Practical 1: Import the legacy data from different sources such as (Excel,

SqlServer, Oracle etc.) and load in the target system.

Importing Excel Data

1) Launch Power BI Desktop.

2) From the Home ribbon, select Get Data. Excel is one of the Most Common data
connections, so you can select it directly from the Get Data menu.

3) If you select the Get Data button directly, you can also select FIle > Excel and select
Connect.

4) In the Open File dialog box, select the Products.xlsx file.

5) In the Navigator pane, select the Products table and then select Edit.

1
Importing Data from OData Feed
In this task, you'll bring in order data. This step represents connecting to a sales system. You
import data into Power BI Desktop from the sample Northwind OData feed at the following
URL, which you can copy (and then paste) in the steps below:
http://services.odata.org/V3/Northwind/Northwind.svc/
Connect to an OData feed:
1) From the Home ribbon tab in Query Editor, select Get Data.

2) Browse to the OData Feed data source.

3) In the OData Feed dialog box, paste the URL for the Northwind OData feed.

4) Select OK.

5) In the Navigator pane, select the Orders table, and then select Edit.

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Note - You can click a table name, without selecting the checkbox, to see a preview.

3
 Practical 2: Perform the Extraction Transformation and Loading (ETL)
process to construct the database in the Sqlserver / Power BI.

Step 1 : Data Extraction :

The data extraction is first step of ETL. There are 2 Types of Data Extraction

1. Full Extraction : All the data from source systems or operational systems gets extracted to
staging area. (Initial Load)

2. Partial Extraction : Sometimes we get notification from the source system to update
specific date. It is called as Delta load.

Source System Performance: The Extraction strategies should not affect source system
performance.

Step 2 : Data Transformation :

The data transformation is second step.After extracting the data there is big need to do the
transformation as per the target system.I would like to give you some bullet points of
Data Transformation.

 Data Extracted from source system is in to Raw format. We need to transform it before
loading in to target server.
 Data has to be cleaned, mapped and transformed

 There are following important steps of Data Transformation :

1. Selection : Select data to load in target

2. Matching : Match the data with target system

3. Data Transforming : We need to change data as per target table structures

Real life examples of Data Transformation :

 Standardizing data : Data is fetched from multiple sources so it needs to be

standardized as per the target system.
 Character set conversion : Need to transform the character sets as per the target
systems. (Firstname and last name example)
 Calculated and derived values: In source system there is first val and second val and
in target we need the calculation of first val and second val.
 Data Conversion in different formats : If in source system date in in DDMMYY
format and in target the date is in DDMONYYYY format then this transformation
needs to be done at transformation phase.

Step 3 : Data Loading

4
  Data loading phase loads the prepared data from staging tables to main tables.

ETL process in SQL Server:

Following are the steps to open BIDS\SSDT.

Step 1 − Open either BIDS\SSDT based on the version from the Microsoft SQL Server
programs group. The following screen appears.

Step 2 − The above screen shows SSDT has opened. Go to file at the top left corner in the
above image and click New. Select project and the following screen opens.

 There are following important steps of Data Transformation :

4. Selection : Select data to load in target

5. Matching : Match the data with target system

6. Data Transforming : We need to change data as per target table structures

Real life examples of Data Transformation :

 Standardizing data : Data is fetched from multiple sources so it needs to be

standardized as per the target system.
 Character set conversion : Need to transform the character sets as per the target
systems. (Firstname and last name example)
 Calculated and derived values: In source system there is first val and second val and
in target we need the calculation of first val and second val.
 Data Conversion in different formats : If in source system date in in DDMMYY
format and in target the date is in DDMONYYYY format then this transformation
needs to be done at transformation phase.

Step 3 : Data Loading

5
  Data loading phase loads the prepared data from staging tables to main tables.

ETL process in SQL Server:

Following are the steps to open BIDS\SSDT.

Step 1 − Open either BIDS\SSDT based on the version from the Microsoft SQL Server
programs group. The following screen appears.

Step 2 − The above screen shows SSDT has opened. Go to file at the top left corner in the
above image and click New. Select project and the following screen opens.

Step 3 − Select Integration Services under Business Intelligence on the top left corner in the
above screen to get the following screen.

6
Step 4 − In the above screen, select either Integration Services Project or Integration Services
Import Project Wizard based on your requirement to develop\create the package.

