Advanced Modal Analysis March 11, 2022

VES-4600 Advanced Modal Analysis

(March 11, 2022)

Advanced Modal Analysis March 11, 2022

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Advanced Modal Analysis March 11, 2022

Table of Contents

VES-4600 Advanced Modal Analysis ........................................................................................................ 5

Additional Structure (STR) Commands.....................................................................................................................5
Additional Data Block (BLK) Commands ................................................................................................................5
Multi-Reference Curve Fitting...................................................................................................................................5
Stability diagram........................................................................................................................................................5
Additional Shape Table (SHP) Commands ...............................................................................................................5
Additional Shape Table (SHP) Columns ...................................................................................................................5
Special Mouse & Keyboard Commands ................................................................................................... 6
Stability diagram........................................................................................................................................................6
When Is Multi-Reference Modal Testing Necessary? .............................................................................. 6
Multi-Reference Modal Testing.................................................................................................................................6
Single-Reference FRFs ..............................................................................................................................................6
Multi-Reference FRFs ...............................................................................................................................................6
Multi-Reference Modal Testing .................................................................................................................. 6
Multiple Shaker Test .................................................................................................................................................7
Multi-Reference Roving Impact Test ........................................................................................................................7
Multi-Reference Mode Indicator ................................................................................................................ 7
Multi-Reference CMIF ..............................................................................................................................................7
Multi-Reference MMIF .............................................................................................................................................7
Modal Participation Factor ........................................................................................................................................8
Multi-Reference Curve Fitting .................................................................................................................... 8
Multi-Reference Polynomial .....................................................................................................................................8
Stability Diagram Curve Fitting ................................................................................................................. 8
Why Use a Stability diagram? ...................................................................................................................................8
AF Polynomial (Alias-Free Polynomial) ...................................................................................................................8
Complex Exponential ................................................................................................................................................8
Z Polynomial ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Creating a Stability diagram ......................................................................................................................................8
What is a Stable Pole Group? ....................................................................................................................................9
Stable Group Colors ..............................................................................................................................................9
Poles Diagram.......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Changing the Stable Groups Settings .................................................................................................................. 10
Displaying Damping Values ................................................................................................................................ 10
Displaying Pole Values........................................................................................................................................ 10

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Curve Fit | Stability | Clear Stability ........................................................................................................................ 11

Curve Fit | Stability | Stability Diagram (Stability button) ...................................................................................... 11
Curve Fit | Stability | Stability Reset (Reset button) ................................................................................................ 11
Curve Fit | Stability | Poles Selection Box ............................................................................................................... 11
Curve Fit | Stability | Save Stable Groups (Save Groups button) ............................................................................ 12
Display | Complexity Plot Data Block (BLK) ......................................................................................................... 12
Normalized Mode Shape ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Complex Mode Shape.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Display | Complexity Plot Shape Table (SHP) ........................................................................................................ 13
Normalized Shapes on the Complexity Plot ............................................................................................................ 13
Normalization Line .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Flipping the Phases of the Right-Hand Shape ..................................................................................................... 14
Modal Phase Co-linearity (MPC) ............................................................................................................................ 14
Display | Magnitude Ranking Data Block (BLK) .................................................................................................... 14
Which Magnitudes Are Ranked? ......................................................................................................................... 15
Display the Magnitude Value .............................................................................................................................. 15
Display | Magnitude Ranking Shape Table (SHP) ................................................................................................... 15
Tools | Modal Decomposition.................................................................................................................................. 15
Tools | Modal Expansion ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Display | M#s | Effective Mass, Stiffness, Damping Shape Table (SHP) ................................................................ 17
Tools | Modal Participation...................................................................................................................................... 17
Modal Participation Equation .............................................................................................................................. 17
Participation as a Least-Squared-Error Solution.................................................................................................. 18
Tools | Modal Expansion ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Equation for the Expanded Shapes ...................................................................................................................... 19

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Advanced Modal Analysis March 11, 2022

VES-4600 Advanced Modal Analysis

If the VES-4600 Advanced Modal Analysis option is authorized by your MEscope license, the following
commands are enabled in MEscope. Check Help | About to verify authorization of this option.

