IP Addressing

• IP Addressing is Logical Addressing

• It works on Network Layer (Layer 3)

• Two Version of Addressing Scheme

• IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing

• IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing

IP address is a 32-bit binary number that is unique for

each device
IP address is converted to a decimal format to make
them readable for the humans
Within the network, the IP address is interpreted in a
binary format consisting of 0 and 1
 IP version 4

• What is BIT ?

Bit is a value that will represent 0’s or 1’s (i.e. Binary)

01010101000001011011111100000001

• 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted

Decimal Notation
First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet

01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001

 IP version 6

• 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries,

and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit

hexadecimal number and separated by colons

(Colon-Hex Notation)

FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
 Binary to Decimal Conversion

Taking Example for First Octet :

Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s and 1’s
i.e. 28 = 256 combination
27 2 6 25 2 4 23 2 2 21 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 Total IP Address Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 0.0.0.0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 to
255.255.255.255

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
 IP Address Classes

• Total IP Addressing Scheme is divided

into 5 Classes

• CLASS A

• CLASS B LAN & WAN

• CLASS C

• CLASS D Multicasting & Newsgroups

• CLASS E Research & Development

LAN Transmission Methods
LAN transmission methods fall into 3 main categories:
• Unicast transmission
• Multicast transmission
• Broadcast transmission

Unicast Transmission
In unicast transmissions, a single data packet is sent from a source to a
single destination on the network.

Unicast Process

• The source addresses

the packet with the
destination address.
• The packet is sent into
the network.
• The network delivers the
packet to the destination.
Multicast Transmission

In multicast transmissions, a single data packet is copied and sent to

specific destinations on the network
Multicast Process

• The source addresses the packet

using a multicast address.
• The packet is sent into the
network.
• The network copies the packet.
• A copy is delivered to each
destination that is included in the
multicast address.
 Broadcast Tranmission

In Broadcast transmissions, a single data

packet is copied and sent to specific
destinations on the network

Broadcast Process

• The source addresses the

packet with the broadcast
address.
• The packet is sent into the
network.
• The network copies the packet.
• The packet copies are delivered
to all destinations on the
network.
 Priority Bits Concept

• To identify the range of each class

we will be using Priority Bit Concept

• Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet

• CLASS A priority bit is 0

• CLASS B priority bit is 10

• CLASS C priority bit is 110

• CLASS D priority bit is 1110

• CLASS E priority bit is 1111

 CLASS A Range

For Class A range reserved first bit in

first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 2 1 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
Class A Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 127.255.255.255
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 Exception
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
network are reserved

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127
CLASS B Range

For Class B range reserved first two bit in

first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 2 2 21 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129 Class B Range
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130
128. 0 . 0 . 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132 to
191.255.255.255

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191
CLASS C Range

For Class C range reserved first three bit in

first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 2 2 21 20
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193 Class C Range
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194
192. 0 . 0 . 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196 to
223.255.255.255

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223
CLASS D Range

For Class D range reserved first four bit in

first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 2 2 21 20
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225 Class D Range
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226
224. 0 . 0 . 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228 to
239.255.255.255

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239
CLASS E Range

For Class E range reserved first four bit in

first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 2 2 21 20
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241 Class E Range
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242
240. 0 . 0 . 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244 to
255.255.255.255

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
Classification of IP Addresses

CLASS OF IP ADDRESS

CLASSES

Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E

1-127 128 - 191 192 -223 224-239 240 - 255

 Octet Format

• IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion

• CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H

• CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H

• CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H

 CLASS A – No. Networks & Host

• Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H

• Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24

• No. of Networks
= 28-1 (-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
= 27
= 128 – 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network)
= 126 Networks
CLASS A
• No. of Host 126 Networks
= 224 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast
& ID)
= 16777216 - 2 16777214 Hosts/Nw
= 16777214 Hosts/Network
 CLASS B – No. Networks & Host

• Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H

• Network bits : 16 Host bits : 16

• No. of Networks
= 216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)
= 214
= 16384 Networks

• No. of Host
= 216 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID &CLASS B
Broadcast ID)
= 65536 - 2 16384 Networks
= 65534 Hosts/Network &
65534 Hosts/Nw
 CLASS C – No. Networks & Host

• Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H

• Network bits : 24 Host bits : 8

• No. of Networks
= 224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)
= 221
= 2097152 Networks

• No. of Host CLASS C

= 2 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
8
2097152 Networks
= 256 - 2
&
= 254 Hosts/Network
254 Hosts/Nw
Network & Broadcast Address

• The network address is represented with all bits as

ZERO in the host portion of the address

• The broadcast address is represented with all bits as

ONES in the host portion of the address

• Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address

and the Broadcast Address.

• Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients

IP Address Components

• A network number denotes the network segment

to which the device is connected.It represented
by 1
• A host number specifies the address of the
device in the network segment. Host numbers are
the numbers between the network number and
the directed broadcast number it represented by
0.
Example - Class A

Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111

Class A
10.0.0.0 Network Address
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
Valid IP Addresses

10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255 Broadcast Address
Example - Class B

Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111

Class B
172.16.0.0 Network Address
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
Valid IP Addresses

172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255 Broadcast Address
Example - Class C

Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111

Class C
192.168.1.0 Network Address
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
Valid IP Addresses

192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address
Private IP Address

• There are certain addresses in each class of IP

address that are reserved for LAN. These addresses
are called private addresses.

• They can be used for: home & office networks, ATM

machines, networks not connected to Internet.

Class A
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Subnet Mask

• Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host

Portion

• Subnet Mask has been given for host Identification of

Network ID

• Represent all Network Bit Values with 1

• Represent all Host Bit Values with 0

Subnet mask is used to identify the network bits and
host bits in the IP address

➢ A subnet mask always has a series of consecutive 1s

followed by consecutive 0s

➢ A subnet mask cannot start with the bit 0 or ending

with the bit 1
Subnet Mask - Examples

Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0

Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0

Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0
How Subnet Mask Works ?

IP Address : 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0

192.168.1.1 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
=======================================
192.168.1.0 AND TABLE
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
A
======================================= B C
0 0 0
Above Calculations is done with the Help of0 AND1Table.0
The output of an AND table is only 1 if both its inputs are 1.
1 0 0
For all other possible inputs the output is 0.
1 1 1
Subnetting

• Dividing a Single Network into Multiple Networks.

• Converting Host bits to Network Bits

i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s

• Subnetting is also called as FLSM (Fixed Length

Subnet Mask)

• Subnetting can be done in three ways.

– Requirement of Network
– Requirement of Host
– Cisco / Notation
 Variable Length Subnet Mask
(VLSM)
• VLSM allows you to use different masks for each
subnet
• Classfull protocols such as Routing Information
Protocol version 1 (RIPv1) and IGRP do not
support VLSM
• Advantages of VLSM include
– Efficient use of IP addressing
– Route summarization
Route Summarization

• Advantages of route summarization include:

– Reduction in the size of routing table,
memory requirement and time for
processing
– Reduction in the size of updates and
bandwidth requirement
– Detection of networking problems that
ensures proper routing of the packets to the
destination
Scenario

Network Bulls is having 100 PC

• Which Class IP addresses you will using in the

network ?
Answer : Class C.

• In network bulls we have Five Departments with

20 Pcs each

Network Bulls – 192.168.1.0/24

– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
– CISCO 192.168.1.21 to 192.168.1.40
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.41 to 192.168.1.60
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.61 to 192.168.1.80
– TRAINING 192.168.1.81 to 192.168.1.100
Scenario (…continued)

• Administrator Requirement
Inter-department communication should not be
possible ?