Modes

There are two modes − Native Mode (SQL Server Mode) and Share Point Mode.

Models

There are two models − Tabular Model (For Team and Personal Analysis) and Multi
Dimensions Model (For Corporate Analysis).

7
The BIDS (Business Intelligence Studio till 2008 R2) and SSDT (SQL Server Data Tools
from 2012) are environments to work with SSAS.

Step 1 − Open either BIDS\SSDT based on the version from the Microsoft SQL Server
programs group. The following screen will appear.

Step 2 − The above screen shows SSDT has opened. Go to file on the top left corner in the
above image and click New. Select project and the following screen opens.

Step 3 − Select Analysis Services in the above screen under Business Intelligence as seen on
the top left corner. The following screen pops up.

8
Step 4 − In the above screen, select any one option from the listed five options based on your
requirement to work with Analysis services.

ETL Process in Power BI

1) Remove other columns to only display columns of interest

In this step you remove all columns except ProductID, ProductName, UnitsInStock, and
QuantityPerUnit
Power BI Desktop includes Query Editor, which is where you shape and transform your data
connections. Query Editor opens automatically when you select Edit from Navigator. You
can also open the Query Editor by selecting Edit Queries from the Home ribbon in Power BI
Desktop. The following steps are performed in Query Editor.
1. In Query Editor, select the ProductID, ProductName, QuantityPerUnit, and
UnitsInStock columns (use Ctrl+Click to select more than one column, or
Shift+Click to select columns that are beside each other).
2. Select Remove Columns > Remove Other Columns from the ribbon, or right-click
on a column header and click Remove Other Columns.

9
3. Change the data type of the UnitsInStock column

When Query Editor connects to data, it reviews each field and to determine the best data
type. For the Excel workbook, products in stock will always be a whole number, so in this
step you confirm the UnitsInStock column’s datatype is Whole Number.
1. Select the UnitsInStock column.
2. Select the Data Type drop-down button in the Home ribbon.
3. If not already a Whole Number, select Whole Number for data type from the drop down
(the Data Type: button also displays the data type for the current selection).

3. Expand the Order_Details table

The Orders table contains a reference to a Details table, which contains the individual
products that were included in each Order. When you connect to data sources with multiples
tables (such as a relational database) you can use these references to build up your query

10
In this step, you expand the Order_Details table that is related to the Orders table, to
combine the ProductID, UnitPrice, and Quantity columns from Order_Details into the
Orders table. This is a representation of the data in these tables:
The Expand operation combines columns from a related table into a subject table. When the
query runs, rows from the related table (Order_Details) are combined into rows from the
subject table (Orders).
After you expand the Order_Details table, three new columns and additional rows are added
to the Orders table, one for each row in the nested or related table.
1. In the Query View, scroll to the Order_Details column.
2. In the Order_Details column, select the expand icon ( ).
3. In the Expand drop-down:
a. Select (Select All Columns) to clear all columns.
b. Select ProductID, UnitPrice, and Quantity.
c. Click OK.

4. Calculate the line total for each Order_Details row

Power BI Desktop lets you to create calculations based on the columns you are importing, so
you can enrich the data that you connect to. In this step, you create a Custom Column to
calculate the line total for each Order_Details row.
Calculate the line total for each Order_Details row:
1. In the Add Column ribbon tab, click Add Custom Column.

11
 2. In the Add Custom Column dialog box, in the Custom Column Formula textbox,
enter [Order_Details.UnitPrice] * [Order_Details.Quantity].
3. In the New column name textbox, enter LineTotal.
4. Click OK.

5. Rename and reorder columns in the query

In this step you finish making the model easy to work with when creating reports, by
renaming the final columns and changing their order.
1. In Query Editor, drag the LineTotal column to the left, after ShipCountry.

12
2.Remove the Order_Details. prefix from the Order_Details.ProductID,
Order_Details.UnitPrice and Order_Details.Quantity columns, by double-clicking on each
column header, and then deleting that text from the column name.
6. Combine the Products and Total Sales queries
Power BI Desktop does not require you to combine queries to report on them. Instead, you
can create Relationships between datasets. These relationships can be created on any column
that is common to your datasets
we have Orders and Products data that share a common 'ProductID' field, so we need to
ensure there's a relationship between them in the model we're using with Power BI Desktop.
Simply specify in Power BI Desktop that the columns from each table are related (i.e.
columns that have the same values). Power BI Desktop works out the direction and
cardinality of the relationship for you. In some cases, it will even detect the relationships
automatically.
In this task, you confirm that a relationship is established in Power BI Desktop between the
Products and Total Sales queries
Step 1: Confirm the relationship between Products and Total Sales
1. First, we need to load the model that we created in Query Editor into Power BI
Desktop. From the Home ribbon of Query Editor, select Close & Load.

