SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

SINGULAR SUBJECT SINGULAR VERB

PLURAL SUBJECT PLURAL VERB

Ex: I am studying

They are studying

RULE-1
BOT FORMULA

Body
BOT One Singular Verb
Thing.
(Everybody, Nobody, Everything, Anything, Anyone)
Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the
given line, from a survey.
Everyone are expected to submit their feed back to our customer service
representative at the event.
Option no. Error Correction
A Are is
B Their your
C Feedback feedbacks
D The a

RULE 2: One of + Plural Noun singular. (one out of many)

One of my friends is
Ex: One of the students ____ reading.
RULE 3: nor, neither, either, or.
Note: nearest subject change
Ex: Neither he nor his sister was there.
He or his friends ____ to be blamed. (is/are)

RULE 4: Nouns joined by ‘and’ Plural verb.

Ex: Kate and her mother have gone to the market.

Exceptions:

Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast. (considered as one dish)

Idli and sambhar ____ my favorite dish

Rajma and chavala _ ____ my healthy diet

RULE 5: Shoes, pants, glasses, trousers (PLURAL)

A pair of SINGULAR
Ex: A pair of branded shoes is quite expensive these days.

R ULE 6: Collective Nouns (SINGULAR VERB)

Ex: A group of students was playing.

A crowd of people rushes into the mall.

RULE 7: Abstract Nouns + uncountable Nouns (SINGULAR)

Ex: Honesty is the best policy.

Good friendship _____ your mind and body healthy. (KEEP)

RULE 8: Time, Distance, Sum of money (SINGULAR VERB)

Ex: 1267 kilometers is too long to travel.

10 years is not a long period.

RULE 9: ‘Each’ and ‘Every’ (SINGULAR)

Ex: Each student has been asked to do the project.

Every teacher is good.

 EXERCISE
1 select the option that identifies the error that supplies the connection for the given line, from a
survey.

Everyone are expected to submit their feedback to our customer service representative at the event.

Option Error Correction

A Their Your
B Feedback Feedbacks
C Are Is
D The A

2. identify the error and supply correction for the given sentence from a fitness product
advertisement.

Using our revolutionary new treadmill for just 10 minutes a day a have shown significant results in as
little as two weeks.

Option Error Correction

A Have Has
B Little Less
C Weeks Week
D Shown Shows

3. Identify the error and supply correction for the given sentence.

Each of the students are required to submit their projects by tomorrow.

Use the given format for your response

Error Correction

4. Identify the error and supply correction for the given sentence.

My current employer and coworkers feels that I am an asset to the team.

Use the given format for your response

Error Correction

5. Identify the error and supply correction for the given sentence.

They left their luggages at home by mistake and went to railway station.

Options Error Correction

A Their Theirs
B And So
C Luggages Luggage
 D At In

6. identify the error and supply correction for this sentence from a business plan

We plan to expand the marketing internationally.

Use the given format for your response

Error Correction

7. select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction In the following sentence.

This study proves the correction between sugar consumptions and diabetes.

Options Error Correction

A Proves Proved
B consumptions Consumption
C Between Among
D Proves Prove

8. identify the error and provide the correction in the following sentences.

The book provides a lot of information s about various historical events.

Use the given format for your response

Error Correction

9. Identify the error and provide the correction in the following sentence.

All the employees is required to attend the training session.

Use the given format for your response

Error Correction

10. oil and water does not mix.

Error correction

11. slow and steady win the race.

Error correction
12. The manager and the orator has been invited to the function.

Error Correction

13. No scholarship or reward were given to the student who stood first in exams.

Error Correction

14. Everybody are keen to participate in the upcoming nukkad natak.

Error Correction

15. Many of my friends rides motorbikes.

Error correction

16. The little boy who is wearing brown shoes are my cousin.

Error Correction

17. One of my books are missing from my bag.

Error Correction

18. Mathematics are a compulsory subject for under-graduation in most of the science and
commerce stream.

Error Correction

19. Bread and butter are what the poor want.

Error Correction

20. He and his brother was absent

Error Correction
 TENSES

IMPORTANT TENSES FOR EXAM

SIMPLE TENSE (PRESENT)

PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUES TENSE

Time line: Always, Every, Often, Usually, Normally, Never.

1. read books every evening. (The action of reading is a daily habit.)