Additional Structure (STR) Commands

• Animate | Normalize Shapes
• M# Links | Interpolate Source M#s
Additional Data Block (BLK) Commands
• Display | Complexity Plot
• Display | Magnitude Ranking
• Tools | Modal Decomposition
• Tools | Modal Expansion
• Curve Fit | Stability | Stability Clear
• Curve Fit | Stability | Stability diagram
• Curve Fit | Stability | Stability Reset
• Curve Fit | Stability | Poles Selection Box
• Curve Fit | Stability | Save Stable Groups
Multi-Reference Curve Fitting
• Multi-Reference curve fitting methods are added on the Mode Indicator, Frequency Damping, & Residues
Save Shapes tabs
Stability diagram
• The Stability diagram is enabled on the Mode Indicator display
• Stability tabs are added to the Frequency Damping tab
• The Stability tab contains several Multi-Reference curve fitting methods
• The Stable Groups tab contains controls for defining stable groups of poles on the Stability diagram
Additional Shape Table (SHP) Commands
• Display | Complexity Plot
• Display | Magnitude Ranking
• Display | M#s | Effective Mass, Stiffness, Damping
• Display | Poles
• Tools | Modal Participation
• Tools | Modal Expansion
Additional Shape Table (SHP) Columns
• MPC (Modal Phase Co-linearity)
• Modal Participation

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Special Mouse & Keyboard Commands

Stability diagram
• Click near a pole on the Stability diagram to display its Frequency & Damping
• Click near the Frequency & Damping of a pole to remove it from the Stability diagram
• Click on the Frequency & Damping and drag to move it on the Stability diagram
• Hold down the Ctrl Key and click & drag to draw a selection box enclosing a group of stable poles on the
Stability diagram

When Is Multi-Reference Modal Testing Necessary?

Multi-Reference modal testing is required when a structure has resonances that occur under one of the following
conditions,
• Closely-coupled Modes: Resonance peaks heavily overlapped or one resonance peak for two or more
modes
• Repeated Roots: Two or more modes have the same natural frequency but different mode shapes
• Local Modes: Modes have non-zero mode shapes only in local regions of a structure
Multi-Reference Modal Testing
In a Multi-Reference Modal Test, multi-reference FRFs are calculated using data that is acquired using two or
more fixed Reference sensors.

Multi-reference curve fitting is required to extract all modal parameters from a set of multi-reference FRFs.

Single-Reference FRFs
Single-reference FRFs are the minimum requirement for extracting modal parameters of a structure using FRF-
based curve fitting
• Single-reference FRFs are obtained by exciting the structure with a single fixed exciter and simultaneously
acquiring the force & response from one or more response DOFs
• Single-reference FRFs are also obtained by using a single fixed response sensor and simultaneously
acquiring force & response while exciting the structure at one or more excitation DOFs
Multi-Reference FRFs
Multi-reference FRFs are required for extracting the modal parameters of closely-coupled modes, repeated
roots, or local modes of a structure.
• Multi-reference FRFs are obtained by exciting the structure with multiple fixed exciters and simultaneously
acquiring the forces & responses from one or more response DOFs
• Multi-reference FRFs are also obtained by exciting the structure at multiple DOFs and simultaneously
acquiring the force and responses from more than one response point & direction

Multi-Reference Modal Testing

A multi-reference modal test is done using either multiple fixed exciters with sensors to measure the forces, or
multiple fixed response sensors.

A multi-reference modal test is useful when a structure has high modal density (many resonance peaks in close
frequency to one another).

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Multiple Shaker Test

Large structures will commonly exhibit non-linear dynamic behavior, so they are typically tested using multiple
shakers, driven by pure or burst random excitation signals.