13
2. Power BI Desktop loads the data from the two queries.

3. Once the data is loaded, select the Manage Relationships button Home ribbon.

4. Select the New… button

5.When we attempt to create the relationship, we see that one already exists! As shown in
the Create Relationship dialog (by the shaded columns), the ProductsID fields in each query
already have an established relationship.

14
5. Select Cancel, and then select Relationship view in Power BI Desktop.

6. We see the following, which visualizes the relationship between the queries.

15
7. When you double-click the arrow on the line that connects the to queries, an Edit
Relationship dialog appears.

8. No need to make any changes, so we'll just select Cancel to close the Edit
Relationship dialog.

16
Practical 3: Data Visualization from ETL Process

Power BI Desktop lets you create a variety of visualizations to gain insights from your data.
You can build reports with multiple pages and each page can have multiple visuals. You can
interact with your visualizations to help analyze and understand your data
In this task, you create a report based on the data previously loaded. You use the Fields pane
to select the columns from which you create the visualizations.
Step 1: Create charts showing Units in Stock by Product and Total Sales by Year

1. Drag UnitsInStock from the Field pane (the Fields pane is along the right of the
screen) onto a blank space on the canvas. A Table visualization is created. Next, drag
ProductName to the Axis box, found in the bottom half of the Visualizations pane.
Then we then select Sort By > UnitsInStock using the skittles in the top right corer of
the visualization.

2. Drag OrderDate to the canvas beneath the first chart, then drag LineTotal (again, from
the Fields pane) onto the visual, then select Line Chart. The following visualization is
created.

17
3. Drag UnitsInStock from the Field pane (the Fields pane is along the right of the
screen) onto a blank space on the canvas. A Table visualization is created. Next, drag
ProductName to the Axis box, found in the bottom half of the Visualizations pane.
Then we then select Sort By > UnitsInStock using the skittles in the top right corer of
the visualization.

4. Drag OrderDate to the canvas beneath the first chart, then drag LineTotal (again, from
the Fields pane) onto the visual, then select Line Chart. The following visualization is
created.

18
 5. Next, drag ShipCountry to a space on the canvas in the top right. Because you
selected a geographic field, a map was created automatically. Now drag LineTotal to
the Values field; the circles on the map for each country are now relative in size to the
LineTotal for orders shipped to that country.

Step 2: Interact with your report visuals to analyze further

Power BI Desktop lets you interact with visuals that cross-highlight and filter each other to
uncover further trends.
1. Click on the light blue circle centered in Canada. Note how the other visuals are
filtered to show Stock (ShipCountry) and Total Orders (LineTotal) just for Canada.

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Practical 4: Creating a Cube in SQL server 2012

Creating Data Warehouse

Let us execute our T-SQL Script to create data warehouse with fact tables, dimensions and
populate them with appropriate test values.

Download T-SQL script attached with this article for creation of Sales Data Warehouse or
download from this article “Create First Data Warehouse” and run it in your SQL Server.

Follow the given steps to run the query in SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio).

1. Open SQL Server Management Studio 2008

2. Connect Database Engine
3. Open New Query editor
4. Copy paste Scripts given below in various steps in new query editor window one
by one
5. To run the given SQL Script, press F5
6. It will create and populate “Sales_DW” database on your SQL Server

Developing an OLAP Cube

For creation of OLAP Cube in Microsoft BIDS Environment, follow the 10 easy steps given
below.

Step 1: Start BIDS Environment

Click on Start Menu -> Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 -> Click SQL Server Business
Intelligence Development Studio.

20
Step 2: Start Analysis Services Project

Click File -> New -> Project ->Business Intelligence Projects ->select Analysis Services
Project-> Assign Project Name -> Click OK

Step 3: Creating New Data Source

3.1 In Solution Explorer, Right click on Data Source -> Click New Data Source

Step 3: Creating New Data Source

3.1 In Solution Explorer, Right click on Data Source -> Click New Data Source

21
3.2 Click on Next

3.3 Click on New Button

3.4 Creating New connection

1. Specify Your SQL Server Name where your Data Warehouse was created
2. Select Radio Button according to your SQL Server Authentication mode
3. Specify your Credentials using which you can connect to your SQL Server
4. Select database Sales_DW.
5. Click on Test Connection and verify for its success
6. Click OK.

