UNIT 1: (a) Number The ory

(b) Rat io, Pr oport ion and Logarit hms

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( a)
Prime

Numbers:

A p rime numbe r is a na tural numbe r grea te r than 1 that

can not

be

formal by m ultip lyin g two small

er nat ural n um b ers.

F or example

, 5 isp rime b eca use

the only ways of writ in g it as a p roduct, 1 x 5 o r 5 x 1.

Raman uja n p rime are the last in te gers Rn for whi

ch there are at l ea st n p rime

b et wee n x an d

for all x

Rn. The first Raman uja n p rime are then

, 11, 17, 29 an d

41. Note that in te ger R n is ne cessa rily a p rime numbe r an d hence , mu ch in crea se b y
obt ai ni ng another prime a t x = Rn.

(b )

Rat io, Prop orti on

an d Logarithms: The value obt ai ni ng when two similar q uant it ies

are comp ared b y divid in g one q uant it y wit h the other is called rat io . The rat io of

two q uant it ie s is that value which gives u

s h ow many ti mes one quant it y of

the

other. Only q uant it ie s of the

sa

me

kin d i. e

. , theq uant it ie s wit h the same uni ts ca n b e

comp ared.

NOTES:

1.

The rat io a a nd b is writ te n

as a :

an d is mea sured b y the

fract ion

2.

If two q uant it ie s are in the rat io a : b then the first an d the second q uant it ie s will b e

>

ti mes an d

>

ti mes the sum of the t wo quan ti ti esresp ect ively.

E x: If

x:

y = 3 :5, then x =

<
( x+y) an d y =

<

( x+y) .

3.

The rat io of t wo q uant it ie s can b e found , only when b oth the q uant it ie s are of the

same kind .

E x: Rat io b et wee n 1 met er an d 5 seconds

can not

bef

ound, as the q uan ti ti es given

are not of the sa me kin d.

4.

A rat io is a n a b stract q uan ti ty and a rati o does not have a ny uni ts.

E x: The rati o of 3 0 seco nds an d one minute is 30

seconds:

6 0 seconds o r 1: 2.
Terms of a Rat io: F or a given rat io

a:

b we say

that

is

the first te rm or an te ceden t an d b is

second te rm or

conseq u en t.

In t he rat io

3:4,

3 is t he an te ceden t while 4 is the conse q uent.

Prop ertie s of a Rat io: The value of a rat io rema in the same, if b oth the t erms of the

rat io are

multi p lied or divide dly

sam

none

. Zero q uant ity. If a, b an d m are

non

rea lnumb er
-

1.

. =

k_

k`

a : b = am : b m.

2.

:
a:b=

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S imp lest form of a Rat io: The rat io of two or more q uant it ie s is sai d to b e in the simp lest

form, if the highest common fact or ( H C F )

of the q uant itie s is 1. If the H CF of the q uant it ies

is not 1, then

each q uant it y of the rat io is divided b y the H CF to convert the rat io in to it s

simp lest form.

E x:

E xpress 81: 93 in it s simp lest form.

S oluti on:

The HCF of 81 an d 93 is 3 we divi de e ach

form b y 3.

Thus 81 :9 3 =

<5

=7

= 27: 31
õ

The rat io 81: 93 in it s simp lest form is 27 : 31.

Comp arison of Rat io: Two rat ios

a:

b an d

c:

d can b e comp ared in the

followin g

way;

if

>

the:

b >c

:d

E x:
Comp are the rati os 4:5 an d

18:

25.

S oluti on:

Rat ios can be also b e comp ared b y reducin g

t hen to eq uivale nt fract ions of a

common denomina tor.

4:5 =

an d 18: 25 =

5<

69

8\9

9v9
=

64

69

As

64

69

>

5<

69

>

5<

69

4 : 5 > 18 : 2 5.

Typ es of
rat ios:

1.

A rat io a : b , where a > b . If a p osit ive q uanti

ty x is added to the two te rms in the

rat io a : b , thus a + x : b + x < a : b .

2.

A rat io a : b ,

where a < b , if a p ositi ve q uantit y x is added to

the

two te rms

of

the

rat io

a : b, thus ( a + x) :( b + x) > a : b.

3.

A rat io

a:b where a = b , if a p ositi ve q ua

nt it y x is added to two te rms i n the rat io a :

b thus ( a + x) : ( b + x)= a : b.

4.

The comp ound rat io of two rat ios a : b an d c : d is a c : b d.

E x:

Divide

Rs.

> 80 among t hree frie nds P, Q an d R in t he rat io

S oluti on:
Gives rati o is

The L CM of the denomina tors is 12

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x 12 :

x 12 :

x 12
= 3 : 4 : 6.

The sum of the t erms of the rati o = ( 3 + 4 + 6)=

13

Rs.

( > 80 x

57

) =

Rs.

180

Rs.

( > 80 x

57

) =
Rs.

240.

share =

Rs.

> 80 x

57

) =

Rs.

360.

E x:

if

x:

y = 3 :4 an d y : z = 6:11 , then fin d x :y : z.

S oluti on:

In b oth the rat ios y is common

. Try to make the value of y

eq ual in both the

rat ios.

M ultip ly ea ch te rm of the rat io 6:11 b y

to make it first te rm ( y) eq ual

to 4.

y:z= 6x

: 11 x

6
7

= 4:

66

x:y:z= 3:4:

66

= 9 : 1 2 : 22

E x:

In a b ag there are coins in the den omina ti ons

Rs.

Rs.

2 an d

Rs.

5 in the rati o 3
: 5 : 7, resp ect ively

If the tot al value of the coins in the b ag is

Rs.

144, fin d the numbe r of coins in

ea ch

den omin at ion

an dalso the t ota l value of

R s.

2 coins.

S oluti on:

L et the numbe r of coins of den omin at ions of

Rs.

1,

Rs.

2 an d

Rs.

5 b e 3x, 5x

an d

7
x, resp ect ively. The t ota l value of the coin s in the

b ag:

Rs.

3x + 5

x (2) +

x (5) ]

Rs.

xs

+ 10x + 35x)

=
Rs.

48x

Given , the t ota l amount in the b ag =

Rs.

144

48 x = 1 44

x=3

The number of

Rs.

1 coi ns i n t he b ag = 3x = 9

The number of
Rs.

2 coi ns i n t he b ag = 5x = 5 (3) = 75

The number of

Rs.

5 coi ns i n t he b ag = 7x = 21.

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The tota l value of

Rs.
2 coins i n t he

b ag =

Rs.

15 x 2 =

Rs.

30.

PROPORTI ON:

The eq uality

of two rat i os is called prop or

ti on.

Note:

If

a:

b =

c:

d, then a, b , c an d d are sai d

to b e in p rop orti on an d th e same

can b e

rep rese nt ed

as a :b ::

c : d.

Prop ertie s of Prop orti on:

1.

a, b, c an d d are resp ect ively known as the first, second, third an d fourth

p rop orti ona l.

2.

The first an d fourth te rms are called extremes while the second an d the third te rms

are called mean s.

3.

Product of ext remes = Product of mea ns.

4.
The fourth te rm can also b e referred to a s the f ourth p rop orti ona l of a, b an d c.

5.

If a : b = c : d, i. e. ,

then the given p rop ertie s can b e writ te n a s b : a : : d : c i. e.

, b y ta kin g the reci p rocal

s of te rms on b oth sides. This rela ti onship is known as

in verten ed

.
6.

If a : b : : c : d, then multi p lyin g b oth sides of the p rop orti on b y

, we get a : c = b : d.

This re

lat ionship is known a s alt ernen do

7.

Addin g 1 to b oth sides of the p rop orti on

a:

b : : c : d, we get

+1=

+1
:

>

>

-------- --

i)

That i s, ( a + b ) : b = ( c+ d) : d

8.

S ubt ract in g 1 from b oth sides of the p rop orti on a : b : : c : d, we get.

`
-

1=

-------- --

ii)

(a
b) :b =(c

d) : d.

9.

Dividin g the e q n. ( i) b yeq n. ( ii) , we get

Z
Z

( a + b) : ( a : b) = ( c +d) : ( c

d)

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This rel

10.

If

an d l, m and n are an y three non

zero numbe rs, thus

=
a

j_

>

ka

>

lc

j`

>

kb

>

ld

Cont in ued Prop orti on

: Th

e q uant it ie s a, b an d c are sai d to b e in conti nued

p rop orti ons if a : b :: b : c .

If a :

b : : b : c, then c is called the third p rop orti ona l of a a nd b .

M ea n P rop orti ona l of a an d c : I f a : b : : b : c thu s b i s called the mea n p rop orti ona l of

a a nd c.

We have alrea dy lea rnt that , p roduct of mea ns = Product of extremes.

b xb= axc

= ac

b =
G

The mean p rop orti ona l of a a nd c is

E x:

If 4 ta p s c

an fill a ta nk in 10 hours, then

in how many hours can 6 ta p s fill the

same t an k?

S oluti on:

Assume that

6 ta p s can do the same wor k in x

hour

-
as

more ta p s r eq uire

less hours to

do the same work, numbe r of ta p s vary in versely as the numbe r

of

hour

( Inverse rati o of numbe r of ta p s) : : ( Rat io of numbe r of hou rs)

6:4::10:x

54
v

x=

54v8

= 6

hou

S ix

ta p s can fill the t ank in 6

7
hour

E x:

In

a family, the consump ti on of p ower is 12 0 unit s for 1 8 days. F in d how

many uni ts of power is consumed in 30 days.

S oluti on:

L et the consumpt ion ofp ower is 30 da ys be x u ni ts.

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The

mor

e the

p eriod of ti me

, the mor

e is the consump ti on of p ower. H en ce

the

consump ti on of p ower varies

directl y as t he number of days.

( Rat io of numbe r of days

):

: ( Rat io of consum p ti on of p ower)

18 : 30 : : 12 0 : x
Product of mea ns = Pro duct of extremes

30 x 120 = 1 8 x

74

564

5<

= 200 unit s.

The consump ti on

of p ower for 30 days is 20 0 unit s.

E x:

4 M en , ea ch workin g 6 hours p er day can b uild a wall in 9 days. H ow lo ng will

6 men e ach workin g 3 h ours p er day take to fini sh the same work?

S oluti on:

Clea rly, M

an d M

M DI

+ = consort
:

tä
õ

S ix men ea ch workin g 3 hours p er day can fini s h the j ob i n 12 days.

L ogarithm:

L ogarithm

is

usefulin l ong calculat ion i nvolvin g multi p licat ion a nd division.

Defini ti on:

The logarithm of an y p osi

ti ve

numbe r to a given b ase ( a p osit ive numbe r not

eq ual to 1) is the in dex of the p ower of b ase w hich is eq ual to that nu mbe r. If

N an d a (

1) are an y two p ositi ve rea l numbe rs an d for some rea l num b er x,

= N, thus x is sai d to b e logarithm of N to the b ase

= x i. e., if

E x:

2³ = 8

u?zä

F rom the defin it ion of logs, we get t he followin g results:

When a > 0, b > 0 an d b

1.

1.
?)

= n

2.

jme

?q

b = b.

S yste m of

logarithm :

T here are two syste ms o f logarithm, na tural lo g arithm an d

common

logarithms

, which are u sed mo

st often .

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1.

Nat ural L ogarithm: Th ese were discovered b y Nap ie r. They are calculat ed to the

b ase d which ap p roximat ely eq ual to 2. 71.

2.

Common L ogarithms: L ogarithms t

o the b ase 10 are known as comm o n logarithms.

Prop ertie s:

1.

L ogs are define d only fo r p ositi ve real

numbe r

2.
L ogs are define d only fo r p ositi ve b ase s different from.

3.

In

, ne it her a n or b is n egat ive b ut the value of

can b e n egati ve.

E x: A

sr

= 0.

rsá??ä rs

4.
L ogs of different numbe rs to the same base are

different ,

i.e. if a

b , then

. In ot her words, if

,
then a

= b.

5.

L ogs of the sa me number to different b ase s have different values i. e. if m

n, then

. In ot her words, if

=
l

, then m = n.

6.

L og of 1 to a ny ba se i s 0.

7.

L og of 0 is n ot define d.

L aws:

1.

k
+

2.

k
.

3.

L og

= m log a.

4.

5.
`

jme

jme

In t his rela ti on, if we t ake a =

c, we

get the followin g result:

jme
W

To fin d the log of a Numbe r to b ase 10: Consider the followin g numbe rs: 2, 20, 200,

0. 2 an d 0. 02.

We se t

that 20

= 10 ( 2) an d 200= 1 00 ( 2)

L og

20 =

I+

lo g 2 an d l og 20 0 = 2 + log 2

S imila rly log 0. 2 =

1+ l og2 an d log 0. 02 =

2+ log2 fro m the ta b le, we see that log2

= 0. 3010.
õ

L og20 = 1. 30 10, lo g 200 = 2. 30 10, lo g 0. 2 =

1+ 0. 301 0 an d l og 0. 0 2 =

2+ 0. 3010.

We n ote two p oint s:

1.

M ultip lyin g or dividin g b y a p owe r of 1 0 chan ges only t he in te gral p art of the

log,

not the fract iona l p art.

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2.

F or numbe r less than 1. ( for examp le 0. 2) it is more conven ie nt to lea rn

the log

value a s

1+ 0. 30

10 in ste ad of chan gin g it to

0. 609 0.

F or numbe rs less than 1, as t he ne gat ive sign refers only to t he in te gral

Pa rt

, it is writ

te n ab ove the in te gral p

art, rat her than in front i. e. , log 0. 2 =

T . 301 0 an d not

1. 3010.
The in te gral p art is called the characte rist ic an d the fract iona l p art ( which is always

p ositi ve) is called the man ti ssa.

E x:

E xpress

0. 5229 in the s ta ndard f

or m.

S oluti on:

0. 522 9 =

1+ 1

0. 522 9 = T.4771.

The rule to obt ai n t he characte rist ics of log

x.

1.
If x > 1 an d there are n digit s in x, t he characte rist ic i s n

1.

2.

If x < 1 an d there are m zeroes b et wee n the deci mal p oint an d the first non

zero digit

of x , t he char act eristi c is

m, more commonly w rit te n a s

Note:

4=

v
$

. But

4. 01

.01

To fin d the log o f a n um b er from the log ta b les: F in d the value of log2 5

an d log0. 02 5.

S oluti on:

In the log ta b le, we fin d the numbe r 25 in the left hand

column. In this row, in

the n ext column ( under0) , we find 0. 3971.

F or the lo g
of all nu mbe rs whose significan t d igits are 25 an d this n umb er

0. 3979, is t he mant issa . Prefixing the charact eristi c we have

log25 =

1. 397 9

log25 0 = 2. 39 79

log0. 02 5 =

39 79

E x:

F in d the value of log 2. 5 46 an d lo g 25 460.

S oluti on:
In the log ta b le we locat e 25 in the first column. In this

row, in the column

under 4 we fin d 0. 404 8 .

S ince

there are four signi fica nt digits in 2546, in the

same row where we ha ve found 4 048, u

nder c olumn 6 in the mea n dif ference

column, we fin d the nu mbe r 10, the mant issa of the loga rit hm of 25 4 6 will b e

404 8 + 10 = 4 058

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Thus lo g 2. 54 6 = 0. 4058

log 0. 25 46 = T.40 58

og 25 46 0 = 4. 405 8

Ant ilog: As

= 3, 8 is the an ti logarithm of 3 to the b ase 2. Antilog b to b ase m is

We sa w that , log 2. 546 = 0. 4058. Therefo re a nt ilog 0. 405 8 = 2. 546.

E x:

to find the a nt ilog of 2. 3 246.

S oluti on:
we have to locat e 0. 3 2 i n the left hand colu mn an d s

lide along t

he ho ri zont al

line an d p ick out the numbe r in the vertica l column

headed b y 4. We see that

the numbe r is 2109. T he mean difference for 6 in the same line is 3. The

significan t digits in the req uired numbe r are = 2109 + 3 = 2 112. As the

characte rist ic i s 2,

the req uired an ti log is 211. 2 .

E x:

If

54

= 0. 4771 an d

54

= 0. 3010, fin d the value of

54

vz

S oluti on:

54

vz

54

sx

54

54

8
+

54

= 4

54

54

= 4( 0. 30 10)

( 0. 477)

= 1. 681 1
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 UNIT 2: INTERPRETAT I ON OF D ATA

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UNIT

INTERPRETATIONOFDATA

T o un derst an d vario u s t ren d s o f th e d at a of a glan ce and t o f acilit at e th e co mp ariso

n of
variou s

sit u ation s, th ed at a are pre sen ted in t hef o rmo f diagram and grap h s.

T h ere are a large n umber of d iagram s wh ich can be u sed fo r p re sen t at io n o f d at a. Th e

solu t ion o f a p art icu lar d iagram d ep en d s up o n t h e nat ure o f d at a. Ob ject ion of p re sen

t at ion ,

ab ilit y an d exp erien ce.

Simpl e Bar Di agr am

: Simp le b ar d iagram s co mp rises o f gro up o f rect an gu lar b ars o f eq ual

wid t h f o r ea ch class o r cat ego ryo f d ata.

1.

In th is t ype of d iagram , o n e b ar rep re sen t s on ly o n e f igu re . T h ere will b e as man y b

ars

as t he nu mber

of f igu res.

2.

T h ese d iagram s d ep ict on ly o ne ch aract eristics o f t he dat a.

3.

T h ed ist an ceb et ween t he b ars sh ou ld b e equ al.

4.

Heigh t (o r len gt h ) of t h e b ar rea d s t he magn it ude o f th e dat a. Th e lo wer en d o f t he b

ar

t o u ches th eb ase lin e su ch th at th eh eigh t o f a

bar st art s f ro mt h e z ero u n it.

5.

T h ese d iagram s can b eeit h er vert ical o r h o riz on t al.

6.

Bars o f a b ar d iagram can be visually co mpare d b y th eir re lat ion height an d acco rd in gly

d at a are co mp reh end ed q u ickly.

Ex: T h e f o llo win g tab le given d at a o n lit era ry rate i

n In d ia. Pr ese nt t h e inf o rmat ion in t he fo rm

o f a simp le (vert ical)d iagram .

Li ter ar y r atei n i n di a (1951

-
2011 )

YEA R

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

LITER AR Y R A TE

(IN PER C EN TAG E)

18 .33 %

28 .30 %

34 .45 %
43 .57 %

52 .21 %

64 .84 %

74 .04 %

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Sol u ti on :

PIE

DI AGRA M

: Simila r t o su b

d ivid ed b ar d iagram a circle can also b e p art it ion ed int o sectio n

t o sh o w pro p ert ies of vario u s co mp on ent s. Su ch a d iagram is kno wn as a p ic d iagram.

Th e circle

is d ivid ed in to as man y p art s a

s th ere are co mpo u nd s b y d rawing st raigh t lin e f rom t h e cent re

t o t h e circu mfere n ce.

1.

T h e siz eo f th e section ind icat est he pro p ort ion o f ea ch co mp on ent p art t o t he wh o le.

2.

D if feren t secto rs rep re sen t in g vario u s co mp on en t s p art s sh o u ld b e d ist in gu ish ed f

rom

o n e an ot h er b y u sin g d if f erent sh ad es, co lor s or b y givin g exp lan at o ry o r descrip t ive

lab els.

3.

?]P?u lv }Áv v Pµ o? ]P?u_ X

Step s of Pie Di agr am

1.

Con st ru ct a circle of an ap pro p riat e siz e wit h a co mp ass con sid erin g t h e siz e o f

th e

p ap er and t h e d at at o b e re p rese nt ed .

2.

Con vert t he valu e of t h evario u s co mp o nent s int o p ercen t age valu e of th et o t al.

3.

T h e p ercen t age valu e are co n vert ed in t o co rre sp o nd in g d egrees in th e circle. Sin ce on

circle co n t ain s 36 0

. And percent age valu e o f

all t he it em s are equ al t o 10 0, t heref o re

o u rp ercent age valu e is rep re sen t ed b y

7:4

544

= 3.6

t oget size of an gels.

18.33

28.3

34.45

43.57

52.21

64.84

74.04

10

20
30

40

50

60

70

80

19 51

19 61

19 71

19 81

19 91

20 01

20 11

LI T ER AR YRA T EOF I N DI A( 1 9 5 1

2011)

SC AL E:1 c m. = 1 0 per c ent

L ITERACY RATE IN %

YE AR

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4.

T ake a rad ian s (p ref erably h o riz on t ally) as b ase lin e t o d raw t he an gle rep re sen t ed by

f irst co mpo n en t . T he n ew lin e will b ecom e th e b ase

f o r secon d co mp on ent s an gu lar

re p re sen t at ion . Rep eat th is p ro cedu re st ill all th eco mp o n en t s are re pre sen t ed .

5.

Rep re sent variou s co mp o n en t s b y d if f erent sh ad es, d esign s or co lors f o r pro per

id ent if icat ion s.

Ex: D raw a p ie

-
d iagram t o rep re sent th e f o llo win g

d at a o f exp en d it u re o f an average wo rking

class f amily.

I T EMS O F

EXPENDI T URE

FO O D

CLOT HIN G

HO USI NG

FUEL &

LI GHT I NG

MI SCLEN I O US

% O FT OT A L

EXPENDI T URE

60

15

10
12

So lu t io n : T he t ot al o f th e p ercen t age is 100. Hen ce , t h e t o t al an gle 360

re p rese nt s 10 0. T o

f in d th ep rop o rt ion at e an gles, mu lt ip ly ea ch p ercen t age b y

7:4

544

o r 3.6

T h ese p rop o rt ionat e valu e are sho wn ahea d :

I T EM O F EXPENDIT URE

PERCE NT GE (%) EXPENDIT URE

PRO PORT I O NAT EA NG LES

FOOD

60%

60 X3.6 = 216

CLOT HING

15%

15 X3.6 =

54

HOUSIN G

10%

10 X3.6 = 36

FUEL AN D LIGHT ING

12%
12 X3.6 = 43 .2

M ISCELLE AN EOUS

3%

3 X 3.6 = 10 .8

100%

360

T h e circle is d ivid ed int o5 p art s acco rd in gt o t hed egre es o f an gle at th e cen t re.

CLOTH IN G

15%

H OUSIN G
10%

FUE L & L IGH TIN G

12%

MISCLE N IOUS

3%

FOOD

60%

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4
Pie

diagram sh o win g expen d it u re of an avera ge

wo rkin g class f amily o n d iff eren t it em s.

Gr ap h ic Pr esent ati on

: Fro m th e stat ist ical p o in t o f view grap h ic pre sent at ion is mu ch mo re

accu rat e and ap pro p riate th an t h e d iagram mat ic p rese nt at io n . Like d iagramm at ic p re

sen t at ion ,

grap h ic p re sent at ion also p ro vi

d es a q u ick and ea sier way o f u nd erst and in g vario u s t re nd s of

d at a. It also f acilit at es the p ro cess o f co mp ariso no f t wo mo re situ at io n s.

CO NST RUCT I ON OF GRAPHS

: Grap h s are gen era lly d rawn o n a sp ecially design ed p aper, kn o wn

as Graph Pap er. Graph p ap er is

a fin e n et wo rk o f h o riz o nt al and vert ical lin es, d ivid in g ever y

in ch o r cent imet er in to 10 equ alp art s.

Ho w t o co n st ru ct a Graph

Step 1

: In t h e f irst st ep d raw t wo simp le lin es, wh ich in t ersect ea ch o th er as right an gles. T h

ese

lin es are called axis.

Step 2

T h e h o riz on t al lin e is kn o wn as ab scissa o r x

axis an d th e vert ical lin e as o rd in at e o r y

-
axis.

Step 3

: Th e po int at wh ich th ey in t ersect ea ch o t her is called p o int of o rigin , d en o ted b y 0

re p re sen ted b yz ero .

QUADRA NT II

X, Y )

QUADRA NT I

( X, Y )

2
-

QUADRA NT IV

( X,

Y)

QUADRA NT II I

X,

Y)

X
4

2
-

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Step 4

: By co n ven t io n , th e in d ep en d en t variab le is no rma lly mea su red alon g t h e x

axis an d

t h e d epend ent variab le o n th e y

-

axis. Th e ho rizon t al scale o r th e scale of x

axis n ee d n ot begin

wit h 0.T h e y

axis,h o wever , sho u ld have a scaleb eginn in g with 0.

St

ep 5

: Se lect an app rop riat e scale , scale in d icat e t he u n it o f a variab le t h at a f ixed len gt h of

axis wo u ld re p rese nt . It may b e d if f erent f o r b oth th e axis, bu t it sh ou ld b e t aken in su

ch a way

so as to acco mmod ate wh o led ata on t h e given grap h p aper in a

lu cid and at t ract ive st yle.

Step 6

: Plot t h e d at a o n th e grap h p ap ers o n t h e b asis o f valu es of X an d Y variab le. It is

essen t ial t o h ave t wo valu es : on e rep re sent in g varia b le X and th e secon d re p re sen t in

g variab le

Y , t o p lo t a po int on a grap h .
Step 7

: Jo in t h e p o in t s (p air of valu es) on th e grap h p aper.

Step 8

: Use ind ex if d iff eren t kin d s of lin es are d rawn. Ind ex sh o u ld clea rly sho w wh ich line

re p re sen t s wh ich variab le.

Step 9

: Assign an app rop riat e t it le. Th is t it le sh ou ld ind icat e th e f act s p res

en t ed b y t he grap h in

a co mp reh en sive an d u namb egiou s man n er.

K i n ked Li n e

:
Frequency Graph

Scale 1cm .=10 m arks o n x

axis

1 cm . = 4 studentso ny

axis

NO. OF ST UDE NT S

24

20

16

x
12

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

Kin ked L in e
AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Y axis st art in g f ro m z ero, we can also st art x

axis f ro m z ero ;
In o rd er to re d u ce t he d ist an ce

?? Á??v ZÌ??} v ?? Z Zu]v ]uµ Àoµ }v? ZZ} ?]Ì }v ? Æ]? ~Æ

Æ]? ul µ }( Zl]v l??

Zv l??v ??Z } Áv ]v ?Z } À? ( ]Pµ ??X

Fr eq u en cy Di st ri bu tion Gr ap h s

: in case of fre quen cy d ist rib ut ion, d at a is

exp re ssed in t erm s of

an it em o r class

in t ervals. T h e class

limit s o r un it value are taken alo n g th e x

axis and

f re qu en cies alon g th e y

axis.

T h e mo st co mmo n fo rms o f graph s of af req u en cy d ist rib ut ion are

1.
Lin ef re qu en cy grap h

2.

Hist o gram

3.

Fre q uen cy P ol

ygo n

4.

Fre q uen cy cu rves

5.

Ogive o r cu mu lat ive fre qu en cy cu rve.

Hi st ogr am

Hist o gram is a grap h o f a f req uen cy d istrib ut ion in wh ich th e class in tervals are

p lott ed o n th e x

axis and t h eir re sp ect ive f req uen cies o n th e y

-

axis. It is a t wo

dime n sio n al

d iagram .

a.

Hist o gram is a very p o pu lar met h od of p rese nt in g co n t in ues serie s or class in t ervals

f re qu en cyd ist rib ut ion s.A h isto gram is n ever drawn f o r ad iscre t e variab le.

b.

Heigh t o r len gt h of each re ct an gle sh o ws t he f req uen cy of th e class and b re ad th

in d icates siz e

of class

in t erval. Th eref o re, t ot al are a co ver b y Hist o gram re p re sen t s t h e

t o t al f requ en cies.

c.

Ea ch re ctan gle is adjacent to ot hert o give a con t in u esp ictu re .

Eq u al cl ass

in ter val are gi ven

: In case o f eq u al class in t ervals, th e h eigh t of ea ch rect an

gle is

t aken t o b eequ alt o t hef re qu en cyo f t he co rrespo n d in g class. In t h is case:

a.

On t h e x

axis, ea ch class in t erval is drawn, in which wid t h of re ct an gle is eq u al t o th e

magn itu d e o f class int erval.

b.

On th e y

axis, we p lot t he f req uen cies.

