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INDEX

Sr. Page
Title
No. No.

1 AIM and Course Outcomes

2 Create a report containing details of different types of OS

 Batch OS
 Multiprogrammed OS
 Time Shared OS
 Multiprocessor OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
 Mobile OS
3 Describe general purpose utilities and also describe commands
related to process, file, directory, text and communication.
 General Purpose Utilities Commands
 Process Related Command

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1] AIM: Introduction of Operating System and

2] Course Outcomes

 Install Linux operating system and configure it.

 Use Operating System tools to perform various functions.
 Execute process commands for performing process management.
 Apply scheduling algorithms to calculate turnaround time and average waiting time.
 Calculate efficiency of different memory management techniques.
 Apply file management techniques.

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Assignment No 1: Create a report containing details of different
types of OS
A. Batch Operating System
B. Multi-Programmed OS
C. Time Shared OS
D. Multi-Process OS
E. Real Time OS
F. Mobile OS
An Operating system may be viewed as a collection of software extensions of control for
and for providing environment for execution of programs. Other rely on Facilities provided by
the system to gain access to resources, as files and input/Example devices services of the
Operating System by means of calls The users acts as interface between the hardware of a
computer system.
A. Batch Operating System:
1. A Batch one in which are bounded together with the instructions necessary to allow them
to be process without disturbance job of similar nature can be together further increase
economics.
2. Batch processing have gather greater potential for resource utilization than simple serial
processing in computer serving multiple user common input devices here card-reader
and take drives the basic physical Layout of the memory of batch job, computer is shown
in figure.

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B. Multi-Programming OS:

1. As illustrated by Figure 1.1, Concurrent execution of programs has a significant potential

for improving system is realized or at least exploited by a dash of operating system that
multiplex resources of Computer system among a multitude of active programs. Such
operating system usually have the prefix multi describe the chief characteristics and
functions of such system.
2. The term multiprogramming denotes operating system that in addition to supporting
multitasking provides sophisticated terms of memory protection and enforces
concurrency control when processes access shared I/O devices and files.
Multiprogramming operating system usually supports multiple users in which case they
are also called multi-user systems.
3. Multi User Operating systems provide facilities for maintenance of individual user
environments, require user authentication for security & accounting. In general
multiprogramming implies multitasking, but multitasking does not imply
multiprogramming.
Advantages of multiprogramming OS:
1) CPU is used most of time and never become idle
2) The system looks fast as all the tasks runs in parallel
3) Short time jobs are completed faster than long time jobs
4) Multiprogramming systems support multiple users
5) Resources are used nicely
6) Total read time taken to execute program/job decreases
7) Response time is shorter
8) In Some application multiple tasks are running & multiprogramming Systems better
handle these type of applications

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Disadvantages of multiprogramming OS:
1) It's difficult to program a system because of complicated schedule handling
2) Tracking all tasks processes is sometimes difficult to handling
3) Due to high End of tasks long time jobs have to wait long
C. Time Shared Operating System:
1. Time-sharing is a popular representative of multi-programmed multi user systems. In
addition to general program - development environments, many large computer aided
design (CAD) & text processing system belong to this category
2. A One of the primary objectives of multi user systems in general, and time sharing in
particular is good terminal Response time giving the illusion to each user of having a
machine to one self-time sharing systems often attempt to provide equitable sharing of
common resources for example, when the system is loaded, users with more
demanding processing requirements are made to wait longer.
3. This philosophy is reflected in the choice of scheduling algorithm Most time sharing
systems use time-sharing slicing Round -robin) scheduling In this approach programs are
executed with matting priority that increases during waiting and drops after the service is
granted
4. Memory management in time - sharing systems provides for isolation and protection of
cores ident programs being executed on behalf of different users programs in time-
sharing systems generally do not have much need to communicate with each other
Advantages of Time-sharing:
1) In time sharing systems all the tasks are given specific time and task switching time is
very less applications don't get interrupted by it many applications can run at the
same time you can also user time sharing in batch systems if appropriate which
increases performance.
2) Time sharing systems is better way to run a business having. Lot of tasks to be done
and no task get interrupted by the system. Each task and cache user get its time the tasks
which are near to end get more attention so that new tasks can get time.
Disadvantages of Time sharing OS:
1) The big disadvantages of time sharing systems is that if consumes much resources
wait need special Operating Systems.
2) Switching between tasks between becomes sometimes sophisticated as there are lot of
users and applications running which may hang up the system. So the timesharing
systems should have high specifications of hardware.