22
3.5 Select Connection created in Data Connections-> Click Next

3.6 Select Option Inherit

23
3.7 Assign Data Source Name -> Click Finish

Step 4: Creating New Data Source View

4.1 In the Solution Explorer, Right Click on Data Source View -> Click on New Data
Source View

24
4.2 Click Next

4.3 Select Relational Data Source we have created previously (Sales_DW)-> Click Next

4.4 First move your Fact Table to the right side to include in object list.

25
Select FactProductSales Table -> Click on Arrow Button to move the selected object to Right
Pane.

4.5 Now to add dimensions which are related to your Fact Table, follow the given steps:

Select Fact Table in Right Pane (Fact product Sales) -> Click On Add Related Tables

4.6 It will add all associated dimensions to your Fact table as per relationship specified in
your SQL DW (Sales_DW).

Click Next.

4.7 Assign Name (SalesDW DSV)-> Click Finish

26
4.8 Now Data Source View is ready to use.

Step 5: Creating New Cube

5.1 In Solution Explorer -> Right Click on Cube-> Click New Cube

27
5.2 Click Next

5.3 Select Option Use existing Tables -> Click Next

5.4 Select Fact Table Name from Measure Group Tables (FactProductSales) -> Click
Next

5.5 Choose Measures from the List which you want to place in your Cube --> Click Next

28
5.6 Select All Dimensions here which are associated with your Fact Table-> Click Next

5.7 Assign Cube Name (SalesAnalyticalCube) -> Click Finish

5.8 Now your Cube is ready, you can see the newly created cube and dimensions added in
your solution explorer.

29
Step 6: Dimension Modification
In Solution Explorer, double click on dimension Dim Product -> Drag and Drop Product
Name from Table in Data Source View and Add in Attribute Pane at left side.

Step 7: Creating Attribute Hierarchy In Date Dimension

Double click On Dim Date dimension -> Drag and Drop Fields from Table shown in Data
Source View to Attributes-> Drag and Drop attributes from leftmost pane of attributes to
middle pane of Hierarchy.

Drag fields in sequence from Attributes to Hierarchy window (Year, Quarter Name, Month
Name, Week of the Month, Full Date UK),

30
 Step 8: Deploy the Cube

8.1 In Solution Explorer, right click on Project Name (SalesDataAnalysis) -- > Click
Properties

31
8.2 Set Deployment Properties First
In Configuration Properties, Select Deployment-> Assign Your SQL Server Instance Name
Where Analysis Services Is Installed (mubin-pc\fairy) (Machine Name\Instance Name) ->
Choose Deployment Mode Deploy All as of now ->Select Processing Option Do Not Process -
> Click OK

8.3 In Solution Explorer, right click on Project Name (SalesDataAnalysis) -- > Click Deploy

8.4 Once Deployment will finish, you can see the message Deployment Completed in
deployment Properties.

32
Step 9: Process the Cube

9.1 In Solution Explorer, right click on Project Name (SalesDataAnalysis) -- > Click Process

9.2 Click on Run button to process the Cube

33
9.3 Once processing is complete, you can see Status as Process Succeeded -->Click Close to
close both the open windows for processing one after the other.

Step 10: Browse the Cube for Analysis

10.1 In Solution Explorer, right click on Cube Name (SalesDataAnalysisCube) -- > Click
Browse

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 10.2 Drag and drop measures in to Detail fields, & Drag and Drop Dimension Attributes in
Row Field or Column fields.

Now to Browse Our Cube

1. Product Name Drag & Drop into Column

2. Full Date UK Drag & Drop into Row Field
3. FactProductSalesCount Drop this measure in Detail area

35
Practical 5: Apply the what – if Analysis for data visualization. Design and generate
necessary reports based on the data warehouse data.

A book store and have 100 books in storage. You sell a certain % for the highest price of $50
and a certain % for the lower price of $20.

