GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

CHITRADURGA-577501
5TH SEMESTER
AI/ML WEEK-1

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Week 1:
History:
Artificial Intelligence History
The term artificial intelligence was coined in 1956, but AI has become more popular today
thanks to increased data volumes, advanced algorithms, and improvements in computing
power and storage.

Early AI research in the 1950s explored topics like problem solving and symbolic methods.
In the 1960s, the US Department of Defence took interest in this type of work and began
training computers to mimic basic human reasoning. For example, the defence Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) completed street mapping projects in the 1970s. And
DARPA produced intelligent personal assistants in 2003, long before Siri, Alexa or Cortana
were household names.

This early work paved the way for the automation and formal reasoning that we see in
computers today, including decision support systems and smart search systems that can be
designed to complement and augment human abilities.

While Hollywood movies and science fiction novels depict AI as human-like robots that take
over the world, the current evolution of AI technologies isn’t that scary – or quite that smart.
Instead, AI has evolved to provide many specific benefits in every industry. Keep reading for
modern examples of artificial intelligence in health care, retail and more.
1950s–1970s Neural Networks

Early work with neural networks stirs excitement for “thinking machines.”

1980s–2010s Machine Learning

Machine learning becomes popular.

Present Day Deep Learning

Deep learning breakthroughs drive AI boom.

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Fundamentals of AI:
Artificial Intelligence/AI:
What is artificial intelligence (AI)?
Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
How AI works?
AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and
intelligent algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or features
in the data. AI is a broad field of study that includes many theories, methods and
technologies, as well as the following major subfields:
• Machine learning: Automates analytical model building. It uses methods from neural
networks, statistics, operations research and physics to find hidden insights in data
without explicitly being programmed for where to look or what to conclude.
• A neural network: Is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected
units (like neurons) that processes information by responding to external inputs,
relaying information between each unit. The process requires multiple passes at the
data to find connections and derive meaning from undefined data.
• Deep learning: Uses huge neural networks with many layers of processing units,
taking advantage of advances in computing power and improved training techniques
to learn complex patterns in large amounts of data. Common applications include
image and speech recognition.
• Computer vision: Relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize
what’s in a picture or video. When machines can process, analyse and understand
images, they can capture images or videos in real time and interpret their
surroundings.
• Natural language processing (NLP): It is the ability of computers to analyse,
understand and generate human language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is
natural language interaction, which allows humans to communicate with computers
using normal, everyday language to perform tasks.

Additionally, several technologies enable and support AI:

• Graphical processing units: They are key to AI because they provide the heavy
compute power that’s required for iterative processing. Training neural networks
requires big data plus compute power.

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 • The Internet of Things (IOT): Generates massive amounts of data from connected
devices, most of it unanalysed. Automating models with AI will allow us to use more
of it.
• Advanced algorithms: They are being developed and combined in new ways to
analyse more data faster and at multiple levels. This intelligent processing is key to
identifying and predicting rare events, understanding complex systems and optimizing
unique scenarios.
• APIs, or application programming interfaces: They are portable packages of code
that make it possible to add AI functionality to existing products and software
packages. They can add image recognition capabilities to home security systems and
Q&A capabilities that describe data, create captions and headlines, or call out
interesting patterns and insights in data.

In summary, the goal of AI is to provide software that can reason on input and
explain on output. AI will provide human-like interactions with software and offer decision
support for specific tasks, but it’s not a replacement for humans – and won’t be anytime soon.

Purpose of AI:
There are some main purposes and features in which artificial intelligence is used in
different fields or zones. These are the main purposes of artificial intelligence.
1. Improves decision making
2. Singularity
3. Machine learning
4. Business process optimization
5. Creative work in technologies
6. Provides financial services
7. Health care
8. Automotive/Robotics
9. HR & Recruitment

1 – Improves decision making:

The basic goal of artificial intelligence is to provide mechanism for decision making.
This decision making is based on rare data as input data and will provide artificial intelligent
result like human mind.