Ex

: Th ef req u e

n cy d istribu t ion of marks o bt ain ed b y 2 25 stu d en t s o f a co llege is given belo w:

D raw a Hist o gram f o rt he d ist ribu t ion

M ARKS

10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

50
N O. OF

ST UD EN TS

30

45

55

60

35

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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7
Hist o gram sho win g Marks o f st ud ent s

Scale :

1 cm. =10 mar kso n x

axis

1 cm. =10 st ud ent s o n y

axis

So lu t io n : f o r re p rese nt in g t he abo ve d at a b y h ist o gram, mar ks are p lott ed o n t h e x

axis an d

n u mbero f st ud ent s on th e y

axis.

Uneq u al Cl ass
t

In ter val s ar e gi ven

: In case o f u n eq u al class

int ervals, fre qu en cies are f irst

ad ju sted b ef o re con st ru ct in g t he h ist o gram. T h e f req u en cy d ist ribu t ion is ad ju st ed

in

acco rd an cet o equ al class wid t h .

Step s Need ed to ad j ust fr eq u en ci es

St

ep 1

: D et ermin e wid th o f lowest class

int erval t aket h is widt h ast h e stan d ard on e.

Step 2

: D et erm in e wid th o f o th er class

t
]v ? ??À v ? oµ o?? iµ ??u?v ? ( ? } ( } ? Z

class.

Ad ju st ment Fact o rf o r any class =

Ð Ü×ç

âÙ

ÖßÔææ

Ð Ü×ç

âÙ

ßâêØæç

ÖßÔææ
Step 3

: Th e f re qu en cies o f t h e classes wit h t he lo west wid th are n ot ch an ged an d f req uen

cies

o f all o th er classes are ad ju sted b y divid in g it with th ead ju st men t f acto r.

Ex

: Prep are Hist o gram for t hef o llo win g

d at a:

M ARKS

10

10

20

20

30

30

-
60

60

80

80

90

90

100

N O OF

ST UD EN TS

10

4
18

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

20

30

40

50

NO. OF STUD ENTS

M ARKS
X

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Sol u ti on

: In th e given examp le, class in tervals are un equ al. Th eref o re, for p rep arin g h ist o gram,

t h e f req uen cies are t o be ad ju st ed .

Step 1

T he widt h o f lowest class

t

int erval is 10 .

Step 2

: Calcu late Ad ju stmen t f acto r. It ist o b e calcu lat ed fo r30

60 and 60

80.

Ad ju st mentf act o r fo r 30

60 =

74

54

=3

Ad ju st ment Fact o rf o r 60

t
80 =

64

54

=2

Step 3

: T he widt h o f 30

60 is 30 , wh

ich is th rice in co mp ariso n t o th e lowest class int erval. So ,

it s f req uen cy will b e d ivid ed b y 3. Simila rly, width o f 60

80 is 2 t imes mo re th an t he min imu m

class

in t erval. T h ere fo re , f req u en cy o f th is class will b e d ivided b y 2 .

T h ish ist o gram fo r ad

ju sted f re qu en cy is sh o wn as u nd er:

MA RK S

NO . O F STUDENT S

A DJUSTE D FREQ UENCYFO R

HIST O GRA M

10

10

20

10

10
20

30

30

60

18

18

3=6

60

80
4

2 =2

80

90

90

100

9
AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Hist o gram sho win g mar ks o f st ud ent s

Scale :

1cm.= 10 mar ks on x

axis.

1cm.= 1 st ud en to n y

axis.
Fr eq u en cy Pol ygon

: A f re qu en cy p o lygon is an o th er meth od of rep rese n t in g a f requ en cy

d ist rib u tion o n a graph . Fre qu en cy po lygon is an altern at ive t o h ist o gram an d is also d

ivid ed

f ro mh isto gram it self .

Fr eq u en cy Pol ygon i n Di scr ete ser i es

: In case of d isc

re t e f req uen cy d ist rib u tion , t he fo llo win g

st ep s are f o llo wed :

Step 1

: T aket he valu e of th e variab leo n t he x

axis an d t he co rre sp on d in g f req u en cies on th e y

-
axis.

Step 2

: Plot t he variou s fre q uen cies an d th ep o ints are join ed b y a st raight lin e.

Step 3

: T h e f igu re so o b t ain ed is ext en d ed to b ase (b aselin e) at b oth end s b y jo in in g t h e

ext re me p o in t s (f irst and last po int ) to t h e t wo h ypot het ical valu e o f th e variab le b ef o

re the

f irst valu e of th e variab le an d af t er t h e last valu e o f th e variab le assu me

t o h ave z ero

f re qu en cies.

M ARKS

M ARKS

10

8
7

10

20

30

40

50

60
70

80

90

100

No o f st udents

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10

Ex

: Th e f o llo win g d at a sh o ws n umb er o f ro oms in 64 ho u ses o f a co lon y. Con st ru ct a f

req u en cy

p o lygon .

NO . O F

RO O MS

NO . O F

HO USES

10

15

20
10

Sol u ti on

Th is is a case o f d iscre t e f req uen cy d ist ribu t ion . So we will p lot t he nu mber of roo ms

o n th e x

axis and th e numb er of h ou ses on t he y

axis. T h e p o in t s ob t ain ed are jo ined b y st raight

lin e givin g af req u en cy po lygon .

Fre q uen cy po lygon sh o win g nu mber of ro

o ms in Ho u ses

Scal e

: 1 cm.: 1 Room on x

axis
1 cm. :5 Ho u ses y

axis

Fr eq u en cy Pol ygon in Con tinues Seri es

: In case o f co nt inu es fre qu en cy d ist rib u tion , t here are

t wo ways o f makin g fre qu en cy po lygon :

(i)

Wit h t he help o f Hist o gram

(ii)
Wit h ou t h elp o f Histo gram.

Fre q uen cy p o lygon wit h t h e h elp o f

Hist o gram:

T h e fre qu en cy po lygon th ro u gh Hist o gram

re q u ires th e f o llo win g step s:

25

20

15

10

2
3

N O. OF ROOM S
N O. OF H OUSE S

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11

Step 1

: D rawt he Hist o gram o f th e given f req u en cy d ist rib ut ion .

Step 2

: Jo in t h e mid

po in t o f th e t op s (up per h o riz o nt al sid es) of t he ad jacen t re ct an gles o f th e

h ist o gram b y st raight

lines.

Step 3

: Th e figu re so ob t ain ed is closed b y exten d in g th e t wo en d s t o t h e b ase line. In d o in

t h is, t wo h ypot h et ical classes o f ea ch end wo u ld h ave to be in clu ded , each with a z

ero

f re qu en cy.

Ex

: Th ef o llo win g is th e age d istrib ut ion of wo rkers o f

a f acto ry. On t h e b asis o f t h isin fo rmat ion,

co n st ru ct ah isto gram and co n vert it in to af req u en cy p o lygon .

A ge (in year s)

20

30

30

40
40

50

50

60

60

70

No . of w or ker s

15

25

2
Fre q uen cy P olygon (wit h h isto gram) sh o win g ageo f wo rkers

Scale : 1 cm. =10 years on x

axis

1 cm. =5 wo rkers o n y

axis

Sol u ti on

(I)

Fre q uen cy p o lygon wit ho u t t he h elp of hist o gram: T he f requ en cy po lygon wit hout

Hist o gram req u ire st h e fo llo win g step s:

Step 1

: T ake mid

p o in t of class
-

int ervals o n th e x

axis an d t hef re qu en cieso n t h e y

axis.

Step 2

: Plot t he variou s fre q uen cies an d th ep o int are jo in ed b y a st raight lin e.

10

15

20

25

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

No.ofworkers

Age in year s
Z

Histo gram

Frequency Po lygo n

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12

Step 3

: Th e f igu re so o bt ain ed is ext en ded t o the b ase at b ot h end s b y jo in in g t h e ext

re me

p o int s (f irst an d last p o int ) t o th e mid

-
p o int s of t he t wo h ypot h et ical classes (b efore t h e f irst

class an d af tert h e last class), assu min gt h at t h ere f req u en cies are zero .

Ex :

Con st ru ct a fre qu en cy p o lygon , wit h ou t makin g th eh isto gram,f ro m th ed at

e given:

A GE I N

YEA RS

20

30

30

40

40

50
50

60

60

70

NO . O F

W O RK ERS

15

25

Sol u ti on

:
Th e mid

po int s of variou s class int ervals (age) are t aken alon g t h e x

axis and

f re qu en cy (n u mb er of wo rkers) co rre spo nd in g t o ea ch mid

po int is sh o wn o n t h e y

axis. The

p o int s,t h u s o bt ain ed are jo in ed b y st raigh t lines to given af re qu en cyp o lygon .

Fr eq u

en cy Pol ygon (with ou t h i sto gr am) :

Fr eq u en cy

Cur ve

When th e vert ical o f a fre qu en cy p o lygon are jo ined by a smoo th curve,

t h e re su lt in g f igu re is kno wn as af req u en cy cu rve.

a.
Fre q uen cy cu rve may

no t necessarily p ass th ro u gh all t he p o in t s o f t h e f req u en cy

p o lygon b ut it p assest h ro u gh t han as close ly aspo ssib le.

b.

T h e cu rve is mad e f re e han d in su ch a man n er that th e area in clu d ed u nder th e cu rve

is

ap p ro ximat elyt h e sameas t h at o f t he po lygon .

c.

Th

is cu rve sh ou ld st art an d en d at th e b ase lin e. As a genera l ru le, it may b e

extend ed to

t h e mid

p o in t s o f class int erval ju st

o ut sid e

th eh ist o gram.

10
15

20

25

30

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

Age (in years)

No . o f wo rkers

15

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

t
ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

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13

d.

T h e are a u nd er th e cu rve sho u ld re p rese nt th e to t al nu mb er o f fre qu en cy in th e wh o

le

d ist rib u tion .

Fr eq u en

cy Pol ygon vs f req u en cy cu r ve

: Th e o n ly d iff erent b et ween t h e two is th at in case

o f f req u en cy po lygon , the po int s are jo in ed b y straigh t lines. Ho wever , in case o f fre qu

en cy

cu rve, we makeu seo f f ree h an d t o jo in t h ese po in t s.

St ep s o f Freq u en cy Cu rve:

tep
1

D raw a Hist o gram wit h t he given d at a.

Step

Ob t ain t h e mid

po in t s o f th eu pp erh o riz on t al sid e o f ea ch re ct an gle.

Step

Jo in t h ese mid

p o int s of t h e ad jacen t rect an gle o f th e Histo gram b y smoo th fre e

h an d to get f re qu en cy curve.

Step

Ext end t h e en d so f f re qu en cy cu rvet h e base lin e wit h th ef re e h an d .

Ex.: D raw af req u en cy curve f rom th e f o llo win g dist rib ut ion :

CLASS INT ERVA L

10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

t
50

50

60

FREQUEN CY

10

15

18

20

16

Sol u ti on

T h e f req u en cy d ist rib ut ion is con t in u es wid t h eq u al class

t

int ervals. We will f irst

p re p are

a h isto gram an d t he fre qu en cy curve. T he class int ervals are shown alo n gt he x

axis and

f re qu en cyo n t he y

axis.

10

15

20

25

10

20

30

40

50
60

70

Fr e q u e n c y

Class

in te r val

Histo gram

Frequency Po lygo n

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14

O gi ve or cu mu l ati ve cu r ve

: T h e cu rve ob t ain ed b y re p rese nt in g a cu mu lat ive f req uen cy

d ist rib u tion o n a grap h is kn o wn as cu mu lat ivef req u en cy cu rve or o give.

T h u s t here are t wo t yp es of cu mu lat ive f requ en cy d ist ribu t io n viz

Z ? Z v µ uµ o? ]À?

f re qu en cies, we h ave acco rd in glyt wo t ype so f o gives:

(i)

? Z v} P]À?

(ii)

} ?? ?Z v [ } P]À?X

Less t h an o give :

Step

1:
 ? Z v u?? Z }? ( ??? µ?v ]?? } ( oo ? Z ? ? ???? ]v ]v ??? ?? ??

?? ?} ? Z?

f re qu en cyo f a class.

Step

? ? Z v µ uµ o? ?? ( ?? ?µ ?v P]v ?? ?Z ? µ? ? ?? o]u]? }( }

????? }v ? ]v o??

in t erval.

Step

:th e p o int s so ob tain ed are

i} ]v ?? ?u} } ? Z (?? ? Z v ? µ ? } P]À ? Z v } P]À?X

? Z v} P]À ?} } ? ]v ?? v ]v ???]v µ ?o}? ]v

gu p ward s f romlef t t o right .

Ex

? Z (} oo} Á]v ?]?? ?]µ ? ]}v }( u}v ?Z oÇ ]v} } ( òì ? ?}? ]v } u? v

ÇX

? Z v } P]À? µ ?À?X

?X v Zìì ì[
No . OF PEO PLE

10

20

20

30

30

40

10

40

t
50

15

50

60

12

60

70

Sol u ti on

? ?? ]? ]v P ? Z ? ?Z v [ } P]À? µ } À? ( ?? ?µ ?v ? ]?? ?] µ ? Z ?

} ?

} v À??? ?? ]v ? }? Z [µ uµ o? ]À (?? ?µ ?v v? Z ? ( } oo} Á]v uv v

???X

Cum u lat ive Freq u en cy D ist rib ut ion

?X Zììì

NO . O F PEO PLE (c. f . )

Less

t h an 20

Less t h an 30

15

Less t h an 40

25

Less t h an 50

40

Less t h an 60

52

Less t h an 70
60

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15

? Z v Z } P]À ?Z } Á]v u} v? Z oÇ ]v }} ( ? ?}? o?

Scal e:

1 cm. = Rs. 1 0,000 o n x

axis.
1 cm.= 10 Peo p leo n y

axis.

} v ?? ?µ ? ]v P ? Zv } P]À? U

up p er limit o f t h e class in t erval is sh o wn alon g t he x

axis and

t h e cu mu lat ive f re qu en cy o f th e re sp ect ive class o n t he y

axis. T he cumu lat ive f req u en cy will be

p lott ed again st t he up p er limit of th e class

int erval. T h u s po int s are jo in ed wid e th e help of

free

Z v ? ?} P??? Z v }P]À?X

Mor e th an ogive:

Step 1

W [ Zu} ?? ? Z v Z u?? Z} ? ( ??? µ ?v } ( ?Z ? ???? ]v o??

-

in terval are ad d ed t o t he

f re qu en cy of a class i.e. , st art with t h e lower limits o f classes an d go o n sub t ract in g f re

qu en cies

o f ea ch classes.

Step 2

}?? ? Z v µ uµ o? ( ??? µ ?v ]??[ P]v ?? ?Z o} Á o]u]? } ( }

????? }v ? ]v

in t erval.

Step 3

W Z ? } ]v ? ? ?} } ? ]v ?? ?? i} ]v ?? ?u} }? Z ( ?? ? Z v? µ ? ?}

P]À Z } ? ? Z v

} P]À } ?? Z v } P]À? } ? ]v ?? ?o???

d o wnward s f ro m lef t t o right .

10

20

30

40
50

60

70

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

N o . o f P eo p le

} v?ZoÇ} u ~ìì

15

25

40

57
60

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16

Ex

?? ?µ ? Z } ? ?Zv } P]À? ( ?}? Z ? ?o} Á ? ?W

}v ?Z o Ç v } u??X vZìì ì[

No . of Peop l e

10

t
20

20

30

30

40

10

40

50

15

50

t
60

12

60

70

Sol u ti on

} } v ?? ?µ ??Z Z } ?? ?Z v [ } P]À?

t he f req u en cy d ist ribu t ion will b e co n vert ed int o

} ?? ?Z v [ µ uµ o?(?? ? µ?v ?Z } Áv ]v? Z ( } oo} Á]v? o?W

Cum u lat ive Freq u en cy D ist rib ut ion

}v ?Z o Ç v } u??X vZìì ì[

No . of Peop l e (c. f . )

M o re t han 10
60

M o re t han 20

54

M o re t han 30

45

M o re t han 40

35

M o re t han 50

20

M o re t han 60

} ?? Z v

give sh o win g mon th ly in co me of Peo p le

Scale : 1cm.= Rs. 1 0,00 0o n x

axis

1cm.= 10 Peo p leo n y

axis.

X
X

60

50

40

30

20

10

60

54

45

35

20

8
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

No . o f

Peo ple

} v?ZoÇ} u ~]vì ìì
CENTRAL BOARD OF

SE CONDARY EDUCATION

STUDYMATERIAL: APPLIED

MATHEMAT ICS{Class XI}

 UNIT 3: M E ASURE OF CENTRA L TEN DENCY

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UN IT

MEASUREOFCENTRALTENDENCY

Arithmetic
Mean

Arit hmet ic M ea n is define d as the sum of the value of all obse rvat ions

divided b y the n umb er of obse rvat ions.

CalculationofArithmetic meanin individual

Series

( i)

Direct

Method:

Where

=
5

. . . . .+

N = Total numbe r of it ems

Ex

: The marks obt ai ne d b y 10 studen ts

in a sub j ect are :

STUDENTS

A
B

MARKS

85

60

50

75
55

40

53

70

45

65

CalculateArithmeticmean by direct method

STUDENTS

MARKS (X)

85

60
C

50

75

55

40

55

70

I
45

65

N =10

600

Arit hmet ic M ea n (

) =

:4

54
= 60 M arks

Short cut

Method

Un der this method, an y figu r e is assumed as the mean an d deviat ions are

calculat ed from this a ss umed mean .

) = A+

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Where (

Arit hmet ic

mean

, A

= Assumed

Mea n d

= X

A, deviat ion of variab les from

assumed mean ,

@
=

, sum of the deviat ion fro m assumed mean ; N = Tota l

numbe r of it ems.

Ex

Calculat e t he arithmeti c mea n of the marks by the a ssumed mean method.

Solution:

STUDENTS

MARKS (X)

d=X

A (A=50)
A

85

+ 35

60

+ 10

50

( A)

75

+ 25

E
55

+5

40

10

55

+5

70

+ 20

45
-

65

+ 15

N =10

=100

= A+

R
= 50 +

544

54

= 60 marks

Step deviation

Method:

In this method, deviat ions from assumed me an are divided b y a

common factor ( c) to g et ste p deviat ions.

Ap p ly the followin g f or mula

= A+

bñ

xC
d= X

A, i. e. , deviat ion of variab le from assu med mean , d

i. e. ste p deviat ion,

= sum

of ste p deviat ions, C = common factor.

Note:

:;

divisib le b y a common f act or.

Ex:
Calculat e t he arithmet ic mea n of the marks by the ste p deviat ion met hod.

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Solution:

STUDENTS

MARKS (X)
d=X

A,A=50

, C=5

85

+ 35

+7

60

+ 10
+2

50 ( A)

75

+ 25

+5

55

+5

+1
F

40

10

55

+5

+1

70

+ 20

+4

I
45

65

+ 15

+3

N =10

"

=20
$

= A+

bñ

xC

= 50 +

64

54

X5

= 60 mar ks.

Discrete

Series:
In case of discret e series ( ungroupe d freq uency di strib ution ), values of

variab le

shows the rep et it ions, i. e

.,

freq uencies are given corresp ondi ng to

different val ues

of variab le.

N = S um tot al of freq uency

Direct

Method:

Ùë

Ù
Where

BT

= sum of the p roduct of variab le wit h the resp ect ive freq uen cie s,

= Tota l

numbe r of it ems.

Ex:

F rom the followin g dat a of the ma rks obt ai ne d b y 6 0 stu den ts of a class, calculat e the

average marks by the di rect method.

MARKS

20

30

40

50

60
70

NO.OF STUDENTS

12

20

10

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Solution:

MARKS (X)

NO.OF STUDENTS (

fx

20

160

30
12

360

40

20

800

50

10

500

60

360

70

4
280

=60

=2,460

Ùë

Ù
=

8:4

:4

41 marks.

Shortcut

Method:

A+

Ù×

A = Assumed

M ea n,
d= X

A i. e. , deviat ion of variab le from assumed mean .

B@

= sum of the p roduct o f deviat ion ( d) wit h the resp ect ive freq uenci es(

) :

= Tota l numb er of it ems.

Ex:

Calculat ion of Arit hmet ic M ea n of the marks by the short cut meth od.

Solution:

MARKS
NO.OF

STUDENTS(

d=X

A (A=40)

fd

20

20

160

30

12

-
10

120

40( A)

20

50

10

+ 10

+ 100

60

+ 20
+ 120

70

+ 30

+ 120

=60

??

=+ 60
$

=A +

Ù×

=40

>

:4

:4

= 41 marks.

Step Deviation

Method:

in this method, the values of the deviat ions ( d) are divided b y a

common factor ( c) to case the ca lculat ion p rocess.

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=A +

Ù×

xC

=
S tep deviat ions( deviat ions from assume d mean divided b y com mon factor)

B@

?À

= sum of the p roduct of ste p dev

ia ti ons ( d

) with the resp ect ive freq uenci es (

Ex:

Calculat e t he arithmet ic mea n of the marks by the ste p deviat ion met hod.

Solution:

MARKS X

NO.OF

STUDENTS f

d=X

A
(A=40)

?À

(C=10)

20

20

16
30

12

10

12

40( A)

20

50

10
+ 10

+1

+ 10

60

+ 20

+2

+ 12

70

+ 30

+3

+ 12
Ã

=60

"

=A +

Ã
Ù×

?À

xC =

40 +

>

:4

10 = 41 mar ks.

Continuous

Series:

In the case of conti nuous series ( groupe d freq ue ncy dist rib ution ) , the

value

of a variab le is groupe d in

various class

in te rvals along wit h thei r resp ect ive

freq uenci es.

In a conti nuous series, the mid

-
p oint s of the various c lass

in te rvals are used to

rep lace the class in te rval. Once it is done , there is no difference b et wee n a conti nuous

series a nd a discret

e se rie s.

In the conti nuous series also, the followin g three

methods

are used to calculat e

arithmeti c mea n.

( i) Direct method ( ii) S hort cut M et hod ( ii i) S te p deviat ionM et hod.

( i)

Direct

Method:

The followin g ta b le given th e marks in E nglish secu red b y 30 stu den ts of

a class i n t heir

wee kly te st:

MARKS

0
5

10

10

15

15

20

20

25

NO.OF STUDENTS

2
8

10

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6
CalculationofAveragemarks (DirectMethod)

MARKSX

NO.OF STUDENTS f

MID

VALUE(m)

2. 5

5
10

7. 5

60

10

15

12. 5

75

15

20
10

17. 5

175

20

25

22. 5

90

=30

Ã
=405

Ùà

849

74

13. 50 mark s.

Shortcut

Method:
$

A+

Ù×

MARKSX

NO.OF

STUDENTS f

MID

d= m

A=12.5

fd
0

2. 5

10

20

10

7. 5

5
-

40

10

15

12. 5( A)

15

20

10

17. 5

+5
+ 50

20

25

22. 5

+ 10

+ 40

=30

=+30
$

A+

Ù×

12. 5 +

>

74

74

13. 50 mar ks.

Step Deviation

Method:

When class

in te rvals for all the classes in a conti nuous series are of

same magni tude ( widt h) , then shortcut meth od can b e f urther simp lificati on b y the ste p

deviat ion me thod.

A+

Ù×

x C

Ex:

MARKSX

NO.OF

STUDENTS f

MID VALUE

m
d= m

(A=1

2.5)

(C=5)

fd

5
2

2. 5

10

10

7. 5

1
-

10

15

12. 5( A)

15

20

10

17. 5
+5

+1

+ 10

20

25

22. 5

+ 10

+2

+8

=30
Ã

"

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Average M arks
$

A+

Ù×

12. 5 +

>

74

= 13. 50 marks

Median:
M edia n may be define d as the middle value in the dat a set when it s ele ment s are

arran ged in a seq uent ia l

order, that is, in ei ther as asce

ndin g or

desce ndin g or der o

magni tude.

Computationof

Median:

( i) Individual

S eries:

Media n ( M e) = S ize of

>

69

th it em.

Odd an d E ven Numbe r of

it ems:
( i) In ca se of o

dd numbe rin g it ems

M edia n = Middle i te m of dist rib ution .

( ii ) In ca se ofE ven numbe r of

it ems:

M edia n = Average

of two midd le t erms.

Ex:

M arks of five studen ts a re 42, 40, 60, 55 an d 50 calculat e median .

Step

1:

M arks arran ged in asce ndin g order 40, 42, 50, 55, 6 0.

Step2 :

M e = size of

[
R

>

th it em

M e = size

of [

>

th it em = si ze of 3

rd

it em.

M edia n = 50.

Discrete

Series:

In a discret e series, the

value s of the variab le are

gi ven along wit h thei r

freq uenci es.

Ex:

Calculat e t he median from the follo win g da ta :

SIZE (X)

FREQUENCY (f)

7
7

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Solution:

SIZE (X)

FREQUENCY (f)

CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY

13

7
4

17

N=

= 17

Me=

size of

>

th it em = size

5;

>

5
6

th it em.

S in ce 9

th

ite m falls in the cumulati ve freq uency

Me=

6.

ContinuousSeries :

S te ps to calculate M edia n :

Step1 :

Arran g

e t he dat a i n

asce ndin g or desce ndin g order.

Step2 :

Calculat e t he c. f.
Step3 :

Fin d the media n i te m as :

M e = size of

th it em.

Step4 :

Fin d out c. f. which is e it her eq ual to or j ust grea te r them this.

Step

5:

fin d the class corresp ondin g to c. f. eq ual to

or j ust grea te r than this. This class is

called media n class.

Step

6:

Me=

xi

Ex:

fin d the media n of the followin g dat a :

X
0

10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

50

f
3

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9
Solution:

c.f

10

10

20

20
30

30

40

16

40

50

25

N=
Ã

= 25

M edia n =

69

12. 5

th

item

12. 5

th

it em lie s in the

group 30
40

= 30, c. f. = 9, f = 7

, i

= 10

By ap p lyin g

formu la:

Me=

ä
d

xi

= 30 +

56

x 10

= 35

M edia n =

35

Mode:

mode is the val ue occur rin g m

st fre q uen

tl

y in a set of obs ervat ion an d aro und

which other ite ms of th e se t cluster most den sit y.

Calculationof

mode:

( i)

Individual

Series:

( A)

Mode bywayof

observation:

Step

1:

Arran ge t he dat a i n a scending or

desce ndin g order

Step

2:

Ex:
F rom the hei ghts of 15 studen ts, calculat e t he value of mo de.

H ei ght ( in inches) : 52, 50, 66, 70, 6 6, 72, 71, 6 6, 60, 67, 69, 6 7, 48, 60, 6

5.

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Solution:

By arran gin g the se rie s in an ascendin g order we get.

48, 50, 52, 6 0, 60, 65, 6 6, 66, 66, 67, 6 7, 69, 70, 71, 72

.
By obse rvat ion, height 66 in ches occurs m ost, therefore t he mode ( z) is 66 in ches.

Mode byconverting individualseries intoDiscreteseries

Ex:

Calculat e t he valueof mode f rom the data b y convertin g the data in to discret e se rie s:

Solution:

Heights (Ininches)

Frequency

48

50

52
1

60

65

66

67

69

70

71
1

72

This height of 6 6 in ches has t he maximum freq uency therefore, mode height i . e., ( z) is 66.

M ode = 66 in ches.

Discrete

Series:

There are t wo met hods to det ermin e mode i n a discret e se rie s:

( i) M ode b y obse rvat ion.

( ii ) M ode b y

groupi ng met hod.

( i) M ode b y

obse rvat ion:

Ex:
fin d out mode of t he foll owin g series?

Dailywages (in Rs.)

100

110

120

130

140

150

No.of Persons

10

5
4

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Solution:

By in sp ect ion, we can see that 130 occurs m

ost freq uent l

y in the series,

H en ce t he mode i s Rs. 130.

( ii ) S tep s of groupi ng m et hod:

Ex:

Calculat ion t he value of mode from the data b y groupi ng met hod:

Solution:

GROUPINGTABLE

Wages in

(Rs.)