If you sell 60% for the highest price, cell D10 calculates a total profit of 60 * $50 + 40 * $20
= $3800.
Create Different Scenarios
But what if you sell 70% for the highest price? And what if you sell 80% for the highest
price? Or 90%, or even 100%? Each different percentage is a different scenario. You can use
the Scenario Manager to create these scenarios.
Note: You can simply type in a different percentage into cell C4 to see the corresponding
result of a scenario in cell D10. However, what-if analysis enables you to easily compare the
results of different scenarios. Read on.
1. On the Data tab, in the Forecast group, click What-If Analysis.

2. Click Scenario Manager.

36
The Scenario Manager dialog box appears.
3. Add a scenario by clicking on Add.

4. Type a name (60% highest), select cell C4 (% sold for the highest price) for
the Changing cells and click on OK.

37
5. Enter the corresponding value 0.6 and click on OK again.

6. Next, add 4 other scenarios (70%, 80%, 90% and 100%).

Finally, your Scenario Manager should be consistent with the picture below:

38
 Practical 6: Implementation of Classification algorithm in R
Programming.

Consider the annual rainfall details at a place starting from January 2012. We create an R time series
object for a period of 12 months and plot it.

# Get the data points in form of a R vector.

rainfall <-
c(799,1174.8,865.1,1334.6,635.4,918.5,685.5,998.6,784.2,985,882.8,1071)

# Convert it to a time series object.

rainfall.timeseries <- ts(rainfall,start = c(2012,1),frequency = 12)

# Print the timeseries data.

print(rainfall.timeseries)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "rainfall.png")

# Plot a graph of the time series.

plot(rainfall.timeseries)

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Output:

When we execute the above code, it produces the following result and chart −

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

2012 799.0 1174.8 865.1 1334.6 635.4 918.5 685.5 998.6 784.2
Oct Nov Dec
2012 985.0 882.8 1071.0

39
Practical 7: Practical Implementation of Decision Tree using R Tool
install.packages("party")

The package "party" has the function ctree() which is used to create and analyze decison tree.

Syntax

The basic syntax for creating a decision tree in R is −

ctree(formula, data)

Input Data

We will use the R in-built data set named readingSkills to create a decision tree. It describes
the score of someone's readingSkills if we know the variables "age","shoesize","score" and
whether the person is a native speaker or not.

Here is the sample data.

# Load the party package. It will automatically load other

# dependent packages.
library(party)

# Print some records from data set readingSkills.

print(head(readingSkills))

When we execute the above code, it produces the following result and chart −

nativeSpeaker age shoeSize score

1 yes 5 24.83189 32.29385
2 yes 6 25.95238 36.63105
3 no 11 30.42170 49.60593
4 yes 7 28.66450 40.28456
5 yes 11 31.88207 55.46085
6 yes 10 30.07843 52.83124
Loading required package: methods
Loading required package: grid
...............................
...............................

We will use the ctree() function to create the decision tree and see its graph.

# Load the party package. It will automatically load other

# dependent packages.
library(party)

# Create the input data frame.

input.dat <- readingSkills[c(1:105),]

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "decision_tree.png")

40
# Create the tree.
output.tree <- ctree(
nativeSpeaker ~ age + shoeSize + score,

41
 data = input.dat)

# Plot the tree.

plot(output.tree)

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Output:-

null device
1
Loading required package: methods
Loading required package: grid
Loading required package: mvtnorm
Loading required package: modeltools
Loading required package: stats4
Loading required package: strucchange
Loading required package: zoo

Attaching package: ‘zoo’

The following objects are masked from ‘package:base’:

as.Date, as.Date.numeric

Loading required package: sandwich

42
Practical 8: k-means clustering using R

Compare the Species label with the clustering result

Plot the clusters and their centre

43
Practical 9: Prediction Using Linear Regression

In Linear Regression these two variables are related through an equation, where exponent (power) of
both these variables is 1. Mathematically a linear relationship represents a straight line when plotted
as a graph. A non-linear relationship where the exponent of any variable is not equal to 1 creates a
curve.
y = ax + b is an equation for linear regression.
Where, y is the response variable, x is the predictor variable and a and b are constants which are called
the coefficients.

A simple example of regression is predicting weight of a person when his height is known.
To do this we need to have the relationship between height and weight of a person.