2. She enjoys playing the piano. (She regularly finds pleasure in playing the piano.)
3. They visit their grandparents every weekend. (Visiting grandparents is a regular activity.)
4. We take the bus to school. (Taking the bus is a routine action.)
 5. He does not eat meat. (He regularly avoids eating meat.)
6. The sun rises in the east. (This is a general truth about the sun.)
7. Birds fly south for the winter. (This describes a regular migratory pattern of birds.)
8. Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius. (A scientific fact about water.)
9. The train leaves at 9 AM every day. (A fixed schedule for the train.)
10. She works at a bank. (Her regular job is at a bank.)
11. He speaks four languages. (A general fact about his abilities.)
12. The Earth orbits the Sun. (A scientific fact about the Earth’s movement.)
13. Cats like to chase mice. (A general truth about cat behavior.)
14. We celebrate Christmas on December 25th. (A fixed annual event.)
15. She always forgets her keys. (A habitual action expressed with a hint of annoyance.)
16. They play chess every Sunday. (A regular activity on Sundays.)
17. He does not drink coffee. (A regular action of not drinking coffee.)
18. The store opens at 8 AM. (A fixed schedule for the store’s opening.)
19. I love to travel. (A general truth about my preferences.)
20. She teaches English. (Her regular job is teaching English.)

I _____ movie yesterday I have watched the movie twice today

PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT

ACTION ( ) ACTION ( )

TIME ( ) TIME ( _)

I watched the movie yesterday I have watched the movie twice today

(A ) (T ) (A ) (T )

Perfect Tense

We use the past perfect tense to signify an action that was completed before another took place in the past.
The form of the past perfect tense is had+ past participle of the verb.

Ex: I -------- dinner before they came (eat)

Tilly had seen that film before it was on TV.

Past Perfect Tense Sentences

1. Steve knew Singapore so well because he had visited the city several times.
2. Alice understood the movie because she had read the book.
3. He had finished his homework before he went to play football.
4. If we had gone by taxi instead of a bus, we wouldn’t have been late.
5. If John had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.
6. Mary said she had already seen this film.
7. I wish I had saved more money when I was young.
8. He wished he had travelled when he was young.
9. He had gone home before I came.
10. She had cooked food before the kids came..
11. My wife had already cooked dinner when I reached home yesterday.
12. When they got home yesterday, she had already cleaned the house.
13. They had agreed on the agenda before the meeting ended.
14. Alan had learned French until the last month.
15. He had toured Rome before the end of the holi
vs
 EXERSISE
1 Identify the error in the given sentence below and supply the correction.
Water was vital to human health and fitness
Use the given format for your response

Error Correction

2. Identify the error in the given sentence below and supply the correction.
Latex was natural polymer found beneath the bark of a mature rubber tree.
Use the given format for your response

Error Correction

3. The company aimed at increasing authority in areas frequently visited by clients.

Error Correction

4. Fill in the blank with correct option.

When one gazes at the sky, the glimmer of stars _____ the vastness above.
A. Fill
B. Fills
C. To fill
D. Is filling
5. complete Nelson Mandel’s quote by filling in the blank with the correct option
“The greatest glory in living _____ not in never falling, but in rising every time we fail”.
A. Lie
B. Lies
C. Lays
D. Laying
6. select the correct option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the
following line.
He has been come late to school since Monday.

Option Error Correction

 A since For
B Come coming
C been Being
D from Since

7. complete the notice by filling in the blank with the correct option:
He ______ his duty before the next shift started.
A. Done
B. Did
C. Had done
D. Has done
8. Fill in the blank by the correct form of word in the bracket, for the given portion of letter.
Dear Madam,
I am writing to inform you that we have successfully ________ (complete) the project a
ahead of schedule.
9. fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to complete the live feed on a sports news
channel.
a) Will present
b) presented
c) presents
d) has presented
10.Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to complete the text in a travel blog
Our last adventure was so thrilling! We _____ through the dense forest of Amazon.
a) Were trekking
b) Will trek
c) Trek
d) Have trekked

\
RULE 1:
Said – said He said to me,”____________”
Says – says He told me
Said to – told He says to me,” __________”
Says to - tells He tells me
Say to - tell

RULE 2:
RULE 3:

They said,” we are going to the cinema.”

She said,” He has finished his work.”

My teacher said to me, “You answered correctly.”

Binny says to me,”Iam your friend”

She will say to me,” I am ready to help you.”