No.of

Persons

(f)

Column
I

Column

II

Column

III

Column

IV

Column

Column

VI

100

110
120

130

140

150

10

5
4

2+ 4= 6

8+ 10= 18

5+ 4= 9

4+ 8= 12
10+ 5= 15

2+4+8=1 4

10+5+4= 19

4+8+10= 22
8 +1 0 +5 =23

In an alysis ta b le, we en te r the value havin g maximum

freq uenci es in ea ch

column of

groupi ng

ta b le b y mean s

of (

).

Column No.

100

110

120

130

140
150

II

III

¾
¾

IV

VI
¾

Total

S in ce the value 130 has occurred the maximu m numbe r of ti me i. e. , 6, the modal in come is

Rs. 130.
M ode

= Rs. 130.

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Continuous Series :

In cont in uous series, mode lies in a p articular class or gro up, which is

called the modal class. The followin g t wo met h ods are used in det ermi ni ng mode:

( i)

Observation

Method:
Step

1:

Dete rmine themodal class, i. e. ,

class wit h the highest freq uency.

Step

2:

Dete rmine theexact value of mo de b y the followin g

f ormu la:

Mo=

~
d

xi

Where

Mo

= M ode.

= L ower limit of modal class.

Ú

= F req uency

of the modal class.

= F req uency of class p re

cedin g the modal class .

= F req uency of class

succee din g the modal clas s.

= Class

inte rval of the modal class.

Ex

:
fin d out mode of t he foll owin g series :

Class

Interval

10

10

15

15

20
20

25

Frequency

15

Solution:

Class

Interval

Frequency

0
5

10

4 fo

10

15

15

M odal class

15
20

20

25

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13

To calculat e mode, the f ollowin g fo rmula will be used:

M ode ( z) =

d
.

xi

10,

= 15,

4,

6,

i= 5

Z = 10 +
59

59

x 5 = 10 +

55

64

x5

= 12. 75

M ode = 12. 75

Grouping

Method:
Ex:

F rom the followin g dat a, det ermin e mode.

SIZE

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

50
50

60

60

70

70

80

80

90

FREQUENCY

10

25
15

23

22

12

Solution:

GROUPINGTABLE

SIZEX

FREQUENCY

ColumnI
ColumnII

ColumnIII

ColumnIV

ColumnV

ColumnVI

10

20

20

30

30

40

40
50

50

60

60

70

70

80

80

90

10
25

15

23

22

12

14

40

45

15
35

38

34

39

60
50

57

63

37
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AnalysisTable

ColumnNo.

10

20

20

30
30

40

40

50

50

60

60

70

70

80

80
90

II

III
¾

IV

V
¾

VI

Total
2

It i s clear that modal cla ss is 50

60 an d freq ue ncy of this class i s 23

Using formula :

M ode ( z) =

s
F

xi

= 50,

5
= 23,

= 15,

= 22, i = 10

Z = 50 +

67

59

67

59

66
x 10

= 50 +

<

10 =

58. 89

M ode = 58. 89.

A NA LYSI S O F DAT A

Measu r e of Di sp er si on

T h e d isp ersio n o r scatter in a d at a is mea su red o n t he b asis o f t h e

o b servat io n s and

t h e t ypes o f t h e mea su re o f cent ral t en d en cy, u sed t here. T here are f o llo win g

mea su re o f

d isp ersion ;

Th e ru n s

sco red b

y
t wo b at sman in t heir last t en mat ch es as

f o llo ws:

Bat sman A: 30,

91, 0, 64 , 42

,80 , 30 , 5,11 7, 71 .

Bat sman B:5 3, 46 , 48, 50, 53 , 53 , 58, 60, 57, 52.

(i)

Ran ge:

T h e ru n s sco re d b y t wo

b at smen

A and B, we had som e id ea o f variabilit y in the

sco re d on th e b asis of min imu m and maximum ru n s in each serie s. T o o bt ain a sin gle

n u mber f o r t h is, we f ind t h e d iff eren ce o f maximu m an d min imu m valu e o f ea ch series.

Z? ](( ???v oo???Z P }

f t h e d at a.

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In case of b at sman A Ran ge = 117

0=1 17 and

f or b at sman B Ran ge =6 0

46 = 14 clearly,

Ran ge o f A > Ran ge of B. T h eref o re th e sco re s are scat t ered o r d isp ersed in case of A

wh ile

f o r Bt h ese are close t o each o th er.

T h u s, Ran ge o f series = maxi

mu m valu e

minimu m valu e t he ran ge of d at a gives u s a

ro u gh id ea of variab ilit y o r scat t er b ut do es no t tell ab ou t t h e d isp ersio n o f th e dat

a f ro m a

mea su re of cen tral t en den cy. Fo r th is p urp o se, we n eed som e ot h er measu re o f variab

ility

clea rly,

su ch mea

sure mu st dep en d u p on th e d iff eren ces (o r d eviat ion ) of t he valu e f rom

t h e cen tralt end en cy.

Mean Deviati on

Z ? ? ?À]? }( v } ???À? ]}v Æ ( ?} (]Æ?? Àoµ ? Z[ ? Z ? ]((

???v Æ

a.

re mem ber t h at in f ind ing a su it ab le mea su re o f d ispersio n, we re qu

ire t h e d ist an ce o f ea ch

Àoµ ( ?} ?v? ? ?v ? ?v } ( ]Æ?? v µu ?Z ? ? Z ?}oµ? Àoµ } ( ? Z

d if feren ce o f t wo nu mbers gives t he d istan ce bet wee n t h e n umb ers wh en rep re sent ed

on a

n u mber lin e. Th u s t o f ind th e mea su re of d isp ersion f r

} ( ]Æ?? v µ u ? Á uÇ ? l ? Z?

mea n o f t he ab so lut e valu es of t h e d eviat ion s f ro m th e cen t ral valu es. Th is mean is

called t he

Zu? v? ?À]? ]}v Z ? u? v? ?À]? ]} v ( ?}? ?v }? ??Z ??? ( } ??

M. D. (a) = su mof ab sol ute val u e of d eviat

] }v (? }u Z[

Nu mb erof ob ser vati ons

M ea n deviat ion may be ob t ain ed f ro m an y mea su re of cen t ral t end en cy. Ho wever , mean

d eviat ion f ro m mean and med ian are co mmo n lyu sed in st at ist ical stu d ies.

Mean Deviati on f or u n gr ou ptedd ata

Let n ob servat ion be

YYXX Z ( } oo} Á]v ?? ???

are in volved in t he calcu lat ion o f mean d eviat io nab o ut mea n o r med ian .

Step 1:

Calcu lat e th e mea su re of cen t ral tend en cy ab o ut wh ich we are t o f in d t h e mean

? ?À]? ]}v o?? ]? ? Z[X

Step 2:

Fin d

th ed eviat io n o f ea ch

xi f rom

a,i.e.

a,

UYXU

a.
Step 3

: Fin d th e ab solu t e valu eso f t hed eviat io n s, i.e., d rop t he min u s sign (

),

if it is

t here , i.e

.,

a |,|

UYXX Æv

a|.

Step

:
f ind t h e mean of t h e ab solu te value of t h e d eviat ion s.T h ismea n ist h e mea n deviat ion

ab o ut a, i.e.,

M .D . (a) =

a|

T h u sM .D . (

)=

Ã
á

|, wh ere

= mea n s and

M .D . (M ) =

5
T

M |, wh ere M = Med ian .

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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16

Ex1

=f ind th e mea n deviat ion a bo ut th e mea n fo r t he fo llo win g

d ata:
6,7 ,10,1 2,13,4 ,8,12 .

So lu t io n : We

p re ced e

st ep wise

and get t he

fo llo win g:

Step 1

mean o f t he given d ata is

= 6+7+ 10+ 12+1 3+4+ 8+12 = 72 =9

Step 2

:T h e d eviat ion of t h e re spect iveo b servat io n f ro mt he

mean

T
§

, i.e.

are

9,7

9, 10

9, 12

9,13

9, 4

9, 8

9,12
-

9or

3,

2,1, 3, 4,

5,

1, 3.

St ep 3: Th e ab solu t e valu e of t h e deviat ion s i.e. |

| are 3, 2, 1

, 3,4, 5, 1,3.

St ep 4: T he req u ired mean deviat ion ab ou t t hemea n is

M .D .(

T
§

)=

<

=3+ 2+1+ 3+4+ 5+1+ 3

8
=22

=2 .75

Ex2

: f in d t he mean d eviat ion a bo ut th e med ian fo r th ef o llo win g d at a: 3,9, 5, 3,12 ,10 ,18 ,4,

7, 19 , 21 .

Sol u ti on

: Here t he nu mber of ob servat io n is || wh ich iso dd . A rran gin gt he d at a in t o ascend in g

o rd er

, weh ave3, 3, 4,5, 7,9, 10, 12, 18, 19,21

N o w M ed ian =
k

55

>

th

o r6

th

o bservat ion = 9.

T h e ab solu t e valu e o f the re spect ived eviation f ro m th e med ian , i.e. , |

M | are 6,6,5, 4, 2,

0, 1, 3,9, 10 ,12 .

T h eref o re

55

Ü
@

M | = 58

An d M .D .

(M ) =

55

55

M|=

55
¾

wz

=5.2 7.

Mean d eviati on for gr oup ed d ata

we

kn o w t h at d at a can b e gro u p ed in to t wo

ways:

(a)

D iscre t e f req uen cy d ist rib u t

io n .

(b )

Con t inu ou s f requ en cyd ist rib ut ion .

(a)

Di scr ete fr eq u en cyd i strib u tion

: Let t h e given d at a co n sist of n d iscre t e valu es

T

YXX Æv } µ ??]v P Á]?Z (??? µ ?v

re sp ectively. T h isd at a can b e

re p re sen ted in t h e t ab u lar f o rm as give

n b elo w, an d is calle d d iscret ef requ en cy

d ist rib u tion .

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

17

YYX

B
6

YXX

(i)

Mean d eviati on ab ou tmean

: f irst o f all we f in d t he mean

o f th e given dat ab y u sin g th e

f o rmu la .

TE

Ü
@

TE

BE

T h u s, we f in d t hed eviat io n of o b servat ion

T
Ü

f ro m th e mean

and t ake th eirab solut e valu es

i.e. |

( } oo íUîUï YYUv X

Aft er th is f in d th emea n o f t he ab solut e valu e of t h e deviat ion , wh ich ist h e req u ired

mea n d eviatio

n ab ou t the mean ,T hu s

M .D . (

)=
Ã

i|

| =

i|

Ü
-

(ii )

Mean d eviati on ab out med i an

: T o f ind mea n d eviat ion ab ou t med ian , we f in d t he

med ian o f th e given discre t e fre qu en cy d ist rib u t io n . For th is th e ob servat ion are

arra n ged in ascend in g o rd er. Aft er th is t he cu mu lat ive f req uen cy are o bt ain ed . Th u s

we

id ent if y t he ob servat ion wh o se cu mu

lat ive f requen cy is eq u al to or ju st grea t er th an

.
,

wh ere N is th e su m of the f re qu en cies. T h is valu e o f th e o b servat ion lies in t he midd le

of

t h e d at a.

T h eref ore , it is th e required med ian , Af ter f ind ing med ian , we o bt ain th e mea n of th e

ab solut e valu

eo f t hed eviat ion f ro m med ian , Thu s ,

M .D . (M ) =

i|

M|
Ex1

: Find mean d eviation abo ut t h e mean fo rt he f o llo win gd at a:

: 2 5 6 8 10 12

: 2 8 10

7 8 5

Sol u ti on

?
?

?
%

5.5

11

40

2.5

20

10
60

1.5

15

56

0.5

3.5

10

80

2.5

20

12
5

60

4.5

22 .5

40

300

92

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST U

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UN IT 3
Page

18

N =

=40 ,

=30 0,
Ã

i|

| = 92

T h eref o re

B
:

84

x 30 0=7.5

An d M .D . |

|=

5
i|

|=

84

x92 = 2.3

Ex:

Fin d t he mean d eviation ab o ut t he med ian f or t he fo llo win gd ata:

6
9

12

13

15

21

22

4
5

So lu t io n : T he given ob servat ion a re alre ad y in ascen d in g o rd er. We get cumu lat ive f

req uen cies

o f t h e d at ab y addin g a ro w:

12

13

15

21
22

c. f

7
12

14

18

23

27

30

N o w, N =3 0 wh ich is even med ian is th e

mea n of t h e 15

th

an d 16

th

o b servat ion s. Bot h o f th ese

o b servat io n s lie in t h e cumu lat ive f req uen cy 18,fo r wh ich co rre sp on d in go b servat io n

is 13.

T h eref o re ,
med ian M = 15

th

o b servat ion +16

th

observat ion

= 13 + 13

= 13

N o w, ab solu te values of t h e d eviat ion fro m med ian , i.e. |

T

M | are given belo w:

M|

10

2
8

|
?

M|

30

28

20

10

32

27

We h ave

B
<

i = 30 and

<

i|

M |= 149

T h eref o re M .D . (M ) =

<

Ü
@

i|

M|

74

x 149 =4.9 7

(b)

Co n tinues f r equ en cy

d i str ib u ti on

A con t in u es f req u en cy d ist ribu t ion is a serie s in wh ich

t h e d at a are classif ied int o d if fere nt class int ervals wit h o ut gap s alo n g with th eir re sp
ect ive

f re qu en cies.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

19

(i)

Mean d eviati on ab out mean

: Wh ile calcu lat in g th e mean o f a co ntin u ou s f requ en cy

d ist rib u tion we h ad made th e assu mp t ion t hat the fre qu en cy in ea ch class is cen t ere d at it

mid

t
p o in t . Here also we writ e th e mid

p o in t o f ea ch given class and p ro ceed fu rth er as

f o r a d iscret ef req u en cyd ist rib u tion t o f in d th emea n d eviation .

Ex

: f in d

th e mea n d eviat io n ab o ut t h e mean f o rth ef o llo win g d at a.

M arks o bt ained :10

20 20

30 30

40 40

50 50

60 60

70 70

80.

N u mber of

st ud ent s:
2 3 8 14 8 3 2.

MA RK S

O BT AI NE D

NUM

BER O F

STUDENT S

MI D

POI NT

|
?

10

-
20

15

30

30

60

20

30

25

75

20

60

30
-

40

35

280

10

80

40

50

14

45

630

0
50

60

55

440

10

80

60

70

65

195

20

60
70

80

75

150

30

60

40

1800

400

Here N =

Ã
B

i = 40,

= 18 00,

i|

-
T

|= 400

T h eref o re

=18 00 =45
40

An d M .D . (

)=

i|

|=

84
x400 = 10

Shor t cut method f or cal cu l atin

g mean d eviation ab ou t mean

: we can avoid th e t ed io u s

calcu lat ion o f co mpu t ing

b y f ollo win g st ep d eviat ion meth o d . In th is

met ho d ,

we t ake an

assu med mean wh ich is in t he mid dle o r ju st class t o it in t he

d at a.

Th en d eviat io n of th e

o b servat io n (o r mi

po int s o f classes) are t aken f ro m th e assu med me an .T h is isn o th in g bu t t he

sh if t in g of

o rigin f rom zero to th e assu med mean o n t h e nu mb er line.

-
60

50

30

20

10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 After dev iatio ns

{{ {{{{ {{{ {{{ {

{{ {{{{ {{{ {{{ {

Befo re dev iatio n 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 90 10 0 1 10 120

Assu med me an

If t h ere is a co mmon f act o r of all th e d eviat ion , we d ivid e t h em b y t h is co mmo n

fa

ct o r t o f u rt h er simp lify t h e d eviat io n s. T hese are kn o wn as step d eviat ion s. Th e p ro

cess of

t akin g step d eviat ion isth e ch an geo f scale on the nu mb er line as sh o wn b elo w.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

20

D eviat ion f ro m

-
3

1 0 1 2 3 4

5 6 St ep d eviat ion

Assu med me an

60

50

40

30

20

10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

{{

{{ {{{ {{ {{{

0 10 2 0 3 0 40 5 0 60 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 00 1 10 12 0
Assum edM ean

T h e d ev

iat ion an d step

d eviat ion re du ce th e size of t he ob servat ion , so t h at t h e co mp ut at io n

b ecame simp ler. Let t he n ew variab le b e d eno t ed b y d i =

ëÜ

ÁZ ??? Z[ ]? ?Z ??µ u?? u?v

an d h is th e co mmo n f act o r. Th u s, th e mean

§
b y st ep d eviat ion met h od

isgiven b y

=a+

xh

Ex:

f ind th emea n d eviat io n ab o ut mea n f o r th efo llo win g dat ab yu sin g sep deviat ion met
ho d .

M arks

o bt ained :

10

20

20

30 30

40 40

50

50

60 60

70 70

80
N u mber of st ud ent s: 2

3 8 14 8 3 2

Sol u ti on :

MAR KS

OBTAIN ED

N UMBER OF

ST UDEN T S

MI D

POI NT

F
Ý

?
?

10

20

15

30
60

20

30

25

20

60

30

40

8
35

10

80

40

50

14

45

0
0

50

60

55

10

80

60

70

3
65

20

60

70

80

75

30

60
40

400

T akin g th e assu med me an a= 45 and h = 10

T h eref o re

=a +

Ü
xh

= 45 +

84

x 10 = 45

An d M .D . (

) =

i|
T

|=

844

84

10

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page
21

Mean d eviati on ab ou t med i an

T h e d at a is f irst arra n ged in ascen d in g ord er. Th en , t h e med ian

o f con t in u ou s f re qu en cy d ist rib ut ion is o bt ain ed b y f irst id ent if y t he class in wh ich

med ian lies

(med ian class) an d th enap p lyin g th ef o rmu la.

M ed ian = l +

xh

Wh ere med ian class is

th e class in t ern al who se cu mu lat ive f requ en cy is ju st great er t h an or

eq u al

to

6
, N is t h e su m of f requ en cies, l, f , h and c are re sp ect ively lo wer limit t h e f req uen cy,

t h e widt h o f t he median class an d c t h e cu mu lat ive f requ en cy of th e class ju st

pre c

ed in g

th e

med ian class. Aft er f in din g t he med ian th e ab so lu t e valu e o f t he d eviat io n o f mid

p o in t

of

ea ch class fro mt h e med ian i.e. |

M | are ob t ain ed .

Thus

M .D . (M ) =

Â
Ç

i|

M|

Ex

Calcu lat e th e mea n d eviat ion a bo ut med ian f

or th ef o llo win g d at a:

Class :0

t
10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

50 50

60

Fre q uen cy: 6

15
16

Sol u ti on :

CLASS

FREQ UENCY

CUMULA T I VE

FREQ UENCY

c. f .

MI D

POI NT
?

Med .|

Med |

10

6
6

23

138

10

20

13

15

13

91

20

t
30

15

28

25

45

30

40

16

44

35

112
40

50

48

45

17

68

50

60

50

55

27
54

50

508

T h e class in terval con t ain in g

th

o r 25

th

it em is 20

30. T heref o re , 20

t
30 is t he med ian class

we kn o w t h at

M ed ian = l +

xh

Here l = 20 ,

c= 13 ,

f =15 ,

h =10, and N = 50

T h eref o re
M ed ian = 20 +

69

57

59

x 10 = 20 + 8 =28

T h u s, mea n d eviat ion ab o ut med ian is

given b y:

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

22
M .D . (M ) =

i|

M|=

94

x 50 8 = 10 .16

Li mi tati on of mean d eviati on

:
In a serie s where t h e

d egre e o f variab ilit y is very h igh , t h e

med ian is no t a rep re sen t at ive cent ral ten dency. T h u s, th e mean d eviat ion ab o ut median

calcu lat ed f o r su ch series can n o t b e fu lly re lied . M ea n deviat ion is calcu lat ed o n t

he b asis of

ab solut e valu e of t h e d eviat io

n s an d th eref o re, cann o t be su b je ct ed t o fu rth er algeb raic

t re atment. T h is imp lies t h at we mu et h ave so me o th er measu re o f d isp ersion . St an d

ard

d eviat ion is su ch a mea su re of d isp ersio n .

Skewness

:S kewness or asymmetry den ote d the te nden cy of a dist rib ution to dep art from

symmet ry.
A freq uency dist rib ution is sai d to b e s kew ed if the freq uenci es decrea se wit h

markedl y g rea te r rap id it y on one side of the c en tral maximum than o n the other side. This

characte rist ic of a fre q uency dist rib ution is known as ske wne ss an d the measure of

asym

The main obj ect of measurin g skewness is to know the directi on of the variat ion

from an average an d to comp are the freq uency dist rib ution an d shap eof thei r curves.

Typ es of Skewne ss :

( i)

Positive Skewness

:Where in a f req uency dist rib ution the freq uenci es a re p iled up at the

lower value of the variab le an d sp rea d out over a grea te r ran ge of values on the high value

an d the skewne ss is known a s p ositi ve.

( ii )

Negative Skewness

: Where in freq uency dist rib ut

ion the freq uenci es are p iled up at the

higher values of the var ia b le an d sp rea d out over a grea te r ran ge of value on the low value

an d the skewness is known as ne gat ive. That is in ne gat ively skewed freq uency
dist rib ution , the skewne ss is sa id to b e n egat

ive.

Measure of sknewness

:M ea sure of skewness may b e subj ect ive ( or obstract or ab solute ) or

rela ti ve. Ab solute measure te ll us the directi on an d exte nd of asymmetry in a freq uency

dist rib ution . Relat ive measure ofte n called c oeffici en t of ske wne ss, p erm

it us to co mpa re

two or mo re freq uency dist rib ution s.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

23
ï

( a) Ab solute Mea sure, Sk = M ea n

M ode

Relat ive M ea sure , J =

Qc_l

Qmbc
Wr _l b_pb

Hctg_rgm l

or

( b ) If mode i s

not det ermin ed, then

Ab solute measure , S k = 3( M ea n

M edia n)
or

= 3(

m)

Relat ive M ea sures, J =

Qc_l

Qcbg_l

Wr _l b_pb

Hctg_rgm l

or

7
:

Ex

YEAR

195 0

195 1

195 2

195 3

195 4

195 5
195 6

195 7

195 8

195 9

PRICE

INDEX

OF

WHEAT

83

87

93

104

106

109

118
124

126

130

Solution

S.NO.

(X

(X

-
%

)²

83

25

625

87

21

441

93

15
225

104

16

106

109

1
1

118

10

100

124

16

256

126

18

324

10
130

22

484

arithmeti c

M ea n.

54<4

54

= 108
M edia n, M =

>

val ue

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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UN IT 3

Page

24
=

54

>

th value = 5. 5

th

value

M =

9rf

t_j sc

>

:rf

t_jsc

54:

>
548

659

= 107. 5

S . D. ,

~
R

68;:

54

tvy

= 15. 73

J=

Q c_ l

Q cb g_ l

W r_lb_ p b
Hct g_ rgm l

54<

54;

59

;7

59

ä
;7

= 0 .0954

CENTRAL BOARD OF

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STUDYMATERIAL:

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

{Class XI}
 UNIT 4: CO MM ERCIAL M ATHEMA TICS

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4

age

UN IT

COMMERCIALMATHEMATICS

Pr of it an d Los s
: In o u r

ever yda y

lif e

and in the bu siness wo rld , we

en co u nt er tran sact io n s

in volvin g sales and p u rch ases. Ever y t ime su ch a t ran sact io n o ccu rs, it may b e ob served

t h at

t h ere is a selle r and a buyer

in volved

T h e seller sells som e t h in gs goo d s f or a cert ai

n amo u nt p aid b y th e b u yer. T h e seller event u ally

makes som ep ro fit o r lo ss in t h e t ran sact ion .

Co st Pri ce (CP)

: Th ep rice at wh ich an art icle in pu rch ased is called it s co st p rice.

Sel l i n g Pri ce (SP

):

Th ep rice at wh ich an art icle is so ld is called it s Se

llin g Pr ice.

Pr of it
: If t he sellin g p rice o f an art icle is great er th an it s co st p rice, we say t h at th ere is p ro f it

or

gain .

Pr o f it

= Se llin g price

Cost p rice

Pe rcent ageo f p rof it is always calcu lat e

o n t he co st price of an art icle.

Wh ere SP >CP

1.

Pr o f i

t = SP

t
CP.

2.

Pr o f it p ercent age =

Éå âÙÜç

¼É

(10 0)%.

3.

Pr o f it = Pr of it percent age (CP)

4.

Wh en CP an d p rof it p ercen t age are given

SP = (CP)

544

>

ã åâÙ Üç

ã Øå ÖØ áçÔÚØ

544

)
5.

Wh en SP an d p ro f it percen t age are given

CP =

544

ÌÉ

544

>

ã å âÙ Üç

ã Øå ÖØáçÔÚØ

Los s

: If th e sellin gp riceo f an art icle is lesst h an co st price, we sayt h at t h ere is a loss.

Loss

= Cost

p rice

t
Sellin gp rice

Pe rcent ageo f lo ss is always calcu lat e

on th e co st p rice of t h e art icle.

When SP <CP

1.

Loss = CP

SP

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4

P
age

2.

Loss p ercen t age =

Åâ ææ

¼É

x 10 0%

3.

Loss = Lossp ercen t age xCP

4.

Wh en CP an d lo ss percen t age are given ,

SP = CP

544

Åâ ææ

ã Ø åÖáçÔÚØ
544

5.

Wh en SP an d Lossp ercen t age are given ,

CP =

ÌÉ

544

544

Åâ ææ

ã Ø åÖØ áçÔÚØ

O ver h ead s

: All th e exp en d itu re in cu rred on t ransp o rt at ion , rep airs,

et c.

, (if an y) are

cat ego riz ed

as o verhea d s. Th ese o verh ea d s are always in clu ded in th e CP of t h e art icle.

No te

: wh en t h ere ar

e two art icle

h avin g t h e

same co st p rice an d , if on e art icle is sold at a%

p ro f it and t he o th er is sold at th e same loss

percen t

, th en ef fect ively n eit h er p rof it no r loss is

mad e. If th ere are t wo art icle h avin g t he same sellin g p rice an d on e is sold at x% p rof it

an d t he

o t h er is

sold at x% losseffe ct ively,t h ere is always a loss an d t he lossp ercen t age is

54

Ex
:

Rakesh p u rch ased a TV f o r

Rs. 500 0

it p aid Rs. 25 0 it s t ran sp o rt at io n if h e sold

the

TV

f o r Rs. 5 075,t h en f ind h is pro f it o r loss p ercen t age

Sol u ti on

Pr ice at

wh ich t he TV was b o u gh t = Rs. 500 0

Overh ea d s in t he fo rmo f t ran sp o rt at io n = Rs. 250.

T h e to t al co st p riceo f t he T V = (5000 + 250 ) = Rs. 5 25 0

Se llin gp rice of t he T V =Rs. 5 07 5

SP <CP
:

t h ere is a loss.

T h e amo un t o f loss = CP

SP

= 525 0

50 75

= Rs. 1 75

Loss p ercent age =

Åâ ææ

¼É
x (100)%

5;9

9694

(10 0)%

54

=3.33%

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

-
UN IT 4

age

Rakesh in curre d a lo ss of 3.33%.

Ex

By sellin g 24 p en s

kran

hi

o}?? v u} µv ? ??µ ? } ? Z }(v ?X]v ? Z

loss p ercen t age

Sol u ti on

:
let u s assu met h at co st p rice of ea ch pen is Rs. 1.

CP of 24 pen s= Rs. 2 4

Loss = CPo f 3p en s =3 x1 = Rs. 3

Loss p ercent age =

Åâ ææ

¼É

x 100

68
x 10 0%

= 12.5%

? Z} íîXñ 9X

Ex

N are sh sold t wo b oo ks fo r Rs. 60 0 ea ch , t hereb y gain in g 20 % o n on e boo k and

losin g 20% o n th eo t herb o o k. F ind h is o verall loss o r gain percent .

Sol u ti on

Se llin gp rice of t he f irst bo o k = Rs. 6 00p ro f it = 20%

CP =

544
ÌÉ

544

>

Éå âÙÜç

ÉØ åÖØ çÔÚØ

srr

xrr

srr

tr

Rs. 5 00 .

