Mathematical Tools

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

TOPIC : MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
EXERCISE # 1
PART – I
SECTION - (A)
2. f (2) = (2)2 –1 = 3
f (3) = 32 –1 = 8

SECTION - (B)
1. tan15 = tan(45–30)
1
1
tan45  tan30 3 3 1 ( 3  1)2 3  1  2 3 4  2 3
=   =    2 3
1  tan45 tan30 1 3 1 2 2 2
1
3
2. cos2  = 1 – 2sin2 
 1  cos 2  
2sin2  = 1 – cos2   sin2  =  
 2 

3. sinA . [sinAcosB + cosA . sinB]

sin2A . cosB + sinA . cosA . sinB
1
sin2A . cosB + sin2A . sinB
2

 
4*. cos      II equivelent
 2 
 
 cos     = –sin [cos in II equivelent function – ve]
 2 
sin ( –) = sin[–( –)] = –sin( –) = – sin
sin( + ) = – sin [sin fn is –ve in III equivelent]

5. c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos
9 = 9 + 16 – 2 × 3 × 4 × cos
16 2 5
cos =   sin = 1  cos2  =
24 3 3
sin  5
tan = =
cos  2

SECTION - (C)

2. By comparision with the standard quadratic equation

a = 2, b = 5 and c = – 12
(5)2 – 4  2(–12) – 5  121 –5  11 6 –16 3
x= = = = , or x = , – 4
2 2 4 4 4 4 2

3. When particle comes to rest, v = 0.

– 3  9 – 4(1)(–4)
So t2 + 3t – 4 = 0 t =  t = 1 or –4
2(1)

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SECTION - (D)

dy
1. = 2x + 1
dx

dy
2. = sec2 x – cosec2 x
dx

dy 1 d2 y 1
3. = + ex , 2
= – 2 + ex
dx x dx x

d x de x d nx
4. e nx = nx + ex
dx dx dx
ex
ex nx. +
x
5. y = sin 5x
Let 5x = 
y = sin 
dy dy d
= ·
dx d dx
dy d d
= cos =5  = 5 cos
d dx dx
dy
 = 5x  = 5 cos 5x
dx

6. (x + y)2 = 4
 dy  dy dy
2(x + y)  1  x+y01+ =0 = –1
dx 
=0
 dx dx

dy dy du dy
7.    = 48 (8x – 1)2
dx du dx dx

dy 1
10. For maximum/minimum value =0  5(2x) – 2(1) + 0 = 0  x=
dx 5
1 d2 y 1
Now at x = , = 10 which is positive so minima at x =
5 dx 2 5
2
 1  1 4
Therefore ymin =5   –2   = 1 =
 
5  
5 5

(3x – 2)(2) – (2x  5)(3) –19

11. y' = 
(3x – 2)2 (3x – 2)2

4 3
12. vol = r
3
d( vol )  4  2
   3r
dt 3 
dr dr
= 4r2
dt dt
d(vol ) m m3
= 4 × (10)2 × 0.05 = 20 = 62.8
dt s ec

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13. y = 3t2 – 4t
dy d2 y
= 6t – 4 = 0  t = 2/3 . =6>0
dt dt 2
Hence there will be minima at t = 2/3

dy
14. y = sin(t2)  = 2 t cos (t2)
dt
d2 y d d
= cos t2 (2t) + 2t cos t2 = 2cost2 + 2t (-sint2) 2t = 2 cos (t2) – 4t2 sin (t2)
dt 2 dt dt

ds
16. = 15 – 0.8 t = 7 = v ; 8 = 0.8 t
dt
d2 s
t = 10 second. a= = – 0.8 m/s2
dt 2

