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Lect. 1.2 - EE130 - Basic Electrical Components - Laws (Part 1 - 7)

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6 views31 pages

Lect. 1.2 - EE130 - Basic Electrical Components - Laws (Part 1 - 7)

Uploaded by

Jecery Olmoguis
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Electrical Components & Laws

Electricity: Crash Course History of Science

[Video] Electricity: Crash Course History of Science


Electrical Circuit Analysis
✓ Linear circuit analysis
✓ Physical systems: nonlinear
✓ Linear approximations
Analysis and Design

Analysis is the process through which we determine the scope of a


problem, obtain the information required to understand it, and
compute the parameters of interest.
Design is the process by which we synthesize something new as part of
the solution to a problem.
Computer-Aided Analysis
Basic Components & Electric Circuits
Basic Components & Electric Circuits
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
What is electricity?
- All matter >> atoms >> smaller particles
(protons, neutrons, electrons)

- Electricity is “formed” when


particles become charged
- separation of positive and
negative electric charge.
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power

most fundamental quantity of electric circuits. In most electric circuits,


the basic charge is that of an electron, which is 1.602x10-19 coulombs
(C).
expressed as Q or q;
Q: if the charge is constant ; q(t) or q: if the charge is in motion
charge cannot be either created or destroyed, only transferred from
one point to another.
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
• Current - Charge in motion. That is,

dq
i (t ) =
dt

• Unit: Ampere (A)


Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Several types of current:

(a) Direct current (dc) (c) Exponential current

(b) Sinusoidal current (ac) (d) Damped sinusoidal current


Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Two methods of representation for exactly the same
current :

Both magnitude and direction must be indicated


Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
• Suppose dc current flows into
terminal A, through the general
element, and back out of terminal B
• pushing charge through the element
requires an expenditure of energy
• electrical voltage (or a potential
difference) exists between the two
terminals, or that there is a voltage
“across” the element

• voltage across a terminal pair is a measure of the work required to


move charge through the element.
• Unit: volt (V)
• 1 volt = 1 J/C.
• Voltage is represented by V (constant) or v (time-varying)
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power

Must include both a symbol for the variable and a


plus-minus (“polarity”) symbol pair.

Terminal B is 5 V positive with Terminal A is 5 V positive with


respect to terminal A respect to terminal B
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power

power must be proportional both to the no. of coulombs transferred


per second (current) and to the energy needed to transfer one coulomb
through the element (voltage)

• The power absorbed by the


element is p=vi.
• OR the element generates or
supplies a power −vi.
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Passive Sign Convention (PSC)

-if the current arrow and the voltage polarity signs are
placed such that the current enters that end of the element
marked with the positive sign, then the power absorbed by
the element can be expressed by the product of the
specified current and voltage variables
-If the numerical value of the product is negative, then we
say that the element is absorbing negative power, or that it
is actually generating power and delivering it to some
external element.
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power

Example: Compute the power absorbed by each part:

(absorbed by the element)


(absorbed by the element) (“negative” power absorbed by
the element, or the element
generates or supplies 20W)
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Practice:

(a) Determine the power being absorbed by the (c) Determine the power being delivered to the circuit
circuit element element at t = 5 ms.

(b) Determine the power being generated by the


circuit element
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Law of Conservation of Energy

In any closed electric circuit, power is both supplied and absorbed.


The amount that is supplied must be equal to the amount that is
Absorbed (“Power Balance”).

Stated another way, we can say that the law of conversation of


energy must hold. Therefore, in any electric circuit the algebraic
sum of the power must be zero.

 p =0
Power supplied: If the assumed direction of the current leaves
the assumed positive polarity of the voltage, power is supplied.

Power absorbed: If the assumed direction of the current enters


10 the assumed positive polarity of the voltage, power is absorbed.
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Energy

Energy absorbed or supplied by an element


from time t0 to time t:
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Energy
Example
Charge, Current, Voltage & Power
Energy
Example
Voltage & Current Sources
Voltage & Current Sources
• An independent source is a voltage
or current generator not dependent on
other circuit variables.
• An independent voltage source is
characterized by a terminal voltage
which is completely independent of the
current through it.
Circuit symbol of the independent
voltage source.
• vvIdeal voltage source

(a) DC voltage source symbol; (b) battery symbol (c) ac voltage source symbol.
Voltage & Current Sources

• Independent current
source: the current through
the element is completely
independent of the voltage
across it.
Circuit symbol for the independent • Ideal source; an
current source.
approximation for a physical
element.
Voltage & Current Sources

(a) current-controlled current source (c) voltage-controlled voltage source


(K is dimensionless) (K is dimensionless)

(b) voltage-controlled current source (d) current-controlled voltage source


(g is a scaling factor with units of A/V) (r is a scaling factor with units of V/A)
Voltage & Current Sources
Voltage & Current Sources

Example: Find the power absorbed by each element in the circuit below:

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