T h e sellin gp riceo f second bo o k = Rs. 600 , Lo ss

20%
:

CP =

544

ÌÉ

544

Åâ ææ

ã Øå ÖØáçÔÚØ

544

:44

544

64
= Rs. 750

So , th e

t ot al co st p rice of t he bo o ks = Rs. 500 + Rs. 7 50

= Rs. 1 250

T h et ot al sellin gp rice of t h e b oo ks = 2 x 600 = Rs. 1 200

As t het o t al sellin g p riceo f t h e

b oo ks <t h e t ot al co st price of t h e b oo ks, there is a loss.

Loss = CP

SP

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4
P

age

= Rs. 1 250

Rs. 1 200

= Rs. 5 0.

Loss p ercent age =

Åâ ææ

¼É

(10 0)%

94

5694
)

100

= 4%

?? ?Z } ð

%.

Simpl e i nter est and co mp ou nd in ter est

I n ter est

Int ere st is p aid t o t h e len d er b y th e

b o rro wer f o r u sin g mo n ey f or a sp ecif ied p eriod of

t ime . V ario u s t erms and gen era l re p rese nt at io n are asf o llo ws:

1.

Pr in cip al: Th eo rigin al sum b o rro ws and den ot ed b y

P.

2.

T ime :

T h e t ime fo r wh ich mo n ey is bo rro wed . It is d en o ted b y n .

3.

Rat e: Th e rat e at wh ich in t erest is calcu lated o n th e o rigin al su m. It isd eno t ed b yr.

4.

Amo u nt :

T he su m o f p rincip al and in t ere st . It isd en o t ed b y A.

Simpl e I n ter est

: Wh en in t erest is calc

ulat ed every year o n th e o rigin al p rin cip al, su ch int erest is

calle d Simp le In tere st .

Here year aft er year, ea rn t hro u gh t h e int ere st gets accu mu lat ed and is

d u e t o th e

le

n d er, t h is accu mu lat ed int ere st is n o t taken int o acco un t fo r th e pu rpo se of

calcu lat
in gint ere st fo rt he later years.

Simp le In t erest =

ÉÇ Ë

544

T ot al Amou n t A= P +

ÉÇ Ë

544

=P

1+

ÇË

544

Co mp ou nd I nter est

In co mp o un d int erest , th e in t erest is add ed t o th e prin cip al at t h e en d of

ea ch perio d to arrive at th en ew p rin cip al f o r th en ext p eriod .

In o th er wo rd s, t he amou n t at th e end of t h e f irst year will b ecome th e prin cip al

f o r th e second year; th e amou nt

at th e end o f th e

secon d year b ecom es th en p rin cipal f o r t h e

t h ird year, and so o n .

If Pd en o ted t he prin cip al at t he beginn in go f p erio d 1, th en

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4

age

5
P at th eb eginn in g o f year 2 = P

(1

544

) = PR

P at th eb eginn in g o f year 3 = P ( 1 +

544

)² =PR²

P at

th eb eginn in g o f year (n + 1) = P (1+

544

Wh en R =

{
1+(

544

Hen ce, th e amo un t

(? ?? v Ç??

In t ere st = I = A

1)

Ex

If Rs. 50 00 b ecome Rs. 57 00 in a

Ç?? ? ]u?

at simp le int ere st , wh at will Rs. 70 0

b ecom eat t he e

n d o f 5 yea rs at th e same rat eso f in tere st ?

Sol u ti on

Amo un t =Pr in cipal + In tere st

Pr in cip al = Rs. 500 0

T h eref o re , 570 0

= 500 0

+ In tere st .

In t ere st = Rs. 7 00

I=

ÉÇ Ë

544

70 0=

9444
ë

544

R = 14%

T h e simp le int erest o n Rs. 70 00 at th e rat e o f 14% f o r a p eriod o f 5 yearsis

;444

58

ë
9

544

= Rs. 4 900 . Th eref o re Rs. 7 00 0

At t h e end of 5 years, amo u nt t o Rs. 700 0 + 490 0= Rs. 1 1,900 .

Ex

T h e co st o f an elect ron ic d evice re du ces at t he rat e of 5% per an n um. If

]? [?

p re sent co st

is Rs. 32,4 90. Wh at

was

it s co st b ef ore t wo years?

Sol u ti on

32 ,490 = P

{
1

544

32 ,490 = P

544

32 ,490 = P

(
64

64

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4

age

32,4 90 = P x

5=

64
x

5=

64

P=

Rs. 3 6,00 0.

In t h is f o rmu la A = P (1 +

544

? Z ~ Á v }? ( } } v Ç? µ ? ( } ? Z ? ]u? ? ??]} ? } À??

wh ich co mpo un d in g is do n e and t he p o wer t o wh ich t he t erm in sid e th e b racket is

raised will

n o t b e t h e n u mb er o f years, b ut th e nu mber o f years mu lt ip lied b y th e nu mber o f t

imes

co mp o u

n d in g isd o nep er year.

Wh en comp ou nd in g is do n e mo re t h an on ce a yea r, th e rat e o f in tere st given in t he

pro b lem

is

calle d no min al rat e of in tere st .

We can also calcu lat e the rat e o f in tere st wh ich wi

ll

yield simp le in tere st in on e year equ al to

t h e in ter

est o bt ain ed u nd er t h e co mp ou nd int erest at th e given no min al rat e o f in tere st . The

rat eo f int ere st so calculat ed is called ef f ect ive rat e of in tere st .

Pr esent val u e, Fu tu r e val u e

: If we d ep o sit a su m o f mo n ey wit h th e p resen t value PV in a b an k

t h at p ay

s in tere st at t he rat e r, t h en af t er on e year it will b ecome PV (1+ r). Let u s call t h is

amo u nt it sf ut u re valu e FV . We may writ e it as:

FV =PV (1 + r)

We may also th in k of

(1+ r

) as

a gro wt h f act or. Con t

in

ui
n g th is p ro cess f o r an ot h er year,

co mp o un d in g t

h e int erest ann u ally, th ef ut u re valu e willb ecom e:

FV =

[P V (

1+ r) (1+ r)] =PV (1+ r)²

T h is gives th e fu tu re value af ter t wo years. It we can co nt in ue th is co mpo un d in gf

o rn years, th e

f u tu re valu e th e

n b ecomes:

~í=

YYY~

T h e ab o ve exp re ssion

isvalid fo r an n ual co mp o un d in g. If wed o t h e co mpo u nd in gq u art erly, the

amo u nt o f int ere st cred it ed will be on ly at t h e rat e r

4, bu t th ere will als

o b e 4n co mp ou n d in g
p eriod s in n

years. Similarly, f o r mo nt h ly co mp o un d in g th e in t erest rat e is

56

p er m

on th and t he

co mp o un d in g o ccu rs 12n t ime s in n years.

T hu s,

th e ab o veequ at ion b ecomes:

FV =PV (1+

56

÷ ø àX

Fro m eq n . (i) , we can get

PV =

¿Ï

:
5

>

YYYYXX~

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4

age

T h is gives t h e p re sen t valu e

o f a f ut u re p ayment . D iscou nt in g is th e p ro ced u re t o co n ve

rt . T

he

f u tu re valu e o f a su m of mo n ey
t o it sp re sen t valu e.

D isco u nt in g is a very imp o rt an t con cept in f in ance becau se it allo ws u s to co mp are th e

p re sent

valu e of d iff eren t fu tu re p ayment s.

A n n ui ty

: In man y f in an cial situ at io n s, we h ave to d eal with a st re am o f paymen t s, su ch as rent

re ceip t s,

o r mon th ly p ay ch ecks.

An ann u it y rep rese n t s

su ch a serie s o f cash payment , even f o r

mo n th ly o r wee kly p aymen t s. An o th er examp le of an an nu it y is t hat o f a l

o an t h at you t ake ou t

an d t h en p ay b ack in mo n th ly in st allmen t s. M an y in su ran ce co mp an ies give t h e p ro

cee d s of a

lif t in su ran cep o licy e it h er as a lu mp su m, o r

in t he f orm of an an nu it y.

? Z??? ?Z ( ? ?Z ?v ? } ( ( ]??? ??}v? ?Z ]?? ?]}?

, th u s th e su m o f d isco un ted

cash f lows is given b y:

S=

>

>

v? ??u ~

i)

Here S rep re sen t s t h e pre sen t valu e of all f ut u re cash f lows. We co mpare it t o t h e st

and ard

f o rmo f geo met ric se ries.

Æ=YYXX= Æà÷ YYY

~
ii)

We no t ice

th at th e f irst t erm a =

>

, an d th e rat io b et wee n th e t erms x =

>

, we kn o w its

su mmat ion

as

Sn =

?
;

YYY

iii)

T h is gives

S=

?
;

>

>

å
YYYYYX~

sin g th e sigma ro tat ion

for

su mmat io n ,

we maywrit e (i) as

S=

>

>

\
YYYXX v ? ??u ?

>

?????¡

T h u s we get

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4
P

age

>

??

>

>
å

We can u set h e fo rmu la (iii) t o f ind t h e fu tu re value o f an ann u it y.

Ex

Pr esent val u e, In terest

r ate

Yo u expect to re ceive Rs. 10 ,00 0 as a b o nu s aft er 5 years o n

t h e job . Y ou h ave calcu lat ed th e p rese nt valu e of t h is b on u s and t h e an swer is Rs.

800 0. Wh at

d isco u nt rat e d id you u se in you r calcu lat ion ?

T o f in d t he PV o f a fu tu re su m of mo

n ey, we u se

PV =

¿Ï
:

>

T h is gives 8000

54

444

>

Or

~í=

54

444

<444
=1.2 5

= A ~íXîA íXì ðñò

An d t hu s r =4.5 6%

Dep r eci ati on

: D ep re ciatio n re fers t o th e asp ect s o f t he same

con cept ,

f irst , t h e act u al decrea se

in value of f air valu e of an as

set ,

su ch as

th e d ecre ase in value of f act o ry

eq u ip men t ea ch year

as it is u sed an d wea rs, an d secon d t he allo cat ion in acco rd in g st at ement o f t h e o

rigin al co st of

t h e asset st o p eriod s in wh ich th

e asset s are u sed .

D ep reciat ion is th u st hed ecrea se in th e valu e of asset s and th e meth o d used to re allo

cat ion th e

co st o f a tan gib le asset o ver it s u sef u l

lif e sp an . Gen era lly th e co st is allocat ed as dep re ciat ion

exp en se amon g t he p erio d s in wh ich t he a

sset is exp ected to b e u sed . D ep reciat ion h as b een

d ef in ed ast h e d imin ut ion in th eu t ilit y o r value of an asset , an d is a

n on

cash

exp en se.

Meth od of p rovi di n g or A ll oc ating Dep r eci ati on

D if fere nt met h od are su it ab le f o r diff erent

asset s dep en d in g up on

th en atu re an d t ype of t he asset .

St raight Lin e M eth o d

Z u?? Z }? o?} ???u ?? } ?]P]v } ?? u?? Z}? ?µ µ v? ? Z ]?

met ho d d ep reciat ion is ch an ged at a f ixed p ercen t age o n t he o rigin al co st of th e asset

. T he

amo u nt o f d ep re ciation re main s equ al

f ro m year t o year an d as su ch t he met ho d is also kn o wn

µ ]v ?? oou? v? u??Z } ? } ? Z( ]Æ??

in st allment

u??Z }? ZX ? Z ]?

met h od ,

th e amo un t of

d ep reciat ion is calcu lat ed b y d edu ct in g t h e scrap valu es

f ro m th e o rigin al co st of t he asset and

t h en b y d i

vid in g th e remain in g b alan ce b y t h e n u mb er o f years o f its est imated lif e. The

d ep reciat ion so calcu lat e an d ch an ged an nu ally will ru les th e origin al co st o f t h e asset t

o z ero ,

o r it s scrap valu e , ast h e case mayb e at en d o f its est imat ed life.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4

age
9

Und er t h

is

met h od ,

t h e amo u nt of d epre ciat io n iscalcu lat ed b yt he fo llo win g fo rmu la:

Y ea rD ep reciat ion =

m pgegl_j

amqr

md

rf c

_q q cr

Iq rgk _rcb

q a p_n

t_ js c

Iq rgk _rcb
jgdc

md

rf c

_q q cr

f o r examp le , if th e o rigin al co st o f t h e asset is Rs. 10 0,00 0 an d it s scrap val

u e is likely t o b e Rs.

15 ,000 aft er it s est imated lif e o f 10 years , th e dep re ciat io n writ t en

of f will b e

54444

59444

54

Rs. 8 50 0ever y years.

Ex:

On 1

st

Ap ril
20 15,

Atu l Glass Limit ed p u rch ased a mach in e f o r Rs. 90 ,00 0 an d spent Rs.

60 00 o n it s carria ge

and Rs. 40 00 on it s ere ct io n . On th e d at e of pu rch ase , it was

est imate t h at t he ef fect ive lif e of t he mach in e will 10 years and af ter 10 years it s scrap

valu e willb e Rs. 200 00/

Pr ep are mach in e A/ C and dep re ciat ion A/ C f o r

4 years af t er p ro vid in g dep re c

iat io n on

f ixed

in st allment

met ho d.

Acco u n t s are closed o n 31

st

mar ch every year.

Sol u ti on

As t h e rate of dep re ciat ion is n ot given in th e

q uest ion ,
t he amou nt of

an nu al

d ep reciat ion

willb e arrived at as

u nd er:

An nu alD ep reciat ion =

Gmq r

md

_q q cr

W a p_n

t_ js c

Iq rgk _r cb

jgdc

md

Eq q cr
=

<444

544444

x 100

=8 %

Speci al f eatur es or ch aract er i sti cs of d epr eci ati on

1.

D ep reciat ion isd ecline in t he value of f ixed asset s(excep t

lan d ).

2.

Su ch f all is o f a p erman ent n atu re . On ce th e valu e

of an asset

is red u ced du e t o

d ep reciat ion ,

it

cann ot
be re sto re d

to it s o rigin alco st .

3.

D ep reciat ion is a grad ual and con t ain in g p ro cess b ecau se th e valu e o f t he asset s will

d eclin e eithe r b yt h eir

con st ant u seo r ob sole scence d u e to exp iry o f t ime.

4.

D ep reciat ion is no t t h e pro cess o f valu at ion of asset bu t p ro cess of allo cation of th e

co st

o f an asset t o it s ef f ect ive sp an of lif e.

5.

It d iverse aso n lyt h e b ook valu e of t h e asset , n ot t h e mar ket valu e.

6.

It is no n

cash exp en ses. It

do es

n o t in volve an y cash
o ut f lo w.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 4

age

10

Cau ses of Depr eci ation

M ain cau ses of d epre ciation are asf o llo ws:

(1)

By co n st an t u se d ue t o th e co n st an t u se o f f ixed asset s in bu sin ess op erat ion wea r an

t ea r arise in t h em wh ich re su lt s in
t he red u ct ion of th eir valu es.

(2)

By exp iry o f t ime

Th e valu e o f majo rit y of asset s d ecrea ses wit h t he passage of t ime

even if th ey are n ot b ein g pu t t o u se in th e b u sin ess. N atu ral f o rm su ch o n

rain ,

win ds

et c. cont ribu t e to th e d et erio rat ion of t h eir value

s.

(3)

By accid en t somet imes a mach in e may be dest ro yed du et o

f ire,

ea rt h q u ick

f loo d et

c.

or

a veh iclemay b e d amaged d u e t o accid en t .

(4)

By p erm an en t f all in market p rice t h rou gh t h e f lu ct u at ion s in th e mar ket valu e o f f

ixed

asset are n ot recor ded becau se su ch

asset s are no t meant fo r re sale b u t f o r u se in th e

b u siness, som et ime s th e f all in t he value o f cert ain f ixed asset s is tre ated as

d ep reciat ion su ch asp erman ent f all in t h e valu eo f in vest men t s.

CENTRAL BOARD OF

SE CONDARYEDUCATION

STUDYMATERIAL:

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

{Class XI}
UNI T 5: SET TH EORY

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 5

Page

UNIT

SET T HEORY

Sets an d t heir r eprese nt at ions

A given
collect ion

of ob je ct s is said t o be well d ef in ed , if

we can

d ef init ely

say

whet h er

a given part icu lar ob je ct b elon gst ot h e collect ion or n ot .

Set:

well

d ef ined

colle ct ion of o b ject s is called a Set . T h e objects in a set a

re it s nu mb ers or

ele ments or po

nt s.

Se t s are u su ally

d emot ed b y cap it al lette rs A,B,C,X,Y ,Z et c. T h e

elements of a set are

re p re sen ted b y small letter a,b ,c,x,y,z et c.

It is a an ele men t s of a set A, we writ e a

A wh ich mea n st h at a b elon gst oA or t h at a is

an elements of A.if a does n ot

b elon gs to A, wewrit e a

A.

Illu st ration s:

(i)

Th e collect ion of all vowels in t he En glishalp habet s conta in s f ive ele ments n ame ly

a,e ,I,o,u .

So th is colle ct ion

is welld ef in ed and

t h ere f ore , it is a Set .

(ii )

Th e collect ion of all

oddn atu raln u mb er s less th an 10 conta in s th en u mb ers 1,3 ,5,7,9 .

So th is colle ct ion

is welld ef in ed and t h ere f ore , it is a Set .

(ii i )

Th e collect ion of all rivers of In d ia is clea rly well def in ed an d th

er ef or e, it is a Set . Clear ly

rivers Gan ga b elon gst oth is set wh ileriversN iledoe s n ot b elon gt o it .

Th er e are t wo metho d sof rep re sen t in g a set:

(i)

Ro

st er f or mor Ta bu larfor m

u nd er t h is met h od we list all th e memb er s of th e set

wit h in b racket s{} an d

sep arates the m b y comm as.

No te

:
-

In rost er f orm , t he or der in wh ich th eelemen t s are list ed is immat er ial.

Ex

Writ eea ch of t he follo win g set s in th e rost er f orm:

(i)

A= Set of all f actor of 24 .

(ii )

B= Se t of all in t egers betwee n

= J@

55

.
(ii i )

C= Se t of a ll

o?? ??? ]v ?Z ? Á}? ?

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(iv)

D = Set of all mon th s havin g 30 d ays.

Sol u ti on :

(i)

All f actor s of 24 are 1,2,3,4, 6,8 ,12,2 4.

A= {1,2,3,4, 6,8 ,12,2 4}

(ii )

All int ege rsb et wee n

= J@

55

are

1,0,1 ,2,3,4 ,5.

B= {
-

1,0

,1, 2,3 ,4,5 }.

(ii i )

If may ben oted h er

e th at th ere pea t ed lette rs are t aken on ly on ce ea ch .

C= {T, R,I,G,O,N ,M ,E,Y }.

(iv)

We kn ow that th e month s h avin g 30 days are April, Jun e, Sept ember,

an d

N ove mber

D = {April, Jun e, Sep temb er, Nove mber }

No te:

we d en ot et h e set of all n at u ral nu mber s

all int ege rs,al

l rat ion alnu mb er s and all

re al

n u mber sb y N ,Z,Q and Rre sp ect ively.

(ii )

Se t Bu ild er f orm: u nd er th is met h od of d escrib in g a set we list th e p rop erty o r

p ro per t ies sat isf ied b y all t he

eleme nt s of

t h e set .

Á?]? ?Æ Z? ?}? ??? ?? ? ]? Z? Z ???? Z}?? ? ?µ Z ?Z ? ? Z Æ

?? ]?(? ?}? ???

Ex:

Writ et he set A= {1,2 ,3,4,5,6 ,7} in th e set b u ild er for m.

Sol u ti on

: Clea rly, A = setof all n at u ral nu mber s less t h en 8.

Th u s

in t he set bu i

lder f orm we writ e it as A={x:x

¦
N and x<8 }.

Ex2 :

Writ et he st A= {2,4,8 ,16,32 } in t he set

b u ild erf orm.

Sol u ti on :

Clea rly A ={

}.
Th u s, in t he set bu ilder for m we writ e it as A= {x:x =

wh er en

N and 1

<

<

5}

Ex3

? ? ?Z ??? A?íUðUõ Uíò Uîñ UYX? ]v ??? µ ]o??? (}? uX

Sol u ti on :

We may writ e th e set A as A= {x

: x ist he sq u are of a n at u ral nu mb er s} Alter n at ively,

we can writ e A= { x: x=

,wh er e n

N }.
Empt y set:

A set conta in in g n o

elements at all is calle d t h e emp t y set or t he nu ll set or th e void

set den ot ed b y

or {}.

Ex 1:

{x

:x

N and 2 < x <3 } =

Ex 2:

{x

:x

R an d
T

1} =

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Ex 3:

{x

:
T

=4, x isodd } =

SING LE TO N SET

A set con t ain in g exact ly on eelemen t is calle

d a sin glet on set .

Ex 1

{0}

is a sin glet on set wh ose on ly eleme nt is 0.

Ex 2

{x:x

N and

6
= 4 }={2} ,sin ce 2 ist h e on ly n atu raln u mb er whose squ are is 4.

Fin it e and Inf in it e set s: A set wh ich isempty or con sist s of a d ef in it e n umber of elements

calle d fin it e ot her wise, th e set is called in f in ite.

Th en u mb er of d ist in ct

eleme nt s

conta ined in a f in it e set A is d en oted b yn (A).

Ex:

Let wb et h e set of the d ays o

f t he wee k. Th us w is f init e.

Ex:

Let S b e th e set of solu t ion of t h e eq u at ion

16= 0, th u s S isf in it e.
No te

All inf in it e set s cann ot b e d escrib ed

in

ro ster f orm

becau set he nu mb er of ele men t sof

su ch a set is n ot f in it e. So we rep re sen t som ef in it e set in t h e ro ster f or mb y writ in g af

ew

ele ments wh ich clea rly in d icate th e st ru c

tu

e of th e set

f ollo wed b y

th re at

d ot s.

Fo r examp le 1 : {1,2 ,3,

} is t h e set of natu raln u mber s.

Ex 2:

®
,

3,

2,

íUì UíUîUï Y

} is t h e set of in t egers.

Eq u al set s: Two set s A and B are said t o b e eq u al if th eyh ave exact ly th e same

ele ment s an d we

writ e A= B

ot h erwise,

?Z ??? ? ?? ?]?? ? µ v?? µv ? Á Á?]? ?X

Ex 1

Let A = {

1,2 ,3,4} an d B= {3,1,4 ,2}. Th en

A=B.

Ex 2:
A set d oe s n ot ch ange if on e or mo re ele men t s of t he set are rep eated ,t h e set A= {1,2,3 }

an d B= {2,2 ,1,3,3 } are equ al, sin ce ea ch

ele ment sof A is in B and vice

versa.

Eq u ivalen t set s: Twof in ite set s A an d Bare said t o b eequ ivalent , if n (A)=n(B).

Eq u al set s are always equ ivalent ,b ut eq u ivalen tset s nee d n ot b eequ al.

Ex:

Let A ={1,3 ,5} an d B={2,4 ,6} t hu s,n (A)= n (B)= 3.

So , A

v ? ?? ??µ ]Ào?v ? o?v v ? ?? ?? µ ]Ào?v? ??? ? µ?v? µ

Sub set:

A set A is said to b ea sub set of set B if ever y e lem en t s of A is alsoan elements of B an d

we writ e A

B.
Sup er set:

IfA

B t hen

B is calle d a sup er set of A

an d we writ e B

A.

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4
Pr op er Sub set:

If A

B and A

B t h u s A is called a Pr op

er su b set of B an d we writ e AB

C.

In ot h er word s A C B if wh en ever a

A, t h en

B. It is ofte n con ven ien t to use th e symb ol

wh ich mean s imp lies

. Usin g t h is symb ol we can writ e t h e

def in it ion of sub set as f ollo ws: A

B if

B.

If A is not sub set of B we writ e A

B. We may not e th at f or A to b e a su b set of B, all t h at is

n ee ded is t h at every elemen t s of A is in B. It is p ossib le th at ever y ele men t s of B may or

may

n ot b e in A. If

it so h ap pen s t h at ever y

element of B is also in A, t h en

we shall also h ave B C A. In

t h is case A and B are t he same set s so t h at we h ave A C B and B C A

?? _

;
symb ol for t wo way im p lic

at ion s an d isu su ally read as if

an d on ly if (b riefly wri

? ? ?v ^]( (

It f ollows f ro m th e ab ove d ef in it ion th at ever y set A is a sub set of it self i.e., A

A. Sin ce th e

emp t y set

h as n o ele men t s we agre et o say th at

is a sub set of e very set .

N ot e: Th et ot aln u mb er of sub set of a set conta inin g n ele ment s i

Sub ssets of Set of r eal nu mb er s:

 ??? ? µ ?o vµ u?? A?íUîUï UðUñUY ?

??? ??P? ?YU

3,

2,

íUìUí UîUïUY ?

Th e set of r at ion al n umber s Q= {x: x =

, p ,q ,

Z and q

0}

Th e set of ir rat ion al nu mb er T= { x : x

R an d x

Ñ
Q}, som e of t h e ob viou s rela t ion s amon gt h ese

su b set s are : N

Q, Q

R, T

R, N

T.

I n ter val s as su b sets of R:

Let a,b

R and a <b . t hen

t h e set of re al n u mber s {y:a<y<b } is called

an op en in ter val and is d en ot ed b y (a,b )

.
All th e p oin t s b et ween a an d

b b elon gs t o t h e op en

in t er val.

(a,b) bu t a ,b t hemse lves do not b elon gto th is int er val.

Th e int er val wh ich contain s t h e en d p oints also is calle d closed int er val and is den ot ed b y

[a ,b]

t h u s [a ,b ]= {x:a

b }.

We can also have in t er vals close d at on e en

d an dop en at th is ot her i.e.,

a,b

or
(

a,b

= {x:a

b } is an righ t h alf op en int er val.

(a,b] or ]

a,b ] = {x:a

b} is an left half

op en int er val.

Th e set [

] d ef ines t he set of
n on

n egat ives

re al n u mber , wh ile set (

) defin s t h e set of

n egat ive

rea l nu mber s

. Th e set (

) d escrib e t he set of rea l nu mb ers in rela t ion t o a lin e

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ext end in g f rom

to

on re al nu mb er

lin e variou s t yp es of int er vals describ ed above as

su b set s of R, are sh ownb elo w:

(a,b)

[a ,b ]
[a ,b )

a,b ]

A b
a b

a b

a b

Hen ce, we not e th at an in t er val conta in s in fin it ely ma n y points.

Len gth of I n ter val:

Th e len gth of e

ach of t

h e int ervals [ a,b], [

a,b ), an d (

a,b

is (b
-

a).

Pow er set :

The colle ct ion of all sub set s of a set A is calle d t he p ower set of A. It is den ot ed b y

P(A). In P(A), e veryele men t sis a set .

In gener al, if A is set with n (A)= m, th u s n [P

]=

Ex:

If A= {1,2 },t hu s P(A) =

,{

}
,{

,{

1,2

Also n ot e th at n [P (A)] =

=4 .

Uni ver sal Set:

Usu ally in a p art icu lar con t ext we h ave t o d ea l wit h t h e eleme nt s an d sub set s

of

a b asic set wh ich is re levan t t o th at p art icu lar conte xt

t he b asic set is cal

led th eu n iversal set .

Th eu n iversal set isu su ally d enot ed b y U an

d all its su b set s b y th e let ter s

A, B, C et c.

Fo r examp le, for th e set of all int ege rs t h e un iversal set can b e th e set of rat ion al n umb

er s or

f or t h at mat ter t h e set Rof rea l nu mb er s.

Ex: Wh en we d iscu ss sets of lin es, t rian gles or circles in t wo d imen sional

geo met ry t he p lan e in

wh ich th e

se lin es

t rian gles or circleslie is t heu n iversal set .