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Artificial intelligence has the ability to make better decisions by automating the different
physical and other tasks. These tasks can reduce the human labour and also saves the time. 2
– Singularity:
The ultimate objective of artificial intelligence is to overtake the work of human
being. In near future, the growth of technology will become uncontrollable that will result
into massive changes in human life style. Besides their side effects, these intelligent
technologies will make the work simpler and efficient.
3 – Machine learning
The main difference between machine learning and artificial intelligence is that
machine learning is mainly concerned with accuracy. Machine learning is the sub-field of
artificial intelligence and it takes data to produce the output as it is more focused.

4 – Business process optimization

Business has the vital integrity in the economy of any country. The business process
optimization is carried out by streamlining the work and removing the redundancies that
ultimately results in improvement of the business.
The robotic process optimization is also used to minimize the daily routine work performed
by the humans through different algorithms.

5 – Creative work in technologies

There are number of technologies that are used to simplify the workflow and are easy
to integrate across the business. These technologies are very important and are playing an
important role in different fields of life like Virtual Reality, Live streaming apps, Drones etc.

6 – Provide financial services

Artificial intelligence has played a huge role in financial services. It is used in fraud
detection, risk management, asset management and insurance besides countless other
subfields of financial services. There is almost no sub-field left without the use of artificial
intelligence applications.
7 – Health care
It the most important sector where the artificial intelligence has revolutionized the
sector. A large number of healthcare institutions are using the artificial intelligence machines
for better and fast diagnoses the diseases in the patients.

8 – Automotive

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 Artificial intelligence has a huge impact on automotive industry. You will find it
everywhere from car manufacturing industry to driver monitoring and driver recognition.
There is artificial intelligence software available for driver monitoring. The software can
make seat adjustment, mirror adjustment and even temperature adjustment.

9 – HR & Recruitment
Artificial intelligence in HR & recruitment is to boost-up the speed and precision of
decision making and make the selection more reliable and accurate.

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Types of Artificial Intelligence:

First of all, we are going to discuss about the AI type-1 which is based on Capabilities:
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert
system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on
ecommerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.

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  The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human by its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
 As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It
is an outcome of general AI.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.

Now, the second type which is type-2 based on functionality:

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
 Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
 IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.  Google's AlphaGo is
also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period
of time.
 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These
cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and
other information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness

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  Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be
super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and
selfawareness.
 These machines will be smarter than human mind.
 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

 Logic, problem-solving
 Knowledge representation
 Planning
 Learning
 Social Intelligence
 Creativity
 General Intelligence

1. Logic problem-solving:
Logic, problem-solving: Early researchers developed algorithms that simulate
humans' step-by-step reasoning when solving puzzles or making logical deductions. By the
late 1980s and 1990s, AI research had developed methods for dealing with uncertain or
incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics.
2. Knowledge representation:
Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are central to AI research.
Many of the problems that machines are expected to solve will require extensive world
knowledge.
3. Planning:
Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. They need a way to
envision the future - a representation of the state of the world and make predictions about

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how their actions will change it - and be able to make choices that maximize the utility (or
"value") of the options available.

4. Learning:
Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research since the field's inception, is
the study of computer algorithms that automatically improve through experience.
Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input. Supervised learning
includes both classification and numerical regression. After seeing several examples of things
from several categories, classification is used to determine which category something falls
into. Regression attempts to construct a function that describes the relationship between
inputs and outputs and predicts how the outputs should change as the inputs change.

5. Social Intelligence:
Effective computing is the study and development of systems that can detect,
interpret, process, and simulate human It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer
science, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field can be traced to
early philosophical inquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science
originated from Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on "effective computing".

6. Creativity:
A sub-field of AI addresses creativity theoretically (philosophical, psychological
perspective) and practically (the specific implementation of systems that produce novel and
useful outputs). Some related areas of computational research include artificial intuition and
artificial thinking.

7. General Intelligence:
Many researchers think that their work will eventually result in a machine with
artificial general intelligence, combining all the skills described above and exceeding human
capacity in most or all of these areas. Some believe that such a project may require
anthropomorphic features such as artificial consciousness or an artificial brain.

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Application of AI:
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming
essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in
multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making
our daily life more comfortable and faster.
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy
 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.
2. AI in Healthcare

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  In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming:
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance:
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security:
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug
and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media:
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can
organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport:
 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered
chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry:
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI,

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 we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences
without pre-programmed.
 Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
 Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this
field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AI in education
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

Ethics in AI:
AI ethics is a set of guidelines that advise on the design and outcomes of artificial
intelligence. Human beings come with all sorts of cognitive biases, such as recency and
confirmation bias, and those inherent biases are exhibited in our behaviours and
subsequently, our data.
1. Respect for Persons: This principle recognizes the autonomy of individuals and
upholds an expectation for researchers to protect individuals with diminished
autonomy, which could be due to a variety of circumstances such as illness, a mental
disability, age restrictions.

