Electronic Course

Lecture 1: Introduction
History of Electricity (1)
Although people have known about
electricity since ancient times, they’ve
only been harnessing its power for
about 250 years.
• 1752 Benjamin Franklin proved that
lightning and electricity were the
same.
• 1791, Luigi Galvani published his
discovery of bioelectromagnetics,
demonstrating that electricity was
the medium which neurons passed
signals to the muscles.
History of Electricity (2)
• 1800 Alessandro Volta's battery,
or voltaic pile, made from alternating
layers of zinc and copper.

• 1820 Hans Christian

Orsted and André-Marie Ampère
discovered the electromagnetism, the
unity of electric and magnetic
phenomena.
History of Electricity (3)
• 1821, British scientist Michael
Faraday discovered the basic
principles of electricity
generation.

• 1827 Georg Ohm mathematically

analyzed the electrical circuit.
History of Electricity (4)
• 1879 Thomas A. Edison, the most
productive electrical explorer. He
invented the electric light bulb
and many other products.

• 1887 Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-

American inventor who
discovered rotating magnetic
fields.
What is Electricity?
Electricity is the physical flow of electrons, referred to as an electrical
current.
How Electricity is Generated?
Electricity can be generated in three ways:
(1) (2) (3)
By electro-magnetic By chemical reaction, By solid-state
conversion, through for example in a battery conversion for example
moving an electric or fuel cell. solar cell.
conductor inside a
magnetic field, e.g.
electric generator.
What is Electric Circuit?
• Electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current.
• An electric circuit includes a device that gives energy to the charged
particles constituting the current, such as a battery or a generator;
devices that use current, such as lamps, electric motors,
or computers; and the connecting wires or transmission lines.
Electronic Course Goals
1. To develop an understanding of the fundamental
laws and elements of electric circuits.
2. To learn the energy properties of electric
elements and the techniques to measure voltage
and current.
3. To understand waveforms, signals, and transient,
and steady-state responses of RLC circuits.
4. To develop the ability to apply circuit analysis to
DC and AC circuits.
Electronic Course Objectives
At the end of this course, students will be able to:
• Identify linear systems and represent those systems in
schematic form.
• Apply Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws and Ohm's law
to circuit problems.
• Simplify circuits using series and parallel equivalents and
using Thevenin and Norton equivalents.
• Perform node and loop analyses and set these up in
standard matrix format.
• Model first and second order electric systems involving
capacitors and inductors.
Electronic Course Learning Outcomes

1. To be able to understand basic electrical

properties.
2. To be able to analyze electrical circuits.
3. To be able to take more advanced courses
in circuit analysis.
Electronic Course Description

1. Basic Concepts
2. Basic Laws
3. Methods of Analysis
4. Circuit Theorems
5. Capacitors and Inductors
6. Sinusoids and Phasors
 Electronic Course Outline
Topic 1 Basic Concepts Topic 2 Basic Laws
Systems of Units, Charge and Current, Ohm’s Law, Nodes, Branches, and Loops,
Voltage, Power and Energy, Circuit Elements. Kirchhoff’s Laws, Series Resistors and
Voltage Division, Parallel Resistors and
Current Division.

Topic 3 Methods of Analysis Topic 4 Circuit Theorems

Nodal Analysis, Nodal Analysis with Voltage Superposition, Source Transformation,
Sources, Mesh Analysis, Mesh Analysis with Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem.
Current Sources.
 Electronic Course Outline
Topic 5 Capacitors and Inductors Topic 6 AC Circuits: Sinusoids and
Phasors
Capacitors, Series and Parallel Capacitors, Sinusoids, Phasors, Phasor Relationships for
Inductors, Series and Parallel Inductors Circuit Elements, Impedance and
Admittance, Kirchhoff’s Laws in the
Frequency Domain, Impedance
Combinations
Electric Circuit Course Evaluation

 Homework and Quizzes (25%)

 Midterm Exam (25%)

 Final exam (50%)

Let’s start our journey
 Basic Concepts
1. Systems of Units
2. Electric Charge
3. Current
4. Voltage
5. Power and Energy
6. Circuit Elements
 Why do we study electric Circuit?
• Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power,
electric machines, control, electronics, communications, and
instrumentation, are based on electric circuit theory.
• Electric circuits are a good model for the study of energy
systems.
• In electrical engineering, we are often interested in
communicating or transferring energy from one point to
another.