17. v = 2t4
dy
a= = 2 x 4t3 = 8t3
dt

18. x+y=8
A = xy
A = x(8 – x)
A = 8x – x2
dA
= 8 – 2x
dx
x=4
y=4
A = xy = 16

19. y = 3t2 – 4t
dy d2 y
= 6t – 4 = 0  t = 2/3 . = 6 > 0 Hence there will be minima at t = 2/3
dt dt 2

dy d2 y
22. = – 2x, = –2
dx dx 2

dy 1 d2 y
23. = x2 + x + , = 2x + 1
dx 4 dx 2

dy d2 y
24. = – 2 + 3x–4 , = – 12x–5
dx dx 2

3
26. – + 5 cos x
x2

ds
29. = 2t – sec t tan t + 1
dt

1
30. P=3+  P = 3 + tanq
cot q
dp
= sec2q
dq

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31. P = (1 + cosec q) cosq
= cos q + cosec q . cosq
P = cosq + cot q
dp
= – sin q – cosec2q
dq

dy dy du
32. With u = sin x , y = u3 ; = = 3u2 cosx = 3 sin2 x (cosx)
dx du dx
33. With u = cos x
Y = 5u–4
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
= 5 (–4) u–5 (– sin x)
dy
=20 sin x cos–5 x
dx
4 4
34. S= sin 3t + cos 5t
3 5
ds 4 4 4
= (3 cos 3t) + (–5 sin 5t) = (cos 3t – sin 5t)
dt 3 5 
3t 3t
35. S = sin + cos
2 2
ds 3 3  3   3 
= cos t +   – sin t 
dt 2 2  2  2 
3  3  3  
= cos t – sin t 
2  2  2 

SECTION - (E)

1. y = x2 – 2x + 1

x  x3
 – 2x  1 dx  c =    – x2  x  c
2
y dx = x2 dx – 2 xdx + dx + c =
3

1
2. x +  y = x1/2 + x–1/2
x
2
 y dx =  x x
1/2 –1/2
dx + dx = (x)3/2 + 2 (x)1/2 + c
3

1 1 1 1
3. y=
3x
  y dx = 3  x dx  c = 3  nx
+c

 x sin(2x
2
4. )dx
Let u = 2x2
du 1 1
du = 4x dx =  sinu 4 = 4  sinu du  – 4 cosu  C
3
 (2 – x) dx = 3  (2 – x) dx –2
5. 2

Let u = 2 – x du = – dx
3 3

3 u–2 (–dx) =
u
C =
2– x
C

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–1
   3
 d  2 []
–1
6. –4  [(–1) – (–4)] =
2 2 2
–4

1
1
e dx =  e x  = e – 1
x
7.
0
0

b
b
8. Using n sub intervals of length x = bn and right – endpoint values : Area =  2xdx  b 2 units
n 0

 

  sin x dx  – cos x 


9. y dx = 0
= [– cos  + cos 0] = 2
0 0

x16
10. (i) +C (ii) – 2x–1/2 + C
16
(iii) x–6 /2 + lnx + C (iv) x2 / 2 + lnx + 2x + C
(v) x2 / 2 + lnx + C (vi) – a/x + blnx + C
3
5  x3   53 1 3  125 1 124
 x dx =  3  =  3 – 3  = 3 – 3 = 3
2
11.
1  1  

 1 1
12. (i) GMm/R (ii) Kq1q2  – 
 r2 r1 
 v 2 u2 
(iii) M  –  (iv)  (v) 1
 2 2 
(vi) 1 (vii) 2

16.  2sin(x)dx = – 2 cos x + C

20. y = x2 sinx3

 x sin x dx let u = x3  du = 3x2 dx

2 3

sinudu
 3
1 1
= (–cos u) + C = – cos x3 + C
3 3
2
x3 8
 
2
21. Area = ydx = x2dx = 0
=
3 3
0
dy 1
Let t2 = y  2t dt = dy   ydt  t sin(t  sin y .
2
22. = ) dt = = (–cos y)
2 2

23. Let 3y2 + 4y + 3 = t  (6y + 4) dy = dt

t2 (3y 2  4y  3)2
Then  x dy =  t dt =
2
+C=
2
+C

 /2  /2
 sin3t  1 1
24.

0
cos3t dt = 
 3 0
 =
3
[–1 – 0] =
3

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1
9
 (t  9t  c) dt =
2
25.
2
0
1
 t3 9 2  9
  t  ct  =
 3 2  0 2
1 9 9
 c =
3 2 2
1
c=–
3
2 2
1
26.