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D. Multiprocessor Operating system:
1. It means more than one processor in close communication on all the processor share
common bus dock memory and peripheral devices multiprocessor system is also
called parallel system.
2. Multiprocessor operating system refers to the use of two or more central Processing units
(CPU) with in a single computer system. These multiple CPU’s are in a close
communication sharing the computer bus, memory other peripheral devices these systems
are referred tightly coupled system. These types of systems are used when very high
speed is required to process large volume of data these systems are generally used in
environment like satellite control weather forecasting etc. The basic organization of
multiprocessor system is shown in fig:

3. Multiprocessing system is based on the symmetric multiprocessing model in which each

processor runs an identical copy of Operating system and these copies communicate
with each other.
Advantages of Multiprocessor OS:
1) Increased Throughput - By increasing the number of processors, more work can be
completed in a unit time
2) Cost saving - Parallel system shares the memory, buses peripherals, etc. Multiprocessor
system thus dues money as compared to multiple signal single systems also if a number
of programs are to operate on the same data, it is cheaper to store that data on one
single disk and shared by all processor instead of using many copies of the same data
3) Increased Reliability - In this system as the workloads distributed among several
processors which results in increased reliability.
4)

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Disadvantages of Multiprocessing OS:
1) Increased Expense Even though multiprocessor systems are cheaper in the long run than
using multiple Computer Systems still they are quite expensive
2) Complicated Operating System Required - There are multiple processors in
a multiprocessing system that share peripherals memory, etc.
3) Large main memory required - All the processor in the multiprocessor system share
the memory so a much larger pool of memory is required as compared to single
processor systems.
E. Real Time Operating System-
1. Real-time operating systems are used in environments where a large number of events
mostly external to the computer system must be accepted and processed in a short time or
within certain deadlines such applications include industrial control telephone switching
equipment, Sight control and real-time simulation military applications objective of real-
time system is to prelude quick
2. A primary event-response times, and thus meet the scheduling, deadlines user
convenience, and resources utilization rate of secondary concern to real-time system
designers Tt is not uncommon for a real-time system to be expected to process bursts of
thousands of interrupts per second without missing a single event
3. Explicit programmer -defined and controlled processes are commonly encountered in
real-time systems, basically a separate process is charged with handling a single
external event. The process is activated upon currency of related event Memory
management in real-time systems is comparatively demanding than in at her types of
multiprogramming systems The primary reasons for this is that many processes
permanently reside in memory in order to provide quick response time
4. Time-critical device management is one of the main characteristics CS of real-time
system. In addition to providing sophisticated forms of interrupt management & I/O
buffering, real-time OS often provide system calls to all user processes (program to
connect themselves to interrupt vector and to service event directly
The primary objective of file management in real-time system is usually speed of access
rather than efficient utilization of secondary storage.
Advantages of Real-time OS:
1) Maximum Consumption RTOS give maximum consumption t the system and gives us
more Example while using all the resources and keeping all deuces active. There I little
or no down time in these systems so can be also using by the Servers that are hosted to
give maximum Example of hosting companies
2) Task shifting - There is very little time assigned to shifting tasks in these systems for
example in order systems it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting one stock to another
and in a test systems it takes 3 microseconds.
3) Focus on Application - These type of Operating system focus on applications which are
running and usually gives less importance to other application residing in working stage

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 of life cycle Sales application at risks are managed give exact result on current execution
2016
Disadvantages of Real-Time OS:
1) Limited Tasks There are only limited tasks run at the One time and the concentration of
these systems are on few application to avoid ants and other task have to wait
Sometimes there is no time limit of how much the waiting task have to wait.
2) Use beauty system resources - RIOS used lots of system resources which is not as good
and is also expensive.
3) Thread priority - Thread priority is not good as RTOS do a less stitching of tasks.

