COS 101: Introduction to Computing Sciences (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
a) Explain basic components of computers and other computing devices;
b) Describe the various applications of computers;
c) Explain information processing and its roles in the society;
d) Describe the internet, its various applications and its impact;
e) Explain the different areas of the computing discipline and its specializations; and
f) Demonstrate practical skills on using computers and the internet.

Course Contents
Brief history of computing. Description of the basic components of a computer/computing device.
Input/Output devices and peripherals. Hardware, software and human ware. Diverse and growing
computer/digital applications. Information processing and its roles in society. The Internet, its
applications and its impact on the world today. The different areas/programs of the computing
discipline. The job specializations for computing professionals. The future of computing.
Lab Work: Practical demonstration of the basic parts of a computer. Illustration of different
operating systems of different computing devices including desktops, laptops, tablets, smart boards
and smart phones. Demonstration of commonly used applications such as word processors,
spreadsheets, presentation software and graphics. Illustration of input and output devices including
printers, scanners, projectors and smartboards. Practical demonstration of the Internet and its
various applications. Illustration of browsers and search engines. How to access online resources.

Course Module
Module 1: Brief history of computing
Module 2: Description of the basic components of a computer/computing device. Input/Output
devices and peripherals.
Module 3: Hardware, software and human ware. Lab work 1 (Demonstration of the basic parts
of a Computer and illustration of different operations of OS and computing devices)
Module 4: Diverse and growing computer/digital applications. Lab work 2 (Demonstration of
commonly used applications).
Module 5: Information processing and its roles in society.
Module 6: The Internet, its applications and its impact on the world today. Lab work 3 (Practical
demonstration of the Internet and its applications)
Module 1

Brief History of Computing

Introduction
Computing has evolved over centuries, from simple counting tools to advanced digital systems.
Understanding the history of computing helps us appreciate modern advancements and anticipate
future trends. This lecture outlines the major milestones in computing history.

1. Early Computing Devices

• Abacus (circa 2000 BCE): One of the first known calculating tools, used for basic
arithmetic.
• Mechanical Calculators (17th-18th Century): Devices such as Blaise Pascal’s Pascaline
and Gottfried Leibniz’s Step Reckoner improved arithmetic calculations.

2. The 19th Century: Foundations of Modern Computing

• Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1837): Considered the first concept of a
programmable computer, though it was never fully built.
• Ada Lovelace’s Contributions: Developed the first algorithm intended for a machine,
making her the first computer programmer.
• Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine (1890): Used punched cards for data
processing, influencing the development of early computers.

3. The 20th Century: The Birth of Electronic Computing

• Electromechanical Computers (1930s-1940s): Early machines like the Zuse Z3 and

Harvard Mark I used electromechanical relays.
• ENIAC (1946): The first fully electronic general-purpose computer, marking a shift from
mechanical computing.
• Von Neumann Architecture (1945): Introduced the concept of stored-program
computers, which remains the foundation of modern computing.

4. The Development of Modern Computers (1950s-Present)

• First Generation (1950s): Vacuum tube-based computers like UNIVAC and IBM 701.
• Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers
smaller and more efficient.
• Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits (ICs) further reduced size and
increased processing power.
• Fourth Generation (1970s-Present): Microprocessors, personal computers (PCs), and
advancements in semiconductor technology.
• Fifth Generation (Present-Future): Focus on artificial intelligence, quantum computing,
and cloud-based systems.

5. The Rise of Personal Computing and the Internet

 • 1980s-1990s: The introduction of personal computers (e.g., IBM PC, Apple Macintosh)
revolutionized individual access to computing.
• The Internet Boom (1990s-Present): The World Wide Web transformed communication,
business, and daily life.
• Mobile and Cloud Computing (2000s-Present): Smartphones, tablets, and cloud services
expanded computing beyond desktops.

Conclusion

Computing has evolved from simple mechanical devices to powerful digital systems that shape
every aspect of modern life. Future developments in artificial intelligence, quantum computing,
and automation will further revolutionize technology and the society.

Discussion Questions:

1. How did early computing devices influence modern computers?

2. What role did the von Neumann architecture play in computing history?
3. How do you think quantum computing will impact future technological advancements?

Further Reading:

• Ceruzzi, P. (2012). Computing: A Concise History.

• Campbell-Kelly, M. (2003). Computer: A History of the Information Machine.
Module 2

Basic Components of a Computer and Peripherals

Introduction

A computer or computing device consists of several fundamental components that work together
to process data and perform tasks. These components include the central processing unit (CPU),
memory, storage, input/output devices, and various peripherals. Understanding these elements is
essential for comprehending how computers function and interact with users.