0
sin2 d =
2
0
 (1  cos2)d
2
1 sin2  1 sin 4  sin0 
=  =  2  0 =  Ans.
2  2 0 2 2 2 
2
 2  4 2 2 3 2
28.   = – =
 2   2 2 2

29.
 x3 
=  
3 7
(7)  1/ 3 3
–0=
7
 3  0
3 3
1 1/ 3
1  1 1 5 5
30.  3 ln(3 x  2) = 3 (ln5 – ln2) = 3 ln 2 = ln  2 
 0  
x8
31. (i) 3x2 + C (ii) +C
8
x8
(iii) – 3x2 + 8x + C
8
–2 – x –3 x 3 – x –3 x 2
32. (1) +C (ii)  +C (ii)  –x+C
3x 3 6 3 3 2

2 – x –3 x5 1
33. (i) +C (ii) +C (iii)  +C
3x 3 6 5 3x 3

34. (1) x2/3 + C (ii) x1/3 + C (iii) x–1/3 + C

x 2 x
35. (i) sinx + C (ii) sin +C (iii) sin +  sin x + C
2  2

sinkx sinx
36. (i)   cos xdx =   cos x dx   coskx dx  = = sin x + C
k 
 
(ii)  2 cos 2 xdx

sin x
 2 = sin  x + C
2 /2 2

sin x
 x   2 +  sin x = 2 sin  x + sin x + C
(iii)   cos   cos x dx =  cos xdx    cos x =
 2  2 /2  2

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37.  ( x  1)dx
 xdx   1.dx
x2
+x+C
2

38.  (5 – 6x)dx
6x 2
=  5dx –  6xdx = 5x – + c = 5x – 3x2 + C
2

t 3t 3 t2 t2
 3t dt   2 dt = 3  2  2 = t3 + 4 + C
2
39.

t2 t3 4t 4 t3
 2 dt   4t dt = 2  3 + 4 + C = 6  t  C
3 4
40.

3 2/3
41. x +C
2

x1/ 2 –1/ 2 1 x 1 / 2 1 x –1/ 2 1 1

42.  2 dx   2x dx = 2 (1/ 2  1) + 2 1 +C = 3 x3/2 + 4 x1/2 + C
– 1
2
2
43.  8 ydy –  dy
y1/ 4
8y 2 2 y –1 / 4 1
– c
2 1
– 1
4
8
4y2 – y3/4 + C
3

–3
44.  [( 2x – (2x )x )]dx
2x 2 2x –21 2
=  2xdx –  2x –2 dx = – = x2 + +C
2 – 2 1 x

45. – 2 sin t + C

46. 5 cos t + C

 7(– cos  / 3)
47.  7 sin3 d = 1/ 3
+c


–21 cos +C
3

3
48.  3 cos5d  3 cos5d = 5 sin 5 + C

49. 3 cot x + C

– tan x
50. +C
3

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1
51. – csc + C
2

2
52. sec  + C
5

 4 sec x tan xdx – 2 sec xdx

2
53.
4 sec x – 2 tan x + C

1 1
54.  2 csc2xdx – 2  csc x cot xdx
1 1
– cot x + csc x + C
2 2

cos 2x
 sin2xdx –  csc xdx = –
2
55. + cot x + c
2

56.  (2 cos 2xdx –  3 sin3xdx

2 sin2x  – cos 3 x 
– 3  +c
2  3 
sin 2x + cos 3x + C

1 1 1 1 sin4t t sin4t
57.  2dt   2 cos 4tdt = 2 t + 2 4
=c= +
2 8
+C

1 cos 6t 1 1
58.  2 dt –  2
dt = t –
2 12
sin 6t + c

 (1  tan )d
2
59.

 sec d = tan  + C

2

3/2
60.  (–2x  4)dx
1/ 2

  3 2  3 
– x 2

3/2  1 1
 4x 1/ 2 = –    4  –  –  4   2 square units
  2   2   4 2
/2
/2  3  3
  d    
2
61.
0  3  0 24
3b
3b  x3 
62.  x dx
2
   = 9b3
0  3  0
SECTION - (F)
1. (i) 105º , (ii) 150º , (iii) 105º.

