since arad is proportional to the square of v,
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and (ii) the direction of v at the end of the interval is tangent to the speed must be twice as great at the bottom of the loop as at
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the path at that point, while the direction of vav points from the the top.
beginning of the path to its end (in the direction of the net dis- 3.5 (vi) The effect of the wind is to cancel the airplane’s east-
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placement). In (iv) both v and vav are directed along the straight ward motion and give it a northward motion. So the velocity of
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line, but v has a greater magnitude because the speed has been the air relative to the ground (the wind velocity) must have one
increasing. 150-km>h component to the west and one 150-km>h component
3.2 Vector 7 At the high point of the sled’s path, the speed is to the north. The combination of these is a vector of magnitude
minimum. At that point the speed is neither increasing nor de- 21150 km>h22 + 1150 km>h22 = 212 km>h that points to the
creasing, and the parallel component of the acceleration (that is, northwest.
the horizontal component) is zero. The acceleration has only a
perpendicular component toward the inside of the sled’s curved bridging Problem
path. In other words, the acceleration is downward.
2v 02 cos1u + f2sin f u
3.3 (i) If there were no gravity 1g = 02, the monkey would not (a) R = (b) f = 45° -
fall and the dart would follow a straight-line path (shown as a g cos2 u 2
Answers to odd-numbered Problems
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3
1.1 a) 1.61 km b) 3.28 * 103 ft 2.1 25.0 m 3.1 a) 1.4 m>s, - 1.3 m>s b) 1.9 m>s, 317°
1.3 1.02 ns 2.3 55 min 3.3 a) 7.1 cm>s, 45°
1.5 5.36 L 2.5 a) 0.312 m>s b) 1.56 m>s b) 5.0 cm>s, 90°; 7.1 cm>s, 45°; 11 cm>s, 27°
1.7 31.7 y 2.7 a) 12.0 m>s b) (i) 0 (ii) 15.0 m>s 3.5 b) - 8.67 m>s2, - 2.33m>s2
1.9 a) 23.4 km>L b) 1.4 tanks (iii) 12.0 m>s c) 13.3 m>s c) 8.98 m>s2, 195°
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1.11 9.0 cm 2.9 a) 2.33 m>s, 2.33 m>s 3.7 b) v = adn − 2bten, a = −2ben
1.13 4.2 * 10-12 cm3, 1.3 * 10-5 mm2 b) 2.33 m>s, 0.33 m>s c) 5.4 m>s, 297°; 2.4 m>s2, 270°
1.15 0.45% 2.11 6.7 m>s, 6.7 m>s, 0, - 40.0 m>s, - 40.0 m>s, d) speeding up and turning right
1.17 a) no b) no c) no d) no e) no - 40.0 m>s, 0 3.9 a) 1.13 m b) 0.528 m
1.19 ≈4 * 108 2.13 a) no b) (i) 12.8 m>s2 (ii) 3.50 m>s2 c) vx = 1.10 m>s, vy = - 4.70 m>s, 4.83 m>s,
1.21 ≈$70 million (iii) 0.718 m>s2 76.8° below the horizontal
1.23 2 * 105 2.15 a) 2.00 cm>s, 50.0 cm, - 0.125 cm>s2 3.11 2.57 m
1.25 7.8 km, 38° north of east b) 16.0 s c) 32.0 s 3.13 a) 24.1 m>s b) 31.0 m>s
1.27 Ax = 0, Ay = - 8.00 m, Bx = 7.50 m, d) 6.20 s, 1.23 cm>s; 3.15 1.28 m>s2
By = 13.0 cm, Cx = - 10.9 cm, 25.8 s, - 1.23 cm>s; 36.4 s, - 2.55 cm>s 3.17 a) 0.683 s, 2.99 s
Cy = - 5.07 m, Dx = - 7.99 m, Dy = 6.02 m 2.17 a) 0.500 m>s2 b) 0, 1.00 m>s2 b) 24.0 m>s, 11.3 m>s; 24.0 m>s, - 11.3 m>s
1.29 a) –6.00 m b) 11.3 m 2.19 a) 8.33 m>s b) 1.11 m>s2 c) 30.0 m>s, 36.9° below the horizontal
1.31 a) 9.01 m, 33.7° b) 9.01 m, 33.7° 2.21 a) 675 m>s2 b) 0.0667 s 3.19 a) 1.5 m b) - 0.89 m>s
c) 22.3 m, 250° d) 22.3 m, 70.3° 2.23 1.70 m 3.21 a) 13.6 m b) 34.6 m>s c) 103 m
1.33 2.81 km, 38.5° north of west 2.25 0.38 m 3.23 a) 0.034 m>s2 = 0.0034g b) 1.4 h
1.35 a) 2.48 cm, 18.4° b) 4.09 cm, 83.7° 2.27 a) 3.1 * 106 m>s2 = 3.2 * 105 g 3.25 120 m>s2, 270 mph
c) 4.09 cm, 264° b) 1.6 ms c) no 3.27 a) 2.57 m>s2 upward
b) 2.57 m>s2 downward
