Periodic motion: Periodic motion is defined as that motion which repeats itself after equal intervals of time. The interval of time is called the time period of periodic motion. Ex- Rotational motion of Earth about its rotational axis and its time period is 24 hour. Oscillatory Motions: Oscillatory or vibratory motion is defined as a periodic and bounded motion of a body about a fixed point. Ex- motion of the pendulum of a wall clock, motion of the bob of a simple pendulum displaced once from its mean position.Displacement: The angle with the vertical as a function of time is the displacement variable. Consider a block attached to a spring, whose other end is fixed to a rigid wall. Here, it is convenient to measure displacement of the body from its equilibrium position.Velocity and acceleration in S H M: Simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic oscillatory motion in which v The particle oscillates on a straight line. V The acceleration of the particle is always directed towards a fixed point on the line. Vv The magnitude of acceleration is proportional to the displacement of the particle. The direction of velocity v at a time tis along the tangent to the circle at the point where the particle is located at that instant. From the geometry of the given figure, it is clear that the velocity, of the projection particle P' at time tisV(t)=-wASin(wtt+o) Where the -ve sign shows that direction of v(t) is opposite to the +ve direction of x-axis. The instantaneous acceleration of the projection of particle P' is then a(t)=weACos(wtt+o) Energy inS HM: KE and PE of a particle in SHM vary between zero and their maximum values. The velocity of a particle executing SHM is zero at the extreme positions. So, the kinetic energy (K) of such a particle is K = 1/2 m v2 K=1/2mw’ A sin? (wt+o) K=1/2kA2Sin2(wt+) This is also a periodic function of time, being zero when the displacement is maximum and minimum when the particle is at the mean position.Kel + UCD Kix) -A ° A The spring force, F = -kx isa conservative force, with associated potential energy. U = 1/2 kx? So, the P.E. of a particle executing SHM is, U=K=1/2kA2Cos*(wt+ ob) So, PE of a particle executing SHM is also periodic, with period T/ 2, being zero at the mean position and maximum at the extreme displacements.The total energy, E, of the system is E=U+kK K=1/2k A2 Cos? (wt+h)+K = 1/2 k AZ Sint (wt+o) = 1/2k A2[Cos*(wt+o) + Sin? (w t+o)]E=U+K K=1/2k A2 Cos? (wt+b)+K=1/2 kA2 Sin? (wt+o) =1/2k A2[Cos2(wt+o)+Sin2 (w t+) ] E=1/2kA2 The total mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator is thus independent of time as expected for motion under any conservative force. Oscillations due to a Spring: The simplest example of SHM is the small oscillations of a block of mass m fixed to a spring, which is fixed toa rigid wall as shown in figure. X k, Cy X ko cyIn the figure A linear SHM consisting of a block of mass m is attached to a spring. The block moves over a frictionless surface. The block, when pulled or pushed and released, executes SHM. At any timet, the displacement from the mean position is x, and the restoring force F acting on the block is F(x)=-kx The constant of proportionality, k is called the spring constant. Its value is governed by the elastic properties of the spring. A soft spring has small value of k and a stiff spring has large value of k.The Simple Pendulum: Consider a simple pendulum. A small bob of mass m is tied to an inextensible massless string of length L. The other end of the string is fixed to a support on the ceiling. The bob oscillates in a plane about the vertical line through the support. frictionless pivot massless rod bob's* =. trajectory ss equilibrium position massive bob Let 6 be the angle which the string makes with the vertical. Here 6 = 0 when the bob is at the mean position. The two forces acting on the bob are Vv The tension T along the string and v The vertical force due to gravity (mg).Vv The vertical force due to gravity (mg). The formula for time period of a simple pendulum is given by, T=2nvL/gDamped oscillation: The oscillation that fades with time is called damped oscillation. Due to damping, the amplitude of oscillation reduces with time. Reduction in amplitude is the result of energy loss from the system in overcoming external forces like friction or air resistance and other resistive forces. y(t) Yo Thus, with the decrease in amplitude, the energy of the system also keeps decreasing. There are two types of damping Vv Natural damping vV Artificial dampingForced oscillation: When a body oscillates by being influenced by an external periodic force, itis called forced oscillation. Here, the amplitude of oscillation, experiences damping but remains constant due to the external energy supplied to the system. For example, when you push someone on a swing, you have to keep periodically pushing them so that the swing doesn’t reduce.