180° - 60°
60°
120°
2. 5
Q = 120°

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3. A(1,1,–1) B(2, –3 , 4)
AB = B – A = (2, –3, 4) – (1, – 1, 1)
= (1, –4, 5)  AB = î – 4 ĵ + 5 k̂

4. A = 30 î
B = 40 ĵ

40
30
50
î = A + B = 30 î + 40 ĵ
4
tan  = = 53°
3

10 6

5. C
Using triangular inequality
C > 10 – 6
C < 10 + 6  4 < c < 16

6. A B = A2  B2  2AB·cos  cos  is min. when  = 

8.  3 2   22  12 = 9  4 1 = 14 unit.

9. A = 3 î + 4 ĵ
A 3iˆ  4 ˆj 3iˆ  4 ˆj
A = 32  42 = 5  Â = = =
A 5 5

10. V = 60 km/h  V = 302  x 2 = 60

302 + x2 = 60°
x2 = 3600 – 900
x2 = 2700
x2 = 900 × 3
x = 30 3

11. F = 2 î – 3 ĵ N
F
30N F = 18N

12. FH
Given that F = 18
from figure FH = F2  F12 = 302  182 = 576 = 24N
F1 18 3
from figure tan = = tan =   = 37°
FH 24 4

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 sin 
13. tan  =
A  Bcos 
6 sin90 1 3
tan  = = =
8  6cos90 8 4
3
tan  =  = 37 Ans.
4
15. Given that
A = 4 î +6 ĵ ........ (1)
A + B = 10 î + 9 ĵ ............ (2)
from equation (2)
B = 10 î + 9 ĵ – A = 10 î + 9 ĵ – (4 î + 6 ĵ )
B = 6 î + 3 ĵ

B By = 3

3  1
By
Bx = 6 from figure tan  =
= tan–1   =
Bx 6 2
17. Angle between two vectors can never be greater than 180°

on increasing the , the magnitude of resultant vectors decreases.

18. Sum of any 3 sides should be greater than fourth side.

19. a + b > ab > a – b

20. | A + B | = | A | = |B |
Case -I Either | A | = | B | = 0 (zero vectors)
Case - A II |A| = |B|  0
| A + B | = A2 + B2 + AB cos
 
|A| = |B| = 2A2 + 2A2 cos = 2A2 (1 + cos) = 2A (2cos2 ) = 4A cos2
2 2
Now |A + B| = A
 1
cos =
2 2

= 60°
2
 = 120°


a

60°
60°

21. b
Only horizontal along + x-axis  2cos 60° + 2 cos 60° = 2

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22. (1)Theory
(2) small angular displacement  vector
Large angular displacement  scalar
(3) A + B = B + A but A – B = B – A

F


(4) F
Fnet = F2  F2  2F2 cos 120  = F

23. A vector is represented by sum of its component vectors.

i.e.
A = Ax î + Ay ĵ +Az k̂ So, from given options only option (1), (2), (3) are correct.

24. a = b = 5 unit and = 60º

R= a 2  b 2  2a.b cos 60º = 5 3 unit

3
Tan  =
a sin60º
= 2 = 1 = tan30º = 30
b  a cos 60º 3 3
2

25. The angle between the two vectors is 120º and not 60º.

10 dyne

60º dyne

R = (10)2  (10)2  2(10)(10)(cos120º ) = 100  100 – 100 = 10 dyne

 
26. Resultant of two vectors A and B must satisfy A  B R A B
   
31. Given  A  B | 2 =  A – B | 2
           
squaring  A  B | 2 =  A – B | 2 or ( A  B).( A  B) = ( A – B).( A – B)
             
 A.A  A.B  B.A  B.B)  A.A – A.B – B.A  B.B)
       
As A.B  B.A and A.A = A2 etc.  A2  AB + B2 + A2 –2 AB B2
 
or 4 A.B  A.B = 0
 
This implies that A and B are mutually perpendicular (or = 90º)

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
32. The projection of vector A on y-axis is

= A. ĵ  projection = (3 î  4k̂ ). ĵ = 0

33. When the two forces of 12 N and 8 N act upon a body, the resultant force on the body has maximum
value when Resultant force = 12N + 8N = 20

34. from figure, by polygon law

  
A BE
  
E = – ( A  B)

35. from figure, by polygon law

  
A C–D = 0
  
D–C= A

36. from figure, by polygon law

   
D– CBE = 0
   
ED– C  B

37.
From triangle ABC, AB  BC  CA = 0……(1)
from given problem

R = AB  BC  2CA

R = AB  BC  CA  CA

R = CA

38.