Random excitation together with spectrum averaging is used to "average out" the non-linear dynamic behavior
of the structure from the spectra and hence from the FRFs

• The multiple shakers must be driven with uncorrelated broad-band signals

• An FRF is calculated between each force & each response
• Multiple & Partial Coherences are also calculated
Multi-Reference Roving Impact Test
In this test, two or more fixed response sensors are used, and the structure is excited with a roving impactor.
• This test is the same as performing two or more Roving impact tests
• This test takes no more time to complete than a single-reference Roving impact test

Multi-Reference Mode Indicator

A Multi-Reference Mode Indicator is used for counting resonance peaks during Multi-reference curve fitting.
• A Multi-Reference Mode Indicator contains a separate curve for each reference
• A peak at or near the same frequency in two or more Multi-Reference Indicator curves indicates closely-
coupled modes or repeated roots

Multi-Ref CMIFs Indicating Two Closely Coupled Modes Near 200 Hz.
Multi-Reference CMIF

A Multi-Reference CMIF is calculated by performing a singular value decomposition of multi-reference FRFs.

• A separate CMIF curve is calculated for each reference

• Each peak on a CMIF curve indicates a resonance
Multi-Reference MMIF

A Multi-Reference MMIF mode indicator is calculated by performing a an eigen-solution of multi-reference

FRFs.

• A separate MMIF curve is calculated for each reference

• Each peak on an MMIF curve indicates a resonance

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Modal Participation Factor

Each Multi-Reference CMIF & MMIF also provides a Modal Participation Factor curve for each multi-reference
FRF.
Each Modal participation factor is used to weight each reference of FRF data during Multi-reference curve fitting

Multi-Reference Curve Fitting

MEscope contains several different Multi-Reference Parameter Estimation (curve fitting) methods.
• Each curve fitting method uses a modal participation curve to weight the FRF data during curve fitting
Multi-Reference Polynomial

The Multi-Reference Polynomial method uses a multi-reference version of the Rational Fraction Orthogonal
Polynomial method.

• The curve fitting model size in the Modes box on the Polynomial tab is used for estimating modal Frequency
& Damping

Stability Diagram Curve Fitting

Why Use a Stability diagram?
A Stability diagram is a plot of pole estimates (modal frequency & damping) using a progression of curve fitting
model sizes.
A Stability diagram does not rely on peak counting on a Mode Indicator curve.

• Stability curve fitting is done for model sizes from “1” to the Max. Model Size listed on the Stability tab
• Each modal frequency estimate is displayed as a vertical line on the Stability diagram
• Each modal damping estimate is displayed as a horizontal line on the Stability diagram
• The Stability tab contains several curve fitting methods for estimating modal frequency & damping
AF Polynomial (Alias-Free Polynomial)

This method is an extension of the Rational Fraction Orthogonal Polynomial curve fitting method.
It is called "alias-free" because it places extra computational modes toward the edges of the curve fitting band
instead of aliasing them throughout the band

Complex Exponential

This popular time domain method estimates poles by curve fitting Impulse Response Functions (IRFs), the
Inverse FFT of FRFs.

• During curve fitting, the Inverse FFT is applied to each FRF to obtain its corresponding IRF
Z Polynomial

This method is an extension of the Rational Fraction Orthogonal Polynomial curve fitting method and uses the Z-
transform to obtain more stable powers of the frequency variable.
The Z-transform maps frequencies to a unit circle, resulting in numerically stable solution equations.

Creating a Stability diagram

The Stability diagram is displayed on top of a Mode Indicator graph.

• Press the Stability button on the Stability tab or execute Curve Fit | Stability | Stability diagram

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What is a Stable Pole Group?

Only Stable Pole Groups are displayed on the Stability diagram, unless Display All is checked.
A Stable Pole Group must meet all the following criteria listed on the Stable Groups tab
• All poles in a Stable Pole Group must have frequency estimates within the Frequency Tolerance
• All poles in a Stable Pole Group must have damping estimates within the Damping Tolerance
• A Stable Pole Group must contain a Min. Number of Stable Poles that satisfy the Frequency & Damping
Tolerances

Stable Groups will change if the criteria for defining a Stable Group are changed.

• If the Min. Number of Stable Poles is too small, computational Poles will be displayed on the edges of the
Stability diagram, as shown below

Computational Poles for Min. Number of Stable Poles ➔ 4.

Stable Group Colors
All poles in a Stable Group are displayed using the same color on the Stability or Poles diagram

Stable Group Colors alternate between the top two Contour Colors chosen in the File | Data Block Options box.