2. Beneficence: This principle takes a page out of healthcare ethics, where doctors take
an oath to “do no harm.”

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 3. Justice: This principle deals with issues, such as fairness and equality. Who should
reap the benefits of experimentation and machine learning? The Belmont Report
offers five ways to distribute burdens and benefits, which are by:
 Equal share Societal contribution
 Individual need Merit
 Individual effort
Examples of AI in real world:
1. Self-Driving and Parking Vehicles:
Self-driving and parking cars use deep learning, a subset of AI, to recognize the space
around a vehicle. Technology company Nvidia uses AI to give cars “the power to see, think,
and learn, so they can navigate a nearly infinite range of possible driving scenarios,” Nvidia
explains on its website. The company’s AI-powered technology is already in use in cars made
by Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Volvo, and Tesla, and is sure to revolutionize how people
drive—and enable vehicles to drive themselves.

2. Digital Assistants:

Apple’s Siri, Google Now, Amazon’s Alexa, and Microsoft’s Cortana are digital
assistants that help users perform various tasks, from checking their schedules and searching
for something on the web, to sending commands to another app. AI is an important part of
how these apps work because they learn from every single user interaction. This allows them
to better recognize speech patterns and serve users results that are tailored to their
preferences. Microsoft says that Cortana is “continually learns about its user” and that it will
eventually anticipate user needs.

3. Vehicle Recognition Identification

Did you know that many of the traffic cameras around your city use AI to read license
plates? Companies such as PlateSmart, IntelliVision, and Sighthound, among others, use
computer vision—a form of AI that can see and understand images—along with deep
learning to turn conventional surveillance into vehicle monitoring; this is a very important
part of integrated traffic systems and also a big help to authorities as well, as surveillance
videos are now searchable for specific plate numbers. That’ll make you think twice about
blowing through that red light.

4. Robots
The Roomba 980 model vacuum (the one that cleans your floor on its own) uses AI to
scan a living area’s size, look for objects that might be in the way, and remember the best
route for cleaning the carpet. The vacuum bot can also identify how much cleaning it needs to

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do based on the size of the room, repeating a cleaning cycle three times in smaller rooms or
cleaning twice in a medium-sized room.

Artificial Intelligence and Human Machine Interface (AI & HMI)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven technologies, leveraged IoT, Advanced Embedded
Systems, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Cognitive Systems, Virtual and Augmented Reality etc
are ready to generate new paradigms and developments paths at any level of “physical”
systems as automated industrial production systems.
Beside enabling effective management of complex systems and interconnected
systems-of-systems, AI driven technologies can strongly impact, and potentially
revolutionize, mechatronics, robotics, automation and human-machine interaction.

The partnership intends to support the adoption of Artificial Intelligence enhanced

cyberphysical system, and more specifically AI driven HMI.
The partnership intends to take into account and address three main targets:
1. Competitiveness and revenues
2. Social ecosystem
3. People

1. Competitiveness and revenues:

Introducing a new enhanced HMI AI driven will allow the best use of sensors and
monitoring systems based on IoT, big-data and cloud technologies. Moreover, it will yield
ever-increasing knowledge processes for reviewing and improving design and
manufacturing. Shifting automatic machinery and production plants from current mechanics
and electronics to AI enhanced cyber-physical systems will increase performance while
reducing material and energy consumptions.

2. Social ecosystem:
Appropriate adoption of AI technologies will avoid or mitigate the negative impact of a
growing extended automation on employment in production and management fields, by
generating new jobs, strongly based on digital familiarity (typical of new generations), from
workshop level to engineering and management ones.

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3. People:
A significant impact on workers is envisaged in terms of:
• Easing the possible conflict between Artificial Intelligence and Human intelligence,
by anticipating relevant risk, and challenges.
• Putting the operator at the center by considering the Person and its cultural
environment.
• Improving the efficiency of HMI by a larger use of the virtual cyber and physical
environment.
• Reducing workers accident and generally improve job quality.
• Substituting person in boring and alienating jobs.

