NOVEMBER 3, 2024

WEINER FILTER FOR NOISE REMOVAL

EE-523 (PROJECT)

GAURAV KUMAR
RAJAN KUMAR SHARMA
Sachin vamsi
INTRODUCTION
Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform someoperations on
it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it.It is a type of
signal dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or photograph andoutput may be image
or characteristics associated with that image. Usually Image Processingsystem includes treating
images as two dimensional signals while applying already set signalprocessing methods to them.It is
among rapidly growing technologies today, with its applications in various aspects of a business.
Image Processing forms core research area within engineering and computer sciencedisciplines
too.Image processing basically includes the following three
steps.· Importing the image with optical scanner or by digital photography.· Analyzing and manipulati
ng the image which includes data compression and imageenhancement and spotting patterns that
are not to human eyes like satellite
photographs.· Output is the last stage in which result can be altered image or report that is based oni
mage analysis.

Purpose of Image processing

.The purpose of image processing is divided into 5 groups. They
are:1. Visualization - Observe the objects that are not visible.2. Image sharpening and restoration - To
create a better image.3. Image retrieval - Seek for the image of interest.4. Measurement of pattern.

.Measures various objects in an image.5. Image Recognition

.Distinguish the objects in an image

Image de-blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter May-2012Department of Computer
Science2

Digital images are prone to a variety of types of noise. Noise is the result of errors in theimage
acquisition process that result in pixel values that do not reflect the true intensities of thereal scene.
There are several ways that noise can be introduced into an image, depending on howthe image is
created. For example:

.If the image is scanned from a photograph made on film, the film grain is a source of noise. Noise
can also be the result of damage to the film, or be introduced by the scanneritself.

.If the image is acquired directly in a digital format, the mechanism for gathering the data(such as a
CCD detector) can introduce noise.

.Electronic transmission of image data can introduce noise.To simulate the effects of some of the
problems listed above, the toolbox provides theimnoise function, which you can use to add various
types of noise to an image.

Sources Of Noise In Digital Images

Noise usually quantified by the percentage of pixels which are corrupted. Corruptedpixels are either
set to the maximum value or have single bits. There are several ways that noisecan be introduced
into an image, depending on how the image has been created. For instance:

• If the image is scanned from a photograph made on film, the film grain
is a source of noise. Noise may also be the result of damage to the film, or be introduced by the
scanner itself.

• If the image is acquired directly in a digital format, the mechanism for gathering the

data (such as a CCD detector) can introduce noise.

• Electronic transmission of image data can make noise.

Types Of Noises
Noise to be any degradation in the image signal caused by external disturbance . If animage is being
sent electronically from one place to another via satellite or wireless transmissionor through
networked cables, we may expect errors to occur in the image signal. These errorswill appear on the
image output in different ways depending on the type of disturbance in the Image de-
blurring and noise removal using Wiener filter May-2012Department of Computer Science3 signal.
Usually we know what type of errors to expect and the type of noise on the image, hencewe
investigate some of the standard noise for eliminating or reducing noise in color image.Image Noise
is classified as Amplifier noise (Gaussian noise), Salt-and-pepper noise (Impulsenoise),Shot noise,
Quantization noise (uniform noise),Film grain, on-isotropic noise, Specklenoise (Multiplicative noise)
and Periodic noise.

Amplifier Noise (Gaussian noise)

The standard model of amplifier noise is additive, Gaussian, dependent at each pixel anddependent
of the signal intensity, caused primarily by Johnson Nyquist noise (thermal noise),including that
which comes from the reset noise of capacitors ("kTC noise"). It is an idealizedform of white noise,
which is caused by random fluctuations in the signal [8]. In color cameraswhere more amplification is
used in the blue color channel than in the green or red channel, therecan be more noise in the blue
channel. Amplifier noise is a major part of the noise of an imagesensor, that is, of the constant noise
level in dark areas of the image. In Gaussian noise, eachpixel in the image will be changed from its
original value by a (usually) small amount. Ahistogram, a plot of the amount of distortion of a pixel
value against the frequency with which itoccurs, shows a normal distribution of noise. While other
distributions are possible, theGaussian (normal) distribution is usually a good model, due to the
central limit theorem that saysthat the sum of different noises tends to approach a Gaussian
distribution.