Stability diagram Showing Stable Pole Groups.

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Poles Diagram
When the Poles box is checked on the Stable Groups tab, Poles estimates are displayed on a Poles diagram as
shown below
• Modal frequency estimates are plotted along the horizontal axis
• Modal damping estimates are plotted along the vertical axis

Poles Diagram Showing Stable Groups

Changing the Stable Groups Settings
The Stability diagram is updated whenever the Frequency Tolerance, Damping Tolerance, or Min. Number of
Stable Poles settings on the Stable Groups tab is changed.
To change the Frequency Tolerance, Damping Tolerance, or Min. Number of Stable Poles,
• Click on a radio button and scroll the slider on the right side
• Or type a number into the box next to the setting
• Press the Reset button to reset the Stability settings to default values
Displaying Damping Values
Damping values can be displayed on the Stability diagram either as a percentage of critical damping (%) or as
the 3 dB or half power point damping (in Hz).
• Select Damping (%) or Damping (Hz) on the Stable Groups tab to display damping in those units
Displaying Pole Values
To display a pole value on the Stability or Poles diagram
• Place the mouse pointer near a pole and left click near a pole to display its pole values
To remove the display of a pole value,
• Place the mouse pointer on the pole value and left click

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Pole Values Displayed on Poles Diagram

Curve Fit | Stability | Clear Stability
Clears the poles from the Stability diagram.
Curve Fit | Stability | Stability Diagram (Stability button)
Creates a Stability diagram by curve fitting all or selected M#s in a Data Block (BLK).
Curve Fit | Stability | Stability Reset (Reset button)
Resets the Stable Group parameters to default values.
Curve Fit | Stability | Poles Selection Box
Enables the Poles selection box on the Stability diagram.

When a Pole Selection box is drawn, the average value of the poles in the selection box is added to the Modal
Parameters spreadsheet.

• Click & drag on the Stability or Poles diagram, to draw a selection box and enclose one or more poles

Pole Selection Box Drawn on the Stability Diagram.

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Curve Fit | Stability | Save Stable Groups (Save Groups button)

When this command is executed (or the Save Groups button is pressed), the average value of all poles in
each Stable Pole Group is added to the Modal Parameters spreadsheet.
• If the Band cursor is displayed, the average value of each Stable Pole Group within the cursor band is added
to the Modal Parameters spreadsheet
Display | Complexity Plot Data Block (BLK)
Opens the Complexity Plot window from a Data Block (BLK) window.

A Complexity Plot displays the magnitudes & phase all (or selected) M# values at the current Cursor position

Data Block (BLK) Complexity Plot.

Normalized Mode Shape

Each shape component of a normalized mode shape has a phase of 0 or 180 degrees.
A normalized mode shape is also called a normal mode shape.
An FEA model with no damping yields normal mode shapes.
During shape animation, a normalized shape exhibits a standing wave motion, and its node lines do not move.
The shape components of a normalized shape lie on a straight line in a Complexity Plot.
Complex Mode Shape

Each shape component of a complex shape can have an arbitrary phase.

During shape animation, a complex shape can exhibit a traveling wave motion, and its node lines can move.
The shape components of a complex shape do not lie on a straight line in a Complexity Plot.
Experimental mode shapes can be complex for several reasons
• Real-world structures with heavy damping will have complex mode shapes
• Measurement errors can introduce arbitrary phase angles into EMA mode shape estimates
• Curve fitting errors can introduce arbitrary phases angles into EMA mode shape estimates

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Display | Complexity Plot Shape Table (SHP)

Opens the Complexity Plot window from a Shape Table (SHP) window.
The Complexity Plot displays the magnitudes & phases for all (or selected) shapes for all (or selected) M#s

Shape Table (SHP) Complexity Plot.

Normalized Shapes on the Complexity Plot
When a complex shape is normalized, it behaves like a normal mode shape with real valued shape components.
When a complex shape is normalized, each shape component magnitude is retained, but its phase is changed to
either 0 or 180 degrees

When Display | Normalized Shape is checked, complex shape components are displayed on the left, and
normalized shape components are displayed on the right of the Complexity Plot, as shown below.