Solution.
Allocate a different Network to each Department
i.e.
– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
– CISCO 192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.20
– FIREWALL 192.168.3.1 to 192.168.3.20
– SOLARIS 192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.20
– TRAINING 192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.20

• In the above Scenario inter-department

communication is not possible.
Main Aim of Subnetting

Problem with the previous Scenario is :-

• Instead of 20 machine Broadcasting, you doing

broadcasting for 254 machine, Loss of bandwidth.

• More Wasting of IP addresses (Approximately 1000)

• Security
Power table

POWER TABLE

21 = 2 29 = 512 217 = 131072 225 = 33554432

22 = 4 210 = 1024 218 = 262144 226 = 67108864

23 = 8 211 = 2048 219 = 524288 227 = 134217728

24 = 16 212 = 4096 220 = 1048576 228 = 268435456

25 = 32 213 = 8192 221 = 2097152 229 = 536870912

26 = 64 214 = 16384 222 = 4194304 230 = 1073741824

27 = 128 215 = 32768 223 = 8388608 231 = 2147483648

28 = 256 216 = 65536 224 = 16777216 232 = 4294967296

Some Important Values

VALUES IN SUBNET MASK

Bit Value Mask

1 128 10000000

2 192 11000000

3 224 11100000

4 240 11110000

5 248 11111000

6 252 11111100

7 254 11111110

8 255 11111111
Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example – 1

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
= 23
= 8 Subnet

• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 25 – 2
= 32 – 2
= 30 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
3 Host
255. 6255.
Subnet & 255. 224
30 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11100000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.224
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63 → MCSE .
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95 → CISCO .
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127 → FIREWALL
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159 → SOLARIS
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191 → TRAINING
192.168.1.160 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 → Future Use
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224 192.168.1.255 x
Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example – 2

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
= 24
= 16 Subnet

• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 – 2
= 16 - 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
4 Host
255. 14255.
Subnet &255. 240
14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.15 x
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32 – 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48 – 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
Valid Subnets

192.168.1.224 – 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.255 x
Example – 2

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2
= 22 – 2
= 4–2
= 2 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 26 – 2
= 64 – 2
= 62 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
2 Host
255. 2255.
Subnet & 255. 192
62 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.192
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.63 x
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.64 – 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128 – 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 – 192.168.1.255 x
Example – 3

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
= 25
= 32 Subnet

• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 23 – 2
= 8–2
= 6 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 3 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
5 Host
255. 255.
30 Subnet &255. 248
6 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.248
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.7 x
192.168.1.8 to 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.8 – 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.23
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.23
192.168.1.24 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.24 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.39
Valid Subnets

192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.247
192.168.1.240 to 192.168.1.247
192.168.1.248 – 192.168.1.255 x
Example – 4

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
= 26
= 64 Subnet

• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 22 – 2
= 4–2
= 2 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 4 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
6 Host
255. 255.
62 Subnet &255. 252
2 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111100
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.252
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.3 x
192.168.1.4 to 192.168.1.7
192.168.1.4 – 192.168.1.7
192.168.1.8 to 192.168.1.11
192.168.1.8 – 192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12 to 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.12 – 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.19Valid Subnets

192.168.1.248 – 192.168.1.251
192.168.1.248 to 192.168.1.251
192.168.1.252 – 192.168.1.255 x
Example – 5

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
= 27
= 128 Subnet

• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 21 – 2
= 2 – 2 = 0 Hosts/Subnet
• In this case, You are not getting any host when you
convert 7 host bit to network bit.
HELP
Example – 6

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
= 28
= 256 Subnet

• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 20 – 2
= 0 – 2 = -2 Hosts/Subnet
• In this case, You are not getting any host when you
convert 8 host bit to network bit.
HELP
Requirement of Hosts is 40 ?
Example – 1

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2  Req. of Host
= 26 – 2  40 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 64 – 2
= 62 Hosts/Subnet