AI Software Development Life Cycle:

• Understanding “why” AI is needed:

The fundamental step is to define and understand why AI is needed. For this, the
inputs should ideally be sourced from the organization’s employees who directly deal with
customers. The ultimate aim is to offer convenience to customers, so the frontline employees
can better understand “why” AI needs to be incorporated in business processes and how it can
transform and improve existing customer-centric operations.

• Identifying “what” needs AI transformation:

The next step is to identify the business processes where AI will be implemented.
The target is to achieve maximum organizational efficiency and reap greater value through
intelligent functionalities, but not every operation needs to undergo automation. Carefully
identifying specific areas for AI transformation will ensure streamlined progress towards the
desired target, prevent gaps and unnecessary overheads of finances and resources. target,
prevent gaps and unnecessary overheads of finances and resources.

• Selecting data sets for AI solution

Implementing AI essentially means training applications to process data, gain
experience and operate based on the learnings. So it is essential to choose which data sets are
suitable to train the AI application. This is an extremely vital step since the final output
quality will entirely depend on the quality of data used. And no matter how well the design is,
low-quality data will never yield proper results. Data must be gathered from relevant

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channels, and it should be high-quality, well-structured, and credible real data. Also, the
higher the volume of data better will be the performance of the AI software.

• Choosing “which” AI capabilities are required:

Most AI software solutions are a combination of two or more AI capabilities. Studying and
selecting the right capabilities based on the targeted objectives make all the difference here.
AI capabilities to choose from include-
• Machine Learning (ML), which comprises deep learning, unsupervised and
supervised algorithms
• Natural Language Processing (NLP), which includes extraction of content,
classification, answering questions, machine translation, and generating text
• Computer Vision, which includes machine vision and image recognition
• Speech, which constitutes capabilities for speech to text conversion and vice versa
• Planning, robotics, and expert systems.

• Deciding on the right SDLC for the project

Since AI software development projects are undertaken to achieve high-value targets,
deciding the requirements and finalizing them upfront can save effort, time, and funds. Going
by this ideology, the waterfall SDLC method is considered most suitable for AI projects. The
waterfall model consists of the following phases-
1. Requirement analysis phase
2. Design phase
3. Development phase
4. Testing or QA phase
5. Deployment phase
6. Maintenance phase

AI software development VS Traditional Software development:

There are many aspects should be compared while comparing the traditional software
development with AI software development like type of problem solving, infrastructure etc.

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While developing the AI software we generally consider or implement the agile software
development methodology which involves below phases:
Each iteration of agile SDLC consists of cross-functional teams working on various
phases:
1. Requirement gathering and analysis
2. Design the requirements
3. Construction/ iteration
4. Testing
5. Deployment/installation and maintenance
6. Feedback

We also consider the below these aspects while developing the AI based softwares:

 Understanding “why” AI is needed:  Identifying “what” needs AI transformation: 

Selecting data sets for AI solution
 Choosing “which” AI capabilities are required:
 Deciding on the right SDLC for the project

Traditional Software development/ waterfall model software development:

But, in traditional software development or waterfall model software development life
cycle we usually develop simple software. Traditional Software Development: Traditional
software development is the software development process used to design and develop
simple software. It is used when the security and many other factors of the software are not
much important. It is used by freshers to develop the software.

Artificial Intelligence for playing chess:

AlphaZero is an AI developed by google, The new system, which DeepMind is calling
MuZero, is based in part on DeepMind's work with the AlphaZero AI, which taught itself to master
rule-based games like chess and Go. But MuZero also adds a new twist that makes it substantially
more flexible.