The steps to create the relationship is −

 Carry out the experiment of gathering a sample of observed values of height and
corresponding weight.
 Create a relationship model using the lm() functions in R.
 Find the coefficients from the model created and create the mathematical equation
using these
 Get a summary of the relationship model to know the average error in prediction.
Also called residuals.
 To predict the weight of new persons, use the predict() function in R.

Input Data

Below is the sample data representing the observations −

# Values of height
151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131

# Values of weight.
63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48
lm() Function

This function creates the relationship model between the predictor and the response variable.

Syntax

The basic syntax for lm() function in linear regression is −

lm(formula,data)

Following is the description of the parameters used −

 formula is a symbol presenting the relation between x and y.

 data is the vector on which the formula will be applied.

Create Relationship Model & get the Coefficients

44
x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm() function.

relation <- lm(y~x)

print(relation)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result –
Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Coefficients:
(Intercept) x
-38.4551 0.6746

Get the Summary of the Relationship

x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm() function.

relation <- lm(y~x)

print(summary(relation))
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result –
call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-6.3002 -1.6629 0.0412 1.8944 3.9775

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -38.45509 8.04901 -4.778 0.00139 **
x 0.67461 0.05191 12.997 1.16e-06 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.253 on 8 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.9548, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9491
F-statistic: 168.9 on 1 and 8 DF, p-value: 1.164e-06
predict() Function

Syntax

The basic syntax for predict() in linear regression is −

predict(object, newdata)

Following is the description of the parameters used −

 object is the formula which is already created using the lm() function.
 newdata is the vector containing the new value for predictor variable.

45
Predict the weight of new persons
# The predictor vector.
x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)

# The resposne vector.

y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm() function.

relation <- lm(y~x)

# Find weight of a person with height 170.

a <- data.frame(x = 170)
result <- predict(relation,a)
print(result)

Result:
1
76.22869

Visualize the Regression Graphically

# Create the predictor and response variable.
x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)
relation <- lm(y~x)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "linearregression.png")

# Plot the chart.

plot(y,x,col = "blue",main = "Height & Weight Regression",
abline(lm(x~y)),cex = 1.3,pch = 16,xlab = "Weight in Kg",ylab = "Height in
cm")

# Save the file.

dev.off()
output:

46
Practical 10: Data Analysis using Time Series Analysis

Time series is a series of data points in which each data point is associated with a
timestamp. A simple example is the price of a stock in the stock market at different points of
time on a given day. Another example is the amount of rainfall in a region at different
months of the year. R language uses many functions to create, manipulate and plot the time
series data.
The data for the time series is stored in an R object called time-series object. It is also a R
data object like a vector or data frame.

The time series object is created by using the ts() function.

Syntax

The basic syntax for ts() function in time series analysis is −

timeseries.object.name <- ts(data, start, end, frequency)

Following is the description of the parameters used −

 data is a vector or matrix containing the values used in the time series.
 start specifies the start time for the first observation in time series.
 end specifies the end time for the last observation in time series.
 frequency specifies the number of observations per unit time.

Except the parameter "data" all other parameters are optional.

Example

Consider the annual rainfall details at a place starting from January 2012. We create an R
time series object for a period of 12 months and plot it.

# Get the data points in form of a R vector.

rainfall <-
c(799,1174.8,865.1,1334.6,635.4,918.5,685.5,998.6,784.2,985,882.8,1071)

# Convert it to a time series object.

rainfall.timeseries <- ts(rainfall,start = c(2012,1),frequency = 12)

# Print the timeseries data.

print(rainfall.timeseries)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "rainfall.png")

# Plot a graph of the time series.

plot(rainfall.timeseries)

# Save the file.

dev.off()

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 Output:-

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

2012 799.0 1174.8 865.1 1334.6 635.4 918.5 685.5 998.6 784.2
Oct Nov Dec
2012 985.0 882.8 1071.0

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Practical 11: Data Modelling and Analytics with Pivot Table in Excel

Data Model is used for building a model where data from various sources can be combined
by creating relationships among the data sources. A Data Model integrates the tables,
enabling extensive analysis using PivotTables, Power Pivot, and Power View.

A Data Model is created automatically when you import two or more tables simultaneously
from a database. The existing database relationships between those tables is used to create the
Data Model in Excel.

Step 1 − Open a new blank Workbook in Excel.

Step 2 − Click on the DATA tab.

Step 3 − In the Get External Data group, click on the option From Access. The Select Data
Source dialog box opens.