Complexity Plot with Display | Normalization Checked.

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Normalization Line

When a shape is normalized, the red (+) shape components are given 0 degrees phase, and the blue (-) shape
components are given 180 degrees phase

The normalization line (dashed line) on a Complexity Plot is used to normalize each complex shape.
• Each shape in a Shape Table (SHP) can have a different normalization line
To rotate the normalization line to a different angle
• Click & drag near the normalization line on the Complexity Plot
Flipping the Phases of the Right-Hand Shape
During Animate | Animate a Pair, if two similar shapes are animating 180 degrees out of phase with one
another, the phases of right-hand shape can be changed by 180 degrees so that the two shapes animate more
closely together.
• Execute Animate | Animate a Pair | Flip Right Sign in the Structure (STR) window to multiply the right-
hand shape by "-1"
• Or drag & rotate the the normalization line on the Complexity Plot to flip the phase of the shape
components
Modal Phase Co-linearity (MPC)

MPC is a measure of whether or not the components of a complex shape are normalized. they lie on a straight line.

MPC has values between 0 &1.

• If MPC = 1 ➔ all components on the shape lie on a straight line
• If MPC < 1 ➔ some shape components do not lie on a straight line
• If MPC is "close to 1" ➔ the structure is lightly damped, or the shape is a normalized shape
Display | Magnitude Ranking Data Block (BLK)
Opens the Magnitude Ranking window from a Data Block (BLK) window.
• M# magnitudes are plotted on the vertical axis versus (DOFs or M#s) on the horizontal axis
• The magnitudes are ranked from the largest on the left to the smallest on the right
• The Contour Colors defined in the File | Data Block Options box are used for the Bar colors
M# magnitudes of the M#s at the current cursor position are displayed
• If no cursors are displayed, magnitudes of all M#s are displayed
• Magnitude Ranking is updated when the cursor is moved, or different M#s are selected

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Data Block (BLK) Magnitude Ranking Chart.

Which Magnitudes Are Ranked?
• If the Real part of the M#s is displayed, the Real parts are ranked
• If the Imaginary part of the M#s is displayed, the Imaginary parts are ranked
• Otherwise, the Magnitudes of the M#s are ranked
Display the Magnitude Value
• Hover the mouse pointer over a magnitude bar to display its value at the bottom of the window
Display | Magnitude Ranking Shape Table (SHP)
Displays the magnitudes of the M#s for all (or selected) shapes and all (or selected) M#s in a Shape Table (SHP).
• Magnitude Ranking is updated when different shapes are selected, or different M#s are selected
Tools | Modal Decomposition
Decomposes time or frequency M#s in a Data Block (BLK) into "resonance curves" that represent the
contribution of each mode shape at each sample of M# data.

This command uses the same equations as the Tools | Modal Participation command in a Shape Table (SHP) but
applies them at each sample of M# data.
Only mode shapes are used for decomposition. Modal frequency & damping are not used.

The following equation is solved at each sample of time or frequency data in the Data Block (BLK)
[Shapes] {Decomp(sample)} = {ODS(sample)}
(n by m) (m by 1) (n by 1)
[Shapes] ➔ matrix of mode shapes (n by m). Each column of [Shapes] contains a mode shape
{Decomp(sample)} ➔ participation of each mode shape in the {ODS} at each sample
{ODS(sample)} ➔ ODS data at each sample in the Data Block (BLK)
n ➔ number of mode shape DOFs
m ➔ number of mode shapes

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The mode shapes in [Shapes] must meet the following conditions,

• The mode shapes are valid for the structure regardless of boundary conditions
• The mode shapes must have DOFs that match those of the Data Block (BLK)
• The mode shapes must be linearly independent of one another for the matching DOFs
• Linear independence of the mode shapes in [Shapes] can be validated by displaying their MAC values when
the matching DOFs are selected

Modal Decomposition into Ten Resonance Curves.

Each resonance curve can be curve fit to extract the experimental modal frequency & damping associated with that
resonance.

Tools | Modal Expansion

Expands the time or frequency M#s in a Data Block (BLK) using mode shapes.