Let P & Q are component of vector R
from diagram
P = Rcos & Q = Rcos So, P=Q

39. Slope of the path of the particle gives the measure of angle required. Draw the situation as shown.
OArepresents the path of the particle starting from origin 0 (0,0), Draw a perpendicular from point A to x-
axis. Let path of the particle makes an angle with the x-axis, then

SECTION - (G)
 
1. A = î  ĵ  k̂ B = 2 î  ĵ

(a) A.B = (1)(2) + (1)(1) + (1)(0) = 2 + 1 = 3
î ĵ k̂
 
A B = 1 1 1
2 1 0

= î (0–1) – ĵ (0–2) + k̂ (1–2)

 
A  B = – î  2Ĵ – k̂

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 
2. | A | 4 | B | 3  = 60º
   
A.B | A || B | cos 60º
1
= 4× 3 × =6
2

    3
| A  B || A || B | = sin = 4×3× =6 3
2
  
3. A,B and C are non zero vector
  
A.B = 0 and A.C = 0
 
A is  to B
    
A is  to C  B × C is 11 to A

4. Dot product of two mutually perpendicular vectros is zero A.B = 0
 ( 4 î  n ĵ – 2k̂ ).(2 î  3 ĵ  k̂ ) = 0
 (4×2) + (n × 3) + (–2 × 1) = 0  3n = – 6  n =–2

5. Here r = 5 î – 3 ĵ  0k̂ and

F = 4 î – 10 ĵ  0k̂
î ĵ k̂
  
  = r × F 5 – 3 0 = î (0–0) – ĵ (0–0) + k̂ (–50 + 12) = –38 k̂
4 – 10 0

 
6. Let A = 2 î  3 ĵ  k̂ and B = î – ĵ  2k̂
 
  A B
Unit vector perpendicular to both A and B is n̂ = ±  
| A B |
î ĵ k̂
 
A  B = 2 3 3 = (6 + 1) – ĵ (4 –1) + k̂ (–2 – 3) = 7 î – 3 ĵ – 5 k̂
2 –1 4
  1
| A  B | = 72  (–3)2  (–5)2 = 83 unit  n̂   (7 î – 3 ĵ – 5k̂ )
83

9. A  B  2iˆ  A  B  2jˆ   (A  B) . (A  B) = 4iˆ . ˆj = 0

10. Since B  3A , so both are parallel.

11. A  B  ˆi  kˆ (by vector multiplication method)

C will be perpendicular to A  B , If C.(A  B) gives a result zero.
So, incorrect answers are A,C,D.

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12. Two vectors must be perpendicular if their dot product is zero.
Let a = 2 î + 3 ĵ + 8 k̂
b = 4 ĵ – 4 î + a k̂
= – 4 î + 4 ĵ + a k̂
According to the above hypothesis :
a  b 
4 1
  a b = 0 (2 î + 3 ĵ + 8 k̂ ). (– 4 î +4 ĵ + a k̂ ) = 0 – 8 + 12 8a = 0 a = –
=–
8 2
NOTE : a . b = ab cos . Here, a and b are always positive as they are the magnitudes of a and b 

13. B  A  . A = B Acos  n̂ . A = 0

Here n̂ is perpendicular to both A and B .


