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Memory

Memory is defined as the ability to store and retrieve information, involving three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It consists of three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, each with distinct characteristics and capacities. Forgetting can occur due to encoding failure, decay, or interference from other memories.

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3 views

Memory

Memory is defined as the ability to store and retrieve information, involving three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It consists of three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, each with distinct characteristics and capacities. Forgetting can occur due to encoding failure, decay, or interference from other memories.

Uploaded by

khshad2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory

Arobindu Dash
Lecturer, IUBAT

Memory 1
Definition
Memory is the ability to store information so that it can be used at a
later time.

Forming Memories
Memory is built on three basic processes:
1. Encoding

2. Storage

3. Retrieval

Memory 2
Encoding refers to the process by
which information initially is recorded in
a form useable to memory.

Storage is the process by which a


system maintains or remembers
information.

Retrieval is the process by which


material in memory storage is located
and brought into awareness.
Memory 3
The three systems of memory:
Memory storehouse
According to the information processing approach to memory
there are three different memory storage systems or stages
through which information must travel if it is to be remembered:

A. Sensory memory

B. Short - term memory

C. Long - term memory

Memory 4
Sensory Memory
Sensory memory refers to the initial, momentary storage
of information.

Duration
Up to 1 second (visual); up to 2 or 3 seconds (auditory)

Capacity
Large (theoretically all we sense)

Types
1. Iconic memory
2. Echoic memory
Memory 5
Iconic memory store visual information coming from
the eyes.

Echoic memory stores auditory information coming


from the ears.

Precision of sensory memory is high. It can store an


almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is
exposed.

Memory 6
Short-term memory
Short-term memory is the memory store in which
information first has meaning. It has the capacity to hold
only the limited number of items being worked with a
particular time. For this reason, short-term memory is often
called working memory.

Capacity

The capacity of short-term memory is seven items, plus


or minus Two. It is called “magical number 7± 2”

Memory 7
List 1: MTVFBIU SAIBM

List 2: MTV FBI USA IBM

List 2 is easier to recall because it contains fewer chunks.

A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a


unit in short-term memory.

Duration
If we repeat information in short-term memory over
and over, it will remain there indefinitely. Maintenance
rehearsal is the process of keeping information in
short-term memory by repeating it.Memory 8
Without maintenance rehearsal information remains in
short-term memory for only about 20 seconds.

~ Information is more likely to transfer to long-term


memory if the information is rehearsed elaborately.
Elaborate rehearsal occurs when the information is
considered and organized in some fashion.

Expanding the information to make it fit into a logical


framework
Linking the information to other memory
Turning it into image

Memory 9
Long-term memory

Everything we store for future reference is encoded into


long term memory.

Memory
Capacity: quite large

Duration: Perhaps a lifetime

10
Divisions in long –term memory

A. Declarative memory
Memory for factual information: names, faces, dates and the
like. Example: a bike has two wheels.
Types:
i) Semantic memory.
Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world,
as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to
deduce other facts.

ii) Episodic memory.


Memory for the biographical details of our individual lives.
11
B. Procedural memory / Nondeclarative
memory

Memory for skills, and habits, such as riding a bike or


playing football. It is the memory of how to do things.

Memory 12
Based on research it is speculated that there are two
forms of memory:

1. Explicit memory
Explicit memory is the intentional or conscious
recollection of Information.

2. Implicit memory
Memories of which people are not consciously aware,
but which can affect subsequent performance and
behavior.

Memory 13
Question
14

Memory
Answer
15

⚫ 1. 1-b, 2-a, 3-c;


⚫ 2. chunk
⚫ 3. Semantic, episodic

Memory
Why do we forget?
Psychologists have proposed four major views of forgetting:

1. Encoding failure
Memories cannot be recalled because they were never stored
to begin with.

2. Decay theory
Memory of an item spontaneously fades or decays through
nonuse with the passage of time.

This explanation for forgetting assumes that when new


material is learned, a memory trace – an actual physical
change in the brain – Appears.
Memory 16
3. Interference theory
Other memories interfere with the memory we are trying to
recall.
Interferences are two types:

a. Proactive interference
Proactive interference occurs when old information
interferes with recalling new information.
b. Retroactive interference
Retroactive interference occurs when new information
interferes with the recall of old information.
Memory 17
Question
18

Memory
Answer
19

⚫ 1. decay;
⚫ 2. interference
⚫ 3. retroactive, proactive

Memory
Memory 20

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