Ex:

Write down p ower set of

Sol u ti on

Î
h as on ly on e su b

set n amely

P(

)={

Eq u al

Sets:

Two set s Aand B are said t o b e eq u al ,if ever yele men t of A is in B and ever y

ele ment of B is in A an dwe writ e A=B. we can writ e it asA=B

B an d B

A.
Ex:

Let A=

1,{2},{3,4 },5

,wh ich of th ef ollo win g are in cor rect st at ements?Rect if y e ach:

(i)

(ii )

{2} CA

(ii i )

{1,2 } CA.

(iv)

{3,4 } CA
(v)

{1,5 } CA

(vi )

} CA

(vi i )

ICA

(vi ii )

{1,2 ,3, 4}CA

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Sol u ti on

: Clea rly

A contain s fou r ele men t s n amely 1

{2}, {3,4 } and 5.

(i)

A is in cor re ct . Th e cor rect st at emen t wou ld b e {2}

A.

(ii )

{2} C A is in cor rect . Th e cor re ct st ateme nt is

{2}

}
CA.

(ii i )

Clea rly,2

A an d t h eref ore {1,2 } C A is in correct . The cor rect st atemen t wou ld b e

1,{2}

CA.

(iv)

Clea rly, {3,4 } is an ele men t s of A. So {3,4} C A is incor re ct an d

{3,4 }

C A iscor re ct .

(v)

Sin ce 1 and 5 are b ot h eleme nt s of A, So {1,5 } CA is cor re ct .

(vi )
Sin ce

A , so {

} C A is in corre ct wh ile

C A is cor re ct .

(vi i )

Sin ce 1

A, so I C

A is in cor re ct and th eref ore,{1

} C A is cor rect .

(vii i )

Sin ce 2

A and 3

Ñ
A, so {1,2 ,3,4} C A is in cor re ct Th e cor re ct stat emen t wou ld b e

1,{2}{3,4

}CA.

O p er ati on

of sets:

Uni on of sets

Th e u n ion of t wo set s A an d B denot ed b y A

B, is th e set of all th ose ele men t

wh ich are eithe r in A orB or in b ot h A an d B.

Th u sA

{ x:x

Ð
A or x

B} ,

A or x

B.

Ex

:
Let A

{ x : x is ap ositive

in t eger} and let B

{ x : x is a negat ive int ege r}

f ind A

B.

Sol u ti on

Clearly A

{x : x is an in tege r an d x

M
}.

Ex 2

If A

{x:x

2n +1, n

z } and B

{x : x

2n , n

z } t hu s f in dA

ë
B.

Sol u ti on

Weh ave A

{ x : x is an od d int ege r }

{ x : x is an even in t eger }

{x : x is an in t eger}

I n ter secti on of Sets

: The int er sect ion of t wo set s A and B, d en ot ed b y A

ê

B is th e set of all

ele ments wh ich are

commo n t ob ot h A an d B.

Th u sA

{x:x

A an d x

B}

ê
B

A an d x

B,

Aor x

Ñ
B

Ex

If A

{x:x

N , x is af actor of 1

} an d B

{x : x

N , x is a f act or of 18 }f in d A

ê
B.

Sol u ti on

Weh aveA

{x : x

N , x is a f actor of 1

{1,2 ,3, 4,6 ,1

L
{x : x

N , x is a f actor of 18 }

{1,2 ,3, 4,6,1 2}

{1,2,3, 4,6 ,9,18 }

{1,2 ,3, 6}

Ex2

:If A
L

(2,4)

and B

[3 ,5

f ind A

B.

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7
Sol u ti on

: weh ave A

(2,4)

{x : x

R, 2 < x <4 }

3,5 )

{x : x

Ð
R, 3

x <5}

Clea rly, A

{x : x

R, 3

x <4}

[3 ,4)

5
0 1

(2 [3

Di sj oi n t sets

: Two set s Aan d B are said t ob ed isjoin t if A

Ex:

If A

{1,3 ,5,7,9 }, B

L
{2,4 ,68 } f in d A

B.

Sol u ti on

: weh ave A

{1,3 ,5, 7,9,}

{2,4 ,6, 8}

LÎ

Di f f er en ces of sets

:f or an y set sA an d B,t heir d iffer en ce (A

B) is d ef ined as (A

-
B) = {x : x

and

Th u s x

(A

B)

A an d x

Ñ
B

Ex:

If A = {x : x

N , x is a fact or of 6} a n d

B = {x : x

N , xi

s afact or of 8 } th en

f in d (i) A

B , (ii) B

A.

Sol u ti on
: We h ave A = {x : x

N , x is a f actor of 6} = {1,2 ,3, 6}an d

B = {x : x

N , x is a fact or of 8} = { 1,2,4 ,8}

(i)

B = {1,2 ,3,6}

{1,2 ,4,8} = {3,6 }

(ii )

t
A = {1,2 ,4,8}

{1,2 ,3,6} = {4,8 }

Symm etr i c di ff er en ce oftw osets

: The Symmet ric d iff er en ce of t wo set sA and B, den ot ed b y A

B, isd ef in ed as: A

B= (A

B)

(B

A).

Ex: Let A = {a,b ,c,d }

an d B= {b ,d ,f
,g,}f ind A

B.

S oluti on

: We have

(A

B) = {a, b , c, d}

{b , d,

,g, }

= {a , c}

(B

A) = {

b, d, f,g, }

{a, b, c, d}
= {f, g

Lá

= {a , c, f,g}

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8
Comp limen t

e uni versal seta

of A

den ote d b y À

or ( U

A) , is define d as

?ä

Ex

: IfU= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

,8} a nd A ={ 2, 4, 6, 8} fin d ( i) À (ii )( À) ´

S oluti on

we have

( i)

=U

={1,2 ,3, 4,5,6, 7,8}

{2,4 ,6,8}

={1,3 ,5, 7}

(ii

?®
=U

={ 1 ,2 ,3,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 }

{1,3 ,5 ,7}

={ 2 ,4 ,6,8 }

=A

Ex

: If A CU

pro ves

that

(i)

¹
=

(ii)

= U ,(iii) (

?®

= A , ( iv) AU

=U, (v ) A

LÎ

So lutio n:

We have

(i)

?®
=U

U={x

U:x

U}

(ii)

= {x

U: x

ÑÎ

}=U

(iii)
(A

= {x

U: x

}= {x

U: x

A} = A

(iv )

AUA

={x

Ð
U:x

AUA

= {x

U: x

Ao r x

= {x

U:x

Ao rx

Ñ
A} = U

(v )

= {x

U: x

={ x

U:x

Ð
A andx

= {x

U:x

andx

A}

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Law s of oper ati ons on s ets

T heor em

Idem pote ntL aws:

(i)

A U A = A , (ii) A

A=A
T heor em 2

Identity L aws: fo rany set A,

(i)

AU

= A, ( ii) A

U=A

No te

and U are the identity elem ents fo r unio n

and intersectio n o f se ts re sp

ectiv ely .

T heor em 3
:

C omm utati v eLaw s

: fo r any two set s A

and B,

(i)

AUB=BUA

(ii)

B= B

A.

T heor em 4

As s oc i ati v eLaw s

: fo r any set s A,B, C.

(i)
(A U B) UC = A U(BUC)

(ii)

(A

B)

C= A

(B

C)

T heor em 5

Di s tr i buti on L aw s

: fo r any three set s A, B, C.

(i)

A U (B

ê
C)= (A U B)

(A UC)

(ii)

(BUC)= (A

T heor em

Demor g ans L aw

: fo r anytw o sets A and B.

(i)

(A U

B)

¹
=A

(ii)

(A

B)

=A

UB

VEN N DIAGRA MS

: Mo st o f t he relatio nships bet wee nset s can be represente d bym eanso f diagram s

which areknown asv enn

diagram s. These diagram sco nsistso f rect angles and c lo sedcurv es usually
circles. The universal set isreprese nted usually by a rectangle and its subset by circles.

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10

In v enn

diagram s, t he elementso f t he sets are w ritte n in their respect iv e c ircles.

U=

?í Uî Uï UY Uí ì ?

A=

{2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,10 }
U

?íUî UïY Xíì?

A= {2,4 ,6,8 ,10 }

B= {4,6 },

A and B are sub set san dalso B C A.

V EN N D IAGRAM S IND IFFEREN T SITUAT ION S:

1.

Wh en t wo in t ers

ect ion su b set s of U a re given :

2.

Wh en t wod isjoint su b set s of a set b e given :

U= {1,2 ,34 ,5,6 ,7}

A= {1,3 ,5}

B= {2,4 }

Clea rly A

B=

, (A

B)={1,3 ,5}=A

.2
.4

.6

. 10

YX

.1

.5

.9

.3

.7
A

10

00

3
5

3
5

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11
(B

A) = {2,4 } =B

= {2,4 ,6,7 } an d B

={1,3,5, 6,7 }

Pr act i calp r ob l ems on un i on an d i nter section of tw o

Sets

: Let A and Bb ef in it e set s. If A

B=

, th en

(i)
n

in gener al, if A and B are f in it e set s, th u s

(AUB)

=n (A) +n (B)

(ii)

n (AUB) = n (A) +n (B)

(A

B)

N ot e th at th e set s (A

B), A

B an d (B

A) are d isjoin t and th eir un ion is A

B. t h er ef or e

n
(A

B) = n (A

B) + n (A

B) + n (B

A)

= n (A

B) + n (A

B) + n (B

A)

+ n (A

B)
t

n (A

B)

= n (A) +n (B)

(A

B)

(iii)

If A,B and C are f in it e sets, t hen n (AUBUC) = n (A)

+ n (B) + n (C)

n (A

B)

t
n (B

C)

(A

C) + n (A

C)

Ex

In a

sch oo l t her eare 20 t ea ch er s who tea ch M ath ema tics or Ph ysicsor th ese , 12 t ea ch

M ath ema tics and 4 t ea ch both Ph ysics an d M at hem

at ics. How m an yt ea ch Ph ysics?

So lu t ion : Let M d en ot eth e set of t ea ch ers wh o tea ch mat h emat ics an d Pd en ot e th e

set of

t ea ch er s wh ot ea ch Ph ysics. In t he stat ement of

th ep ro b lem
? Z ? Á}? ? Z}? [ P]À µ oµ ? }(

µ v ]}v v ?? Z Á}? ? Zv?[

gives u sa

clu e o

f in ter sect ion . Wet h eref oreh ave.

n (MUP ) = 20, n (M)=1 2an d n (M

P) =4 we wish to d et er min esn (P).. u sing t he re su lt .

n (MUP ) = n (M)

n (P)

n (M

P)

we obta in . 20 = 12+ n (P)

4,
t h u s n (P) =1 2.

Hen ce 12 t eache rst ea ch Ph ysics.

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Ex 2

: In a su rveyof 4 00 stu d en t s in a sch oo l 100 wer e listed as takin g app le ju ice

,15 0a s t akin g

as or an ge ju ice

75 wer e list ed as t akin g both app le as well as or an ge ju ice

. F in d how m an y

st u den t s wer et akin gn eit h er app le ju icen or or ange ju ice.

Sol u ti on

: Le

t Ud en ote th e set of su rvived st ud ent s and A d en te th e set ofst u den t s t akin g

ap p le ju ice and B den ot e t he set of st u dent s taking or an ge ju ice.Thu s

n (U) = 400, n (A) =10 0 n (B) = 15 0 an d n (A

B)= 75

N ow n (A

B¹ ) = n (AUB)¹
=n (U)

n (AUB)

=n (U)

n (A)

(B)+ n (A

B)

=40 0

100

15 0+ 75
=22 5

Hen ce 225 stu dent s we

re t akin g n eit her ap p le ju ice n o

r or an ge ju ice.

Ex 3

: In a grou p of 85 0 per son 60 0 can sp ea k Hind i and 34 0 can sp ea k Tamil. Fin d

(i)

How

man y can sp ea k both Hind i and Ta mil.

(ii)

How m an y can sp ea k Hind i on ly.

(iii)

How m an y can sp ea k Tamil on ly.

Sol u ti on

: Let A = set of per son who can sp ea k Hind i and B =set of p er son wh o can sp ea k Ta mil.
õ

n (A) = 600,n (B) = 34 0 an d n (AUB) = 850.

(i)

Se t of p er son wh o

can spea k b oth Hin d ian d Ta mil = A

B.

N ow, n (A

B) = n (A) +n (B)

n (AUB)

=600 +340

850
=90.

Th u s90 p er son can speak b oth Hind i an d Ta mil.

(ii)

Se t of p er son wh o can spea k Hin d ion ly = (A

B).

N ow

,n (A

B) + n (A

B) = n (A)

n (A

B) = n (A)

n (A

B)
=600

90

=510 .

Th u s51 0 p erso n can sp eak Hin d i on ly

(iii)

Se t of p er son

wh o

can spea k Ta mil on ly = (B

A)

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N ow ,n (B

A) + n (A

B)= n (B)

n (B

A) = n (B)

n (A

B)
=340

90

=250

Hen ce, 250p er son can sp ea k Ta mil on ly .

Ex 4

: In a su rvey of 25 stu d en t s , it was found t hat 12 h ave t aken Ph ysics 11 h ave t aken

Ch emist ry an d 15 h ave

taken Math ema tics 4 h ave t aken Ph ysics

& ch emist ry

and 9 h ave t aken

Ph ysics an d Math ema tics 5 h ave

t aken Ch emistry an d M at h emat ics wh ile 3 h ave t aken all th e

t h ree sub je ct s. Fin d th en u mber s of st ud ent s who h ave t aken .

(i)

Ph ysics on ly.
(ii)

Ch emist ry on ly.

(iii)

M ath ema tics on ly.

(iv)

Ph ysics an d Ch emist ry bu t n ot Math ema tics.

(v)

Ph ysics an d M at hema t ics b ut n ot Ch emist ry.

(vi)

On

ly on e of th e su b ject s.

(vii)

At lea st on e of th et h ree su b je ct s.

(viii)
N on e

of th e t hre e su b ject s.

So lu t ion

Let P ,C and M b et h e set s of stu d en t s wh oh avet aken Ph ysics ,Ch emist ry and

M ath ema tics re sp ect ively.

Let a, b , c, d , e,f an d g den otet h e nu mb ers of stu d

en t s in t h e re sp ect ivere gion s.

As p er d at a

given

we

h ave

a+ b +c+d =12

b +c+e+ f =11
c+d +f +g = 15

b + c =4

c+ d =9

+f =5

c =3

C
b

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f ro m

t hese eq u at ion weget : c= 3, f = 2, d = 6, b =1.

N ow c +d + f + g= 15

3+ 6 +

2 + g =15

g = 4,

b + c + e +f = 11

1 +3 +e +2 =11

e=5

a +b + c +d = 12

a + 1 +3 +6 = 12

a=2

õ
a= 2, b = 1, c= 3, d = 6,e= 5, f =2 an d g= 4, so weh ave:

(i)

N u mber of

st ud ent s wh o

offe red Ph ysics on lya= 2.

(ii)

N u mber of

st ud ent s wh o

offe red Ch emist ryon ly,e= 5.

(iii)

N u mber of

st ud ent s wh o

offe red M ath emat ics only, g= 4.

(iv)
N u mber of

st ud ent s wh o

offe red Ph ysics and Ch emist ry bu t n ot M ath emat ics, b = 1.

(v)

N u mber of

st ud en

t s wh o

offe red

Ph ysics and Math ema t icsb ut n ot Ch emist ry, d = 6.

(vi)

N u mber of

st ud ent s wh o

offe red on ly on eof t hegiven sub je ct s (a+e+ g)=(2+ 5+ 4)=11.

(vii)

N u mber of

st ud en t s wh o

offe red at
lea st on e of t h e given su b je ct s

(a+b +c+d +e+f +g) =

(2+1+3+ 6+ 5+2 +4 )=2 3.

(viii)

Num

er of

st ud ent s wh o

offe red n on e

of t h e th ree given su b ject s =(25

23) =2 .

CENTRAL BOARD OF

SE CONDARYEDUCATION
STUDYMATERIAL:

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

{Class XI}
 UNIT 6: REL ATIONS & F UNCTIONS

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Re lation s an d Fu n ction s

O r d er ed Pai r

: Two nu mber s a an d b list ed in a sp e

cif ic or d er an d en closed in

p are nt h eses

for m

an

ord er ed p

air (a,b ). In th e ord ered p air (

a,b ), we call a as f irst nu mber and b as secon d

n u mber .

Th u s (

a,b )

(b,a )

Eq u alit y of t wo ord er ed p airs: weh ave

(a,b ) = (c,d )

a=

an d b = d .
Car tesi an pr odu ct s of tw o sets

: Let A an d B b e t wo

n on

emp t y

set s. Th en , th e Cart esian

p ro du ct of A and B is t he set d en ot ed b y (A X B), c

on sist in g of all ord ered p airs (

a,b )

su ch t h at a

A and b

B.

(A X B) = {(a,b) : a

A an d b

Ð
B}

If A =

or B =

, we d ef in eA X B =

Remar ks

(i)

If n (A) = p and n (B) =

th

en

n (AXB) = p q and n (BXA)

=pq.

(ii)

If at lea st on e of A and Bis in f in ite th u s

(AxB) is inf in it e an d (BXA) is

in f in ite.

Ex 1

: If (x + 1, y

2)= (3,1), f ind t h e value of x and y.

Sol u ti on

: Sin ce th e or dere d p airs are eq u el, th e cor re sp on d in g eleme nt s are equ al. Th eref ore

X + 1 =3 an d y

2 =1

So lvin g we get : x =2 and y = 3.

Ex 2
: IfAXB =

(p,q ), (p ,r

), (m,q ), (m,r)

f in d A and B.

Sol u ti on

: A= set of f irst elements = {p ,m}

B = set of secon d elemen t s = {q ,r}

O r d er ed Tr i pl et

:Th reenu mb er s a , b an d c listedin a sp ecif icor d er an d enclose d in p are nt

t h ese s f orm an ord er ed trip let (a, b, c).

Th u s (1,2,3 )

(2,1,3 )
M

(3,2,1) et c.

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Fo r an y n on emp t y set A

we d ef in e

(A x A x A) =

(a, b , c) : a,b , c

Ð
A

EX

: If P = {1,2 },f ro m th eset P x P x P.

Sol u ti on

: If P= {1,2 }t hus

P x P = {1,2} x {1,2 }

(1,1) , (1,2) , (2,1) ,(2.2)

P x P x P = (P xP) xP

(1,1), (1,2) , (2,1), (2,2)

}

x {1,2 }

(1,1,1) , (1,1,2) , (1,2,1 ) , (1,2,2 ), (2,1,1), (2,1 ,2) , (2,2,1 ) , (2,2,2 )

Ex2

: If R ist h e set of all rea

l nu mb ers, wh at dot he Cart esian p ro du ct s

R xR an d R x R x R

re p re sen t ?

Sol u ti on

: Th e Cartesian p ro du ct R x R re p rese nt s th e set R x R =

(x,y) : x,y

wh ich rep re sen t s

t h e coor d in ates of all th e p oints in th e

t wo

d imension

al

sp ace and th e

Cartesian p roduct R x R x

R=

(x, y, z ) : x, y,z

wh ich rep re sen t s th e coo rd in at es of all t h e points in th ree d imen sion al

sp ace.

Rel ati on s

: A re lat ion R f rom

n on

empty

set A t o a
n on

emp t y

set B is a su b set of th e Cart esian

p ro du ct A x B.

Th u s R is a relat ion fro m A t o B

(A x B). If (a,b)

?Z µ Á ?Z ? ?? o???

? Z v ? Á? Á?]? X

Domai n , Ran ge an d Co

d omai n of a Rel ati on

: Let R

b e a re lat ion fro m At o B. Th u s R

C

(A x B).

(i)

Th e set of all f irst coor d in at es of eleme nt s of R is calle d th e d om ain of R, writ t en as

d om (R) .

(ii)

Th e set of all secon d coor d in at es of ele men t s of R is calle d th e ran ge of R, d enot ed

b y ra n ge (R).

(iii)

Th e set B is

calle d th e co

d om ain of R .

D om (R) = {a: (a,b)

R} and Ran ge (R) = {b : (a,b )

Ð
R}

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T ot al n u mb er of Rel ati on f r om A to B

: Let

(A) = P and n (B) = q, Th u s ,

(A x B) = pq .

We kn ow

t h at ever y

su b set of

A x B is a rela t ion f ro m At o B.
õ

To at aln u mb er of su

b set of A x B is

ãä

To tal nu mber of rela t ion f ro m At o B=

ãä

Rep r esent ati on of a

Rel ati on

Let A and B b e two given set s

,th u s a relat ion R

A x B can be

re p re sen ted in an y of t he f orms given b elow.

(1)

RO STE R

FO RM

In th is form

R is given

as a set of ord er ed p airs.

Ex 1

: Let A = {

2,

1 ,0,1, 2} an d B= {0,1, 4, 9}

Let R =

2,4), (

1,1), (0,0 ), (1,1 ), (2,4 )

}

(i)

Sh ow that R is a re lat ionf ro mA to B.

(ii)

Fin d d om (R), ra n ge (R) an d co

d omain of R.

Sol u ti on

(i)

Sin ce R C A x B, so R

is a re lat ion f rom A t o B. Not e t hat

2R4 ,

5
, 0R0 , 1R1 and

2R4 .

(ii)

D om R= Set of f irst coo rd in at e of ele men t sof R = {

2,

1,0, 1, 2}.

Ran ge (R) = Set of second coo rd in at esof ele men ts of R.

= {0, 1, 4}

Co

d om ain of R= {0,1, 4, 9} = B.

(2)

SET BUI LDER FO RM :

Un d er th is metho d f or ever y (a,b)

Ð
R,

a gen eral relat ion is b ein g

given bet ween aan d b .Usin g th is re lat ion , all the ele men t s of R can b e ob t ain ed .

Ex1 :

Let A = {1,2, 3, 5} an d B = {4, 6, 9}d ef in e a rela t ion f ro mA to B, given b y

R=

a, b ) : a

A, b

B and (

b ) is od d

}
(i)

Writ e R in

rost er for m.

(ii)

Fin d d om (R) an d Ran ge (R).

Sol u ti on

(i)

Clea rly, we h ave

R=

(1,4) , (1,6) , (2,9) , (3,4 ) , (3,6) , (5,4) , (5,6)

(ii)

D om

(R) = Set of f irst coord in at es of ele men t sof R = {1,2, 3, 5}

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Ran ge (R) = Set of second coo rd in at esof ele men ts of R= {4,

6, 9}

(3)

A r row Di agr am

Let R be a relat ion f ro m A t o B. f irst we draw t wo b ound ed f igure s t o

re p re sen t A an d B re sp ect ively. We mar k t h e elemen t s of A and B in th ese f igu re s. Fo

r
ea ch (a,b)

R, wed raw an arro wf ro m at ob .

Ex:

Let A = {1, 2,3, 4, 5}.D ef in e a re lat ion Rf ro mA t o Ab y R = {(x,y) : y = 2x

3}.

(i)

D ep ict R u sin g

an arrow

diagram .

(ii )

Fin d d om (R) an d ran ge (R).

Sol u ti on

:
x=1

y= (

3) =

x=2

y=

3) =1
x=

y = (6

3) =3

x =4

y= (

3)

=5

x =5

?
y = (10

3) = 7

R=

(2, 1) , (3, 3) , (4, 5)

(i)

We may dep ict it b y arrow d iagram , as

(ii)

We h ave d om (R) = {2 , 3,

4} a nd ran ge (R) = {1,3,5}

Fu n cti on s

: we can visu aliz e a fu n ct ion

as a ru le wh ich p rod u ces new elemen t s ou t of some

P]À?v ?o? u?v? ?X ?? ?? uv ? ?? ?µ Z Zu? }? Zu?? ]v µ ??? ? ?

?v}?

f u n ct ion .

Def i n iti on

: A re lat ion

f rom a set A t o a set B

is said t o b e a fu n ct ion if ever y ele men t of set

A h ason e and on ly on e image in set B.

1
.

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In ot her word s , a fu nct ion

is a re lat ion f ro m a n on

empty set A t o a n on emp t y set B

su ch t h at th e d om ain of

is A an d n o t wo d ist inct

or d ered pairs in

h ave
t h e same f irst

ele ment.

If

is a fu n ct ion f ro m A t o B an d (a,b)

, t hen

(a) = b , wh er e b is calle d t he

image of a u nd er

and a is calle d t he p re image of b un der

. Th e fu n ct ion

f ro m A t o B is

d en ot ed b y

:A

\
B.

D om (

) = A an dran ge (

B, Als

o B is called th e co

dom ain of

Ex1

: Let x = {1, 2,3 4} and y = {1, 4, 9,16 ,25 }

Let

={(
x, y) : x

X ,y

y and y =

(i)

Sh ow that

is a fu n ct ion fro m X

to

. f in d it s d omain and ran ge.

(ii)

D raw ap ict or ial

rep re sen t at ion o f th eab ove fu nct ion s.

(iii)

If A = {2, 3, 4} , f in d

(A).

Sol u ti on

(i)

We h ave

= {(

x,y) : x

X, y

y and y =

}
Giving d if f erent values to x f ro m th e set X and gif t in g cor re sp ondin g valu eof y =

, we get

(1,

1), (2, 4), (3, 9) , (4, 16 )

Clea rly, e very e leme nt in x h as a un iqu e image in y.

Hen ce,

is a fu n ct ion f rom X

to

D om (

B
) = {1, 2

, 3,4} = X

Ran ge (

) = {1,4, 9, 16}

Y.

Clea rly, 2 5

Yd oe s n ot h ave it sp re

image in

(ii)

A p ictor ial rep re sent at io

n of th e ab ove map p in g

is given b y
AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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X
(iii)

N ow, le t A= { 2, 3,4}. Thu s

(2) =

=4,

(3) =

= 9an d

(4) =

= 16
õ

(A) = {f

(x) : x

A} = {4,9,16 }

Ex

: Examin e ea ch

of the f ollowin g re lat ion give b elo w an d st ate in ea ch

case givin g re

son s

wh et h er it is a fu n ct ion or n ot ?

(i)

R=

(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2)

(ii)
{

(2, 2), (2,4), (3, 3), (4, 4)

(iii)

R=

(1,2), (2,3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5,6), (6, 7)

Sol u ti on

(i)

Sin ce 2, 3, 4 are th e

eleme nt s of dom ain of R h avin g t heir u n iq u e images, t his

re lat ion R is af u n ct ion .

(ii)

Sin ce t he same f irst elemen t s 2 corre sp on d s t o t wo d iff er en t image s 2 an d 4, t h is

re lat ion is n ot a fu n ct ion .

(iii)

Sin ce ever y

ele men t

h ason e an d only one image ,t h is rela t ion

is af un ct ion.

16
25

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Def i n iti on

: A fu n ction wh ich h as eit her R or on e of it s sub set s as it s ran ge is calle d a re al valu ed

f u n ct ion . Fu rt h er, if it s dom ain is alsoeithe r Ror a su b set of R. It is called a re alf un ct ion

So mef u n ct ion s and t h eir grap h s:

(i)

I d en t

ity f un cti on

: Let Rbe th e set of re aln u mb er s. D ef in et he real valued fu n ct ion .

:R

Rbyy=

(x) = x f or each x

R.

Su ch a f un ct ion is called t h e id en t it y fu n ction . He

e th e d om ain an d ran ge of

are R. Th e graph
is a st raigh t line. It p asses

t h rou gh th eor igin .

(ii)

Co n st an t f un cti on s

: Def in et h e

fu n ct ion :

Rbyy=

(x) = c, x

Ð
R wh er e C isa

con st ant an d ea ch x

R. Hen ce dom ain of

is R an d it s ran geis {c}. T h e graph is a

lin ep arlo r t o x

axis.

(x) = 3

?®
Y

?®

6
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2
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(iii)

Pol yn omialf u n cti on

:A

fu n ct ion :

R is said t ob e p olynom ialf un ct ion if for ea ch x

in R, y =

B
(x) = ao +a1 x +a2

+_ _ _ _+ an

, wh er en is a n on

negat ive int eger

v ? } U íî YYXXUv

R.

