Scribd
Upload
14 views10 pages

CLP302 Drag Coefficient

The document outlines the Drag Coefficient Experiment conducted in the CLP302 lab, focusing on determining the drag coefficient and the diameter of irregular particles. It includes the experiment's aim, theory, setup, procedure, results, and discussions on Reynolds number, flow types, terminal velocity, and drag coefficient relationships. Additionally, it highlights sources of error and potential improvements for future experiments.

Uploaded by

shivamtak29
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views10 pages

CLP302 Drag Coefficient

The document outlines the Drag Coefficient Experiment conducted in the CLP302 lab, focusing on determining the drag coefficient and the diameter of irregular particles. It includes the experiment's aim, theory, setup, procedure, results, and discussions on Reynolds number, flow types, terminal velocity, and drag coefficient relationships. Additionally, it highlights sources of error and potential improvements for future experiments.

Uploaded by

shivamtak29
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

CLP302: Mass Transfer and

Fluid Particle Mechanics


Lab Semester II, 2021 – 2022

Experiment Name Drag Coefficient Experiment


Group Day Tuesday (Group 2)
Subgroup Number 9
Date/day of submission 20/03/2022
Date/day of common doubt session 05/03/2022
for experiment
Names of group members Ayush Sharma 2019CH71069
Jatin Kumar 2019CH70174
Rishita Rahate 2019CH70191
Shivam Mehrol 2019CH10132
Name of lab instructor Prof. AN Bhaskarwar
Marks (to be filled by instructor/TA)
AIM:
1. To determine the drag coefficient CD and plot the graph between drag
coefficient vs particle Reynolds number.
2. To determine the diameter of irregular particles.

INTRODUCTION:
A transfer of momentum occurs in fluid flow, causing tangential stress or drag on a
smooth surface oriented parallel to the flow direction. This is referred to as "skin
drag." Furthermore, extra friction losses arise as a result of fluid acceleration and
deceleration. When a fluid adjusts its path to pass around a solid body in the flow
path, the accelerative effects occur. Form drag is the term for this phenomenon.

THEORY:

The particle moves through a fluid in a gravitational field due to the density
differential between the particle and the fluid. Consider the movement of a
spherical particle with diameter Dp and density P through a viscous fluid of
density F.
Three forces act on a particle which is moving through a fluid:

1. The body force due to external force field, gravitational or centrifugal force (Fe)
2. The buoyancy force caused by the displaced fluid acts in the same direction as
the body force caused by the external field, but in the opposite direction (Fb)
3. When there is relative motion between particles and the fluid, the drag force
appears. The drag force opposes motion by acting parallel to the movement's
direction but in the opposite direction (FD).

Equation of motion of particle in the fluid


In the y-direction: The equation of motion of particle is:
𝑑𝑢
𝑚 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝐷 − 𝐹𝑏

Where, 𝐹𝑒 represents the force due to external field (body force/gravity here),
𝐹𝐷 represents the drag force acting due to the presence of fluid medium and 𝐹𝑏 is
the buoyancy force acting as it displaces certain mass of fluid. 𝑚 is the mass of
the particle and 𝑢 is the particle velocity These forces can be elaborated as:

Note that 𝐴𝑝 is the projected area of particle measured in plane perpendicular to


direction of motion of particle.
From the force balance equation, we get
The terminal velocity
Because the shear stress drag, which increases with relative velocity, is small, a
a particle falling from rest in a fluid will suffer a high initial acceleration. The drag
force increases as the particle accelerates, causing the acceleration to decrease.
When the acceleration is zero and the relative velocity reaches its maximum or
terminal value, a force balance is attained.
So mathematically, at this point du/dt= 0, which gives
Similarly calculation will be done for irregular particles.

EXPERIMENT REQUIREMENTS:
1. Liquids of different viscosities
2. Regular Particles of known diameter (glass or steel), Irregular shaped particles
3. Stop Watch
4. Balance
5. Screw gauge

EXPERIMENT SETUP:
Three cylindrical glass tubes, each containing a different liquid, make up the
contraption. Each liquid's density and viscosity are known. On the backboard is a
fluorescent tube light. Particles are removed using a valve mechanism at the
bottom of each tube. There are spheres with certain diameters and weights. Calcite
and stone particles are likewise irregularly shaped.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Close all of the valves V1 to V6.