Only mode shapes are used for Modal Expansion. Frequency & damping are not used.
This command uses the same equations as the Tools | Modal Expansion command in a Shape Table (SHP) but
applies them at each sample of M# data,

The mode shapes must meet the following conditions,

• The mode shapes are valid for the structure regardless of boundary conditions
• The mode shapes must have DOFs that match those of the Data Block (BLK)
• The mode shapes must be linearly independent of one another at the matching DOFs
• Linear independence of the mode shapes in [Shapes] can be validated by displaying their MAC values when
the matching DOFs are selected
Modal Expansion can be controlled by selecting shapes in the Shape Table (SHP) and/or selecting M#s in the
Data Block (BLK)

The expanded M#s can be curve fit using any FRF-based curve fitting method.

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Display | M#s | Effective Mass, Stiffness, Damping Shape Table (SHP)

Displays the effective mass, stiffness & damping (also called generalized mass, stiffness & damping) of each
mode shape in the M#s spreadsheet.

Effective mass, stiffness & damping are the values each mode would have if it were a single Mass-Spring-Damper
located at a DOF of the mode shape
This command can only be used with UMM mode shapes
Effective mass, damping & stiffness are calculated for each mode with the formulas
Effective Mass = 1 / (Freq x Real (DP Residue) + Damp x Imaginary (DP Residue)
Effective Stiffness = (Freq2 + Damp2) x Effective Mass
Effective Damping = 2 x Damp x Effective Mass
Freq ➔ damped natural frequency of the mode
Damp ➔ half power point damping of the mode
DP Residue ➔ driving point Residue for each component of the mode shape
Tools | Modal Participation
Calculates the Modal Participation, the numerical participation of one set of shapes in another set of shapes.

The Modal Participation equates the shapes in one Shape Table (SHP) with the shapes of another Shape Table
(SHP)
Each Shape Table (SHP) can contain ODS's, EMA mode shapes, OMA mode shapes, FEA mode shapes or
Engineering Data Shapes

Modal Participation Equation

If two sets of shapes are assembled into two matrices [U] & [V], where each column of each matrix contains a
shape, the two shape matrices are equated to each other with the following equation involving a Modal
Participation.
[U] [Part] = [V]
[U] ➔ matrix of complex shapes (m by n)
[V] ➔ matrix of complex shapes (m by q)
[Part] ➔ complex Modal Participation (n by q)
n = number of shapes in [U]
q = number of shapes in [V]
m = number of matching DOFs between [U] & [V]

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Participation as a Least-Squared-Error Solution

The Modal Participation is a least-squared-error solution to the above equation using the formula,

h ➔ denotes the transposed conjugate matrix

-1 ➔ denotes the inverse matrix
• The shapes [U] must be valid for the structure regardless of boundary conditions.
• Only the shapes in [U] are required for the Modal Participation calculation. Modal frequency & damping are
not used.
• The shapes in [U] & [V] must have some matching DOFs
• The shapes in [U] must be linearly independent of one another for the matching DOFs between the shapes in
[U] & [V]
• Linear independence of the shapes in [U] can be validated by displaying their MAC values for the matching
DOFs
Tools | Modal Expansion
Expands the number of DOFs in a Shape Table (SHP) using shapes with more DOFs from another Shape Table
(SHP).
• Modal Expansion calculates a Modal Participation as described under Tools | Modal Participation
• The Modal Participation is multiplied by the shapes with many M#s to obtain the expanded shapes
• Any valid shapes for the structure can be used for Modal Expansion, regardless of their boundary conditions
• Only mode shapes are used for Modal Expansion. Frequency & Damping are not required
• The frequency & damping of each un-expanded shape are retained with each expanded shape

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Equation for the Expanded Shapes

The matrix of expanded shapes [Ve] is calculated with the following equation,

[Um], [Vm] ➔ sub-matrices with matching DOFs

[Un], [Vn] ➔ sub-matrices with un-matched DOFs
[Part] ➔ Modal Participation

Modal Expansion can be controlled by selecting shapes and/or selecting M#s in either Shape Table (SHP)

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