Ex

:D efin e th ef un ct ion

:R

Rbyy=

B
(x) =

R. com p let et h e t ab le given b elo w b y

u sin gt h e d ef in it ion . What ist he dom ain and range of th is fu n ct ion ? D raw t h e graph of

1
0

y=

(x) =

Sol u ti on
: The comp letetab le is gi

ven b elo w:

4
y=

(x) =

16

16

D om ain of
B

={x:x

R}, R an ge of

= {x : x

R}

Th e grap h of

is given b

y
B

(x) =

(iv)

Rati on al fu n cti on s

: Rat ion alf un ct ion of t h e t ype

:
v

wh ere

(x) an d

(x)

are

p olyn om ial fu n ct ion s ofx d ef in ed in ad om ain wher e of (x)

2
Y

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Page

: Def in et h e re al valu ed

fu n ction :

{0}

R def in ed b y

(x) =

,x

t
{0} ,com p lete th e

t ab le given b elow u sin g th is d ef init ion . What is the d omain an d ran ge of th is fu n ct ion ?

1.5

0.5

0.2 5

0.5

1.5

2
y=

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Sol u ti on

: Th e comp let et ab le is given b y:

x

1.5

0.5

0.2 5

0.5

1.5

y=

ë
-

0.5

0.6 7

0.6 7

0.5

Th ed om ain is all real numb er s excep t 0 an d it sran ge is also all re al n umber s excep t 0.Th e

grap h of

B
is given b y:

(x) =

(v)

T h e mod ul u

s f un cti on

: Th ef u n ct ion

B
:R

def in ed b y

(x)

= |x|

for ea ch x

R is

calle d mod u lu sf u n ct ion .Fo r ea ch n on

negat ivevalu e of x ,

(x) is equ alt o x. But

f or n egative value of x,th e valu e of

B
(x) is t he negat ive of t h e value of x, i.e. ,

(x)

8
6

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Th e grap h of th e mo du lus f un ct ion is given b y:

T
;

=|

(vi)

Signu m f u nct ion

: The fun ct ion

:R

R d ef in ed b y

(x) =

s
á

EB

EB

EB

Is calle d th e Sign u m fu n ction

. Th ed om ain of t h e sig

n u mf un ct ion is R and th e ran ge is th e set {

1, 0, 1}. Th e graph of t hesign u mf un ct ion is given b y:

(x) =

,x

0 an d 0f or x = 0
8

6
-

5
Y

Y=1

Y=

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11

(vii)

G r eatest I n teger f u nct ion

: Th e f un ct ion

:R

R d ef in ed b y

(x) = [x], x

assu me t he valu e of th e great est int ege r,

less than or eq ual t o x. Su ch a

f u n ct ion is

calle d th e grea test int eger fu n ct ion .

Fro mt h e def in it ion of [x]

, we can set t hat

[x] =

1f or

x<0

[x] =0f or 0

x<1

[x] = 1 f or 1

Q
x<2

[x]

= 2 f or 2

x < 3and so m.

Th e grap h of th e f un ct ion is given b y:

B

(X) = [X ]

3
-

?®

?®
CENTRAL BOARD OF

SE CONDARYEDUCATION

STUDYMATERIAL:

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

{Class XI}
 UNIT 7:

ALGEBR A

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

UNIT

Algebra
(A)

COMPLEX NUMBER

Co n cept of I magi n ar y Nu mb er s an d iot a:

If t h e sq u are of a given nu mber is n egat ive t hen su ch

a n umb er is cal

led an imagin ary nu mber .

Fo r examp le,

et c are imagin ary n u mb er s. We d en ot e

F
s

b y gresse letter

]}? Z]Z µ

= 2i,

= 3i et c.

Pow er s of i

: we h ave i° = 1 , i¹ = i, i² =

1 , i³ =

]U ]ú A íU? µ }v ?]? ? ]àU ÁZ ?? ? v ]? ?}?]? ]À?

in t eger and n >4 . On d ivid in

gn b y 4 ,let qu ot ient b e m and th e re main d erb e r.t hu s

n =4m + r , wh ere 0

>

x
E

=[

Ex

:E valu at e:

(i)

==<

, (ii)

?
;5

, (iii)

Sol u ti on

(i)

==<

68=

>

6
=

(ii)

;5

3-

3-

Ü
=

3.

-4

=i

(iii)

=
5

Ex

Z ?µ ~í ]ø ]ú]ø ì ÁZ ?v v ]?

n d 1 when n is even .

Sol u ti on
:

A = ]ø = = X= ]ø à

Th is is clearly a GP h aving (n+ 1)t er ms with a =1an d r = i² =

1.

S=

??

;
=

>

<
5

<

;
?

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½(1

1) =0 , wh en n isodd
½ (1+1 )= 1 , wh en n is even

No te

: for an y t wo rea l nu mb er s a an d b , t he resu lt

>

>

is t ru e on ly wh en at lea st

on eof t he given nu mbers is eithe r z ero or

posit ive.

Th u s

¾
F

;
=

is wro n g.

In fact

E
¾

Ex

: Evalu ate :

F
sx

+3

tw

ux

xtw

= 4i + 3 x 5 i + 6i

25 i
= 0.

Co mp l ex

Nu mb er s

Th e nu mber s of th e for m (a+ib ) wh ere a and b are real n u mb er s

and i

, are known as comp lexn u mber s. Th e set of all com p lexn u mb er s is d en ot ed b y C

C=

(a + ib ) : a, b

}
f or a comp lex n u mb er s , z = (a+ib ),

we h ave a= real p art of z , writ t en as Re (z) an d b = imagin ary

p art of z , writ ten as Im (z).

Pur el y r eal and Pur el y Imagi n ar y Nu mb er s

A com p lexz is said t o b e

(i)

Pu re ly rea l , if Im (z) = 0

(ii)

Pu re ly imagin ary, if Re(z ) = 0

Th u s ea ch of th e nu mb ers 2,

is pu re ly rea l and , ea ch of th e nu mb er s 2i ,
:

is

p u re lyimagin ary.

Co n j u gate of a Co mpl ex Nu mb er

: Con ju gat e of a com p lex n u mb er z = ( a + ib ) is def in ed as,

t
ib .

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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A r ith meti c

op er ati on on Co mp l ex

n u mb er

(1)

A d di tion of tw o Compl ex
Nu mb er s

let

= a + ib an d

c + id b e an y t wo com p lex

n u mber s. Th en th e su m

is d efin ed asf ollows :

+
V

= (a+c) + i (b+d ) , wh ich is again a comp lexn umb er .

T h e ad di tion of compl ex n u mb er s sati sf y th ef ollow i n gp r op er ti es

(i)

T h e cl osu r e l aw

: Th e sum of

t wo comp lex n u mber s is a comp lex n umb er i.e.

is a com p lex nu mb er for all com p lexn umb er s

and
V

(ii)

Co mmu tati ve l aw

: Fo r an y t wo comp lexn u mb ers

and

6
+

(iii)

T h e A ssoc i ati ve l aw

: Fo ran y

th re e com p lex n umber s

V
5

)+

+(

(iv)

T h e exi sten ce of A d di ti ve i d en ti ty
: Th ere exist s t he com p lex n u mber 0 + i0

(de n ot ed as 0), called the ad dit ive id en t it y or z ero com p lex n u mb

er , su ch th at , f or

ever y comp lexn umb er z , z +0 = z .

(v)

T h e exi st ence of add i ti ve i n ver se

: To ever y comp lex n u mb er z = a + i(

b ) ( d en oted

as

z ) calle d t he ad d it ive in verse or n egat ive of z .we ob serve th at z + (

z )= 0.

(2)

Di f f er en ce of tw o co mp l ex nu

mb er s

: Given an y t wo com p lex n umber s

5
an d

is

d ef in ed asf ollo ws:

+(

;
(3)

Mu l ti pl i cati on of two compl ex nu mb er s

: Let

= a + ib an d

= c + id be an y t wo

com p lex nu mber s. Th u st h e p rod u ct

is d ef ined as f ollo ws:

=(
ac

b d )+ i (ad + b c)

Th e mu lt ip licat ion of comp lex nu mber sp ossesses t h e follo win gp rop er ties,

(i)

Th e closu re law : The pro d u ct of t wo comp lex n u mber s is a comp lex nu mb er th e

p ro du ct

isa comp lex numb er f or all comp lexn umb er s

and

(ii)
Th e commut at ive law : For an yt wo comp lex nu mb er s

and

(iii)

Th e Associat ive law : Foran y th re e com p lex n umber s

5
,

6
V

(iv)

Th e existe n ce of mu lt i

p licat ive ident it y : There exists th e comp lex nu mb er 1 + i0

(de n ot ed as 1), calle d t he mu lt ip licat ive id en t it y su ch th at z .1 = z, f or every com p lex

n u mber z .

(v)

Th e existen ce of mu lt ip licat ive in verse: Fo r ever y n on

z ero com p lex n u mb er s z =a+

ib or a +

bi(a

0, b

0), we h ave t h e comp lex n u mber

Ô
¾

>

+i

>

(d enot ed

by

or

?
5

, calle d t h e mu lt ip licat ion in verse of z su cht h at z .

= 1.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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(vi)

Th ed ist rib ut ive law: Fo r an yt h ree comp lex nu mb er s

V
5

(a)

V
5

(b)

5
V

(4)

Di visi on of tw o co mp l ex n u mb er s

: Given t wo comp lex nu mber s

an d

, wh er e

M
0, th eq uot ien t

Fo r examp le , Let

=6 +3i and

=2

Th en
Ó

(6 +3i ) x

= (6 + 3i)

>

;
~

+i

>

= (6 + 3i )

>
Ü

12

3 + i ( 6 +6 )

(9 +

12i).

I d en titi es
: Fo r an y comp lex nu mber s

an d

, we h ave th e f ollo win g id ent it ies , can b e

p ro ved to bet ru e f or allcom p lex nu mber s.

(i)

)² =

V
6

+2

(ii)

)² =

2
V

(iii)

)³ =

+3
V

+3

(iv)

5
-

)³ =

+3

~
-

(v)

V
6

).

T h e Mod ul u s and th e con j u gate of a co mpl

ex n u mb er

: Let z = a + ib b e a comp lex nu mber .

Th u s t he mod u lu s of z , d en ot ed b y |z |, is def in ed t o b e t he n on

negat ive rea l n u mb er

>

6
, i.e.

|z | =

>

an d t h e conju gat e of

z,

d en ot ed as

, is th e com p lex nu mb er a

ib , i.e

§
=a

ib .

Fo r examp l e

, |3 +i| =

sr

an d

$
$

=3

i,

$
$

=3i

Ob serve th at th emu lt ip licat ive in verse of t h e n on

z ero com p lex nu mber z is given b y

<

>
ÜÕ

ÜÕ

>

ÜÕ

ÜÕ

ÜÕ

>

.
AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

<

~
Or

Z.

<

Or

1 =

~
Or

=|

z |²

Fu rth er mo re, th e follo win g re su lt s can ea sily be

d er

ived .

For an y t wo comp lex n umb er s

an d

, we have:

(i)

6
=|

(ii)

^
.

Pr ovid ed

0.

(iii)

(iv)
V

(v)

)=
x

Pr ovided

Ex

f in d th e mu lt ip licat ive in verse of z

3i.

Sol u ti on

: Let

=2

t
3i

Th u s

= 2 +3i an d |Z|² =2² + (

3)² = 13

Th er ef or e, th emu lt ip licat ive in verseof 2

3i is given

b y:

.
~

>

7g

57

57

57

Th e ab ove wor kin g can be re pro du ced in t hef ollowin g man ner also,

=
5

>

>

7g

;
=

>

>

>

7g

57

5
7

57

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Page

Ex

:
Exp ress th ef ollo win g in t h e

for m a

+ ib

(i)

>

(ii)
?

79

Sol u ti on

(i) Weh ave

>

=
9

>

>

g
5

>

>

g
>

~
=

>

>

>

6
g

= 1+ 2

(iii)

79

/1

g
0

g
g

=i

Ex

If (a + b ) =

>

>
5

t h en p ro ve th at

>

v
.

>

Sol u ti on

Weh ave

(a + ib )=

>

.
>

>

>

gv

>

=
k

>

6v

6v

>

(a + ib ) =

6v
~

>

+i.

6v

6v

>

|a + ib |² = |

6v

>

5
+i.

6v

6v

>

~
:

>

8v

>

=
k

>

8v

>

v
.

>

>

Hen ce (

=
k

>

>

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Ex

: If |

=|

| =. . . . . . . =|

á
|=

1 t h en pro ve t h at

+. . . . . . +

=|

5
+

+. . . .

..+

Sol u ti on

Weh ave

=|

6
=. . . . . . . . . . . . =|

|=

=|

|²=. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =|

|²=

?
5

, . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

.. . . . . . .

=
V

=1,

%
=1, . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ,

=1

5
x

+. . . . . . +

| =|

+. . . . +

$
$

+. . . . . . +

x
d

|=

á
=|

+. . . . . . +

| =|z|

]
Squ ar e Roo ts of a Co mp lex Nu mb er

To Evalu at e

Sol u ti on

Let

= x+ i y . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(i)

On sq uarin gb ot h sid esof (i) , we get

a + ib = (x + iy )²

(a + ib )= (

t
;

. . . . . . . . . . .(ii)

On com p arin g rea lp art san d imagin aryp art s on bot h sid es of (ii), we get

=a

an d 2xy = b

E
6

~
=

= a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . (iii)

An d

E
6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .(iv)

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8
On

solvin g (

iii)

an d (

iv

),

we get

+ a and
6

Hen ce,

=
G

+ i

6
E

Remarks

Simila rly ,b y assu min gt h at

= (x

iy), we may

f ind
¾

Ex

Evalu at e:

Sol u t

i on

Let

F
=x

iy. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(i)

On sq uarin gb ot h sid esof (i), we get

i = (x

iy)².

i=(

F
6

i (2xy) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .(ii)

On com p arin g rea lp art s

an d imagin aryp art s on bot h sid es of (ii) we get

= 0 and 2xy = 1

6
E

~
=

=1
Th u s

=0...

. . . . . . . . (iii) an d (

= 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . (iv) on solvin g (iii) an d

(iv), we get

6
=

an d y² =

x=

an d y

Sin ce xy>0 , so x an d y are of th e same sign .

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(x =

,y=

6
)or

x=

, y=

Hen ce

6
t

i.

or

+i

B)
Sequen ce and Serie s:

A su ccessio n of nu mb er s arra n ged in a d ef in it e ord er accord in gt o a cert ain given ru le

is called a

seq u en ce.

Th e nu mb er o

ccu rrin g at th e n

th

p lace of a seq uen ce is calle d it s n

th

t er m or t h e gen er al t er m, to

b e d enot ed b y a

. A sequ en ce is said to b e f in it e or inf in it e accor d in g as th e n u mb er of t erms in

it isf in it eor in f in ite re spect ively.

A seq u en ce can b e re gard ed as a

f un ct ion wh ose d om ain is t he set of natu ral nu mb ers or some

su b set of it of t h e t ype {1,2 ,3, ...k}.

So met imes

we u se th ef un ct ion aln ot at ion a (n) for a

n
.

Se ries: By ad d in g th et erms of a seq u en ce, we get a ser ies. Let a

,a

,.....,a

. b e a given sequ en ce.

Th

u st he expre ssion

+a

+....+a

is calle d th e series associat ed wit h t h e given

seq uen ce. Se ries are of t en rep re sent ed in comp act

f or ms, called sigma n ot at ion s. Th u s the serie s a

+a

+.....+a
n

is abb re viat ed

as

Ex. 1 Writet h e f irst t h ree t

erms in ea ch of th ef ollowin g sequ en ce d ef ined b y th e f ollowin g:

i)

= 2n +5

ii)

a
n

So lu t ion : i) Here a

= 2n+5

Su b st it ut in g n = 1,2,3 , we get

= 2(1)+5 =7, a

=9, a

= 11

Th er ef or e

, th ere qu ired ter ms are 7,9 and 11.

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10

iii)

Her e a

8
Th u s

=0
Hen ce, th ef irst th re e terms are

an d 0.

Pr ogr ession : Seq uen cefollo win g patt er n s are called p ro gression s.

Arit h met ic Pr ogre ssion (A.P.): It is a sequ en ce in wh ich ea ch t er m except t he f irst on e d iff

er s

f ro m

it s

p re ced in g

t er mb y a con st ant .

Th is con st ant d iff er en ceis calle d t he com mon d iffer en ceof th e A.P.

In an A.P. we u su ally d en ot e t he f irst t erm b y

Z
a

, t h e commo n d iff er ence b y

and th e nt h

t er mb y T

Ex. Sh ow that th e sq u are log a, log (

, log (

), lo g (

). ... f or ms an A.P. Fin d it s com mo n

d if fer en ce.
So lu t ion : By symme t ry,we f ind th at

an d T

= log

7
.

= log

log

Ô
Ù

= log {

Ù
7

= log (

) = con st an t

Hen ce th e given seq u en ce in an A.P. wit h com mon d if fer en ce log (

Ex. Sh ow that th e seq u en ce d ef ined b y Tn = 3

+2 an d Tn

1=3

s
;

+2 = 3

6n +5

(3

+2 )

(3

6
-

6n+5)

=6

Th is shows (Tn

Tn

1) is not in d ep en d en t of n and t h eref ore, it isn ot con stan t .

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11

Hen ce, th e given seq uence is n ot an A.P.

Gen er al Te rm of a n A.P.

Th eo rem: Sh ow t h at t he nt h t erm of an A.P. with first t erm

and commo n d iff er en ce

[
is

given b yT

= a+ (n

1)d

Pr oo f

Let u s con sider an A.P. wit h first t er m

an d com mon dif fer ence

. Th en , th e given

A.P. is a, (a+d ), (a+2 d ),........

In th is A.P., weh ave

First

t er mT1 = a= (a+0 xd ) = a+ (1

1)d

Se con d

erm T2 =a+ d =a+ (2

1)d

Th ird

t erm T3 = a+ 2d = a+(3

1)d

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. ...... .... .... .... ...

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. ...... .... .... .... ...

n t h ter m Tn = a+ (n

1)d

Hen ce, Tn = a+ (n
-

1)d

Some p r op er ti es of an A. P.

(i)

If

a con st an t

is add ed to ea ch ter m of an A.P. th en th e re su lt in g p rogr ession is an

A.P.

(ii)

If a con st ant is su bt racted f rom ea ch ter mof an A.P. t h en t h e re su lt in g p rogressio n is

an A.P.

(iii)

If ea ch t erm of an A.P. is mu lt ip lied

b y th e same n on

z ero n u mb er t hen th e
resu lt in g

p ro gression isan A.P.

(iv)

If ea ch t er m of an A.P. is d ivid ed b y t h e same non

z er o n u mb er th en t he re su lt in g

p ro gression isan A.P.

Ex. Sh ow th at th e p ro gressio n log a, log (ab ), log (

=>

),.....i s an A.P. Fin d it s gen eral t erm

an d t he 10

th

t erm.

So lu t ion : Weh ave

log (ab )

t
log a = log a+ log b

log a = logb

log (

=>

log (ab ) = log a +2 logb

log a

logb = log b

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12

(T

) = (T

) = ........... . ...... .... . = log b =

con st an t

So , th e given p ro gression is an A.P.

Let A b e th ef irst t erm and d b e th e commo n d if f ere n ce of t h is A.P.

Th en A= log a an d d = log b

gen er al t erm Tn = A + (n

1)d

= log a + (n

1) log b

10

th

t erm, T

10

= log a + (10

1) log b
= log a +9 log b

log a + log

>

= log (

=>

Ex: f ind t h e 10

th

commo n t er m b et wee n th e arit h met ic series 3+7 +1 1+1 5+ .....and

1+ 6+

11+ 16+....

So lu t ion :

Clea rly, t h e f irst commo n t er m in t he t wo series is 11 . LCM of th e com mon

d if fer en ce of t h e t wo series = LCM (45) = 20

Let u s

now con sid er an d A.P. in wh ich a= 11 ab d d=2 0. Ever y t erm of t h is AP is com mo n ter m

of t h e t wo given series. So, th e requ ired

10

th

commo n t er m = 11+ (10

1)20= 11 +18 0 =19 1

Hen ce, 191 ist he 10

th

commo n t er m of th et wo given serie s.

Th eo rem: If t he n th t erm

of a p ro gre ssion is a lin ea r exp re ssion in n t hen show th at it is an

A.P.

Pr oo f: Let t h e nt h t erm of ap ro gressio n b e a lin ear exp re ssion in n

Th u sT
n

= an +b ......... .... ..( i)

Wh er ea an d b are con stan t s.

re p lacin g n b y (n

1)

in (i), we get T

= a(n

1)

+ b ......... .... .... .(ii)

on sub st it ut in g (ii) f ro m (i), we get

[Tn

Tn

-
1] = a, wh ich is con st ant .

Th is sh ows t h at t he d iff ere n ce b et wee n an y t wo con secut ive t er ms of t h e given pro

gression

is con st an t .

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13

Hen ce, th e given p ro gression is an A.P.

Su m of n Te

rms of an AP
: Let u s con sid er an AP conta in in g n t erms with th e f irst t er m

t h e com mon d if fer en ce

and t h e last ter m l.

Let t h e su m of th ese n t erms b e S

,t h u s

= a+ (a+d )+(a+ 2d )+....... ...... .+(l

2d )+(l

d )+l......+(i)

writ in gt h e ab ove serie s in

a rever seor der , we get

= l+(l

d )+(l

2d )+....... .... ...... ....+ (a+2 d )+(a+ d )+a.......... .... .(ii)

Ad d in g th e corre spon ding t er ms of (i) & (ii), we get

2S n = [(a+ l)+

(a+l)+......+ t o n t er ms] = n (a+l)

.. Sn =

(a+l)

Bu t l= nt h ter m = a+ (n

-
1)d

.Sn =

[a +a +(n

1)d] =

[2 a+ (n

1)d ]

Hen ce Sn =

[2 a+ (n

1)d ]

Ex

: Fin d th e su mof allt wo d igit nu mb er s wh ich wh en d ivided b y 4 yield 1as re

maind er

So lu t ion : Requ ired su m

13 +1 7+2 1+25 +.....+9 7

Th is is an AP in wh ich a = 13 ,d = (17

13)=4 an d

l=97

Let t h e nu mb er of t er msb en . T h

en

Tn = 97 => a+ (n

1)d = 97

13 +(n

1)x4 =97 =>n =2 2

re q u ired su m=

(a+l) =

66

x( 13 +9 7) = (11x110 )=12 10

Hen ce th e requ ired su mis 12 10.

Ex. Th e d if fer en ce b etwee n an y t wo con secut ive int er ior an gles of a p ol

ygon is 5° . If th e

smalle st an gle is 120° ,f in d t he nu mber of sid es of th ep olygon .

So lu t ion : Let th en u mb er of sid esof th ep olygon be n . Th

en

t h e su mof it s in t er ior an gles

= (2n

4) right an gles.
= (n

2)x180

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Sin ce

th e d iff eren ce b etwee n an y t wo con sec

u t ive in ter ior an gles of th e p olygon is con st ant , its

an gle are in AP .
In th is AP , we have a=120 and d =5

How S n = (n

2)x18 0

{2x12 0+ (n

1)x5} = (n

2)x18 0

679

á
6

= 180n

36 0 =>

125n +720 =0

25n +1 44= 0

(n
-

16 )=0

or n =16

Bu t wh en n=1 6, we h ave

last an gle = {12 0+ (16

1)x5}

=1 95

wh ich is n ot p ossib le.

n =9
Hen ce th en u mb er of sides of th e given p olygo

n=9

Arit h met ic Mea n

: If a, A, b are in AP

th en we say t h at A is th e arit h met ic mea n (AM ) bet ween a

an d b .

In sert ion of a sin gle Arith met ic M ean b et ween a an d b

: Let a and b b e two given n u mb er s and

let A b e th e arith metic mea n b et ween a and b . T hen

a,

A,b are in AP

a=b

A
2A =a+ b

A=

>

Hen ce, th e arith metic mea n b et ween a and b is

>

In sert ion of n Arith met ic M ean s b et wee n a and b

Let a and b b e t wo given n u mb er s and let

, .......A

n
,b

th en arith met icmea n s b et wee na an d b .Th en a, A

,A

, .......A

,b

are in AP.

In

th is AP , we have first ter m

a, last ter m = b , numb er of t er ms = (n+2 )

Let t h e com mon d if fer ence b ed ,t hen

b =T

+2

=> b = a + (n+ 2

1)d
d =

>

= (a+d ) = (a+

>

2
= (a+

2d ) = {

a+

>

= (a+nd ) = {a+

Ô
;

>

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Th ese are t he req u ired n arith metic mean s bet ween a and b .

Ex. If

(
Ô

>

>

is th e AM b et ween a an d b th en f in d t he valu e of n .

So lu t ion : We know t hat th e AM b et ween a and b is

>

,
(

>

>

) is t h e AM b et wee n a an d b .

>

7
-

>

>

2a

+2 b

=a

1
.b +b

.a+ b

+b

=a

.b +b

.a

n
-

.b =b

.a

(a

b )=b

(a
-

b)

=b

=1 =(

)
0

1=0

n =1

Hen ce, th ere qu ired value of n is 1

Ex: If n arit h met ic mean s are in sert ed b et wee n t ow n u mb er s, p ro ve t hat th e su m of t

h e mea n s

eq u id ist an t f rom th e b egin n in g and t h e end is const an t .

So lu t ion

: Let A

,........ A

n
ben

AM s bet ween

aan d b . Th en

, a, A

,A

,........A

,b are in AP

t h mea n f

ro m th e begin n in g +

mth mean f rom t he end = (m+1)t h ter m f rom th e

b eginn in g+ (m+1 )th t erm f ro m th eend .

= {a+ (m+1

1)d } + {b

(m+1

-
1)d } = (a+b ) = con st ant

Hen ce

, th e su m of t he mea n s eq u id ist an t f rom the b egin n in g an d t he en dis con st an t .

Ex: If a,b ,c are

in AP , sh ow t h at

(i)

ÕÖ

ÔÖ

ÔÕ

are in AP

(ii)

a(

5
Õ

), b

), c(

) ar e in AP .

So lu t ion

(i)

Sin ce a,b ,c are in AP , t h e t er ms obta in ed b y d ivid in g ea ch t erm of t h is AP b y ab c are

also in AP .
Con seq uent ly

ÕÖ

ÔÕ

are in AP.

(ii)

a, b , c are in AP

ÕÖ

ÔÖ

5
ÔÕ

are in AP (divid in g each ter mb y ab c)

ÔÕ

>

ÕÖ

>

ÖÔ

ÕÖ

), (

ÔÕ

>

ÕÖ

>

ÖÔ

ÖÔ

), (

ÔÕ

>

ÕÖ

>

ÖÔ

ÔÕ
) ar e in AP

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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ÔÕ

>

ÕÖ

>

ÖÔ

ÕÖ

-
1), (

ÔÕ

>

ÕÖ

>

ÖÔ

ÖÔ

1)

,(

ÔÕ

>

ÕÖ

>

ÖÔ

ÔÕ

1) are in AP

ÔÕ

>

ÖÔ

ÕÖ

), (
ÔÕ

>

ÕÖ

ÖÔ

), (

ÕÖ

>

ÖÔ

ÔÕ

) ar e in AP

a(

), b (

, c(
5

) ar e in AP

Ex: If

>

>

>

?
Ö

are in AP , p rove th at

are in AP

So lu t ion

>

>

Ô
?

>

are in AP

>

+2 ), (

>

?
Õ

+2 )

,(

>

+2 ) ar e in AP

>

>

), (

>

>

Ö
Õ

), (

>

>

) ar e in AP

are in AP

Ex: If a,b ,c are in AP ,

p rove t hat (a

-
c)

4(b

ac)

So lu t ion

: Sin ce a,b ,c are in AP , we h ave b=

(a+c)

RHS =

4(b

ac) = 4{

>

8
-

ac}

= (a+c)

4a c

= (a

c)

= LHS

Hen ce

(a
-

c)

=4(b

ac)

Geo met rical Pr ogr ession (GP)

: A seq u en ce a

,....... .... ....a

is calle d

a geo met rical p ro gr

ession ,

if ea ch ter m is n on z er oan d

7
-

=r (con st an t ) f or allk

Th e

con st ant rat io is calle d it s com mon rat io. In GP we u su ally d en ote t he f irst t er m by

a, t he com mon rat io b yr an d th en

th

ter mb y T

Geo met ric

Se ries

: If a

,a

,......... ..... .a

n
,... . ...... .... .... . is a G

P t h en t h e sum a

+........ .... ...+a

+... .... .... .. ......i s calle d a geom et ricserie s.