That twist is called "model-based reinforcement learning." In a system that uses this
approach, the software uses what it can see of a game to build an internal model of the game
state. Critically, that state isn't prestructured based on any understanding of the game—the AI
is able to have a lot of flexibility regarding what information is or is not included in it. The
reinforcement learning part of things refers to the training process, which allows the AI to

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learn how to recognize when the model it's using is both accurate and contains the
information it needs to make decisions.
Predictions:
The model it creates is used to make a number of predictions. These include the best possible
move given the current state and the state of the game as a result of the move. Critically, the
prediction it makes is based on its internal model of game states—not the actual visual
representation of the game, such as the location of chess pieces. The prediction itself is made
based on past experience, which is also subject to training.
Finally, the value of the move is evaluated using the algorithms predictions of any immediate
rewards gained from that move (the point value of a piece taken in chess, for example) and
the final state of the game, such as the win or lose outcome of chess. These can involve the
same searches down trees of potential game states done by earlier chess algorithms, but in
this case, the trees consist of the AI's own internal game models.
If that's confusing, you can also think of it this way: MuZero runs three evaluations in
parallel. One (the policy process) chooses the next move given the current model of the game
state. A second predicts the new state that results, and any immediate rewards from the
difference. And a third considers past experience to inform the policy decision. Each of these
is the product of training, which focuses on minimizing the errors between these predictions
and what actually happens in-game.

Applications of AI:
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming
essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in
multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making
our daily life more comfortable and faster.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

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1. AI in Astronomy:
 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology
can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare:
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and
going to have a significant impact on this industry.
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI
can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming:
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance:
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.

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5. AI in Data Security:
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly
in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples
such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a
better way.

6. AI in Social Media:
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage
massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and
requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport:

 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel
related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make
human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry:
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can
create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without
preprogrammed.
 Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid
robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment:
 We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment
services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show
the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture:
 Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result.
Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is
applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in
agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce:

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  AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible
easily at any time and any place etc..

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GIT AND GIT HUB:
Git:
Git is a DevOps tool used for source code management. It is a free and open-source
version control system used to handle small to very large projects efficiently. Git is used to
tracking changes in the source code, enabling multiple developers to work together on
nonlinear development.
Git Downloading:
You can Install git from the below link to your Operation System https://git-
scm.com/downloads

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Git Installation:

Steps to Install Git on Windows:

• Once you download the git executable file from the official link, Open that file.
• After opening the file, in the Git Installation wizard click on “next” after you read the
terms and Conditions
• Leave the default settings and click on “next” until the installation is completed.

Steps to Config your name and Email-id:

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Syntax to edit the email and username: git config –global --edit

Creating Repository in Git:

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File Life Cycle in Git

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STEPS TO TRACK FILE IN GIT:-
Initial Commit part:
git commit: initial commit

Staging part:
git add -A or git add filename: to add the files to the git

Committing part:
git commit -m "Message": git commit -m "Committed filenames" IMP:
Committing all stage files:
Syntax: git commit -a -m “Commit message”

File has four states in Status lifecycle. that are

Untracked
Unmodified
Modified
Staged
1.Untracked state : Files are present in the local directory, but not added in the github
repository index.

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2.Unmodified state : Files are already present in directory or added using $git add command.
If some changes did, then it not get tracked. Also after commiting the changes file status
become unmodified.
3.Modified state : When previously tracked file is edited, but not commit the changes.
4.Staged state : When files committed and ready to push in git repository, then they have
staged status.

We must do initial Commit to track the file in git********

Git add Demo.html

Git status

Initial Commit: using “git commit”

In the new bash terminal Press “I” then type “Initial Commit” (This is the message)

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Once the commit is done: git status will change to nothing to commit, working tree clean

Adding all files to staging area using “git add -A”:

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Once the staging is done the files are ready to commit.

If you modify any files, it will show “modified: filename” message: Once you modified the
files, you have to again add the files to the staging area by “git add filename” or “git add -A”
commands

Here in the above screenshot the modified files are again added to the staging area
Adding files to Commit:

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Command: git commit -m “Message”

Checkout Command in Git:

“git checkout filename”

Checkout command will reenable or rematches the old commit (If someone changes your
files, then you can get that old file contents by “git checkout filename” command)

git checkout -f command:

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This command is used to retain all the modified file contents:

Git log command:

Syntax: “git log”

This command will show all commits of the files.

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Filtering in git log:
We can also filter using:
Syntax: git log -p -NumberOfCommits

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Example: git log -p -2

Git diff Command:

Syntax: “git diff”: This command is used to compares the working tree to staging area and
shows if there any differences.

Git diff --staged:

This command will compare the staging area to the last commit

Syntax: “git diff –staged”

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Committing files without Staging:

Syntax: “git commit -a -m “Message to commit” Example:

Git rm filename command:

This command is used to remove the file from both working directory and git staging area.