1. Basic Components of a Computer

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that executes instructions and
performs calculations.
• Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory): Temporary storage that provides quick
access to running applications and processes.
• Storage Devices: Includes Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), Solid-State Drives (SSDs), and
cloud storage for permanent data retention.
• Motherboard: The main circuit board connecting all components and allowing
communication between them.
• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts electrical power to a usable form for the computer.

2. Input Devices

Input devices allow users to enter data into a computer. Common input devices include:

• Keyboard: Used for typing text and commands.

• Mouse: A pointing device for navigating graphical interfaces.
• Touchscreen: A direct touch-based interface common in mobile devices and modern
computers.
• Microphone: Captures audio input for voice communication and recording.
• Scanner: Converts physical documents and images into digital format.
• Game Controllers and Joysticks: Used for gaming and interactive applications.

3. Output Devices
Output devices display or project information from the computer to the user. Common output
devices include:

• Monitor/Display Screen: Displays visual information, varying from LCD, LED, and
OLED screens.
• Printer: Produces hard copies of digital documents.
• Speakers and Headphones: Output audio signals for communication, entertainment, and
alerts.
• Projectors: Enlarges digital visuals for presentations and viewing on large screens.
4. Peripherals
Peripherals are external devices that enhance a computer’s functionality. These include:
• External Storage Devices: USB flash drives, external HDDs/SSDs, and memory cards for
additional storage.
• Webcams: Capture video for communication and recording.
• External Optical Drives: Read and write CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
• Networking Devices: Routers, modems, and network adapters facilitate internet
connectivity.

Conclusion
Understanding the fundamental components of a computer, along with input/output devices and
peripherals, helps users interact efficiently with technology. These components work together to
perform computing tasks, making computers an integral part of modern life.

Discussion Questions:
1. What role does the CPU play in computing, and how does it interact with other
components?
2. How do input and output devices enhance user interaction with a computer?
3. What are some examples of specialized peripherals and their uses?

Further Reading:
• Patterson, D. A., & Hennessy, J. L. (2017). Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface.
• Stallings, W. (2020). Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
Performance.
Module 3

Computer System: Hardware and Software, Human Ware

Introduction
Computing systems consist of three essential components: hardware, software, and human ware.
These elements work together to process, store, and communicate information, making computers
functional and useful for various applications.

1. Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that users can see and touch.
These components are essential for the functioning of computing devices.
• Processor: The brain of the computer that executes instructions.
• Memory (RAM and ROM): RAM provides temporary storage for active tasks, while
ROM stores firmware and boot processes.
• Storage Devices: Hard drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and external storage
devices store data permanently.
• Input Devices: Keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and scanners allow users to provide data
to the system.
• Output Devices: Monitors, printers, and speakers present processed data to users.
• Powering Devices: Devices that produces the DC voltage that power the Computer system.
• Peripherals: Additional components like external hard drives, webcams, and network
adapters enhance system capabilities.

2. Software
Software consists of programs and applications that enable computers to perform tasks. It is
divided into two main categories:

• System Software: Includes operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) that
manage hardware resources and provide a platform for other software; Utility Software
which includes antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools, and file management systems that
optimize system performance.
• Application Software: Applications designed for specific tasks executed by users.
o General Purpose Software: This type of applications is designed to be used by
general category of users (e.g. MS Word, Web browser).
o Specific Purpose (Bespoke) Software: This type of applications is designed to be
used by a specific category of users (e.g. Accounting software, School’s website).
3. Humanware
Human ware refers to the users and professionals who interact with and rely on computer systems
to execute their tasks.

• End Users: Individuals who use software applications for personal or professional tasks.
• IT Professionals: Programmers, system administrators, and network engineers who
develop, maintain, and manage computing systems.
• Educators and Researchers: Specialists who study computing technology and teach its
applications.
• Decision Makers: Business leaders and policymakers who use data-driven insights for
strategic planning.

Conclusion
Hardware, software, and human ware are interdependent components of computing systems.
Hardware provides the physical foundation, software enables functionality, and human ware
ensures effective utilization. Understanding these three elements is essential for leveraging
technology efficiently in various domains.

Discussion Questions:
1. How do hardware, software, and human ware interact in a computing environment?
2. Why is human ware considered as important as hardware and software?
3. What are some emerging trends in software and hardware development?
Further Reading:
• Tanenbaum, A. S. (2016). Structured Computer Organization.
• Sommerville, I. (2020). Software Engineering.
Module 4
Diverse and Growing Computer/Digital Applications

Introduction
Computers and digital technologies have revolutionized multiple aspects of modern life, leading
to diverse applications across various fields. With advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI),
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and the Internet of Things (IoT), the scope of digital applications
continues to expand rapidly. This lecture will explore key areas where digital applications play a
crucial role.