• No. of Subnet
= 2n
= 22
= 4 Subnet

HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
2 Host
255. 2255.
Subnet & 255. 192
62 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.192
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.63 x
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.64 – 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128 – 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 – 192.168.1.255 x
Requirement of Hosts is 2 ?
Example – 2

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2  Req. of Host
= 22 – 2  2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 4–2
= 2 Hosts/Subnet

• No. of Subnet
= 2n = 26
= 64 Subnet

HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize Subnet Mask =

255. 255. 255. 252

11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111100

• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.3 x
192.168.1.4 – 192.168.1.7
192.168.1.8 – 192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12 – 192.168.1.15
Valid Subnets

192.168.1.248 – 192.168.1.251
192.168.1.252 – 192.168.1.255 x
Cisco / Notation
Example – 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0/29
Extra Network Bits = 29 – 24 = 5
Put n value = 5
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2
= 25 – 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 32 – 2
= 30 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 23 – 2
= 8–2
= 6 Hosts/Subnet
HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
5 Host
255. 255.
30 Subnet &255. 248
6 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.248
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.7 x
192.168.1.8 to 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.8 – 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.23
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.23
192.168.1.24 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.24 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.39
Valid Subnets

192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.247
192.168.1.240 to 192.168.1.247
192.168.1.248 – 192.168.1.255 x
Cisco / Notation
Example – 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0/28
Extra Network Bits = 28 – 24 = 4
Put n value = 4
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2
= 24 – 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 16 – 2
= 14 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 – 2
= 16 – 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet
HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
4 Host
255. 14255.
Subnet &255. 240
14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.15 x
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32 – 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48 – 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
Valid Subnets

192.168.1.224 – 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.255 x
Requirement of Networks is 2 ?
Example – 1

Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2  Req. of Subnet
= 22 – 2  2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 4–2
= 2 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 214 – 2
= 16384 – 2
= 16382 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
2 Host
255. 255. & 16382
2 Subnet 192. Hosts/Subnet
0

11111111.11111111.11000000. 00000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.192.0
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
172.16.0.0 – 172.16.63.255 x
172.16.64.0 to 172.16.127.255
172.16.64.0 – 172.16.127.255
172.16.128.0 to 172.16.191.255
Valid Subnets
172.16.128.0 – 172.16.191.255
172.16.192.0 – 192.168.1.255 x
Requirement of Hosts is 126 ?
Example – 2

Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2  Req. of Host
= 27 – 2  126 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast
ID)
= 128 – 2
= 126 Hosts/Subnet
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 29 – 2
= 512 –2
= 510 Subnet

HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
9 Host
255. 510255.
Subnet &255. 128
126 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 10000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.128
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
172.16.0.0 – 172.16.0.127 x
172.16.0.128 to 172.16.0.255
172.16.0.128 – 172.16.0.255
172.16.1.0 to 172.16.1.127
172.16.1.0 – 172.16.1.127
172.16.1.128 to 172.16.1.255
172.16.1.128 – 172.16.1.255
172.16.2.0 to 172.16.2.127 Valid Subnets

172.16.255.0 – 172.16.255.127
172.16.255.0 to 172.16.255.127
172.16.255.128 – 172.16.255.255 x
Cisco / Notation
Example – 3
Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0/22
Extra Network Bits = 22 – 16 = 6
Put n value = 6
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2
= 26 – 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 64 – 2
= 62 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 210 – 2
= 1024 – 2
= 1022 Hosts/Subnet
HELP
Example – 3 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
6 Host
255. 62255. 252. Hosts/Subnet
Subnet & 1022 0

11111111.11111111.11111100. 00000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.252.0
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
172.16.0.0 – 172.16.3.255 x
172.16.4.0 to 172.16.7.255
172.16.4.0 – 172.16.7.255
172.16.8.0 to 172.16.11.255
172.16.8.0 – 172.16.11.255
172.16.12.0 to 172.16.15.255
172.16.12.0 – 172.16.15.255
172.16.16.0 to 172.16.19.255 Valid Subnets