RULE 4 :
RULE 5:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

He said to him,” Do you live in Chandigarh?” He asked him if he lived in Chandigarh.
She said to her mother “Are you going to school tomorrow?” She asked her mother if she was going to school the next da
The professor said to me “ Did you come late today?” The professor asked me if I came late the same day.
My mother said to me,” What do you want?” My mother asked me what I wanted.
The teacher said to Ram,” Where are you going?” The teacher asked Ram where he was going.
She said to my sister,” Will you take tea?” She asked my sister if she would take tea.
My brother said to me,” Do you like horror films?” My brother asked me if I liked horror films.
He said to me,” Do you live here?” He asked me if I lived there.
She said to her mother “Where are you going?” She asked her mother where she was going.
She said to her friend,” Are you coming to the party?” She asked her friend if she was coming to the party.
She said to her father,” What time does the train leave?” She asked her father what time the train left.
She said to her sister,” Are you joining us for lunch?” She asked her sister if she was joining them for lunch.
My mother said to my friend,” Where do you live?” My mother asked my friend where she lived.
My friend said to me,” Have you visited the museum?” My friend asked me if I had visited the museum.
My brother said to me,” Are you enjoying the book?” My brother asked me if I was enjoying the book.
My maid said to me,” What time is your flight?” My maid asked me what time my flight was.
My father said to me,” Did you receive the mail?” My father asked me if I had received the mail.
She said to him,” Have they arrived?” She asked him if they had arrived.
They said to me,” Can you swim?” They asked me if I could swim.
He said to me, Why did you choose this restaurant?” He asked me why I had chosen that restaurant.
She said to me,” Do you buy a new car?” She asked me if I bought a new car.
He said to his friend,” Will you help me with this project?” He asked his friend if he would help him with that project.
She said to him “Did she call you?” She asked him if she had called him.
My mother said to me,” Is it raining outside?” My mother asked me if it was raining outside.
The host said to the organizer,” Who is coming to the event?” The host asked me who was coming to the party.
The boss said to the employee,” Why are you late for the meeting?” The boss asked the employee why was he late for the meetin
My sister said to me,” Are they planning a surprise?” My sister asked me if they were planning a surprise.
My friend said to me, “ Can I borrow your pen? My friend asked me If I could borrow her pen.
She said to her friend,” Have you ever been to Paris?” She asked her friend if she had ever been to Paris.
She said to her friend,” Did you watch a new movie?” She asked her friend if she had watched a new movie.
My mother said to me,” Have you finished your project?” My mother asked me If I had finished my project.
My father said to me,” Have you seen my keys?” My father asked me if I had seen his keys.
My friends said to me,” Is he coming with us?” My friends asked me if he was coming with us.
The boss said to me “Will you attend the meeting” The boss asked me if I would attend the meeting.
My teacher said to me,” Did you understand the instructions?” My teacher asked me if I understood the instructions.
My parents said to me,” Will they attend the meeting” My parents asked me if they would attend the meeting.
My friend said to me” Can I play the guitar?” My friend asked me if she could play the guitar.
My friend said to me,” Have you met my brother?” My friend asked me If I had met his brother.
Her brother said to him “ Do you like ice cream?” Her brother asked him if he liked ice cream.
I said to my father,” Are we going on vacation?” I asked my father if they were going on vacation.
My friend said to me,” Have you read this book?” My friend asked me if I had read that book.
My brother said to me,” Did you pass the exam” My brother asked me if I had passed the exam.
My coach said to my brother,”Will you join the tennis team?” My coach asked my brother if he would join the tennis team.
The old man said to me,” Is the mall open on Sunday?” The old man asked me if the mall opened on Sunday.
 EXERCISE
Neha: I’m really looking forward to the class picnic tomorrow.
Namita: Yes, after a long time we will be meeting our friends and teachers.
Neha told Namita (1) ______________ looking forward to the class picnic _____________. Namita agreed that
after a long time (2) ______________ friends and teachers.

Ritika: Can I borrow your Math book for a couple of days?

Mohit: Yes certainly, I have already studied for the test tomorrow.
Ritika asked Mohit (1) ……………. for a couple of days. Mohit agreed and said that (2) ……………

Biology Teacher: I instructed you to draw the diagram of bacteria. Why did you submit a blank sheet?
Sameer: Sir, I had drawn the diagram of bacteria, but you can’t see it because it is not visible to the naked
eye
The biology teacher had instructed Sameer to draw the diagram of a bacterial cell and asked him (a)
……..… a blank sheet. Sameer respectfully answered that he had drawn the diagram but (b) …….…. to the
naked eye.

Marie: Did you see my new umbrella? Isn’t it fine?