Gen er al Te rm of a GP: Let u s con sider a GP in wh ich f irst t er m= aan d commo n rat ion =

r.

Th en th e GP is a, ar, ar

,....... .... .... .... .... ..

It s f irst t er m,T

=a

=a

(1

1)
Se con d t erm, T

=ar = a

(2

1)

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. ...... ..

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. ...... ..

th

t er m, T

= ar

(n

1)
Hen ce T

= ar

(n

1)

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Ex: If a, b , c are th re e con secut ive t erms of an AP an d x, y, z are t h re

e con secut ive t er ms of a

GP, th en p rove t h at

.y

.z

=1

So lu t ion : It is given th ata, b , c are in AP

So 2b = a+ c and x,y,z are in GP, so y =

TV
x

.y

.z

=x

.(

TV

a
.z

=x

.z

.z

b
=x

c+

.z

+a

=x

6
.z

>

=x

>

>

Ö
?

=x

.y

=1

Ex: If a, b , c, d are in GP,p ro vet h at

(a

+b

+c

) (b

+c

+d

)= (ab +b c+cd )
2

So lu t ion

: Let rb et he commo n rat io of th e GP a,b , c,d

Th en b = ar

, c = ar

an d d = ar

LHS

= (a

+b

+c

) (b

+c

+d
2

= (a

+a

+a

) (a

+a

+a

)
=a

1+ r

+r

nd

RHS = (ab +b c+cd )

=(

r+ a
2

+a

=a

1+ r

+r

Hen ce,

(a
2

+b

+c

) (b

+c

+d

) = (ab +b c+cd )

Ex: If a, b , c are in AP ; b ,c, d are in GP a

nd

are in AP , th en sh owt h at a,c, e are in GP

.
So lu t ion

: a,b , c are in AP

=> 2

b = a+ c......... .... .... ..(i )

b , c,d are in GP => c

= bd ....... ..... .... .... ..(ii )

are in AP =>

×
=[

]=

>

ÖØ

.... ...... (iii)

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Page

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N ow,

= b d => c

>

ÖØ

>

;
=> c =

>

>

=> c (c+e )= (a+c)e

=> c

= ae
=> a, c, e are in AP

Hen ce a, c,e are in AP

Ex. Fin d all seq u en ces wh ich are

simu lt an eo u slyAP and GP.

olu t ion

: Let

,a

,......... . ......,a

, .... .... .... ...b e a sequ en ce which isb ot h an AP as well as a GP.

Con sid er th re e con secut ive t er ms a

,a

n+1
,a

n+2

of th is AP and GP.

Th en 2

an+1

=a

+a

n+2

......... ....(i )

An d ,if r bet h e com mon rat ioof th e GP, th en

= ar

,a

n+1

=a

n
and a

n+2

=a

n+1

Pu tt in g th ese valu es in (i), we get

2a

=a

+a

n+1
r

2r +1 = 0

(r

1)

=0

r=1

Pu tt in g r = 1

, we get a

=a

,a

n+1

=a
1

an d a

n+2

=a

Th u s, we get a con st an t seq u en ce a

,a

,.......... .... ...... .... .... ...

en ce, a con st an t sequ en ce ist h e on ly sequ en cewh ich is both AP and GP.

th

Te rm f ro m t h e end of a GP

: Let a b e t he f irst t er m, r b e t he com mon rat io an d l b e t he

last ter mof a given GP. Th en

nd
t ermf ro mt he en d =

rd

t er m f ro

mt h e end

ß
å

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. ...... .... ....

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. ...... .... ....

th

t er m f rom t h e en d =

Hen ce, th en

th

t er m f rom t h e end =

ß
å

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Fo r solvin g

p rob lem s onGP, it is always con ven ien t t o t ake:

(i)
3 nu mb ers in GP as

,a

,ar

(ii)

4 nu mb ers in GP as

,a

, ar

(iii)

5 nu mb ers in GP as

.
,

, a,a

r, ar

(iv)

t h e t erms as a, ar,ar

,........... .... .... ... wh en th eir p rod u ct isn ot

given

Ex.

If th e p roduct of t h ree n u mb er s in GP is 21 6 and th e su m of th eir p rod u ct s in p airs is

15 6,f ind t h e nu mber s.

So lu t ion

: Let th ere qu ired nu mber s be

, a, ar
Th en

x a x ar= 216

=21 6 =6

a=6

an d

x a + a x ar +

å
x ar= 156

+ r+ 1)

= 156

(1+r+r

) = 15 6r

36 (r

2
+r+1 ) = 15 6r

3 (r

+r +1) =13 r

3r

10r +3 =0

(3r

1) (r

3)= 0

r=

5
7

or r =3

So , th e requ ired nu

mbers are 18,6, 2 or 2,6, 18.

Su m of n Terms of a GP

Let u s con sid er

a GP wit h t he first t e

rm a an d th ecom mo n rat io r.

Th en S

= a+ ar+..

...... .... ...

..+a r

........ .... ...(i )

Case 1

: If r= 1, we h ave
S

= a+ a+........ ..+ t o n t erms = na

Case

( íU Á Z À?

rS

= ar+a r

+.......... .... .+ar

+a r

.......... .... .... .(ii)

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on sub tract in g (ii)

f rom (i), we get

(1

r)S

= (a

ar

) = a(

-
r

or S

:
å

?
å

, wh en r < 1

, wh en r> 1

Ex: Fin d th e su mof t he seq u en ce

7,7 7,77 7, 7777 , ............ . ...... .... ....

t o n ter ms

So lu t ion

: Th is isn ot a GP, h owever, we can rela teit to a GPb y writ in g th eter ms as

S

= 7+ 77 +77 7 +77 77 + ....... .... .... .... .... ....+ t o n ter ms

[ 9 + 99 +........... .... .... .

+ t on t er ms]

[(10

1)+ (10

1) +........ ......

+ t o n t er ms]

=
[(10 +1 0

+.....+n t erms)

(1+1+1 +.......+ n ter ms)]

54

54

54

n]
=

54

54

n]

Ex: A p er son h as 2 p aren t s,

4 gran dp aren t s, 8 gre at grand p aren t s and so on . Find t he

n u mber of h is an cest or sd u rin g th et en gen er at ion s

p reced in g

h is own .
So lu t ion

Her ea =2, r =2 and n = 10

Usin g th e s

um for mu la

We h ave S

10
= 2 (2

10

1) =20 46

Hen ce, th en u mb er of a ncest or s pre ced in gt h e p erso n is20 46.

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Geo met ric M ean (GM )

: Let a and b b e t wo given nu mb er s.

We say t h at G is the

geo met ric mea n (GM ) bet wee n a and b if a, G, b a

re in GP.

If a, G, b are in GP

= ab

G=

=>
Remarks:

(i)

Th e GM b et ween t wo posit ive nu mber s isp osit ive.

(ii)

Th e GM b et ween t wo negat ive nu mb er is n egat ive.

(iii)

Th e GM b et ween t wo numb er s of oppo sit e sign sd oe sn ot e xist .

Ex: Fin d t wo p osit i

ven umb er s a and b wh ose AM and GM are 34 an d 16 re sp ect ively.

So lu t ion : Weh ave

>

= 34 an d

¾
=>

=16

a+ b = 68 and ab = 256

(a

b)=

>

=>
=

xz

twx

uxrr

= 260

a+ b = 6

8 and a

b = 260
(a = 64 , b =4) or (a = 4, b =

64)

Hen ce th e requ ired nu mb er s are (a = 64 , b =4) or (a = 4, b =64 )

N Geo met ricM ean s betwee n t wo given N u mb ers:

Let a and b b e t wo given n umb er s, we say t h at G

,G

,.....G

are n geo metric mea ns

b et ween a and b , if a G

,G

,.....G

, b are in G.P.
Th is

GP conta in s (n +2 )t erms.

Let t h e com mon rat iooft h is GP be r.Th en

n+2

= b => ar

n+1

=b => r =

= ar = a . (

;
-

= ar

=a.(

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= ar

=a.(

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..

...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..

G
n

= ar

=a.(

Ex

: In sert th re e nu m

ber s b et wee n 1 an d 25 6 soth at t he re su lt in g seq u ence is a G.P.

So lu t ion

: Let G

,G

,G

be th re e n umb er s b et ween 1 an d 256 su ch t h at 1, G

1

,G

,G

, 256

is a G.P.

Th er ef or e 256 = 1xr

=> r = ±4

f or r =4, weh ave G

= ar = 4, G

= ar

=16 G

= ar

3
= 64

Si

milarly, f or r =

4,n u mb er s are

4, 16 an d

64.

Hen ce, we can in sert 4, 16 , 64 bet ween 1 an d 256 so t h at th e re su lt in g seq u en ces

are in GP.

Rel ati on shi p b etw een A .M. an d G. M.

Let A an d G b e A.M an d G.M of t wo given p osit ive re al nu mber s a and b

re sp ect iv

ely.

Th u sA =

>

6
an d G =

=>

Th u s we h ave A

G=

>

=>

>

ÔÕ

6
=

>,0

?v

.M.

Ex: Fin d t h e valu e of n so t h at

6
-

>

>

may b e t he geo met ric mean b et wee n

a an d b,

ÁZ ??

So lu t ion

>

-
Ô

>

is GM b et ween a and

>

>

= b=

=
-

>

>

>

>

]=(

>

á
)

>

>

>

>

]=

>

-
.

>

>

>

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Page

23

>

>

>

)= (

>

>

-
.

>

>

>

.
;

,(

>

)=

>

>

.
-

>

>

>

>

.
;

>

ì ?]v ?

>

;
=1 =

n +

=0

n=

Hen ce n =

5
6

Ex

: If a, b , c, d are f ou rd ist in ct posit ive nu mb ers in GP th en p rove t h at a+d >b +c.

Sol u ti on

: a, b , c, d are

in GP

a, b , c are in GP

AM > GM

>

>b
:

a+ c > 2b

-
-

(i)

Again a, b , c, d are in GP

b , c,d are in GP

>

>c

b + d >2 c

-
-

-
-

(ii)

Fro m (i) an d (ii), we get

a + c + b + d >2b +

2c

Hen ce a +d > b + c.

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Ex

: If x

R, f in d th e min imu m valu e of

Sol u ti on

: we kn owt h at

AM > GM

õ
f or all x

R, we have

>

>

5
?

>

>

u
:

>

Hen ce th e min imu m value of

is

.
for an y

R.

I n f in ite G eometric ser i es

: Let u s con sid er an inf in it e GP with f irst t er m a an d com mon rat io r,

wh er e

1 <r <1 , i.e., |r |<1

Th e su m of n t er msof a GP is given b y

Sn =

?
p

Sn =

- - - - -- -- - -- -

(i)

?} ÁZ ?v v ]v ??? Z ?v? ??? ? ? Zµ ÁZ ?vv

7

? Z?v

Lim n

=0

Hen ce, th e su m of on e an inf in it e G.P. is given b y

ÅÜ à
á

Sn =

ÅÜ à

Ôå

?
å

ÅÜ à

Ôå

å
;

;
AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Th is gives, S =

, wh en |r| <|

If r

R
á

| th en su m of an inf in it e GP is S=

Ex

: Use geom et ric

serie st o exp re ss 0 .555

-- -- - -- -- - -- -

= 0.

as a rat ion aln u mber .

Sol u ti on

: weh ave

0.

$
= 0.555

-- -- - -- - -- -- -

=0.5 + 0.0 5 +0.0 05+_ __ _ _ _ _ _ +

54

54

+__ __ _ ___ __ __ ___

54
:

-,

Hen ce 0.

Sum of n ter msof sp eci al ser i es

:
Sum of fi r st n n atu r al Numb er s

Pr ove t h at (1+ 2+ 3 +_ __ _ + n ) =

n (n+1)

n (n+1 )

Pr oo f

: Con sid er t he series (1+ 2 + 3 +_ _ _ _ _ __+ n ). t h is is an arith met ic

serie s in wh ich a= 1,

d = 1 and l =n .
õ

Sn =

(1+n )_ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ [

Sn =

(a+l)] or

n (n+ 1).

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Sum of th e squ ar e of f ir st n Natu r al Nu mb er s

Pr ove t h at (1² + 2² +3² +_ _ _ __ __+ n² ) =

n (n+1) (2n +1 )

Pr oo f

Let Sn = 1² + 2² +_ _ _ __ __ +n ²
Con sid er

th e id ent it y K³

(K

1)³ = 3K²

3K +1 _ ___ _ _ __ _(i)

Pu tt in g K = 1,2, 3,_ _ _ _ _ _ (n

1),n su ccessively in (i), we get

1³

0³= 3

1²

3.1 + 1
2³

13 =3.2 ²

3.2 +1

3³

2³ =3.3 ²

3.3 +1

_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __

_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __

_ __

(n

1)³
-

(n

2)³ = 3. (n

1)²

3(n

1)+1

n³

(n

1)³= 3.n ²

3.n +1

Ad d in g colu mn wise, weget

n³
-

0³ =3 (1² +2² +_ _ __ _ _ __+ n² )

3 (1+2 +3+ _ _ _ +n )+n

n ³ =3

n (n+ 1) +n

6
=n³+

n (n+ 1)

(2n ³ + 3n ² +n )

6
=

(2n ³ +3n²+ n )

n (2n ² +3n + 1) =

n (n+ 1) (2n +1)

Hen ce

6
=

n (n+1) (2n +1)

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Sum o

f th e cub es of fi r st n n atu r al n u mb ers

Pr ove t h at (1³ + 2³ +_ _ _ _ _ +n ³) =
{

n (n+1 )

i.e.

n (n+1)

p r oof

: let Sn = 1³ +2 ³+_ _ _ _ __ _+n ³

}v ?]? ?? ?Z ]? ?v? ]? Ç
-

(K

Aù

6K² + 4K

Pu tt in g K = 1,2, 3, __ __ ,

(n

1) ,n su ccessively ,we get

ìú ðXí ù

6.1² + 4.1

1
-

íúðXî ù

6.2 ² + 4.2

_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __

_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __

(n

(n

~v

1)³

-
6. (n

1)² +4(n

1)

(n

A ðXv ù

6.n² +4.n

Ad d in g colu mn wise, weget

~vú

-
ìú ðX~íù z zv ù

6. (1² + 2² + __ _ _ __ _+ n² )

+ 4 (1+2+ _ _ _ +n )

(1+1+ _ _ _ _ _t on t er ms)

vA

+4

J
-

vA

6.

n (n+ 1) (2n+1 ) + 4

n (n+ 1)

?
4

v úv ~v= ~îv =

2n (n+1) +n

v úîv ù = = v

2n²

2n + n

?
4

v úîv ù = v ø

n² (n² + 2n + 1)

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n² (n+1)²

6
n (n+ 1)

=(

)²

Ex: Fin d th e su m1² +(1² + 2² ) + (1² + 2² +3² ) + _ _ __ _to n ter ms.

We h ave

= (1² + 2² +_ __ _+ K² )

5
:

K (K+1) (2K+1)

(2K³ + 3K ² +K)

Sn =

=
5

5
:

.2

.3

:
.

-
6

.{

n (n +1)}² +

5
6

n (n+1 ) (2n+1 ) +

n (n+1)

56

n ² (n+ 1)² +

56

n (n+1 )(2n +1) +

56
n (n+1 )

56

n (n+1)

n (n+1) + (2n +1 ) +1

56

n (n+ 1)²

(n+2)

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Ex

: f in d th e su m of n t erms of t he series

:
9

<

<

55

+ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

Sol u ti on

: we h ave

5
:

Äç

çØ åà

âÙ

<

Äç

Û
çØ åà

âÙ

<

55

<

>

5
;

<

>

:
7

>

>

;
}

>

?? ]v P î ïU YYYUv ?µ ???]À?oÇ Á? P??

6

9
-

<

_ _ _ __ _

__ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __

_ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __

-
5

>

Ad d in g colu mn wise, weget

Sn = (

+ . . . . . . . .+

(
5

>

Sn =

>

;
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(C)

PERMUTATIONAND COMB INATIONS

}? ]oWZ }v?]vµ? ? ? ?} ?µ ? }( ( ]??? v v ? µ v µ u ?? oo? ? ?Z

Zv ( ? }? ] v? ]?

d en ot ed b y n !

i.e., n ! = 1x2x3x.....x (n

1)xn

Th u s3! = 1x2x3=6
Clea rly, n ! is def in ed for p osit ive int eg

er son ly.

Ze ro Fact or ial

: It d oe s not make an y sen se t o def in e it as th e p rod u ct of t h e int ege rs fro m 1 t o

z er o. So, wed ef in e0! =1

N ot e: Factor ialof p rop er f ract ion sor n egat ive intege rs are n ot d efin ed .

D edu ct ion :n ! = 1x2x3x......(n

1)xn

= [1 x2x3x...

.x(n

1)]xn

= (n

1)! xn

n ! = n (n

1)!
Ex. 1.

Con vert th e f ollowin g p roduct s in t o f actor ials:

i)

6.7 .8.9.10

ii)

2.4 .6.8

10

So lu t ion :

i)

6.7 .8.9.10 = 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10

-- - -- - -- -- - -- -- - --- - -- - -- - -- -- - --

1x2x3x4x5

= 10!
- - -- - -

5!

(ii) 2.4 .6.8.10 = (2x1)x(2x2)x(2x3)x(2x4) x(2x5)

=2

x1x2x3x4x5

=2

x5!

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Ex.2

Fin d th e LCM of 4! ,5! an d 6!

So lu t ion : Weh ave5! = 5x4!

6! = 6x5x4!

.. LCM of 4 ! , 5!, 6! = LCM [4 !, 5x4! , 6x5x4! ]

= 4! x 5 x 6

= 6!

= 720
Ex.3

Pr ove t hat (n ! +1) isn o

t d ivisib leb y an yn atural nu mb er bet ween 2 an d n .

So lu t ion

: Let m is d ivisib le b y K and r b e an y n atural nu mb er bet ween 1 an d k. If m+r is d ivid ed

b y k, th en we obta in rast h e re main d er.

Sin ce n ! = 1.2 .3.......(n

1).n it f ollo ws t h at n ! is d ivisib le b y e

ver y natu ral nu mb er bet ween 2 an d

n . So , (n!+1 ), wh en d ivided b y an y n at u ral n u mber b et wee n 2 and n , leaves 1 as th e re

min der .

Hen ce, (n!+1 ) isn ot d ivisib leb y an yn atu ral nu mber b et wee n 2 and n .

Fu n d amen tal Pri n ci pl esof cou n ti n g

Fu n dame nt al Pr in cip le

of mu lt ip licat ion

t
if th ere are t wo job s su ch th at on e of t h em can b e

com p leted in m ways, and wh en it h as b een comp let ed in an y on e of t hese m ways, secon d

job

can b e com p let ed in n ways, t h en t h e t wojo b s in su ccessio n can b e com p let ed in mxn

ways.

Ex

. In a class t her e are 10 b oys an d 8 girls. The tea ch er want s t o select a b oy and a girl to

re p re sen t th e class in a fu n ct ion . In h ow man y ways can th et ea cher make th is sele ct ion

So lu t ion

: Her et het ea cher ist op erf or mt wo job s:

(i)

Se lect in g ab oy amon g 1

0 b oys,an d

(ii)

Se lect in g a girl amon g 8girls.

Th e first of th ese can be p erf or med in 10 ways an d t h e secon d in 8 ways. Th er efore b

y t he

f u nd amen t al p rin cip le of mu lt ip licat ion , th e requ ire d n u mb er of ways is 10x8= 80 .

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Fu n dame nt al Prin cip le of Add ition

: If

t h ere are t wo job s su ch t h at th ey can be per f orme d

in d ep end en t ly in m an d n ways re spect ively, t hen eit h er of t wo job s can b e p erf or med

in (m+n )

ways.
Ex. In a class th er e are 10 boys and 8 girls. Th e tea ch er want s t o sele ct eit h er a b oy or a

girl to

re p r

esen t th e class in a fu n ct ion . In h ow man y ways t h e t eache r can make th is sele ct ion ?

So lu t ion : Her et het ea cher ist op erf or meithe rof t he follo win gt wo job s.

i)

Se lect in g ab oy amon g 10 b oys.

ii)

Se lect in g a girl amon g 8girls.

Th e f irst of th ese can b e p erf

or med in 10 ways an d t he second in 8 ways. Th er ef or e b y

f u nd amen t al p rin cip le of ad d it ion eithe r of t h e two jo b s can b e per f ormed in (10+ 8) =

18 ways.

Hen ce th et ea cher can make t h e sele ction o f eit her ab oy or a girl in 18 ways.

Ex. In a mon th ly t est , th

e tea ch er decid es th at th er e will be t h ree q uest ion s, on e fro m ea ch of

Exercises 7, 8 an d 9 of th e text boo k. If th er e are 12 q u est ion s in Exercise 7, 8 in an d 9 of

t he

t ext b oo k. If t h ere are 12 qu est ion s in Exercise 7, 18 in Exercise 8 and 9 in Exercise

9, in h ow

man y ways can t h ree quest ion s b e sele cted ?

So lu t ion : Th er e are 12 qu est ion s in exercise 7, so one q u est ion f ro m exercise 7 can b e

sele ct ed

in 12 ways, Exercise 8 con t ain s 18 q u est ion s, so secon d qu est ion can b e sele ct ed in 18

ways.

Th er e 9 q uest i

on s in exer cise 9. So , th ird qu estion can b e sele cted in 9 ways. Hen ce, th ree

q u est ion s can b e select ed in 12 x18x9= 1944 ways.

Ex. How m an y th re e d igit n u mb er s can b ef or med wit h outu sin gt h e d igit s0,2 ,3, 4,5 an d

6?

So lu t ion : We h ave t o d et er mine th e tot a

l n u mber of th ree d igit n u mb ers f or med b y u sin g t he

d igit s1,7 ,8,9. Clea rlyt h e re p et it ion o f d igit s is allowed .

? Z?? ? ]P]? v µu ?? Z ? ? Z ??? ? µv ]? ?[?U ? ?v v? Zµ v? ???

[?X]? ? o? v ( ]oo??
 v }( ?Z ? ? ]P]? ? íUó UôU µ v ]?

o? v ( ]v ð ÁÇ? ?oÇ ? Z }v ? }( ?Z ? ??v [?

v ?Z µv ? ???? v( ÁÇ?X

To t al n umb er of req u ired nu mber s = 4x4x4= 64

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Ex. How m an y nu mb er sare th er e bet wee n 100 an d 10 00 in wh ich allt h ed igit s ared ist in ct

?
So lu t ion :

A n u mb er b etwee n 100 an d 1000 h as t h ree d igit s. So , we h ave t o f orm all p ossible 3

? ]P]? v µ u ?? Á]?Z ? ]?? ]v ? ? ]P]? ?X v v }? Z ? ?Z Z µv ? ???

? o ?Z Z µv ? ??? [?

p lace can b e f illed wit h an y of t h e 9 d igit s 1,2 ,.....,9. So , th er e are 9 ways

}( ( ]oo]v P ?Z ? Zµ v? ?? ? [?

p lace.

N ow 9 d igit s are lef t in clu d in g 0. So t en s p lace can b e f illed wit h an y of t he re main in g

9 d igit s in

ÁÇ? ? Z µ v]? ? v ( ]oo?? Á]? Z ]v v }( ? Z ?? u]v ]v ? ]P]? ?X ?

Z ?? ?? ô

ways of f illin gt h e un it

[?? o?X

Hen ce, th et ot aln u mb er of req u ire d nu mb ers =9x9x8 = 648 .

vµ u ?? ??? ?Z ?? ? ?? Á?? v íì v ?íì ì ?µ Z ?Z ? ]v? Z ? µv ]??

o?X
So lu t ion : Ever y n umb er b et ween 100 and 1000 is a t h ree d igit nu mb er. So , we h ave to

f orm 3

d igit

vµ u?? Á]? Z ? ? Z µv ]? ? µ ?]v ? Z ? ]P]? ìUíU îUXXXo? ?? ? ??

]? ]}v }(

? ]P]? oo}Á??Z Zµ v ??? ? ? v ? (]oo?? Á]?Z v }( ? Z ? ? ]P]? (

?} ? U

Z µ v? ??? o v ? ( ]oo?? ]v õ ÁÇ?X

Z ? ?v o v (

]oo?? Á]?Z v}(? Z ?? ]P]? (?} ì ?? ?v v ( ]oo?? ]v

íì ÁÇ? oo ? Z vµ u ?? ? Z À? ? ]P]? ? ?Z µv ]? ? o?U µ v ]? ?

v ? ( ]oo?? ]v

on ly on e way.

Hen ce, b y t h e f un d amen t al p rin cip le of cou n ting t h e t ot al n u mb er of n

u mb er s b et wee n 10 0

v ?íì ì ZÀ]v ? ?Z ? µ v ]?? A õÆíì ÆíõìX

Ex. How man y n u mb er s are t her e bet wee n 10 0 an d 1000 su ch t h at at least on e of th

eir d igit is

7.
So lu t ion : Clea rly a n umber b et wee n 100 an d 10 00 h as 3d igit s.

To t al n umb er of 3 d igit

nu mb er s h avin g at lea st on e of t h eir d igit as 7.

= (Tot al nu mb er of t h ree d igit nu mb ers)

(Tot al n u mber of 3 d igit n u mb ers in wh ich 7 d oe s n ot

ap p ea r at all)

To t al nu mb er of 3 d igit n u mber s

we h ave to f or m t hre e d igit nu mbers b y u sin g t he d igit s

0,1 ,

2,3 ,........,9.

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o? Zµ v? ?? ? [? ? o? v ? ( ]oo?? ]v õ ÁÇ? v ? ? Z }( ?Z ? ? ?v

v ? µv ]? ? ? o? v ?

f illed in 10 ways.

So , th et ot aln u mb er of 3 d igit nu mb ers =9x10 x10 = 900

To t al n u mb er of 3 digit n u mber in wh ich 7 doe s n ot ap p ear at all. He

re we h ave t o f or m t h ree

d igit n u mb er s b yu sin gth ed igit s0t o9 except 7.

Z µ v? ??? [? ? o? v ? ( ]oo?? ]v ô ÁÇ? v ? ? }( ?Z ? ? ?v [? v?

}v ? ? o? v ? ( ]oo?? ]v
9 ways. S o tot al n umb erof t h reed igit n u mb er s in wh ich 7 d oes not a pp ear at all

= 8x9x9.

Hen ce t ot al n umb er of 3d igit n u mb er s h avin g at lea st on eof th eir d igit s as 7

= 9x10 x10x

8x9x9

= 252

Ex. How man y n u mb er s are t her e bet ween 10 0 an d 1000 wh ich h ave exact ly on e of t

heir d igit s

as 7?

So lu t ion : A n u mb er b etwee n 100 an d 10 00 con

t ain s 3 d igit s. So, we h ave to f or m 3 digit

n u mber s h avin g exact ly on e of t heir d igit s as 7. Su ch t ype of nu mb ers can be d ivid ed int

o th re e

t ype s.

i)
 }?? ? Z??? ]P]? vµ u? ? Z ?Z ]v ?Z ? µ v]? [ ? µ? v?Z ??? o?X

Th u st her eare 8x9x1=

72

ii)

}?? ? Z??? ]P]? vµ u? ? Z ?Z ]v ?Z ? ? ?v [ ? µ? v?Z ??? o?X

Th u st her eare 8x1x9 = 72

iii)

}?? ?Z ?? ? ]P]? v µ u ? ?Z ? Z À? ó ]v ? Z Z µv ? ??? [? ? o? µ ?

v ? v Ç }? Z ??

p lace.