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements

 The Purpose of Electric Circuit Course
• Our objective in this course is not the study of various uses and applications of
circuits. Rather, our major concern is the analysis of the circuits.
• By the analysis of a circuit, we mean a study of the behavior of the circuit:
How does it respond to a given input? How do the interconnected elements
and devices in the circuit interact?

Simple electric circuit Complicated circuit of a radio transmitter

 System of Units (1)
Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
 System of Units (2)
The derived units commonly used Decimal multiples and
in electric circuit theory submultiples of SI units
7

Electric Charges
• Charge is an electrical property of the
atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C).
• The charge e on one electron is negative
and equal in magnitude to 1.602  10-19
C which is called as electronic charge.
• The charges that occur in nature are
integral multiples of the electronic
charge.
• The law of conservation of charge states
that charge can neither be created nor
destroyed, only transferred.
 Current (1)
• Electric current is the time rate of
change of charge

• Electric current 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞 Conducting wire is connected

𝑑𝑡
to a battery, the charges are
forced to move; positive
• The unit of electric current is ampere charges move in one
direction while negative
(A) which is C/s
charges move in the opposite
1 𝐴 = 1𝐶/𝑠 direction.
 Current (2)
𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑄 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞 𝑡𝑜
𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡

A direct current (dc) is a An alternating current (ac) is a

current that remains current that varies sinusoidally with
constant with time. time. (reverse direction)

The charge transferred between time 𝑡𝑜 and 𝑡

𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑞 ⟹ 𝑄 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑖 = ⟹ 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑖𝑑𝑡 ⟹ ∫ 𝑑𝑞 = ∫𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜
 Current (3)
The direction of current flow is
conventionally taken as the direction of
positive charge movement.

• Current of 5 A may be represented positively

or negatively as shown in the figure.
• A negative current of −5 A flowing in one
direction is the same as a current of +5 A
flowing in the opposite direction.
11

Example 1.1
How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Solution:
Each electron has −1.602 × 10−19𝐶.
Hence 4,600 electrons will have

−1.602 × 10−19𝐶
× 4,600 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
= −7.369 × 10−16 𝐶
12

Example 2 Solution

A conductor has a constant Total no. of charges pass in 1

current of 5 A. min is given by
How many electrons pass a 5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300
fixed point on the conductor C/min.
in one minute? Total no. of electronics pass in
1 min is given
300𝐶/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.602 × 10−19𝐶/𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛

= 1.87 × 1021𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛/𝑚𝑖𝑛
13

Example 1.2
The total charge entering a terminal is given by
𝑞 = 5𝑡 sin 4𝜋 𝑡 (mC)
Calculate the current at 𝑡 = 0.5 (s)
Solution
𝑑𝑞 ‫ مشتقة الثاني في األول‬+ ‫مشتقة دالتين = مشتقة األول في الثاني‬
𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
= 5𝑡 sin 4𝜋 𝑡 = 5 × sin 4𝜋 𝑡 + (4𝜋 cos 4𝜋𝑡 × 5𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
= 5 × sin 4𝜋 𝑡 + (20𝜋 𝑡 cos 4𝜋𝑡)
𝑡 = 0.5 ⟹ 𝑖 = 5 sin 2𝜋 + 10𝜋 cos 2𝜋 ⟹ 𝑖 = 0 + 10𝜋 = 31.42 mA
14
Example 1.3
Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t=1s
and t=2s if the current passing the terminal is
𝑖 = 3𝑡2 − 𝑡 (𝐴)
Solution:
𝑡 2
𝑄 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝑄=∫ 3𝑡2 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑜 1
2
𝑡2 22 12
𝑄 = 𝑡3 −
2 อ = 23 −
2
− 13 −
2
1 1
= 8−2 − 1− = 5.5 (C)
2
15

Problems to Solve by yourself

1. How many coulombs are represented by 6.482×1017 electrons?

2. A current of 7.4 A flows through a conductor. Calculate how much

charge passes through any cross-section of the conductor in 20 s.

3. A lightning bolt with 10 kA strikes an object for 15 s. How much

charge is deposited on the object?

4. The charge flowing in a wire is plotted in

Fig. Sketch the corresponding current.