Tony: Yes, it is! Did you buy it from the mall?
Marie: No, your father has brought it for me.
Marie asked her son Tony (a) …………… and she wanted to know whether it was a fine one. Tony agreed
and asked his mother (b) …………… His mother replied in the negative and added that (c) ……………

Garima: So, after a decade in the industry, are you truly ‘satisfied’?
Karan: I love the film industry. It has its flaws though.
Garima: What do you mean by this statement?
Karan: We are a bunch of competitive, ambitious, sometimes petty people. But the passion cements us
together.
Garima asked Karan if after a decade in the industry (a) _________. Karan told her (b) _________ although it
had its flaws. Garima then enquired (c) _________. Karan explained that they were a bunch of competitive,
ambitious, sometimes petty people but the passion cemented them together.

Charlie: Dear Santa, here is a list if what I want.

Patty: How do you suppose Santa Claus can afford to give away all those toys?
Charlie: Promotion! Don’t kid yourself……Everything these days is promotion! I will bet if the truth were
brought about, you will find that he’s being financed by some big eastern chain!
While making the list of what Charlie wanted from Santa Claus, he asked Patty how …..(A)….. all those toys.
She said that …..(B)….. and that it was possible as Santa …..(C)….. big eastern chain.
(A) (a) Santa Claus could afford to give away
(b) will give away
(c) gave away
(d) giving away
(B) (a) everything these days were promotion
(b) everything these days was promotion
(c) everything those days was promotion
(d) everything these days was going to be promotion
(C) (a) was financing by some big eastern chain
(b) had been financed by some big eastern chain
(c) was being financed by some big eastern chain
(d) will be financed by some big eastern c
 VOICES

Active and Passive Voices Rules

Active and Passive Voices Rules for Pronouns

Rewrite each sentence in the passive voice:

1. The team won the championship.

2. The teacher is explaining the assignment.
3. They are conducting the experiment in the laboratory.
4. My sister makes delicious cookies.
5. The gardener planted colorful flowers in the garden.
6. The company is launching a new product next month.
7. The chef is cooking a special dinner tonight.
8. The storm damaged the old building.
9. The committee selected a candidate for the position.
10. People speak Spanish in many countries.
11. The mechanic fixed the broken car.
12. The artist is creating a beautiful sculpture.
13. The children are watching a thrilling movie.
14. The government will announce the new policy tomorrow.
15. The scientist discovered a new species of plant.

VOICES INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Questions beginning with did
Did + subject + verb + object ? (Active Voice)
Was/were + subject + V-3 + by + agent ? (Passive Voice)
Did Shubham write homework? (Active Voice)
Was homework written by Shubham? (Passive Voice)
Did Simran learn English? (Active Voice)
Was English learnt by Simran? (Passive Voice)
Did Sachin play cricket? (Active Voice)
Was cricket played by Sachin? (Passive Voice)
 DETERMINERS
&TYPES
Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring to something
specific or something of a particular type

Demonstratives Possessive Adjective Quantifiers

This My Some
That Your Any
These His Every
Those Her More
Its Much
our Few
Your little
Their
EXERCISE 1 – Fill in the blanks with ‘A Few’ or ‘A Little’
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence:
1 John had _______ friends in childhood.
2. Could you spare ____ water for me?
3. ___________ individuals are honest these days.
4.May I have _______ flowers from your beautiful garden?
5. Emma has _______ money remaining in her purse.
6. ________ people attend the protest.

Exercise 2 - Fill in the blanks with ‘little’ and ‘Few’

Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
1 There’s ______ possibility of the team succeeding.
2. There were __________ attendees at the conference.
3. I possess _______ knowledge about programming.
4. __________ people are aware of the ancient history.
5. Sara had _________ food throughout the day.
6. I spotted _________ people in the park this morning
 ARTICLES
TYPES OF ARTICLES
A (INDEFINITE ARTICLE)
• A is used in front of singular countable nouns (a person,
animal, or thing)
Which are not specific.

• We don’t use a before uncountable or plural nouns.

• If a noun starts with a before uncountable or plural nouns.

• If a noun starts with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h ,j, k,

etc.) “a” comes before the noun.

Examples:
a cat
a bird
a child
a doctor
AN (INDEFINITE ARTICLE)
• An is used front of singular countable nouns which are not
specific.

• We don’t used an before uncountable or plural nouns.

• If the noun starts with a vowel sound (a, e, I, o, u), “an”

comes before the noun.