Step 4 − Select Events.accdb, Events Access Database file.

(url:/ https://fcschools.instructure.com/courses/373/files/10607)

49
Step 5 − The Select Table window, displaying all the tables found in the database, appears.

Step 6 − Tables in a database are similar to the tables in Excel. Check the ‘Enable selection
of multiple tables’ box, and select all the tables. Then click OK.

Step 7 − The Import Data window appears. Select the PivotTable Report option. This
option imports the tables into Excel and prepares a PivotTable for analyzing the imported
tables. Notice that the checkbox at the bottom of the window - ‘Add this data to the Data
Model’ is selected and disabled.

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Step 8 − The data is imported, and a PivotTable is created using the imported tables.

Explore Data Using PivotTable

Step 1 − You know how to add fields to PivotTable and drag fields across areas. Even if you
are not sure of the final report that you want, you can play with the data and choose the best-
suited report.

In PivotTable Fields, click on the arrow beside the table - Medals to expand it to show the
fields in that table. Drag the NOC_CountryRegion field in the Medals table to the
COLUMNS area.

Step 2 − Drag Discipline from the Disciplines table to the ROWS area.

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Step 3 − Filter Discipline to display only five sports: Archery, Diving, Fencing, Figure
Skating, and Speed Skating. This can be done either in PivotTable Fields area, or from the
Row Labels filter in the PivotTable itself.

Step 4 − In PivotTable Fields, from the Medals table, drag Medal to the VALUES area.

Step 5 − From the Medals table, select Medal again and drag it into the FILTERS area.

Step 6 − Click the dropdown list button to the right of the Column labels.

Step 7 − Select Value Filters and then select Greater Than…

Step 8 − Click OK.

The Value Filters dialog box for the count of Medals is greater than appears.

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Step 9 − Type 80 in the Right Field.

Step 10 − Click OK.

The PivotTable displays only those regions, which has more than total 80 medals.

Create Relationship between Tables

Relationships let you analyze your collections of the data in Excel, and create interesting and
aesthetic reports from the data you import.

Step 1 − Insert a new Worksheet.

Step 2 − Create a new table with new data. Name the new table as Sports.

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Step 3 − Now you can create relationship between this new table and the other tables that
already exist in the Data Model in Excel. Rename the Sheet1 as Medals and Sheet2 as
Sports.

On the Medals sheet, in the PivotTable Fields List, click All. A complete list of available
tables will be displayed. The newly added table - Sports will also be displayed.

Step 4 − Click on Sports. In the expanded list of fields, select Sports. Excel messages you to
create a relationship between tables.

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Step 5 − Click on CREATE. The Create Relationship dialog box opens.

Step 6 − To create the relationship, one of the tables must have a column of unique, non-
repeated, values. In the Disciplines table, SportID column has such values. The table Sports
that we have created also has the SportID column. In Table, select Disciplines.

Step 7 − In Column (Foreign), select SportID.

Step 8 − In Related Table, select Sports.

Step 9 − In Related Column (Primary), SportID gets selected automatically. Click OK.

Step 10 − The PivotTable is modified to reflect the addition of the new Data Field Sport.
Adjust the order of the fields in the Rows area to maintain the Hierarchy. In this case, Sport

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should be first and Discipline should be the next, as Discipline will be nested in Sport as a
sub-category.

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Practical 12: Data Analysis and Visualization using Advanced Excel

Power View is a feature of Microsoft Excel 2013 that enables interactive data exploration,
visualization, and presentation encouraging intuitive ad-hoc reporting.

Create a Power View Sheet

Make sure Power View add-in is enabled in Excel 2013.

Step 1 − Click on the File menu and then Click on Options.

The Excel Options window appears.

Step 2 − Click on Add-Ins.

Step 3 − In the Manage box, click the drop-down arrow and select Excel Add-ins.

Step 4 − All the available Add-ins will be displayed. If Power View Add-in is enabled, it
appears in Active Application Add-ins.

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If it does not appear, follow these steps −

Step 1 − In the Excel Options Window, Click on Add-Ins.

Step 2 − In the Manage box, click the drop-down arrow and select COM Add-ins

Step 3 − Click on the Go button. A COM Add-Ins Dialog Box appears.

Step 4 − Check the Power View Check Box.

Step 5 − Click OK.

Now, you are ready to create the Power View sheet.

Step 1 − Click on the Data Table.