172.16.248.0 – 172.16.251.255
172.16.248.0 to 172.16.251.255
172.16.252.0 – 172.16.255.255x
Requirement of Networks is 500 ?
Example – 1

Class A : N.H.H.H
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class A : 10.0.0.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2  Req. of Subnet
= 29 – 2  500 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 512 – 2
= 510 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 215 – 2
= 32768 – 2
= 32766 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
9 Host
255. 510255. 128. Hosts/Subnet
Subnet & 32766 0

11111111.11111111.10000000. 00000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.128.0
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
10.0.0.0 – 10.0.127.255 x
10.0.128.0 to 10.0.255.255
10.0.128.0 – 10.0.255.255
10.1.0.0 to 10.1.127.255
10.1.0.0 – 10.1.127.255
10.1.128.0 to 10.1.255.255
10.1.128.0 – 10.1.255.255
10.2.0.0 to 10.2.127.255 Valid Subnets

10.255.0.0 – 10.255.127.255
10.255.0.0 to 10.255.127.255
10.255.128.0 – 10.255.255.255 x
Requirement of Hosts is 260000 ?
Example – 2

Class A : N.H.H.H
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class A : 10.0.0.0
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2  Req. of Host
= 218 – 2  260000 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast
ID)
= 262144 – 2
= 262142 Hosts/Subnet
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 26 – 2
= 64 – 2
= 62 Subnet

HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
6 Host
255. 62 Subnet
252. & 262142
0. 0
Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111100.00000000. 00000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.252.0.0
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
10.0.0.0 – 10.3.255.255 x
10.4.0.0 to 10.3.255.255
10.4.0.0 – 10.7.255.255
10.8.0.0 to 10.7.255.255
10.8.0.0 – 10.11.255.255
10.12.0.0 to 10.15.255.255
10.12.0.0 – 10.15.255.255
10.16.0.0 to 10.19.255.255 Valid Subnets

10.248.0.0 – 10.251.255.255
10.248.0.0 to 10.251.255.255
10.252.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 x
Cisco / Notation
Example – 3
Class A : N.H.H.H
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 10.0.0.0/20
Extra Network Bits = 20 – 8 = 12
Put n value = 12
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2
= 212 – 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 4096 – 2
= 4094 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 212 – 2
= 4096 – 2
= 4094 Hosts/Subnet
HELP
Example – 3 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet
convertMask = Bits to Network Bits
12 Host
255. 4094 255.
Subnet &240. 0
4094 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11110000. 00000000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.240.0
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
10.0.0.0 – 10.0.15.255 x
10.0.16.0 to 10.31.255.255
10.0.16.0 – 10.0.31.255
10.0.32.0 to 10.47.255.255
10.0.32.0 – 10.0.47.255
10.0.48.0 to 10.63.255.255
10.0.48.0 – 10.0.63.255
10.0.64.0 to 10.79.255.255 Valid Subnets

10.255.224.0 – 10.255.239.255
10.255.224.0 to 10.255.239.255
10.255.240.0 – 10.255.255.255x
VLSM

• Subnetting a subnet is called as Variable Length

Subnet Mask

• VLSMs provide the capability to include more than

one subnet mask within a major network
Scenario

Network Bulls is having 100 PC

• Network Bulls– 192.168.1.0/24

– MCSE
– CISCO
– FIREWALL
– SOLARIS
– TRAINING

• Administrator wants inter-department

communication should not be possible ?
What is best the solution ?
Answer : You will go for FLSM i.e. Subnetting
Scenario (…continued)

Now we are also having sub departments

Network Bulls
– MCSE
– CISCO
– Ccna
– Ccnp
– FIREWALL
– ISA
– Checkpoint
– Net SQ
– Clavister
– Cisco PIX
– SOLARIS
– Linux
– Unix
– Solaris
– TRAINING
Scenario (…continued)

Now we are also having sub departments

ZOOM Technologies
– MCSE
– CISCO
– Ccna
– Ccnp
– FIREWALL
– ISA
– Checkpoint
– Net SQ
– Clavister
– Cisco PIX
– SOLARIS
– Linux
– Unix
– Solaris
– TRAINING
Scenario (…continued)

• Administrator does not want inter-department

communication in the sub departments ?