Examples
An apple
An egg
An ant
An orange
THE (DEFINITE ARTICLE)
• We use “the” in front of all nouns. (it does not matter
whether the nouns are singular, plural, countable or
uncountable) to describe someone or something specific or
unique.
Examples:
The earth
The world
The sky
The air
The weather

THE USE OF NO ARTICLE

1) We use no article with proper names
EXAMPLES
• Sarah is my cousin.
• Where’s Grandpa Michael?
2) We use no article with uncountable nouns when we are referring in general
EXAMPLES
• Water is an important resource.
• Fiber is important for the health of the digestive system.
• I love democracy.
• I like listening to music.
• She’s a vegetarian. She doesn’t eat meat.
3) We use no article with plural countable nouns when we are referring in general
EXAMPLES
• Dogs are commonly referred to as “man's best friend”.
• Rich people think and behave differently.
4) We use no article with the names of language
EXAMPLES
• Chinese is not more difficult than other languages.
• I’d like to speak French.
5) We use no article with the names of meals
EXAMPLES
• What would you like for breakfast?
• Lunch is ready!
• I felt sleepy after dinner.
6) We use no article with the names of games or sport
EXAMPLE
• Baseball is the king of sports in the Dominican Republic.
7) We use no article with the names of days, months, seasons, holidays and parts of the day
EXAMPLES
• See you on Monday.
• Many Americans celebrate Halloween on October 31.
• I love summer.
• On St. Patrick’s Day everybody wears green.
• Are you coming over for Christmas?
• Mother’s Day celebration in Mexico takes place on May 10.
• The stars shine at night.
• The sun had set, and dusk settled over the ocean.
There are some exceptions with the parts of the day: in the morning / afternoon / evening.
8) We use no article with the names of continents, countries, cities, towns, streets, single lakes and single
mountains
EXAMPLES
• Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent.
• I live in Brazil.
• My address is 1520 Green Street.
• She lives near Lake Superior.
• I've climbed Mount Everest.
There are some exceptions: The US (The United States), The UK (The United Kingdom), The Philippines, The
Netherlands, The Czech Republic, etc.
9) We use no article with routine places
EXAMPLES
• I’m going to bed.
• They went to school yesterday.
• I'm at home right now.
• I go to work every day by train.
10) We use no article with means of transport (in expression with by)
EXAMPLE
• She usually goes to work by bus.
11) We use no article in exclamations with what + uncountable noun
EXAMPLE
• What beautiful weather!
12) We use no article with academic subjects
EXAMPLES

• He studied Law at university.

• I like English.
13) We use no article with names of companies
EXAMPLES

• Bill Gates founded Microsoft.

• Facebook is a popular free social networking website.
14) We use no article with names of universities
EXAMPLE
• Claire goes to Harvard.
15) We use no article with noun + number
EXAMPLE
• Charles is staying at the Plaza hotel in room 511.
16) We use no article with year
EXAMPLE
• 1998 was the best year in film history.
 ARTICLES
A.) Fill in the blanks below with using ‘a’, ‘an’, or ‘the’. Mark an ‘X’, where no article is required:

1. I saw ____ crow sitting in ____ top of the tree today. ____ crow was looking everywhere with
its shiny eyes.

2. ____ Pyramid of Giza is one of ____ most beautiful seven wonders of ____ world. It was built
by Khufuf, who was ____ 2nd King of Egypt’s fourth dynasty.

3. Risha is ___ honest girl. No matter what, she always chooses to tell ___ truth.

4. Neha’s origin is from ____ European country but she lives in ____ states. She works as ___
painter there.

5. Ravi has ___ Masters in ___ chemistry from ____ Stanford University. He is ___ expert in
medicines and its compositions.

6. Veena enjoys watching ____ horror films at night. She says watching horror movies at night
gives her ___ thrill. She has watched all ____ films of Alfred Hitchcock.

7. I am ____ hardcore vegetarian. I don’t consume any fish or meat. According to me, being ___
vegetarian is good for both environment and health.

8. She purchased ____ new bike today. It is ____ blue Royal Enfield and has ___ plethora of
latest features in it.

9. I am ___ huge fan of cricket. I know all ____ statistics and rule of ____ sport. Virat Kohli is my
inspiration. I also want to become ___ cricketer when I grow up.

10. Did you pay ____ bill or should I ____ pay?

11. I usually have ______ breakfast at 9:00 am.

12. Do you believe in ________-God?

13. He thinks that ______ love is what will save us all.

14. I’m crazy about reading __________ history books.

15. I don’t have _______ car.

16. Experts say that _____ coffee can be good for your health.

17. Can you please pass me _______ water.

18. Everybody knows that ______ cats are very independent animals.

19. She picked me up at _______ airport.

20. Did u like eating ______ breakfast.

21. I know exactly who is _____ Daniel and ______ Dany are.
Using the right form of the article fill in the blanks below Amitabh is __ old acquaintance of mine.