Alternative: B  A . A 
Interchange the cross and dot, we have,
B  A  . A = B  A  A  =0 ( A × A = 0)

NOTE : The volume of a paralleloplped bounded by vectors A , B and C can be obtained by giveng

formula . A  B . C . 
14. A × B = AB sin and A . B = AB cos .
Given, | A  B | = 
3 A.B   AB sin  = 3 AB cos 
  tan  = 3   = 60° 
   
15. (P  Q).(Q – P) = 0
       
– P2 + P . Q +Q2– Q . P =0  P .Q = Q .P
P2 – Q2 = 0
P=Q

16. The two vectors must be perpendicular if their dot product must be zero.
Let A and B are two forces. The sum of the two forces.
F1 = A + B … (i)
The difference of the two forces,
F2 = A – B … (ii)
Since, sum of the two forces is perpendicular to their differences as gives, so
F1 . F2 = 0 or  A  B .  A – B = 0 or A2 – A . B + B . A – B2 = 0

or A2 = B2 or | A| = |B|
Thus, the forces are equal to each other in magnitude.

17. A × B = AB sin and A . B = AB cos 

 Given, | A B | = 3 A .B …(i)
But | A  B | = | A | | B | sin  = AB sin 
 and A . = | A | | B |  cos  = AB sin 
Make these substitution in Eq. (i), we get
AB sin  = 3 AB cos  or tan = 3  = 60°
The addition of vector A and B can be given by the law of parallelogram.  | A B |
1
= A 2  B2  2ABcos 60 = A 2  B2  2AB  = (A2 + B2 + AB)1/2
2

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EXERCISE # 2
2
     3   1
1. V   = sin2   – cos  2  = sin260º – cos120º =   ––  = 3  1 = 5
3 3  3  2   2 4 2 4
 
3 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
3*. (1)    (2)    (3)  1   1 (4)  1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 4 3
   
5*. R2 = 2A2(1 + cos) = 2A2  1  2cos2  1 = 22A2cos2
 2  2

R = 2A cos
2
6. Slope of the path of the particle gives the measure of angle required. Draw the situation as shown. OA
represents the path of the particle starting from origin 0 (0,0), Draw a perpendicular from point A to x-axis.
Let path of the particle makes an angle  with the x-axis, then

AB 3
tan = slope of line OA = = = 3 or = 60°
OB 3
7. By using distance formula d
= ( x 2 – x1)2 ( y 2 – y1)2  13

= [3 – (–9)]2  [3 – a]2  132 = 122 + (3 – a)2  (3 –a)2 = 132 – 122 = 52

(3 –a) = ± 5  a = 2 cm or 8 cm
8. y = ln x 2 + sin x

dy
=

d ln x 2  +
d  sin x 
=
1 d
(x2) + cos x = 2
1
. 2x + cos x =
2
+ cos x
dx dx dx 2 dx x
x x
2
d( )

d2 y
= x + d(cos x) = 2 – sin x
2
dx dx dx x2
6
–
dy d(x1/7 ) d(tan x) x 7
9.   = + sec2x
dx dx dx 7
d2 y 1 d(x –6/7 ) d(sec 2 x) –6 –13/7 –6 –13/7
  = x + 2 secx (secx tan x) = x + 2 tanx sec2x
dx 2 7 dx dx 49 49

 1  1 
10. y =  x    x   1
 x  x 
1  1
d(x –  1) d x  
dy  1 x  1   x
= x   +  x –  1
dx  x dx  x  dx
 1 
 1   dx d( ) d(1)   1   1 
d( )   1  1   1  1 
x  x + – x   +  x – x  1   x  =
dx  x  x   1  2  +  x – x  1  1– 2 
   dx dx dx     dx dx    x    x 
   
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
=x+ + + 3 +x– – + 3 + 1 – 2 = 3 + 2x – 2 + 1
x x x x x x x x x

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11. r = (1 + sec) sin 
 r = sin + sec sin 
 r = sin + tan 
dr
 cos  + sec2
d
dq d d(2r – r 2 )1/2 d(2r – r 2 ) 1 1– r
12.  (2r – r2)1/2 =  = (2r – e2 )–1/2 (2 – 2r) =
dr dr d(2r – r 2 ) dr 2 2r – r 2

d d
(1  cot x) (cot x) – cot x (1  cot x) (1  cot x)(– cosec 2 x) – cot x(– cosec 2 x) – cosec 2x
13. dy
 dx dx = = 
dx (1  cot x)2
(1  cot x)2
(1  cot x)2

d d 1 x
tan x tan x   e  – nx  e (sec x)
x 2
tan x ( nx  e x ) – ( nx  e x )
14.
dy
 dx dx =  x 
dx (tan x)2 (tan x)2