Salt-and-Pepper Noise (Impulse Noise)

Salt and pepper noise is sometimes called impulse noise or spike noise or random noiseor
independent noise. In salt and pepper noise (sparse light and dark disturbances), pixels in theimage
are very different in color or intensity unlike their surrounding pixels. Salt and pepperdegradation can
be caused by sharp and sudden disturbance in the image signal. Generally thistype of noise will only
affect a small number of image pixels. When viewed, the image containsdark and white dots, hence
the term salt and pepper noise [13]. Typical sources include flecks of dust inside the camera and
overheated or faulty (Charge-coupled device) CCD elements. Animage containing salt-and-pepper
noise will have dark pixels in bright regions and vice versa.This type of noise can be caused by dead
pixels, analog-to digital converter errors and bit errorsin transmissi

Shot Noise
The dominant noise in the lighter parts of an image from an image sensor is typically thatcaused by
statistical quantum fluctuations, that is, variation in the number of photons sensed at agiven
exposure level; this noise is known as photon shot noise. Shot noise has a root mean-square value
proportional to the square root of the image intensity, and the noises at differentpixels are
independent of one another. Shot noise follows a Poisson distribution, which is usuallynot very
different from Gaussian. In addition to photon shot noise, there can be additional shotnoise from the
dark leakage current in the image sensor; this noise is otherwise known as "dark shot noise" or
"dark-current shot nois

Speckle Noise (Multiplicative Noise)

While Gaussian noise can be modeled by random values added to an image, speckle noisecan be
modeled by random values multiplied by pixel values hence it is also called multiplicativenoise.
Speckle noise is a major problem in some radar applications.

Periodic Noise

If the image signal is subjected to a periodic rather than a random disturbance, we obtain animage
corrupted by periodic noise. The effect is of bars over the image.

Removing Noise From Images By Filtering

Image noise is an unavoidable side-effect occurring as a result of image capture, moresimply

understood as inaudible, yet inevitable fluctuations. In a digital camera, if the light whichenters the
lens misaligns with the sensors, it will create image noise. Even if noise is not soobviously visible in a
picture, some kind of image noise is bound to exist. Every type of electronic device receives and
transmits some noise and sends it on to what it is creating. Whenthe images are transmitted over
channels, they are corrupted with impulse noise due to noisychannels. This impulse noise consists of
large positive and negative spikes. The positive spikeshave values much larger than the background
and thus they appear as bright spots, while thenegative spikes have values smaller than the
background and they appear as darker spots. Boththe spots for the positive and negative spikes are
visible to the human eye. Also, Gaussian type of noise affects the image. Thus, filters are required for
removing noises before processing.There are lots of filters to remove noise. They are of many kinds
as linear smoothing filter,median filter, wiener filter and Fuzzy filter. In this filtering technique, the
three primaries(R, Gand B) are done separately. It is followed by some gain to compensate for
attenuation resultingfrom the filter. The filtered primaries are then combined to form the colored
image .This processis very simple.

Adaptive Filter

The wiener function applies a Wiener filter (a type of linear filter) to an image adaptively,tailoring
itself to the local image variance. If the variance is large, wiener performs littlesmoothing. If it is
small, wiener performs more smoothing. This approach often produces betterresults than linear
filtering. The adaptive filter is more selective than a comparable linear filter,preserving edges and
other high-frequency parts of an image. In addition, there are no designtasks; the wiener2 function
handles all preliminary computations and implements the filter for aninput image. wiener2, however,
does require more computation time than linear filtering. Wienerworks best when the noise is
constant-power ("white") additive noise, such as Gaussian noise.Another method for removing noise
is to evolve the image under a smoothing partial differentialequation similar to the heat equation
which is called anisotropic diffusion.
Wiener Filtering
Theory