1. I had __ terrible day yesterday

2. Neha had __ word with the chemistry teacher yesterday after class

3. Do you have __ extra umbrella?

4. The continental restaurant is __ hour away from my apartment.

5. Bring me __ copies from the staffroom

6. The man who is admitted in __ hospital is my uncle

7. Can you please bring me __ glass of water?

8. Calcutta is known as __ city of joy.

9. John might be poor, but he is __ honest lad.

No Article Exercise
General Sentences
1. I love listening to ___ music.
2. ___ Dogs are known as loyal animals.
3. She is studying ___ French at university.
4. They travelled by ___ train to reach the city.
5. I enjoy playing ___ basketball on weekends.
Proper Nouns
6. ___ Paris is a beautiful city.
7. My favourite author is from ___ United Kingdom.
8. We plan to visit ___ Mount Everest next year.
9. ___ Japan is famous for its cherry blossoms.
10. Did you know that ___ Amazon River is the longest in South America?
Abstract Nouns
11. ___ Happiness is the key to a good life.
12. He fought for ___ freedom and equality.
13. ___ Honesty should always be valued.
14. She was filled with ___ love for her family.
15. ___ Education opens doors to opportunities.
SOME/ANY Plural countable nouns & uncountable noun

Affirmative SOME There is some cheese in the fridge.

Negative ANY There isn’t any cheeses in the fridge.
Question ANY Is there any cheeses in the fridge?
Fill in the blanks with “a - an” or “some - any”
1 Is there ______ book on the shelf?
2.There aren’t _____ children in the school.
3 I need _______ paper and a pen.
4. Would you like ________ orange for dessert?
5. she never takes _______ luggage when she travels.
6. Would you like _______ iced tea?

MUCH AND MANY

Much and many are mainly used in negative sentences and questions. They
are not common in Affirmative though still possible.
Much is used with Uncountable nouns.
- I don’t have much time.
- He doesn’t need much money.
- Does it use much electricity?
Many is used with plural countable nouns.
- There aren’t many chairs in the room.
- I don’t have many friends.
- Do you think many people will go?
With Affirmatives sentences, we prefer a lot of instead of much many.
A lot of /Lots of are not used in negative sentences or questions.
A lot of can be used with countable and uncountable nouns.
A lot of = a lots of
 QUANTIFIERS
Many, much, a few, a little, some, any
1. My purse is empty. They aren’t ______ coins in it.
2. I don’t have _________ money. I’ve got six dollars only.
3. _____________ boys like collecting Pokémon cards. It’s a popular
hobby.
4. We need ________ help to complete the project.
5. There are only _______ fish in the pond.
6. Is there _______ washrooms in this shopping mall?
7. Watching too _______TV is bad for you.
8. The kid has _________ toys, but he doesn’t like to share.
9. We’ve got ________ minutes left. I’m afraid they won’t be able to finish
game.

Both – Either – Neither

 ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH
Introduction 2 – 3 lines (FROM QUESTION)
Body – 5 – 6 lines
Conclusion – 2 – 3 lines (FROM QUESTION)
*Do not leave line.

FOR INTRODUCTION
*The above table suggests …………….
* The chart given above describes ………….
* The given table suggests……………..
* The data given provides information about ………
* The pie chart illustrates……………..
INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE PIE CHART
I
 RELATIONSHIP & CONTRAST
*Relationship between
* In comparison to
* In the opposite case / In contrast in
* Noticeable difference
CONCLUSION
*Over all
* In a nut shell
* To conclude
* In summary (last minute)
*Most important stats or Data*
‘IT IS CLEARLY EVIDENT ‘
The pie chart shows the proportion of people from different households living in
poverty in the UK in 2002. Write an analytical paragraph to describe the information in
100-120 words.

The pie chart provides a clear depiction of poverty distribution among different household
types in the UK in 2002. Notably, single-parent households represent 26% of all poverty-
affected families, marking them as the most vulnerable group. Following closely are single
individuals without children, making up 24% of the impoverished households. This contrasts
sharply with couples without children, who constitute a smaller segment at 9%, while families
with children make up 15% of the poverty demographic. Additionally, single elderly
individuals and elderly couples together account for 12% of households in poverty.
The given line graph provides information about changes in birth and death
rates in New Zealand between 1901 and 2101. Write an analytical paragraph
summarizing the information and make comparisons where relevant in about
100-120 words.