15. x3 + y3 = 18 xy
d(x 3  y 3 ) d(18 xy)
=
dx dx
dx 3 dy 3 dy d(18 x)
  18x. + y.
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
3x2 +3y2. =18x . + y .18
dx dx
dy dy
3x2 +3y2 . = 18x . +18y
dx dx
dy dy
3y2 –18x. =18y –3x2
dx dx
dy
(3y2 –18x) = 18y –3x2
dx
dy (18y – 3x 2 )
=
dx 
3y 2 – 18x 
16. x + y = 60
x = 60 - y
xy = (60 – y) y
f(y) = (60 – y) y for maximum
f '(y) = 60 – 2y = 0
y = 30 So, x = 30 & y = 30

x –21 x –3 1 1
 (x –2  x –3 ) dx =
 
x –2dx  x dx =
–3
17. = + + C = – x–1 –x–2 + C
–2 1 3  1 2

 (1– cot x)dx 1– (cosec x – 1) dx

2 2
18.

=  (2 – cosec x)dx =  2dx –  cosec x dx = 2x + cot x + C

2 2

19.  cos (tan + sec) d

sin 
=  cos tan d +  cos sec d cos 
cos 
d +   d= – cos  +  + C

Integrate by using the substitution suggested in bracket.

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20. Let u = 3 – 2s  du = – 2 ds
 –du  –1 –1
 u 
 2 
 =
23 / 2
u3/2 + C =
3
(3 – 2s)3/2 + C

dx
21.  5x  8
.

By Substituting
5 x + 8= u,
d  5x  8  du
=
dx dx
du
5=
dx
 du 
5dx =   dx
 dx 
du
dx = then]
5
du 1 u 1/2 2 2
5 
– 21
= 1/5 u du = +C= u +C = 5x  8 + C
u 5 1/ 2 5 5

22. Substituting x 2 = u,
or 2x dx = du
du
x dx = . 
2
Now, changing the limit for
x = 0, u = 0
x=  u =
u 

on
u 0
 sinu du = – cosu 0
= – cos  + cos 0=2

b
b
23. Using n subintervals of length x =
n
and right–end point values. Area =

0
3x2 dx = b3

Area of the region between the given curve & x axis on the interval [0, b ]
b b
 3x3 

b
 3x2dx      x  = b3 – 0 = b3
3

0
 3  0 0

 
c  c
B
b
24. C = a2  b2  2abcos  a1 = b

b

C = a2  b2  2abcos  b1 = a  c1 = C
25. Can not be zero
A·B 22 3
26. A = 2 î + 2 ĵ cos = =
A B
 2 2   2
B = î + 3 ĵ =

2 1 3  = 1 3
 Q = 15°
4  2 2 2

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
c

 a 
a c
135°
 135°
a 
45° b
  
27. 45° By vector translation c b b

c
 90º, 135º,. 135º

28*. a2 + b2 + 2ab cos = a2 + 4b2 – 4ab cos

b
or cos = <1  b < 2a
2a

30. Resultant R = P + Q = (2 î + 7 ĵ – 10 k̂ ) + ( î + 2 ĵ +3 k̂ ) = 3 î + 9 ĵ – 7 k̂ But R + required vector = î

Or required vector = î – R = î – (3 î +9 ĵ –7 k̂ ) = – 2 î –9 ĵ +7 k̂

31. Let P & Q are two vector

If Q P
P – Q = 10 unit ............... (1)