1. Business and Finance

• E-commerce: Online shopping platforms like Amazon and Alibaba facilitate seamless
global trade.
• Financial Technology (FinTech): Digital banking (Bank apps, Opay, Palmpay), mobile
payment systems (e.g., PayPal, Apple Pay), and blockchain-based cryptocurrencies (e.g.,
Bitcoin, Ethereum) enhance financial transactions.
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Businesses use software like SAP and Oracle for
supply chain management, accounting, and customer relationship management (CRM).

2. Healthcare and Medicine

• Telemedicine: Remote healthcare services through video consultations (e.g., Teladoc,
MDLive).
• Medical Imaging and Diagnostics: AI-powered analysis of MRI, CT scans, and X-rays
for accurate diagnosis.
• Wearable Health Devices: Smartwatches and fitness trackers (e.g., Fitbit, Apple Watch)
monitor heart rate, sleep, and physical activity.
• Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Digital databases that store patient history,
improving efficiency and coordination.

3. Education and E-Learning

• Online Learning Platforms: Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy offer accessible
education worldwide.
• Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR): Interactive learning experiences for subjects
like medicine and engineering.
• Learning Management Systems (LMS): Platforms like Moodle and Blackboard help
institutions manage courses and assessments.
• AI Tutors: Intelligent tutoring systems (e.g., ChatGPT, Duolingo, Sololearn) provide
personalized learning.

4. Entertainment and Media

• Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix, YouTube, and Spotify revolutionize media
consumption.
• Video Game Industry: Cloud gaming, AI-driven NPCs, and augmented/virtual reality
(e.g., PlayStation VR, Oculus Quest).
• Digital Content Creation: Tools like Adobe Photoshop, Final Cut Pro, and Canva enable
professional-grade multimedia production.
 • Social Media: Networks like Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok facilitate global
communication and content sharing.

5. Science and Engineering

• Supercomputing and Simulations: Used for climate modeling, space research (e.g.,
NASA), and complex engineering problems.
• 3D Printing: Revolutionizing manufacturing, from prototyping to medical prosthetics and
organ printing.
• Robotics and Automation: AI-powered robots in industries like manufacturing, logistics,
and space exploration.

6. Transportation and Logistics

• Autonomous Vehicles: AI-driven self-driving cars (e.g., Tesla, Waymo) and smart traffic
management systems.
• Ride Booking and Delivery Services: Uber, Bolt, Lyft, and drone delivery applications
optimize transport.
• Supply Chain Optimization: AI-driven logistics systems enhance inventory and shipment
tracking.

Conclusion
Digital applications are evolving at an unprecedented rate, impacting nearly every industry. As
technology advances, new applications will emerge, shaping the future of work, education,
healthcare, and entertainment. Understanding these trends is essential for adapting to the digital
age and leveraging technology for societal progress.

Discussion Questions:
1. How has digital technology transformed traditional industries?
2. What are some potential ethical challenges in AI and cybersecurity?
3. Can digital applications completely replace human-based services in any industry?

Further Reading:
• Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and
Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies.
• Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.
Module 5
Information Processing and Its Roles in Society

Introduction
Information processing refers to the collection, storage, manipulation, and dissemination of data
to generate meaningful insights. With advancements in computing technology, information
processing has become a fundamental aspect of modern society, driving decision-making,
communication, and automation in various domains. This lecture explores the significance of
information processing and its impact on different sectors.

1. Business and Finance

• Automated Transactions: Financial institutions use algorithms for stock trading, fraud
detection, and secure digital payments.
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Companies utilize CRM software to
manage customer data and improve services.
• Data Analytics: Businesses leverage big data to make informed decisions, optimize
operations, and predict market trends.

2. Healthcare and Medicine

• Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Digital storage of patient information enhances
efficiency and coordination.
• Medical Diagnostics: AI-driven image processing aids in disease detection through MRI,
CT scans, and X-rays.
• Bioinformatics: Processing genetic data helps in medical research, drug discovery, and
personalized medicine.

3. Education and Research

• E-Learning Platforms: Digital tools process educational content for adaptive and
personalized learning.
• Research and Data Management: Universities and laboratories use information
processing for complex computations and simulations.
• Plagiarism Detection: AI-powered tools scan documents to ensure academic integrity.

4. Communication and Media

• Social Media Interaction and Analysis: Platforms that provide opportunity for users to
maintain online profiles and platform managers to analyze user behavior for targeted
advertising and engagement tracking.
• Content Recommendation Systems: Streaming services like Netflix and Spotify use
information processing to personalize user experiences.
• Automated News Aggregation: AI filters and summarizes news articles based on user
preferences.

5. Government and Public Administration

• E-Government Services: Information processing enables digital tax filing, voting
systems, and online public services.
 • Surveillance and Security: Data analysis aids in crime detection and national security
monitoring.
• Urban Planning: AI and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) process data for smart
city development and infrastructure planning.