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1.37 A = −18.00 m2en, 2.29 a) (i) 5.59 m>s2 (ii) 7.74 m>s2
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B = 17.50 m2dn + 1+ 13.0 m2en, b) (i) 179 m (ii) 1.28 * 104 m c) 14.7 s
a) 32.9 m>s b) 27.7 m>s2 c) 35.5 rpm
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C = 1- 10.9 m2dn + 1- 5.07 m2en, 2.31 a) 0, 6.3 m>s2, - 11.2 m>s2 3.29
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D = 1- 7.99 m2dn + 16.02 m2en b) 100 m, 230 m, 320 m 3.31 a) 14 s b) 70 s
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1.39 a) A = 11.23 m2dn + 13.38 m2en, 2.33 2.69 m>s 3.33 0.36 m>s, 52.5° south of west
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B = 1- 2.08 m2dn + 1- 1.20 m2en 2.35 a) 2.94 m>s b) 0.600 s 3.35 a) 4.7 m>s, 25° south of east b) 120 s
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b) C = 112.0 m2dn + 114.9 m2en 2.37 1.67 s c) 240 m
c) 19.2 m, 51.2° 2.39 a) 33.5 m b) 15.8 m>s 3.37 a) 24° west of south b) 5.5 h
1.41 a) A = 5.38, B = 4.36 2.41 a) t = 22d>g b) 0.190 s 3.39 a) A = 0, B = 2.00 m>s2,
b) - 5.00dn + 2.00en + 7.00 kn 2.43 a) 646 m b) 16.4 s, 112 m>s C = 50.0 m, D = 0.500 m>s3
a) 249 m>s2 b) 25.4 c) 101 m b) a = 14.00 m>s22dn, v = 0
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c) 8.83, yes 2.45
1.43 a) - 104 m2 b) - 148 m2 c) 40.6 m2 d) no (if a is constant) c) vx = 40.0 m>s, vy = 150 m>s, 155 m>s
1.45 a) 165° b) 28° c) 90° 2.47 0.0868 m>s2 S
d) r = 1200 m2dn + 1550 m2en
1.47 a) 1- 63.9 m22kn b) 163.9 m22kn 2.49 37.6 m>s 3.41 2b>3c
1.49 a) 5.51 g>cm3 2.51 a) 467 m b) 110 m>s 3.43 a) 128 m b) 315 m
b) 1.1 * 106 g>cm3 2.53 a) x = 10.25 m>s32t 3 - 10.010 m>s42t 4, 3.45 31 m>s
c) 4.7 * 1014 g>cm3 vx = 10.75 m>s32t 2 - 10.040 m>s42t 3 3.47 274 m
1.51 a) 1.64 * 104 km b) 2.57rE b) 39.1 m>s 3.49 795 m
1.53 a) 2200 g b) 2.1 m 2.55 a) 10.0 m b) (i) 8.33 m>s (ii) 9.09 m>s 3.51 33.7 m
1.55 a) 12.8 { 0.32 cm3 b) 170 { 20 (iii) 9.52 m>s 3.53 a) 42.8 m>s b) 42.0 m
1.57 ≈6 * 1027 2.57 250 km 3.55 a) 16.6 m>s
1.59 179 N, 358 N, 45.8° east of north, or 393 N, 2.59 a) 197 m>s b) 169 m>s b) 10.9 m>s, 40.5° below the horizontal
786 N, 45.8° south of east 2.61 a) 92.0 m b) 92.0 m 3.57 a) 1.50 m>s b) 4.66 m
1.61 144 m, 41° south of west 2.63 67 m 3.59 a) 6.91 m c) no
1.63 7.55 N 2.65 a) 7.56 s b) 37.2 m 3.61 a) 4.25 m>s b) 10.6 m
1.65 60.9 km, 33.0° south of west c) 25.7 m>s (car), 15.9 m>s (truck) 3.63 a) 17.8 m>s b) in the river, 28.4 m
1.67 28.8 m, 11.4° north of east 2.67 a) 15.9 s b) 393 m c) 29.5 m>s horizontally from his launch point
1.69 71.9 m, 64.1° north of west 2.69 a) - 4.00 m>s b) 12.0 m>s 3.65 a) 49.5 m>s b) 50 m
1.71 160 N, 13° below horizontal 2.71 a) 2.64H b) 2.64T 3.67 a) 81.6 m b) 245 m
1.73 a) 818 m, 15.8° west of south 2.73 a) 6.69 m>s b) 4.49 m c) 1.42 s c) in the cart
1.75 18.6° east of south, 29.6 m 2.75 a) 3.3 s b) 9H 3.69 a) 13.3 m>s b) 3.8 m
1.77 28.2 m 2.77 6.75 s 3.71 a) 44.7 km>h, 26.6° west of south
1.79 124° 2.79 a) 380 m b) 184 m b) 10.5° north of west
1.81 156 m2 2.81 a) 0.625 m>s3 b) 107 m 3.73 7.39 m>s, 12.4° north of east
1.83 28.0 m 2.83 a) car A b) 2.27 s, 5.73 s c) 1.00 s, 4.33 s 3.75 3.01 m>s, 33.7° north of east
1.85 Cx = - 8.0, Cy = - 6.1 d) 2.67 s 3.77 a) graph R2 versus h b) 16.4 m>s
1.87 D, F, B, C, A, E 2.85 a) 0.0510 s2>m b) lower than c) no c) 23.8 m
1.89 b) (i) 0.9857 AU (ii) 1.3820 AU 2.87 4.8 3.79 70.5°
(iii) 1.695 AU c) 54.6° 2.89 a) 8.3 m>s b) (i) 0.411 m (ii) 1.15 km 3.81 5.15 s
1.91 a) 76.2 ly b) 129° c) 9.8 m>s d) 4.9 m>s 3.83 choice (b)
1.93 choice (a) 2.91 choice (b) 3.85 choice (c)

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