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Step 2 − Click on Insert tab.

Step 3 − Click on Power View in Reports Group.

An Opening Power View window opens, showing the progress of Working on opening Power View
sheet.

The Power View sheet is created for you and added to your Workbook with the Power
View. On the Right-side of the Power View, you find the Power View Fields. Under the
Power View Fields you will find Areas.

In the Ribbon, if you click on Design tab, you will find various Visualization options.

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Create Charts and other Visualizations

For every visualization you want to create, you start on a Power View sheet by creating a
table, which you then easily convert to other visualizations, to find one that best illustrates
your Data.

Step 1 − Under the Power View Fields, select the fields you want to visualize.

Step 2 − By default, the Table View will be displayed. As you move across the Table, on the
top-right corner, you find two symbols – Filters and Pop out.

Step 3 − Click on the Filters symbol. The filters will be displayed on the right side. Filters
has two tabs. View tab to filter all visualizations in this View and Table tab to filter the
specific values in this table only.

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Visualization – Matrix

A Matrix is made up of rows and columns like a Table. However, a Matrix has the following
capabilities that a Table does not have −

 Display data without repeating values.

 Display totals and subtotals by row and column.
 With a hierarchy, you can drill up/drill down.

Collapse and Expand the Display

Step 1 − Click on the DESIGN tab.

Step 2 − Click on Table in the Switch Visualization Group.

Step 3 − Click on Matrix.

The Matrix Visualization appears.

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Visualization – Card

You can convert a Table to a series of Cards that display the data from each row in the table
laid out in a Card format, like an index Card.

Step 1 − Click on the DESIGN tab.

Step 2 − Click on Table in the Switch Visualization Group.

Step 3 − Click on Card.

The Card Visualization appears.

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Visualization – Charts

In Power View, you have a number of Chart options: Pie, Column, Bar, Line, Scatter, and
Bubble. You can use several design options in a chart such as showing and hiding labels,
legends, and titles.

Charts are interactive. If you click on a Value in one Chart −

 the Value in that chart is highlighted.

 All the Tables, Matrices, and Tiles in the report are filtered to that Value.
 That Value in all the other Charts in the report is highlighted.

The charts are interactive in a presentation setting also.

Step 1 − Create a Table Visualization from Medals data.

You can use Line, Bar and Column Charts for comparing data points in one or more data
series. In these Charts, the x-axis displays one field and the y-axis displays another, making it
easy to see the relationship between the two values for all the items in the Chart.

Line Charts distribute category data evenly along a horizontal (category) axis, and all
numerical value data along a vertical (value) axis.

Step 2 − Create a Table Visualization for two Columns, NOC_CountryRegion and Count
of Medal.

Step 3 − Create the same Table Visualization below.

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Step 4 − Click on the Table Visualization below.

Step 5 − Click on Other Chart in the Switch Visualization group.

Step 6 − Click on Line.

The Table Visualization converts into Line Chart Visualization.

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In a Bar Chart, categories are organized along the vertical axis and values along the
horizontal axis. In Power View, there are three subtypes of the Bar Chart: Stacked, 100%
stacked, and Clustered.

Step 7 − Click on the Line Chart Visualization.

Step 8 − Click on Bar Chart in the Switch Visualization Group.

Step 9 − Click on the Stacked Bar option.

The Line Chart Visualization converts into Stacked Bar Chart Visualization.

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Step 10 − In the Power View Fields, in the Medals Table, select the Field Gender also.

Step 11 − Click on one of the bars. That portion of the bar is highlighted. Only the row containing the
Data specific to the selected bar is displayed in the table above.

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You can use the column charts for showing data changes over a period of time or for
illustrating comparison among different items. In a Column Chart, the categories are along
the horizontal axis and values are along the vertical axis.

In Power View, there are three Column Chart subtypes: Stacked, 100% stacked, and
Clustered.

Step 12 − Click on the Stacked Bar Chart Visualization.

Step 13 − Click on Column Chart in the Switch Visualization group.

Step 14 − Click on Stacked Column.

The Stacked Bar Chart Visualization converts into Stacked Column Chart Visualization.

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You can have simple Pie Chart Visualizations in Power View.

Step 1 − Click on the Table Visualization as shown below.

Step 2 − Click on Other Chart in the Switch Visualization group.

Step 3 − Click on Pie as shown in the image given below.

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69