The line graph outlines the trajectory of birth and death rates in New Zealand from 1901 and
projects trends up to 2101. Initially, the birth rate was substantially higher than the death
rate, beginning at 20,000 in 1901 and peaking near 65,000 in 1961. After the peak, birth rates
have seen ups and downs but remained within the 50,000 to 60,000 range. A notable decline
in births is anticipated, dropping to about 42,000 by 2101. The death rate, in contrast, started
around 10,000 in 1901 and has shown a steady rise. A significant surge in death rates is
predicted post-2021, stabilizing around 60,000 between 2061 and 2081, with a slight
decrease by 2101. The earlier wide gap between births and deaths is expected to narrow
significantly, leading to an unprecedented shift where deaths may surpass births towards the
end of the century.
The given double bar graph shows the preferences of children in a school in playing
different games over the span of six years. Write an analytical paragraph about the
given information.

The double bar graph provides insight into the shifting game preferences among
schoolchildren across a six-year span. Volleyball’s popularity peaked in 2016 but
notably dipped by 2019. In contrast, basketball maintained a steady interest level
throughout the years, with minimal fluctuations. The graph indicates that volleyball
saw a dramatic increase in interest in 2016, with a sudden rise in the number of
children playing the game, yet this interest did not sustain and saw a drop in
subsequent years.

Basketball, on the other hand, displayed remarkable consistency in popularity, with a

slight increase in 2016, mirroring volleyball’s peak year, before stabilizing. This
consistent preference suggests basketball’s enduring appeal among the children.

In summary, while volleyball experienced more significant highs and lows in

popularity, basketball remained a constant favourite throughout the six years. The
data suggests that despite volleyball’s brief surge in popularity, basketball was the
more consistently chosen sport among the schoolchildren by the end of the six-year
period
 LETTER WRITING
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Hack
Students Sender’s Address
don’t Date 17 March,2025.
really Receiver’s Address The Editor,
study The Times of India,
subject New Delhi.
because Subject:
confusion
never Salutation Respected Sir/Mam,
ends
Complimentary close Thanking you, sir,

Yours faithfully,
Name xxxxxx.

• LOL FORMULA
Leave one line after every step
• Your’s ( )
Yours ( )
BODY
Introduction:
Through the column of your esteemed newspaper, I would like draw
the attention of the concerned authorities towards ____________________
(OR)
Through the column of your esteemed daily I would like to bring to
your kind notice the issue ______________________

Detail: Cause, effects, problems, solutions.

Conclusion:
I hope my concern will reach the ears of the concerned authorities
through your newspaper.
(OR)
You are requested to give an appropriate space to my letter in your
newspaper.
Write a letter to the editor of an English daily, making a plea to the common people to switch
over to solar energy to conserve electricity and limit electricity bills.
You are Amit/ Amita. You happened to take part in a medical camp organized by
Health Club of your school in a remote village near Delhi. You are surprised to find
that most of the people there have no awareness of basic health and hygiene. As a
concerned citizen you decide to take up their cause and organize camps to make the
villagers aware of the importance of hygiene. Taking ideas from the given notes and
the unit on ‘Health and Medicine’ along with your own ideas, write a letter to the
editor of a newspaper, in about 120 words, expressing your concern and
encouraging youngsters to take part in such campaigns.

• Causes of ill health

• Regular discussions and camps to be held
• A small dispensary to be setup
• Youngsters to volunteer

Jaipur,
18th February, 20 xx.

To
The Editor,
The Hindu,
New Delhi.

Subject: Creating Awareness towards Health and Hygiene

Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention
of the youngsters towards the negligent attitude of people towards basic health
and hygiene.

The villagers are not paying any attention to sanitation and personal hygiene
which is leading them towards ill health. This hurdle can be overcome by
organizing Health Camps in these areas where we can make these villagers
aware of the importance of a healthy lifestyle by means of discussions or health
check-ups by specialists. A small dispensary can also be set up there for their
regular routine check-up. They must be taught that cleanliness is next to
godliness.

I invite youngsters through this letter of mine to volunteer their names so that
we can put our plan into action. A little effort on our part will save these villagers
from contracting serious diseases.
Thanking you, sir,
Yours sincerely,
Amita.
Letter of Order: Format
You are Vaibhavi Sinha, examination in charge, Goodway Public School,
Aurobindo Road, Indore. You require 4 registers, blue and red ballpoint
pens (50 each). You saw an advertisement of Sunrise Stationery Mart that
is given below:

Sunrise Stationary Mart

We offer the best quality stationary items at the best prices.

Contact us for more details and offers. Hurry Up !!