Syntax: “git rm filename”

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Command removes file form only staging area and present in hard disk/directory:

Syntax: “git rm –cached filename” Example:

Checking the modification of a file:

Syntax: “git status -s”

The green coloured M denotes that the file is modified in the staging area. (In the below
image)
The Red coloured M denotes that the file is modifies in the working tree. (In the below
image)

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Git Ignore file:
This file is used to ignore the unwanted files like log files that are present in the same folder
or another folder etc.
Steps to create .gitignore file:

• touch .gitignore
• Once the file is created, insert the file names that you want to ignore and save it.
Example:

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If we want to ignore the unwanted files only where the .gitignore file is present:
• Create a .gitignore file using touch command
• Then in the .gitignore file type /filename (/To represent that to ignore the files only
present in the .gitignore file’s folder.

To ignore the directory:

In the .gitignore file type foldername/.

Git branches:
In Git, branches are a part of your everyday development process. Git branches are
effectively a pointer to a snapshot of your changes. When you want to add a new feature or
fix a bug—no matter how big or how small—you spawn a new branch to encapsulate your
changes.
We basically use branches to modify the project or add new features if the master
branch doesn’t want the changes, then we can simply commit to the master branch by
committing to master branch. By “git commit master” then we can retrieve the original
file content present in the master branch.
Creating New Branches:

Syntax: “git branch branchName” Example:

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Here in the above image, we created a new branch named feature2.

Then we made some changes to the index.html file (modified) then added the file to the
staging part, then we committed the same file.
Now if the master branch doesn’t want that changes, we simply changed to master branch, by
“git checkout master” then the changes are removed from the file, (here index.html)

Once the master branch is agreed with the changes by branch freature1 then we can
merge the feature1 branch changes in the master branch, using git merge branch
command.
Example:

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Here in this image, we first checkout as master then we gave the command:
“git merge feature1” once the merge is done, the changes of the branch will added to the
master branch.
If we create a new branch and add a new file in the Repository, then stage the file and commit
it, once we checkout to the master branch, then the file of the new branch will get deleted,
and once you again checkout to the new branch, the file of the new branch will retain.
Example:

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Here in the image we created the “flaskIntegration” branch, then we created a file and then
staged the file and then we committed the file. But once we checkout to the master branch,
the file of the “flaskIntegration” branch will be deleted, once again we checkout to the
“flaskIntegration” branch, the file will be retained.
By this we can differentiate between the files and branches and not mess up with
the master branch files.

GitHub:

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 GitHub is a code hosting platform for version control and collaboration like Git. It
lets you and others work together on projects from anywhere. This tutorial teaches you
GitHub essentials like repositories, branches, commits, and pull requests.

Creating a new account in Git:

Steps:

• Open any browser and open the link: https://github.com

• Enter your email address, then click on “Sign up for GitHub”
• Once you enter the new page, if you have an account click on sign in, else, Click on
Create New Account and fill up the required details, create a new account.
• You have created a new GitHub Account.

Once you successfully created an account, the page will look like this:

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1.Creating a new Repository:

Click on “+” icon and the click on “New repository”

Enter the details, select the repository type, then click on “Create Repository”

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Now using above steps, we have created a remote repository using GitHub.

Now let’s push the local Repository to the remote repository:

Step-1:
Copy the git remote add origin link of that specific repository created using GitHub.
Here the repository name is DemoRepository.

Paste that link on the git bash terminal opened in the path of that specifical folder.

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 • git remote command to check the remote repositories.

Follow the below steps to push the existing repository from the git bash terminal or command
line. The first line of the below code will change from repository to repository, this code will
pop up once you create a repository.

• git remote add origin https://github.com/Punith777/Demo_Repository.git

• git branch -M main
• git push -u origin main

Once you run these commands in Git terminal, a Connect to GitHub window will pop up,
then sign in with your id and password, then the repository will be uploaded.

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Click on Authorize Git Credential Manager and enter your password

Once you enter the password, the file will be uploaded to the repository.

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Once you refresh the GitHub website, the files are uploaded.