2. Fill each of the three tubes halfway with a different liquid.
3. A screw gauge is used to measure the diameter of glass balls.
4. On the glass column, measure the distance between two strips designated
along the particle's flow path.
5. Drop the particles from above into the tube and time how long it takes to
span the gap between the strips. Make sure the particle does not come into
contact with the tube's inner walls.
6. Steps 3 and 4 should be repeated for 6 more glass balls, 2 steel balls, and 2
Raschig ring particles.
7. Measure the inner diameter, outer diameter, and length of the Raschig ring.
8. Experiment with two irregularly shaped particles.
9. Remove the particles from the glass tube by opening the valve V1-V3.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The upper valve should be open and the bottom valve should be closed
during the experiment.
2. Close the upper valve to collect the balls and open the bottom valve to reuse
them.
3. Make sure the particle does not come into contact with the tube's inner walls.
4. While dropping the particle into the column, no bubbles should develop.

CALCULATIONS & ERROR ANALYSIS:


All the calculations and error analysis have been done in the shared google
spreadsheet:-

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1PONd8TGJzRN6w9bkI3vS7HCFlMPy-p
o71CtUU6l4Yk4/edit?usp=sharing

RESULTS:

The plot between the Drag Coefficient and the Reynolds number has been plotted
below:-
DISCUSSION:

1. What is the significance of Reynolds number?

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that is used empirically to


determine the flow condition of fluids, whether confined or unbounded. The
Reynolds number is a ratio of momentum or inertial forces to viscous forces;
the greater the number, the more inertial forces, such as (forces associated
with rotational or irregular flow), overcome the viscous forces generated by
boundary conditions, fluid characteristics, and other variables. The Reynolds
number is a measure of the conditions (or range of conditions) under which a
boundary layer becomes turbulent. It is calculated using the density,
viscosity, and velocity of a fluid in motion relative to a surface and a
characteristic length defined for the particular geometry, such as the ID of a
tube. Surface roughness may also have an effect on the turbulent transition.

2. Discuss the various regions of flow on the basis of Reynolds number.

The Reynolds number contains a wealth of information about the flow being
considered. Each flow phase is associated with a distinct range of Reynolds
numbers. The three distinct types of flow can be classified as follows:

Laminar : Low velocities and Reynolds numbers less than 2300 characterise
laminar flow. The fluid flows in parallel layers with no gaps between them in
this form of movement. At sufficiently low velocities, the fluid will move
without lateral mixing, while adjacent layers will just slide past one another.
This is crucial if lateral mixing is to be avoided in microfluidics.

Transitional or transitory flow is the phase of flow between laminar and


turbulent flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 2300 to 4000. This is a
mixture of laminar and turbulent flow. The flow becomes increasingly
interrupted as the Reynolds number increases from 2300 to 4000.
Turbulent: Turbulent flow, defined by Reynolds numbers more than 4000, is
the most often seen type of flow in nature. Turbulent flow is unpredictable
and chaotic, and it frequently occurs when fluids move rapidly.
The flow undergoes random variations, or mixing, and its amplitude and
direction are always changing.

3. Discuss the terminal velocity and drag coefficient in relation to each other.

• Using Terminal Velocity, we may compare the cross-sectional area, drag


coefficient, and weight of various objects. We can make observations about
the terminal velocity of objects with characteristics such as a large mass, a
low drag coefficient, or a smaller cross sectional area.

• Drag coefficient is used to calculate the object's resistance or drag when it


is surrounded by fluid. An object with a light weight, a high drag coefficient,
or a big cross sectional area will reach terminal velocity faster. It could be
air, water, or something else entirely. The drag coefficient is utilised in the
design of aerodynamic vehicles like cars and planes.

SOURCES OF ERRORS:

1. Air bubbles in the glass tubes can cause mistakes when calculating terminal
velocity and drag coefficient.
2. If there are impurities in the system, the density and viscosity can change,
resulting in an inaccurate reading.
3. The terminal velocity will be overestimated if the initial descending velocity
is not zero.
4. Instrumental error of 0.01 mm while measuring ball diameter.
SCOPE OF FURTHER IMPROVEMENT:

1. Sensors can be added to the cylinder at equal distances, exactly as we did


with partitions when we physically partitioned it. As a result, sensors might
be used to monitor how long a particle spends travelling through a specific
location.
2. Make sure the ball lands in the middle of the cylinder with the help of a
funnel.
3. The ball can be dropped at a steady velocity with the help of a device.

You might also like