Answer : You will use the subnet range to further

divide it into smaller ranges, this time its
Subnetting of a Subnet i.e. VLSM.
Calculation of FLSM

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2  Req. of Subnet
= 23 – 2  5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 8–2
= 6 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 25 – 2
= 32 – 2
= 30 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
FLSM (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
3 Host
255. 6255.
Subnet & 255. 224
30 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11100000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.224
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63.
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.160 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224 192.168.1.255 x
Assigning of the Ranges

Network Bulls
– MCSE 192.168.1.32 – 1.63/27
– CISCO 192.168.1.64 – 1.95/27
– Ccna
– Ccnp
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.96 – 1.127/27
– ISA
– Checkpoint
– Net SQ
– Clavister
– Cisco PIX
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.128 – 1.159/27
– Linux
– Unix
– Solaris
– TRAINING 192.168.1.160 – 1.191/27
Calculation of VLSM for CISCO Dept.

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.64
• No. of Subnet
= 2n  Req. of Subnet
= 21  2
= 2
= 2 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 – 2
= 16 – 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
VLSM (Continued…)

• Customize Subnet Mask

If you convert 1 more= Host Bit to Network Bit
255. 2255.
Subnet & 255. 240
14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.64 – 192.168.1.79
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.79
192.168.1.80 – 192.168.1.95 Valid Subnets
192.168.1.80 to 192.168.1.95
Assigning of the Ranges

ZOOM Technologies
– MCSE 192.168.1.32 – 1.63/27
– CISCO 192.168.1.64 – 1.95/27
– Ccna 192.168.1.64 – 1.79/28
– Ccnp 192.168.1.80 – 1.95/28
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.96 – 1.127/27
– ISA
– Checkpoint
– Net SQ
– Clavister
– Cisco PIX
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.128 – 1.159/27
– Linux
– Unix
– Solaris
– TRAINING 192.168.1.160 – 1.191/27
Calculation of VLSM for Firewall Dept.

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.96
• No. of Subnet
= 2n  Req. of Subnet
= 23  5
= 8
= 8 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 22 – 2
= 4–2
= 2 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
VLSM (Continued…)

• Customize Subnet Mask

If you convert = Host Bit to Network Bit
3 more
255. 255.
8 Subnet &255. 252
2 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111100
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.252
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast
Subnet Range ID
192.168.1.96 – 192.168.1.99
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.99
192.168.1.100 – 192.168.1.103
192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.103
192.168.1.104 – 192.168.1.107
192.168.1.104 to 192.168.1.107
192.168.1.108 – 192.168.1.111
192.168.1.108 to 192.168.1.111
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.112 – 192.168.1.115
192.168.1.112 to 192.168.1.115
192.168.1.116 – 192.168.1.119
192.168.1.116 to 192.168.1.119
192.168.1.120 – 192.168.1.123
192.168.1.120 to 192.168.1.123
192.168.1.124 – 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.124 to 192.168.1.127
Assigning of the Ranges

Network Bulls
– MCSE 192.168.1.32 – 1.63/27
– CISCO 192.168.1.64 – 1.95/27
– Ccna 192.168.1.64 – 1.79/28
– Ccnp 192.168.1.80 – 1.95/28
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.96 – 1.127/27
– ISA 192.168.1.96 – 1.99/30
– Checkpoint 192.168.1.100 – 1.103/30
– Net SQ 192.168.1.104 – 1.107/30
– Clavister 192.168.1.108 – 1.111/30
– Cisco PIX 192.168.1.112 – 1.115/30
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.128 – 1.159/27
– Linux
– Unix
– Solaris
– TRAINING 192.168.1.160 – 1.191/27
Calculation of VLSM for Solaris Dept.