Place an order with Sunrise Stationery Mart, 12 Mall Road, Indore

mentioning terms of payment, discount asked by you and delivery date
(120 words).

Goodway Public School,

Aurobindo Road

Indore - 110096

03rd April, 20XX

The Manager

Sunrise Stationery Mart

12, Mall Road,

Indore - 110067

Subject: Supply of stationery for the institution.

Respected Sir/Ma’am,

This has reference to the quotation dated December 19, 20XX. Kindly send
the following items to the address mentioned above:.

S. No. List of Items Quantity

1. White Paper 4 reams

2. Carbon Paper 2 packets

 S. No. List of Items Quantity

3. Registers 12

4. Blue ballpoint pens 50 each

The payment will be made in cash once the items reach us. I hope we are
eligible for a 15% institutional discount. The goods have always reached us
well on time and in excellent condition as per our specifications; we do
expect the same delivery this time as well. Kindly notify us of the delivery
date at your earliest convenience.

Thanking you, sir,

Yours faithfully,

Vaibhavi Sinha.
Product Purchase Issues:

Imagine that you have newly purchased a water heater and it powers on but does not work
as expected. Compose a letter of complaint between 100 to 150 words in length.

M/s. Ajanta Water Heaters Limited

Customer Complaint Division
Nasik

10 March 2024.

11, Vivekananda Nagar,

Jaipur, Rajasthan 302018,
India.

Subject- Complaint regarding malfunctioning of water heater

Dear Sir/Madam,

On February 2, 2024, I bought an Ajanta water heater (Model No. 1234) worth Rs.
14,500 from your store in Nehru Road, Nasik.

Unfortunately, your product has not been functioning as expected. When turned on,
the red indicator light comes on but the water does not get heated. Ajanta water
heaters have a great reputation and such poor quality is not expected. I have
requested a replacement from the store but I have not received any response to
date. Calls to the customer service are put on hold, without any updates on my
complaint.

To resolve the problem, I would appreciate if you could arrange for a speedy
replacement. I am providing the original purchase receipt as well as my complaint
number. I will look forward to hearing back from you in reasonable time, failing
which I will be forced to approach the local consumer court. I trust that a reputable
brand like yours will resolve the matter responsibly.

Yours sincerely,

Gopinath Munde.

Enclosure(s): 1. Purchase Invoice 2. A copy of complaint no: 43567/24

Flipkart Refund Not Issued:

Imagine that you brought an item on Flipkart, one of India’s major online ecommerce
portals. However, the product was not up to the mark and you returned within the return
window, but have been unable to get the refund. Compose a letter of complaint between
100 to 150 words in length.
29/5, Patel Nagar,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001,
India.

17 December, 2024.

Flipkart Returns Division,

7/3, Subhash Marg,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462001,
India.

Sub: Flipkart Refund Not Issued ever after the product return is complete

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to address the issue of a pending refund for a product I returned

through Flipkart. Despite completing the return process as per your instructions, I
have yet to receive the refund for the returned item. The product has reached your
warehouse over 30 days ago as per the shipping tracking provided to me.

This delay is unacceptable and has caused undue inconvenience. I request immediate
action to process the refund and provide the necessary updates on its status. I will
wait to hear back in the next few days with an update on the refund, failing which I
will be forced to approach the Consumer Court.

Please see the attached proofs of purchase, return shipping, and complaint
registered 2 weeks ago. I believe that you will do your best to maintain customers’
trust in Flipkart and ensure speedy addressal of this complaint. .

Thanking you, sir,

Yours faithfully,
Sharon De Souza.
Wrong Shipment Received

Imagine that you made a purchase on an online portal and paid. However, you were
surprised to receive the shipment with the wrong products in it. Compose a letter of
complaint between 100 to 150 words in length.
6, Rajaji Road,
Hyderabad, Telangana 500001,
India.

28 September, 2024.

Best Deals Market,

23A, Green Park,
New Delhi, Delhi 110016,
India.

Sub: Wrong Shipment Received: Online shopping portal

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to report a serious error in my recent order from your online shopping
portal. Instead of receiving the items I had purchased and paid for, which were a
sports watch and a winter jacket, I was delivered a completely different shipment
containing used books.

This discrepancy has caused frustration and inconvenience, as the items I received
are of no use to me. I request prompt assistance in rectifying this mistake and
ensuring the timely delivery of the correct items.

Please see the enclosed pictures of the wrong products received and the original
packaging with seller details and invoice.

Thanking you, sir,

Yours sincerely,
Rajiv Gupta.