If P

P2  Q2 = 50 unit
P2 + Q2 = 502 .............. (2)
from equation (1)
(10 + Q)2 + Q2 = 502  2Q2 + 20Q + 100 = 2500
2Q + 20Q = 2400
2
 Q2 + 10Q – 1200 = 0
(Q + 40) (Q - 30) = 0 Q = 30 So, from equation (1) P = 10 + Q = 10 + 30 = 40 unit
32. OA = r ĵ
OC = r ˆi
r r
OB = r (cos 45 î + sin 45 ĵ )  OB = î + ĵ
2 2
r r  r ˆ
R = OA + OB + OC = r ĵ + î + ĵ + r î =  r  i
2 2  2
33. Initial velocity = 50 ĵ
Final velocity = –50 ĵ 1 change = 50 2 along south west

34.
Coplanar all in a single plane (xy plane)
60° = 360°
 = 60° Check now every component cancels out net = 0

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36.* A. B=8 A B cos  = 8

| A ×B | = 8 3 AB sin = 8 3
tan =  3
 = 120°

N
ĵ

W E
î

37. S
A  – k̂
B  + î
A × B = – k̂ × î = ĵ  south

38. Check product (fifth doesn't satesfy)

A B
39. By finding will give the ans.
| A |B |
A B    
= 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  2iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ = – 6kˆ  3ˆj  2kˆ  ˆi  4ˆj  4iˆ = 5iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ None of the answer given.
     
40. Given that : A = B + C  A – C = B
        
By taking self dot product on both sides ( A – C).( A – C) = B . B  A2 + C2 – 2 A.C = B2
 
Now let angle between A and C be  then A2 + C2 – 2AC cos  = B2
A 2  C2 – B2 (5 )2  (3 )2 – ( 4 )2 18 3 3
 cos = = = =  =cos–1   = 53º
2AC 2(5)(3) 30 5 5
Or Since 52 = 42 + 32
    
The vectors A,B and C make a triangle with angle between B and C as 90º.
  3
If  is the angle between A and C , then cos  = = 0.6 = cos (53º)
5
41. Sx = 6 cos 45º – 4 cos 45º = 2 km Sy = 6 sin 45º + 4 sin 45º = 5 2 km
Sy
S= S2x  S2y = 52 km,  = tan–1 = tan–1(5)
Sx

EXERCISE-3
PART - I
1. As we have given
| A B| = | A –B| or A 2  B2  2ABcos  = A 2  B2 – 2ABcos 
where  is the angle between A and B . Squaring both the side, we have
A2 + B2 + 2AB cos = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos  or 4AB cos = 0 
 As AB0
cos= 0 = 0 cos 90°   = 90° Hence, angle between A and B is 90°
2. By Triangle law of vector addition.

3. VC = xyrz
R
critical velocity is given by VC  So, x = 1
2r
y = –1
z = –1

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4. A  cos wt ˆi  sin wtjˆ

wt ˆ wt
B  cos i  sin ˆj for A.B  0
2 2
wt wt  wt   wt  wt  
A.B  0  cos wt.cos  sin wt.sin = cos  wt –   cos   So,   t
2 2  2   2  2 2 w

5. A B  A B

(A)2 + (B)2 + 2(A)(B)cos = (A)2 + (B)2 – 2(A)(B)cos

2cos = 0   = 90°

6. V  cos tiˆ  sin tjˆ

dr dV
V = – sint î + cost ĵ  a = – 2cost î – 2sint ĵ
dt dt
since r.V = 0 so r r V and a  –2 r So, a will be always aiming towards the origin.

PART - II
z

A B

(0,a/2,a/2)
(a/2,0,a/2)
y

1. x

a a
r  rB – rA = – î  j
2 2
2. R2 = 4F2 + 9F2 + 2 × 2F × 3Fcos
4R2 = 4F2 + 36F2 + 2 × 2F × 6 Fcos
4  36  24cos 
4
4  9  12cos 
13 × 4 + 12 × 4cos = 40 + 24cos
40  52 12 1
 cos   = 
48  24 24 2
 = 120°

3. A2 + A2 + 2AB cos  = n2 (A2 + A2 – 2AB cos)

A2 + A2 + 2A2 cos = n2 (A2 + A2 – 2A2 cos )
2A2 (1 + cos) = 2A2n2 (1 – cos)
1 + cos = n2 – n2 cos
cos (1 + n2) = n2 –1
n2  1  n2  1 
cos =   = cos–1  2 

n 1 2
 n  1

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