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Cloning a Repository:
Copy the Repository URL form the Code menu:

Then open the git bash terminal in the desired folder path and type “git clone <repo url>

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Once the clone is done you can view the all files of that repository in the folder.

Create repository – named Mini project -1 Push the same to Git Hub:
Git in the Mini Project – 1 folder:
Open the Mini Project – 1 folder and right click and select Git Bash Here

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Making the Mini Project – 1 project as git repository by “git init” command

Checking the status of the git repository:

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Adding all files to staging area using “git add -A”

Once the staging is done the files are ready to commit.

Using “git commit – m “message”

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Uploading the Mini Project – 1 repository to the git hub
Step 1: Open any browser and open https://github.com and sign in with email and pwd
Step 2: Click on New Repository

Name the repository name as “Mini Project -1”

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Once you click on “Create new repository”, the page will look like this

Copy the origin and paste it in git bash

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Then give the “git push -u origin master” command

Then click on sign in with your browser and sign in with user name and pwd
Then the files are added to the Mini Project – 1 repository in Git Hub

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Once you refresh the same page, the file is added which is Demo.py

Explore and prepare a report on all popular AI cloud services (ML/DL) offered by
Vendors.

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1. Amazon Web Services (AWS):

The clear leader in cloud computing, AWS offers both consumer and businessoriented
artificial intelligence (AI) products and services. Many of its professional AI services build
on the AI services available in consumer products.
Its Alexa - embedded into the Amazon Echo - introduces AI to the home with its intelligent
voice server. For AWS, the company’s primary AI services include: Lex, for building
conversational interfaces into any application; Polly, which turns text to speech; and
Recognition, an image recognition service.

Amazon Machine Learning provides visualisation tools that guide customers through the
process of creating machine learning (ML) models without having to learn complex ML
algorithms and technology.

2. Google Cloud

Leaders in AI and data analytics, Google has acquired a number of companies and
startups to improve its AI capabilities for customers.
Google Cloud sells several AI and machine learning services to businesses, with an
industryleading software project in TensorFlow, as well as its own Tensor AI chip project.
The Cloud Vision API can identify objects, logos, and landmarks within images, text within
an image, can find similar images on the Web, or detect faces and read expressions.

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The company also offers a Cloud ML service where developers can train high-quality
machine learning models - such as customer service tech - using Google’s existing APIs. For
more experienced ML developers, Google offers ML Engine for bringing machine learning
models to production, using TensorFlow models that need to be trained for various scenarios.

3. IBM Cloud

As a leader in AI for a number of years, it comes as no surprise that IBM has made this list.
With a number of cloud and AI acquisitions under its belt, IBM has a whole host of AI
offerings available. In fact, under the Watson brand for AI services, IBM has no less than 16
services, and its Cloud AI services start with Watson Studio for building and training AI
models, preparing data, and performing analysis on the data. IBM Watson Services for Core
ML allows enterprises to build AI-powered apps that securely connect to their data and run
either on-premises, offline or in the cloud.

4. Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure has a collection of AI solutions that can be split under three categories: AI
Services, AI Tools and Frameworks, and AI Infrastructure.
AI Services is anything from pre-built capabilities - such as Azure Cognitive Services - to
custom AI development with Azure Machine Learning (AML). With AI Tools and
Frameworks, customers can utilise a number of Microsoft’s AI services such as Azure
Notebooks and Visual Studio Tools for AI. AI Infrastructure includes different services such
as Azure Data Services and Azure Kubernetes Services.

5. Salesforce
With its AI platform, Einstein AI, Salesforce offers AI solutions that are fully integrated with
other Salesforce cloud offerings. In doing so, the company enables its customers to build apps

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using ML and predictive analytics as well as utilising their Salesforce data. With this,
customers can build apps such as chatbots and sales prediction.
By providing deep sights from its customers’ data, Salesforce empowers customers to use
these insights to strengthen relationships, prioritise leads, cases, and campaigns to drive the
business forward.

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REFERENCES

Sl. No. Description

1. Infosys Spring board
2. https://www.sas.com

3. https://databasetown.com

4. https://www.javatpoint.com

5. https://ziniosedge.com

6. https://youtu.be/gwWKnnCMQ5c

7. https://www.youtube.com/c/CodeWithHarry

8. https://databasetown.com

9. https://youtu.be/qMck70tLDuo

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