6. Science and Technology

• Climate Modeling: Supercomputers process vast amounts of environmental data for
weather prediction and climate change analysis.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI-powered systems process information for decision-making
in robotics and automation.
• Space Exploration: NASA and other space agencies rely on massive data processing for
mission planning and astronomical discoveries.

Concerns with Data Gathering: Cybersecurity and Ethics

• Data Encryption: Protecting sensitive information from cyber threats is a challenge.
• Privacy Concerns: Ethical challenges arise from mass data collection and surveillance.
• AI Bias and Decision-Making: Ensuring fairness in AI-driven processing remains a key
challenge.

Conclusion
Information processing plays a crucial role in shaping modern society. From business and
healthcare to government and scientific research, data-driven insights enhance efficiency and
innovation. As technology continues to evolve, ethical considerations and data security must be
prioritized to ensure responsible information processing.

Discussion Questions:
1. How has information processing transformed decision-making in different industries?
2. What are the potential risks of excessive reliance on automated data processing?
3. How can societies balance innovation in information processing with privacy concerns?

Further Reading:
• Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and
Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies.
• Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.
Module 6
The Internet and Its Applications
Introduction
The Internet is a global network that connects millions of devices and facilitates communication,
information exchange, and digital transactions. It has transformed nearly every aspect of modern
life, from business and education to entertainment and social interactions. This lecture explores
the various applications of the Internet and its impact on society.

1. Communication and Social Networking

• Email and Instant Messaging: Platforms like Gmail, Outlook, WhatsApp, and Telegram
enable real-time communication.
• Social Media: Networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn allow users
to share content and connect with others.
• Video Conferencing: Tools like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet support
remote collaboration.

2. Business and E-Commerce

• Online Shopping: Websites like Amazon, eBay, and Shopify facilitate global trade.
• Digital Banking: Internet banking, mobile payments (e.g., PayPal, Apple Pay), and
cryptocurrency transactions.
• Remote Work: Cloud-based collaboration tools (e.g., Google Workspace, Slack, Trello)
enhance productivity.

3. Education and E-Learning

• Online Courses: Platforms like Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy provide accessible
education.
• Virtual Classrooms: Learning Management Systems (LMS) such as Moodle and
Blackboard streamline education.
• Research and Digital Libraries: Online databases like Google Scholar and PubMed
support academic studies.

4. Entertainment and Media

• Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix, YouTube, and Spotify offer digital
entertainment.
• Online Gaming: Multiplayer games and cloud gaming services such as Xbox Cloud
Gaming and Steam.
• Content Creation: Digital tools like Adobe Creative Cloud and Canva allow for media
production.

5. Healthcare and Telemedicine

• Teleconsultations: Platforms like Teladoc and MDLive provide remote medical services.
• Health Monitoring: Wearable technology integrates with the Internet for real-time health
tracking.
• Medical Research: Big data analytics in healthcare accelerates drug discovery and disease
prevention.
6. Government and Public Services
• E-Government: Online portals for tax filing, voting, and social services.
• Public Awareness: Governments use the Internet for emergency alerts and public
information.
• Smart Cities: IoT-enabled infrastructure improves urban planning and management.

Concerns with the Use of the Internet

• Data Privacy: Issues related to personal data protection and digital footprints.
• Cyber Threats: Risks like hacking, phishing, and misinformation.
• Digital Ethics: The need for responsible Internet usage and cybersecurity measures.

Impact of the Internet on the World Today

The Internet has fundamentally transformed society, influencing nearly every aspect of human life.
Its impact spans communication, commerce, education, healthcare, governance, and
entertainment.

1. Global Connectivity: The Internet has made communication instant and seamless through
emails, social media, and video conferencing.
2. Economic Growth: E-commerce and digital payment systems have revolutionized
business, enabling global trade and financial inclusion.
3. Education and Research: Online learning platforms and digital libraries provide access
to knowledge regardless of geographical barriers.
4. Healthcare Advancements: Telemedicine and health monitoring tools enhance medical
access and patient care.
5. Public Services and Governance: E-Government initiatives improve transparency,
efficiency, and citizen engagement.
6. Cybersecurity and Privacy Concerns: Increased digital dependence raises concerns
about data security, misinformation, and ethical considerations.

Conclusion
The Internet is an essential tool that continues to evolve, shaping industries and everyday life.
While it offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that must be addressed through
regulations, digital literacy, and security measures.

Discussion Questions:
1. How has the Internet revolutionized communication and commerce?
2. What are the major challenges associated with cybersecurity and data privacy?
3. How can governments and organizations ensure equitable access to Internet services?

Further Reading:
• Berners-Lee, T. (2000). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of
the World Wide Web.
• Castells, M. (2001). The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and
Society.