F.Mobile Operating system

5. A mobile Operating System Cos) is software that allows smartphones, tablet pcs and
other devices to run application and programs A mobile OS typically starts up when
a device powers on, presenting a screen with icons or tiles that present information
and provide application access
6. Mobile operating systems also manages cellular and wireless network connectivity as
well as phone access
7. Examples of mobile device operating system inside Apple iOS, Google Android
Research in Motion, blackberry OS, Nokia's Symbian Hewlett Packard's web OS
Formerly palm OS) and Microsoft windows phone OS. Some, such as. Microsoft's
windows 8 function as both a traditional desktop OS and a mobile Operating
System.
Advantages of Mobile OS:
1) Full access to the device in software and hardware.
2) Enhanced user experience.
3) Vision from app stores and integration with wearables.
Disadvantages of Mobile OS:
1) Different programming language skill depending on Operating system.
2) High costs and lengthy development periods.
3) No SEO, could not have good positioning in google search in case of lacking
optimized web for mobile.

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Assignment No. 2: Describe general purpose utilities and also describe
commands related to process, file and directory.

1. General Purpose Utilities Commands:

1) $cal: command to use calendar for any specific month or a complete year.
Syntax: cal [(month) year]
i. $cal april 2009: Displays the month of year calendar (Specific).
Example:

ii. $cal -3: Displays the previous, next & current month surrounding today.
Example:

2) $date: It displays system date and time.

i. $date “+%y”: Displays year in 2 digit form.
Example:

ii. $date “+%b”: Displays month abbreviation.

Example:

iii. $date “+%m”: Displays month in digit from 01 to 12.

Example:

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 iv. $date “+%d”: Displays of the month in digit from 01 to 31.
Example:

v. $date “+%j”: Displays the day of the year in digit from 01 to 366.
Example:

3) $clear: This command is used to clear the screen.

Syntax: $clear
4) $banner: Displays an argument as a poster with maximum of ten characters per line
Syntax: $banner Sting
i. $banner GOOD
Example:

5) $tty: This command displays name of the terminal.

Syntax: $tty
Example:

6) $echo: Prints the message on the terminal.

Syntax: $echo
i. $echo WELCOME TO THE WORKSHOP
Example:

7) calculator: Text loosed calculator

Syntax: $bc
Example:

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8) password: command allows you to change your password
Syntax: $passwd
Example:

9) $man: Displays the documentation with command man works as help command.
Syntax: $man commandname
Example:

10) $script: it records login session.

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2. Process Related Command:
1) $ps: Displays the character of process(i. E., terminal number, time required, PID no
and command name)
i. $ps –f: Full listing showing PPID of each process
Example:

ii. $ps –u: Username: Displays processes of user “username”

Example:

iii. $ps –a: Process of all users

Example:

iv. $ps –e: Processes including user and system process.

Example:

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2) $wait: Waits until all background process are completed and exits.
3) $sleep: Used to executed command after certain amount of time by sleeping for
given time.
4) $exit: Used to exit the exit the shell.
5) $kill: Used to stop execution of particular process by sending an interrupt to
the process.
i. $kill 0: kills all process on terminal except the login shell by special
argument ‘0’.
ii. $kill 120 1609 1636: Kills three process with pid 1201609 1636.
iii. $kill –g 0: Kills all process including login shell.
iv. $kill –g $$: kills login shell.

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