Experiment No:4

AIM: - To study Internal Combustion Engines.

APPARTUS USED: - Model of Two-stroke & Four-stroke petrol and diesel Engines.

THEORY- Two stroke and Four stroke petrol engines

ENGINE- A power producing machine is called an engine.

a) External Combustion engine-The engine in which the combustion of fuel takes place outside
the cylinder is called an external combustion engine.
b) Internal Combustion engine- The engine in which the combustion of fuel takes placeinside the
cylinder is called an internal combustion engine.
CYCLE- When series of events are repeated in order, it completes one cycle. Cycle is generally classified
as Four stroke cycle and Two stroke cycle.
Four stroke cycle- In Four stroke cycle, four operations are required to complete one cycle. These four
operations are suction, compression, power and exhaust.
Two stroke cycles- In a two stroke cycle, the series of events of the working cycle is completed in two
strokes of the piston and one revolution of the crankshaft. The four operations i.e. suction, compression,
power and exhaust are completed during two strokes of the piston.

FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE-

In four stroke petrol engine or spark ignition engine all the events of the cycle i.e. suction, compression,
expansion and exhaust take place in two revolutions of the crank shaft I.e. 720° ofthe crank rotation. Thus
each stroke is of 180° crank shaft rotation. Therefore the cycle of operation for an ideal four stroke engine
consists of the following four strokes:

a) Suction Stroke- The piston moves from Top Dead Centre (TDC) to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC).
The inlet valve opens and a fresh charge of fuel and air mixture enters the cylinder. The exhaust
valve remains closed. When the piston reaches Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), the inlet valve also
closed.
b) Compression Stroke- The piston moves from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) to Top Dead Centre
(TDC) position. Both the valves remain closed. The charge drawn during suction stroke is
compressed in this stroke.
c) Expansion or Power or Working Stroke- Just before the piston completes its compression
stroke, the charge is ignited by the spark plug and the rapid explosion takes place. The expansion
of hot gases pushes the piston down to BDC position. Both the valve remains closed and the
useful work is obtained from the engine.
d) Exhaust Stroke- The piston moves from BDC to TDC, the exhaust valve opens and the inlet
valve remains closed. The piston pushes the exhaust gases out through the exhaust valve to the
atmosphere till it reaches the TDC position and the cycle is completed.
TWO STROKE PETROL (S.I.) ENGINE-

In two stroke cycle petrol engine, there are two strokes of the piston and one revolution of the crankshaft
to complete one cycle. In two stroke engines ports are used instead of valve i.e. suction port, transfer port
and exhaust port. These ports are covered and uncovered by the up and down movement of the piston.
The top of the piston is deflected to avoid mixing of fresh charge with exhaust gases. The exhaust gases
are expelled out from the engine cylinder by the fresh charge of fuel entering the cylinder. The mixture of
air and petrol is ignited by an spark produced at the spark plug. The two stroke of the engine are-

First Stroke - Assuming the piston to be at the BDC position. The inlet port is converted by the piston whereas
the transfer port and exhaust port are uncovered. The piston moves from BDC to TDC. The air petrol mixture
enters the cylinder. On the upward movement of the piston, first of all the transfer port is converted and then
immediately, the exhaust port is covered. Simultaneously the suction port also gets uncovered, the upward
movement of the piston helps to compress the air fuel mixture at thetop and creates partial vacuum at the bottom in
the crankcase which gets filled with air fuel mixture by the atmospheric pressure. At the end of the stroke, the
piston reaches the TDC position completing the compression stroke as shown in Fig. (a) and (b).

Second Stroke- Just before the completion of the compression stroke, the compressed charge is ignited in the
combustion chamber, by means of an electric spark produced by the spark plug. Combustion of air fuel mixture
pushes the piston in the downward direction, on the power stroke producing useful work. The movement of the
power action is over, the exhaust port is uncovered. The exhaust gases escape to the atmosphere. Further
movement of the piston covers the inlet port and the fresh charge is compressed in the crankcase. Simultaneously
the transfer port is also uncovered. The compressed mixture of air fuel enters the combustion chamber. The
deflected shape of the piston avoids inter-mixing of the fresh charge and exhaust gases i.e. the fresh charge rises
to the top of the cylinder and pushes out most of the exhaust gases. Thus the three actions, power, exhaust and
induction are completed from TDC to BDC position completing one cycle i.e. two stroke of the piston and one
revolution of the crankshaft as shown in Fig. (c) and (d).
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Four-stroke cycle Diesel engine or Compression ignition engine or constant pressure cycle engine is
meant for heavy duty applications, like heavy motor vehicles, stationary power plants, ships and big
industrial units, train locomotive , tractor and bus application. In this the air compressed in the engine
cylinder and fuel is injects through injector.

Working of the four stroke Diesel engine-

a) Suction Stroke-The inlet valve opens during this stroke and only air is sucked into the engine
cylinder. The exhaust valve remains closed. When the piston reaches Bottom Dead Centre
(BDC), the suction stroke is completed as shown in Fig. (1) and inlet valve also closes.
b) Compression Stroke- The piston moves from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) to Top Dead Centre
(TDC) position. Both the valves remain closed. The air drawn during suction strokeis compressed.
c) Expansion or Power or Working Stroke- Just before the piston completes its compression
stroke, the diesel injected gets ignited and the rapid explosion takes place. The expansion of hot
gases pushes the piston down to BDCposition. Both the valve remains closed and the useful work
is obtained from the engine.
d) Exhaust Stroke- The piston moves from BDC to TDC, the exhaust valve opens and the inlet
valve remains closed. The piston pushes the exhaust gases out through the exhaust valve to the
atmosphere till it reaches the TDC position and the cycle is completed.
TWO STROKE DIESEL (C.I. ENGINE-)

The working principle of a two stroke diesel engine is discussed below:

1st stroke: To start with let us assume the piston to be at its B.D.C. position (Fig. a). The arrangement of
the ports is such that the piston performs the two jobs simultaneously.

As the piston starts rising from its B.D.C. position, if closes the transfer port and the exhaust port. The air
which is already there in the cylinder is compressed (Fig. b).
At the same time with the upward movement of the piston, vacuum is created in the crank case. As soon
as the inlet port is uncovered, the fresh air is sucked in the crank case. The charging is continued until the
crank case and the space in the cylinder beneath the piston is filled (Fig. c) with the air. At the end of the
stroke, the piston reaches the T.D.C. Position.
2nd stroke: Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke, a very fine sprays of diesel injected
into the compressed air. The fuel ignites spontaneously. Pressure is exerted on the crown of the piston
due to the combustion of the air and the piston is pushed in the downward direction producing some
useful power (Fig. c). The downward movement of the piston will first close the inlet port and then it will
compress the air already sucked in the crank case.
Just the end of power stroke, the piston uncovers the exhaust port and the transfer port simultaneously.
The expanded gases start escaping through the exhaust port and at the same time transfer port (Fig. d) and
thus the cycle is repeated again.
The fresh air coming into the cylinder also helps in exhausting the burnt gases out of the cylinder through
the exhaust port (Fig. d). This is known as scavenging.