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.128
• No. of Subnet
= 2n  Req. of Subnet
= 22  3
= 4
= 4 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 23 – 2
= 8–2
= 6 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
VLSM (Continued…)

• Customize Subnet Mask

If you convert = Host Bit to Network Bit
2 more
255. 255.
4 Subnet &255. 248
6 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.248
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast
Subnet Range ID
192.168.1.128 – 192.168.1.135
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.135
192.168.1.136 – 192.168.1.143
192.168.1.136 to 192.168.1.143
192.168.1.144 – 192.168.1.151
192.168.1.144 Valid Subnets
to 192.168.1.151
192.168.1.152 – 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.152 to 192.168.1.159
Assigning of the Ranges

Network Bulls
– MCSE 192.168.1.32 – 1.63/27
– CISCO 192.168.1.64 – 1.95/27
– Ccna 192.168.1.64 – 1.79/28
– Ccnp 192.168.1.80 – 1.95/28
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.96 – 1.127/27
– ISA 192.168.1.96 – 1.99/30
– Checkpoint 192.168.1.100 – 1.103/30
– Net SQ 192.168.1.104 – 1.107/30
– Clavister 192.168.1.108 – 1.111/30
– Cisco PIX 192.168.1.112 – 1.115/30
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.128 – 1.159/27
– Linux 192.168.1.128 – 1.135/29
– Unix 192.168.1.136 – 1.143/29
– Solaris 192.168.1.144 – 1.51/29
– TRAINING 192.168.1.160 – 1.191/27
 VSNL ROUTER 192.168.1.0/24

1.32/27 1.160/27

1.64/27 1.128/27 1.144/29

1.64/28 1.136/29

1.96/27
1.80/28 1.128/29

1.96/30 1.112/30

1.100/30 1.108/30
1.104/30
CIDR
Classless Inter Domain Routing

• It is reverse (inverse) of Subnetting

• Combining of Multiple Networks to Single

Networks

• Converting Network Bits to Hosts Bits

i.e. Converting 1’s into 0’s

• Generally design for Class C networks

• Easier Summarization

• It is also known as Supernetting

 VSNL ROUTER 192.168.1.0/24

1.32/27 1.160/27

1.64/27 1.128/27 1.144/29

1.64/28 1.136/29

1.96/27
1.80/28 1.128/29

1.96/30 1.112/30

1.100/30 1.108/30
1.104/30
Requirement of Hosts is 1000 ?
Example – 1

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.0.0
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2  Req. of Host
= 210 – 2  1000 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast
ID)
= 1024 – 2
= 1022 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize Subnet Mask =

255. 255. 252. 0

11111111.11111111.11111100. 00000000

• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.3.255
192.168.4.0 – 192.168.7.255
192.168.8.0 – 192.168.11.255
192.168.12.0 – 192.168.15.255
Valid Subnets

192.168.248.0 – 192.168.251.255
192.168.252.0 – 192.168.255.255
Requirement of Hosts is 12000 ?
Example – 2

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.0.0
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2  Req. of Host
= 214 – 2  12000 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast
ID)
= 16384 – 2
= 16382 Hosts/Subnet

HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize Subnet Mask =

255. 255. 192. 0

11111111.11111111.11000000. 00000000

• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.63.255
192.168.64.0 – 192.168.127.255
192.168.128.0 – 192.168.191.255
192.168.192.0 – 192.168.255.255
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize Subnet Mask =

255. 255. 252. 0

11111111.11111111.11111100. 00000000

• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.3.255
192.168.4.0 – 192.168.7.255
192.168.8.0 – 192.168.11.255
192.168.12.0 – 192.168.15.255
Valid Subnets

192.168.248.0 – 192.168.251.255
192.168.252.0 – 192.168.255.255