The inverse filtering is a restoration technique for deconvolution, i.e., when the image isblurred by a
known lowpass filter, it is possible to recover the image by inverse filteringor generalized inverse
filtering. However, inverse filtering is very sensitive to additivenoise. The approach of reducing one
degradation at a time allows us to develop a restoration algorithm for each type of degradation and
simply combine them. The Wienerfiltering executes an optimal tradeoff between inverse filtering and
noise smoothing. Itremoves the additive noise and inverts the blurring simultaneously.The Wiener
filtering is optimal in terms of the mean square error. In other words, itminimizes the overall mean
square error in the process of inverse filtering and noisesmoothing. The Wiener filtering is a linear
estimation of the original image. Theapproach is based on a stochastic framework. The orthogonality
principle implies that theWiener filter in Fourier domain can be expressed as follows:

where are respectively power spectra of the original image and theadditive noise, and is the blurring
filter. It is easy to see that the Wiener filter hastwo separate part, an inverse filtering part and a noise
smoothing part. It not onlyperforms the deconvolution by inverse filtering (highpass filtering) but
also removes thenoise with a compression operation (lowpass filtering).

Implementation
To implement the Wiener filter in practice we have to estimate the power spectra of theoriginal
image and the additive noise. For white additive noise the power spectrum isequal to the variance of
the noise. To estimate the power spectrum of the original imagemany methods can be used. A direct
estimate is the periodogram estimate of the powerspectrum computed from the observation
Deblurring with the Wiener Filter
Use the deconvwnr function to deblur an image using the Wiener filter. Wiener deconvolutioncan be
used effectively when the frequency characteristics of the image and additive noise areknown, to at
least some degree. In the absence of noise, the Wiener filter reduces to the idealinverse filter.Wiener
deconvolution can be useful when the point-spread function and noise level are known orcan be
estimated.The following steps are required for image deblurring and noise removal usinga wiener
filter.

.Simulate a Motion Blur

.Restore the Blurred Image

.Simulate Blur and Noise

.Restore the Blurred and Noisy Image: First Attempt

.Restore the Blurred and Noisy Image: Second Attempt

.Simulate Blur and 8-Bit Quantization Noise

.Restore the Blurred, Quantized Image: First Attempt

.Restore the Blurred, Quantized Image: Second Attempt

EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
The weiner function applies a Wiener filter (a type of linear filter) to an image adaptively,tailoring
itself to the local image variance. Where the variance is large, wiener2performs little smoothing.
Where the variance is small, wiener2 performs more smoothing.This approach often produces better
results than linear filtering. The adaptive filter ismore selective than a comparable linear filter,
preserving edges and other high-frequency parts of an image. In addition, there are no design tasks;
the wiener2 function handles all preliminarycomputations and implements the filter for an input
image. wiener2, however, does require morecomputation time than linear filtering.wiener2 works
best when the noise is constant-power ("white") additive noise, such asGaussian noise
DISCUSSION REFERENCES APPENDIX
Discussion
Gaussian noise is an idealized form of white noise, which is caused by randomfluctuations in the
signal. To remove Gaussian (white) noise, methodology such as inverse filterand wiener filter is used
for comparison.Wiener filter tailor itself to the local image variance. When variance is large, it
performslittle smoothing and more smoothing is performed when variance is small. This has proves
moreadvantage over inverse filtering technique.

References
1 .’Fast and Efficient Algorithm to Remove Gaussian Noise in Digital Images’

-V.R.Vijaykumar, P.T.Vanathi, P.Kanagasabapathy

2 . ‘A Comparative Study of Removal Noise from Remote Sensing Image ‘

- Mr. Salem Saleh Al-amri, Dr. N.V. Kalyankar and Dr. Khamitkar S.D

3 .’ De-speckling of Medical Ultrasound Images using Wiener Filter and Wavelet Transform ‘

- Anita Garg, Jyoti Goal, Sandeep Malik, Kavita Choudhary, Deepika

4. ‘Efficient Technique for Color Image Noise Reduction’

-Mrs. C. Mythili ,Dr. V. Kavitha

5. ‘Fourier Filtering for Removing Motion Blur in Images’

-Joseph Simmons, Benjamin Topper, Avi Wolfson