So , th er e are 1x9x9 = 81

Hen ce, th et ot aln u mb er

of req u ire d t ype of n u mb er s = 72+7 2+81 = 225

Ex. A gent lem an has 6 f rien d s t o in vite. In h ow man y ways can he sen d invit at ion card s to

th em,

if he has th re e servant sto carry th e card s?

So lu t ion : Sin ce a card can b e sent b y an y on e of t h e t h ree ser vant s,

so t he n u mb er of ways of

sen d in g t h e in vit at ion card t o t he f irst f riend = 3. Simila rly in vit at ion cards can b e sent t

o ea ch

of t h e six f riend s in 3 ways.

So , th e requ ired nu mber of ways =3x3x3x3x3x3 =3

=72 9

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Ex. How m an y th re e d igit odd nu mber s can b

e formed b y u sin g th e d igit s 1,2, 3,4 ,5,6 if :

i)

Th e rep et ition o f d igit s is n ot allo wed ?

ii)

Th e rep et ition o f d igit s is allo wed ?

So lu t ion : Fo r a nu mb er to b e odd, we may h ave 1,3 or 5 at t h e un it s p lace. So , th ere are

3 ways

}(( ]oo]v P ?Zµ v ]? o?X

i)
Sin ce

?Z ? ?? ??? ]? }( ? ]P]? v oo} Á?? ?Z ? ??v ? v ? ( ]oo?? Á]? Z v

? Z ? ?? u]v ]v ñ ?]P]? ? ]v ñ ÁÇ? }ÁU ( }µ ? ? ]P]? ?? o?( ? X Zµ v?

?? ? [? ? o v ?

f illed in 4 ways.

So , th e requ ired of nu mber =3x5x4 = 60

ii)

Sin ce t he re pet it ion of

?]P]? oo} Á?? ? Z }( ? Z ? ?v v? Z µv ? ??? [ ? v

b ef illed in 6 ways.

Hen ce, th ere qu ired nu mb er of n u mb er s

=3 x6x6 =10 8

Ex. In h ow m an y ways 5rin gs o f d if fer ent t ype can b e worn in 4 f in gers?

So lu t ion : Th e f irst rin g can b e wor n in an y

of t he 4 f in gers. So , th er e are 4 ways of wea rin g it .

Simila rly, e ach one of t he oth er rin gs can b e worn in 4 ways.

Hen ce, th ere qu ired nu mb er of ways

= 4x4x4x4x4=

Ex. By u sin g t h e d igit s 0,1, 2,3 ,4 and 5 (rep et it ion s not allo wed ) n u mb ers are f or me

d b y u sing

an y nu mb er of d igit s. Find th et ot aln u mb er of n on

zer on u mb er st hat can b ef or med ?

So lu t ion : N u mb er of n umb er s = N umb er of d igit nu mber + N o. of 2 d igit nu mber s +....No

. of 6

d igit n u mb er s

= 5+ 5x5+5 x5x4+ ....+5 x5x4x3x2x1 =5+ 25+1 00+ 300+ 60 0+6 00

= 163 0
PE RMUT AT ION S: Each of th e arran geme nt s wh ich can b e mad e b y t akin g same or all of

n u mber of t h in gs is called ap er mu t at ion .

Ex. If th er e are t hre e ob ject s, th en th e p er mu t at ion s of t h ese ob je ct s, t akin g t wo at a t

ime, are

ab , b a, b c, cb , ac, ca

. So th e nu mb er of p ermut at ion s of t h ree d if f erent th in gs t aken t wo at a

t ime is 6.

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A N OTAT ION : If n an d r are posit ive in t egers su ch th at 1

n , t hen th e nu mber of all

p er mut ation s of n d ist in t t h in gst aken r at at ime is d enot ed b y th e symb olP (n,r ) or

Th u s

or P(n ,r)= Tot aln umb er of p er mu t at ion s of n d ist in ct t h in gs, taken r at a t ime.

Th eo rem: Let r an d n b e p osit ive in t egers su ch that 1

n . Th en t h e n u mb er of all p er mu t at ion s

of n d ist int t h in gs taken r at a t ime is given b y P (n,r)

=
á

= n (n

1) (n

2)......{n

(r

1)}

Th eo rem: Pr ove t hat P(n,r) =

è
Pr oo f:

=n (n

1) (n

2)....(n

(r

1))

:
l

l
?

>

>
5

Th eo rem: Th e nu mb er of

all per mut ation s of n d ist in ct th in gs,t aken all at a t ime is n!

Pr oo f: P(n ,n ) = n (n

1) (n

2)....(n

(n

1))

= n (n

1) (n

2)....3.2 .1

=n !

Th eo rem: Pr ove 0! =1

Pr oo f: We h ave

á
=

=>

=> n ! =

á
è

=> 0! =

=> 0! =1

Ex. In h ow man y ways t hre e d if f erent rin gs can be wor n in f our f in gers wit h at mo st on

e in ea ch

f in ger?

So lu t ion :Th et ot al nu mber of ways is som e ast h e n u mb er of arran gemen ts of 4f in

gers,t aken3

at at ime. So requ ired numb er of w

ays

3
=

= 4! =24

ALITE R: Let R1, R2, R3 be th re e rin gs. Sin ce R1 can b e pu t in an y on e of th e f ou r f in

gers. So

t h ere are fou r ways in wh ich R1 can b e wor n . N ow R2, can be wor n an y on e of t he re

main ing

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t h ree fin gers in 3 ways. In t

h e re main in g 2 f in gers R3 can b e worn in 2 ways. So b y t he

f u nd amen t al p rin cip le of cou nt in g t he t ot al nu mb er of ways in wh ich t h ree d if fer ent

rin gs can

b e wor n in f ou rf in ger s =4x3x2= 24

Ex. Se ven at h let es are part icip at in g in a race. In h ow man y ways c

an t he f irst th re e p riz es be

wor n ?

So lu t ion : The tot al n umb er of ways in wh ich f irst th re e p riz es can b e won is th e n u mb

er of

arra n gemen t s of seve n dif f erent th in gs t aken 3 at a t ime.

So th e requ ired nu mber of ways =

= 7x6x5 = 210

ALT ER: First p rize can be won in seven ways. Secon d p riz e can b e won b y an y on e of t he

re main in g six ath let s in 6 ways. Five at hele t s are left . So t h ird p riz e can b e won b y an y

on e of

t h e re main in g 5 at h elt s in 5 ways. Hen ce b y t h e fu n d amenta l p rin cip al o

f cou n t in g, t h e req u ired

n u mber of ways = 7x6x5= 210.

Ex. In h ow m an y ways can 6 p er son s st and in aq ueu e?

So lu t ion : The nu mb er of ways in wh ich 6p er son scan st and in aq u eu e is same as th en

u mb er of

arra n gemen t s of 6 d iff eren t th in gst aken all at a t

ime.

Hen ce th e requ ired nu mb er of ways =

=6! = 720

Ex. It is re qu ired t o seat 5 men and 4 women in a ro w so th at t h e women occu p y t he even

p laces. How m an y su ch arran gemen t s are p ossib le?

So lu t ion : In all 9 p er sons are t o b e seat ed in a ro w an d in

t he ro w of 9 p osition s t h ere are

exact ly fou r even p laces viz secon d , fou rt h , sixth an d eigh th . It is given th at t h ese f our
even

p laces are t o b e occup ied b y 4 wom en . Th is can b e d on e

ways. Th e re main in g 5 p osit ion s

can b e f illed b y t he 5 men in

wa

ys. So b y t h e fu n d amenta l p rin cip le of cou n t in g, th e nu mber

of seat in g arran gemen t sas re qu ired is

= 4! x 5! = 24 x120 =28 80
Ex. How man y dif fer en t sign als can b e given u sing an y n u mb er of f lags f rom 5 f lags of d if

fer ent

colo u rs?

So lu t ion : Th

e sign als can b e mad eb y u sin g at a t ime one or t wo or t h ree or fou r or f ivef lags.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Hen ce b y th e f un d amen t al p rin cip le of t h e t otal nu mb er of sign als =

5

5+ 5x4+ 5x4x3+5 x4x3x2+ 5x4x3x2x1

= 5+ 20+ 60+ 120+ 120

= 325
Ex. How man y n u mb er s lyin g

b et ween 100 and 100 0 can b e f orme d with t h e d igit s 1,2,3 ,4,5 if

t h e re pet it ion of digit s isn ot a llo wed ?

So lu t ion : Ever y n u mb er lyin g b et wee n 10 0 and 10 00 is a t h ree d igit numb er . Th er ef

or e, we

h avet of ind t h e nu mb erof p er mu t at ion s of f ive digit s 1,2,3

,4,5 taken t h ree d igit at at ime.

Hen ce, th ere qu ired nu mb er of n u mb er s

?
7

=5x4x3 = 60

Ex. How m an y f ou rd igitn u mber s are th ere wit hd ist in ct digit s?

So lu t ion : Th e t ot al nu mb er of arran gemen t s of ten d igit s 0,1 ,2,3 ,4,5, 6,7

,8,9 takin g 4 at a t ime is

10

Xµ ? ? Z ??? ??v P?u?v ? ? o?} ]v oµ ?? ?Z }? v µ u ?? ? ÁZ ]Z Z

À? ? ?Z }µ ?v ? [? ? o?X

Su ch n u mb er s aren ot f ou r d igit n u mb er s.

?v ì ]? (]Æ?? ? ? Z }µ ?v ? [? ? o?U Á? Z À? ? } ?? v P? ?? u]v

]v ? ]P]? l]v P ï ? ? ]u?

Th en u mb er of su ch arran geme nt s is

Hen ce th et ot aln u mb er of f ou r d igit n u mb er s=

10

=50 40

504 =45 36 .

Ex. Th e d iff er en t let t ers of an alph abet are given wor d s wit h f ive lette rs are f or med f rom t
hese

given let t ers. D et er min et h e nu mb er

of wor d s which h ave alle ast on e letter re pea t ed .

So lu t ion : Th e nu mb er of 5 let ter s word s wh ich can b e for med f ro m 10 let ter s wh en on e

or

mo re of it s let ter s is rep eat ed =10 x10 x10x10 x10=

sr

Th en u mb er of 5 lette r wor d s wh ich can b ef or med wh en non e

of th eir letter s is rep eat ed

= N umb er of arran gemen t s of 10 lette rsb y taking 5 at at ime.

10

= 30 240

Hen ce t h e n u mb er of 5 let ter s word s wh ich h ave at lea st on e of th eir let t er rep eat ed =

sr
9

30 240

= 697 60

Ex. In h ow m an y ways 7p ict u res can b e

h un gf rom 5p ict ure s nails on a wall?

So lu t ion : Th e nu mb er of ways in wh ich 7 pict u res can b e h un g f rom 5 p ict u re n ails on

a wall is

same ast h e nu mb er of arran gemen t s of 7 t h in gs,t akin g 5 at at ime.

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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Page

39

Hen ce th e requ ired nu mb er =

è
= 7x6x5x4x3 = 2520

Ex. Th ere are six p er iod s in ea ch wor kin g d ay of a sch ool. In h ow man y ways can one arran

ge 5

su b je ct s su ch t hat ea ch su b je ct is allowed at least on e p erio d ?

So lu t ion : Five su b ject s can be arran ged in 6 per iod s in

ways. N ow, on

e p er iod is left an d it

can b y allo wed t o an y on e of th e f ive su bje ct s. So , n u mb er of ways in wh ich re main in

g on e

p er iod can b e arran ged is 5.

Hen ce, th et ot aln u mb er of arran gement s =

x5 =36 00.
Pe rmut at ion u nd er cer t ain condit ion s

Th eo rem: Pr ove

th at t he nu mber of all p er mu tat ion s of n d iff er en t ob ject s taken r at a t ime

wh en a p art icu lar ob ject is t ob e always in clud ed in ea ch arran gemen t is

r.

Th eo rem 2: Pr ove th at t h e n umb er of p er mu tat ion s of n d ist in ct ob ject s t aken r at a t

ime,

h en a p art icu lar ob ject is n ever t aken in ea ch arran gemen t ,is

1
P

Th eo rem 3: Pr ove th at th e n u mb er of per mut at ion s of n d iff er en t ob je cts t aken r at a t

ime in

wh ich t wo sp ecif ied ob ject s always occu r toge th er is 2! (r

1)

Ex1 In h ow m an y ways

can th e lette rsof th e word PEN CIL, b e arran ged so t h at

i)

N is always next t oE
ii)

N and E are always t ogeth er .

So lu t ion :

i)

Let u s kee p EN t oget her an d con sid er it as on e let t er . Now, we h ave 5 lette rs wh ich

can b e arran ged in a row in

= 5! = 120 ways. He

n ce t he tot al n u mb er of ways in

wh ich N is always n ext to E is12 0.

ii)

Kee p in g E an d N t oget her and con sid er in g it as on e lette r, we h ave 5 let t er s wh ich

can b e arran ged in

P
5

= 5! ways. But E and N can b e pu t t oge th er 2! ways (viz EN,

N E). Hen cet h e tot al

n umb er of ways = 5! x 2! =24 0.

Ex 2. How man y d if f ere nt ward s can be f or med wit h t he lette rs of th e wor d EQUAT ION

so t h at

t h e wor d sb egin and en d wit h a con son ant ?

So lu t ion : There are 3 con son an t s an d all wor d s sh ou ld begin an d end with a con son an

t . So

f irst

an d last p lace can b ef illed wit h 3 con son ant s in

ways. N ow, t h e rema in in g 6p laces are t obe

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

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UN IT

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40

f illed up with t he remainin g 6 let t er s in

ways. Hen ce th e re qu ired n u mb er of wor d s =

= 6x720 =43 20.

Ex. In h ow man y ways 5 b oys an d 3 girl

s can b e sea t ed in a ro w so t h at n o t wo girls are

t oge th er ?

So lu t ion : Th e 5 b oys can b e seat ed in a ro w in

=5! ways. In ea ch of t h ese arra n geme nt s 6

p laces are cre ated , sh own b yt he cro ss

marks, a sgiven belo w

xBxBxBxBxBx

Sin ce n o t wo girls

are t o sit t oget h er, so we may arra n ge 3 girls in 6 p laces. Th is can b e don e in

ways i.e., 3 girls can be seated in

P
3

ways.

Hen ce th et ot aln u mb er of seat in g arran gemen t s=

= 5! x 6 x 5 x4= 1440 0.

Ex. In h ow man y ways c an 9 examin at io

n p ap ers b e arra n ged so th at t he b est an d t h e wor st

p ap er s are n ever toge ther ?

So lu t ion : Thet ot al nu mber of arran gemen t s of 9 p ap er s =

9
= 9!

Con sid er in g t he b est and t h e wor st p ap ers as on e p ap er , we h ave 8 p ap er s wh ich can

be

arra n ged in

= 8! wa

ys. Bu t th e best and wor st p aper s can b e pu t t oget h er in 2! ways. So the

n u mber of p er mu t at ion s in wh ich th eb est and t he wor st p aper s can b e put t oget h er =

2! x 8!

Hen ce th e n u mb er of ways in wh ich t he best and th e wor st p ap er s n ever com e t oget h

er = 9!

2! x8! = 7 x 8! =28 224 0.

Ex. How man y f ou r d igit n umb er s d ivisib le b y 4 can b e mad e with th e d igit s 1,2,3 ,4,5 if t

he

re p et it ion of t he digit s isn ot a llo wed ?

So lu t ion : Recall th at a n u mber is d ivisib le b y 4 if t he n u mb er f or med by th e last t wo d

igit

s is

? ]À]?] ? ? ]P]?}(µ v ]? v?? ?v o?? v ??v P??( }oo}Á?

x
x

N ow, cor re sp on d in g each su ch way t h e rema in in g th re e d igit s at th ou san d s an d h

un d red s

p laces can b e arra n ged in

P
2

ways.

Hen ce

th e requ ired nu mb er of n u mb er s=

x4= 3! x 4= 24

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

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41

Ex. Five b oys and f ive girls f or m a lin e wit h t h e b oys and girls alt er n at ing. Fin d t h e n u

mb er of

ways of makin gt he line.

So lu t ion : 5 b oys can be arran ged in a lin e in

= 5! ways. Sin ce th e b oys

an d girls are

alt er nat in g, so cor resp ond in g ea ch of t he 5! ways of arra n geme nt s of 5 b oys we ob t ain 5

p laces

make cro ss a s shown below:

i)

B1xB2xB3x B4xB5x

ii)
xB1xB2x B3xB4xB5

Clea rly, 5 girls can b e arran ged in 5p laces mar kby cross in (5! +5! ) ways.

Hen ce, th

et ot aln u mb er of ways of ma kin gt he line =5! x (5! +5! ) = 2(5! )

Ex. If 20 p er son s wer e invit ed for a p art y, in how man y ways can th ey and th e h ost b e

seated at

a circu lar t ab le? In h ow m an y of t h ese ways will t wo p articu lar per son s be seat ed on

eithe r

side

of t h e h ost ?

So lu t ion : i) Clea rly t her e are 21 p er son s, in clu d ing t h e h ost , to b e seat ed ro u nd a

circu lar t ab le.

Th ese 21 p er son can be sea t ed nor mala circu lar tab le in (21

1)! =20 ! ways.

Pe rmut at ion sof o b ject sn ot a lld ist in ct :

Th eo rem: Th e nu m

ber of mu tu ally d ist in gu ish ab le p ermut at ion s of n th ings, t aken all at a t ime,

of wh ich p are alike of one kin d q alike of second kin d su ch t h at p +q =n , is

Ex. How m an y d if f erent wor d s can b ef or med with th e lette rsof t he wor dM ISSISSIPP I?

oµ ? ]}v ?? ?? í o?? ? ? ]v ?Z P]À?v Á}? ? }( ÁZ ]Z ? ? v ? ?

t ot al n u mb er of wor d s is t h e n u mb er of arran geme nt s of 11 th in gs, of wh ich 4 are

similar of

on e kind ,4 are similar of secon d kin d and 2 are similar of th ird

kin d i.e.,

55

è
6

Hen ce, th et ot aln u mb er of wor d s =

55

=34 650

v ]( ( ???v?Á}? ? v( }? u??µ ?]v oo ?Z o????}(? Z Á}? ? Z [M

i)

In h ow m an y of t h em vowels occu p y th eeven p osit ion s?

ii)

In h ow m an y of t h em bot h L

d o not comet oget her ?

 oµ ? ]}v WZ ?? ? ?? õ o???? ?? ]v ?Z ? Á}? ? }µ ? }( ÁZ ]Z ð ? î ?

v ? ?Z?

re st are all d istin ct .

So th e requ isit e nu mb erof wor d s =

=75 60

AP PLI ED MATHEMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT

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Page

42

i)

?? ? ?? À}Á v? ?? o]l ? Z??

are 4 even p laces viz 2

nd

th

, 6th , 8

th

. So t h ese 4 even places can b e occu p ied b y 4 vowels in

= 1 way. N ow,

Á ?? o?( ? Á]? Z ñ ? ]v ÁZ ]Z ÁZ ]Z ? Á} ?? o]l v ? }? Z ?? ? ]??

]v ? U v

b e arran ged in

9
è

ways.

Hen ce th et ot aln u

mb er of wor d s in wh ich vowels occu p yt h e even p laces=

è
= 60

ii)

Con sid er in g b ot h L t ogethe r an d t re at in g t h em as on e lette r we have 8 lett er s ou t of

wh ich A rep eat s 4 t imes an d oth er s are d ist in ct . Th ese 8 let ter s can b e arran ged i

<

ways.

So th en u mb er of wor d sin wh ich b ot h L com e t oget h er =

<

= 16 80

Hen ce, th en u mb er of wor d s in wh ich b ot h L donot com e toge th er .

= Tot aln o. of word s

t

N o. o f word s in wh ich b ot h L com et oge th er .

= 7560

1680

= 5880

Ex. How man y arra

v P?u?v ? ? v ? u? Á]?Z ?Z o???? ?Z ? Á}? ? Z Z }Á

man y of th em vowels are t ogethe r?

oµ ? ]}v WZ ?? ? ? íí o?? ? ? ]v ? Z Á}?? Z }( ÁZ ]Z ? Á ?? ? Á ?

? Á ?? v ? }? Z???? ? ]?? ]v ? X ???µv µ u?

rof arran gements =

55

Ñ
6

= 498 960 0

Th er e are 4 vowels viz A, E, A, I con sid er in g t h ese f ou r vowels as on e lette r. We h ave 8

lette rs

(M, T, H, M , T, C, S and on e let t er ob t ain ed b y com b in in g all vowels, ou t of wh ich M

occu rs

t wice, T occu rs t wi

ce an d re st alld iff er en t .Th ese8 lette rs can b e arran ged in

<

ways.

Bu t th e f ou r vowels (A, E, A, I) can b e pu t t oget her in

è
ways.

Hen ce t h e t ot al nu mb er of arran gemen t s in wh ich vowels are always t oge th er =

<

1008

0x12 = 1209 60

Circu lar Pe rmu t at ion s

: Per mu tat ion of objects in a ro w is calle d lin ea rp ermu t ion s. If we arran ge

t h e ob je ct s alon g a close d cu rve viz . a circle, t h e p er mu t at ion s are kn own as circu lar

p er mut ation s. Ever y lin ear

arran gemen t

h as a begin n in g a

n d an end , b ut t h ere is n ot h in g like

b eginn in g or en d in a circu lar p er mu t at ion . Th us, in a circu lar per mut ation , we con sid er

one

ob je ct as fixed an d th e rema in in g objects are arran ged as in case of lin ea r arra n gements.

Th eo rem: Th e nu mb er of circu larp er

mu t at ion s of n d ist in ct ob je ct s is (n

1)!

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43

N ot e: In t h e ab ove th eo rem an t i

clockwise an d clockwise or d er of arran gemen t s are con sid ered

as d ist in ct p er mu t at ion s.

2. If an t i

clockwise an d clock

wise or d er of arrangeme n t s are not d ist in ct e.g. arran gemen t s o

b ea d s in a n ecklace, arran gemen t s of f lowers in a garlan d et c. t hu s t he nu mb er of circu lar

p er mut ation s of n d ist in ct items is

[(n

1)! ]

Ex. In h ow m an y ways can 8 st ud en t sb e sea t ed in a (i) lin e (ii) circle?

So lu t ion : (i) Th e nu mber of ways in wh i

ch 8 stu d en t s can be seat ed in a line =

= 8! = 4032 0.

(iii)

Th e n umb er of ways in wh ich 8 stu d en t s can be seat ed in a circle = (8

1)! = 7! =

5040.

Ex. (i) In h ow m an y ways can 5p er son sb e seat ed aro u nd a circu lart ab le?

(ii) In h ow m an y of t h ese arra n geme

nt s willt wo part icu lar p er son sb en ext t o ea ch oth er ?

So lu t ion : (i) F per son s can be seat ed arou nd a circu lar t ab le in (5

1)! =4! = 24 ways.

(ii) Con sid er in g t wo p art icu lar per son s as on e p erson we h ave 4 per son s in all. Th ese 4 p

er son s
can b e seat ed ar

ou nd a circu lar t ab le in (4

1)! = 3! ways. Bu t 2 p articu lar per son s can be

arra n ged amon gt h emselves in 2! ways.

Hen ce th et ot aln u mb er of arran gement s =3! x2! = 12

(ii) Let P1 , P2 be t wo p art icu lar p er son s and H b e th e h ost . Th ese t wo p art icu lar p er

son ca

n be

seat ed on eit h er side of th eh ost in t hef ollo win g two ways:

(i)

HP

(ii)

P2 HP1

Con sid er t he t wop art icular p er son an d t he host as on ep er son , weh ave 18 p er son s in

all. Th ese
19 p erso n s can b e seat ed ro un d a circu lar tab le in (19

1)! = 18! ways. Bu t t wo p a

rt icu lar p er son

can b e seat ed on eit her sid e of t he h ost in 2 ways. So , t h e nu mb er of ways of seat in g 21

p er son

at a circu lart ab le wit h two p art icu larp er son s on eithe r sid eof th eh ost =18 ! x2

Ex. Fin d th e nu mb er of ways in wh ich 8 dif fer en t flowers can

b e st run g t o for m a garlan d sot h at

4 p art icu lar f lowers are never separat ed .

So lu t ion : Con sid erin g 4 p art icu lar f lowers as one f lower, we h ave f ive flowers wh ich can

be

st ru n g t o f or m a garlan d in 4! ways. Bu t , 4 p art icu lar f lowers can be arran ged in 4!

ways. Th en

t h e re qu ired n u mb er ofways = 4! x4! = 576 .

Ex. Fin d t he nu mber of ways in wh ich 10 d if f erent b ea d s can b e arran ged to f orm a n

ecklace.

So lu t ion : Te n d iff erent bea d s can b e arran ged in circu lar f or ms in (10
-

1)! = 9! ways. Sin ce th ere

is n o d i

st in ct ion b et ween t he clockwise and an t i

clockwise arran gemen t s. So, t he requ ired

n u mber of arran gements =

9!

CENTRAL BOARD OF

SE CONDARYEDUCATION

STUDYMATERIAL:

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

{Class XI}
 UNIT 8: TRI GONOM ETRY

AP PLI ED MATH

EMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 8

Page

UNIT 8

TRIG ONOMETRY

Trigonome tric Ra tios:

Letus

ta ke a righ t trian gle A B C. Here

CAB is a n a cu te

a n gle. B C is th e side op po site

to a n gle A . A C is th e h yp o te n u se of th e right tria n gle a n d th e side A B is a p a rt of

A.

S o , we ca ll it the side ad jace nt to a n gle A

Not e th a tth e p o sition of sid e s ch an ge wh e n we co n side r a n gle C in p lace of A.

T he t rigo n om e

tric ra tios of th e a n gle A in righ t tria n gle A B C a re d ef ine d a sf o llo ws:

S ine A =

»¼

º¼

Cos A =

º»

º¼

T an A =
»¼

º»

Cose c A =

º¼

»¼

SecA =

º¼

º»

Cot A =

º»

»¼

AP PLI ED MATH

EMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 8

Page

2
Not e th at th e ratio s Cose c A , S e c A a nd Co t A a re respe ctive ly th e recip roca ls

of the

ratio

S inA , CosA and T a n A

A lso, ob se rve t h a tT a n A

»¼

º»

»¼

º¼

º»

º¼

ÌÜá
º

¼âæ

n d Co t A =

¼âæ

ÌÜá

S o , the trigo n om e tric ra tio s of a n a cu te a n gle in a righ t tria n gle e xp r e ss th e rela tio

n sh ip

b e twe e n the a n gle

a nd th e len gth of its side s. It is no w clea r tha t th e va lue s of the

trigo n o m etric ratio s of a n an gle d o no t va ry with th e len gth s of the sid e of th e tria n gle,

if

th e a n gle remain s th e sa m e.

Trigonome tric I de ntitie s:

A n e qu a tion invo lving trigo n o m e tric

ra tio s of an an gle is ca lle d a trigo n om e tric ide ntity, if

it is t rue fo r a ll va lue s of th e a n gle invo lve d .

AB

+B C

=AC

Dividin g

e a ch t e rm of (i) b y A C

, we ge t

º»

º¼

»¼

.
º¼

º¼

º¼

i.e ; (

º»

+(

»¼

º¼

=(

º¼

º¼

2
i.e ; (Co s A )

+(Sin A )

=1

Cos

A +S in

T h is is tru e fo r a ll A such t ha t 0

90

S o , th is is a t rigo n ome tric id e n tity

AP PLI ED MATH

EMAT IC S

t
ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 8

Page

L e tu s no w d ivid e (i) b y A B

, we ge t

º»

º»

»¼

º»

º¼

º»
.

or(

º»

º»

+(

»¼

º»

=(

º¼

º»

i.e , 1 +tan

A = Se c

S o , (iii) is t rue fo r a ll A su ch th a t0

0
0

A ga in d ividin g

b y (i ) b y B C

, we ge t

º»

»¼

»¼

»¼

º¼

»¼

i.e , (
º»

»¼

+(

»¼

»¼

=(

º¼

»¼

i.e , Cot

A +1 = Cose c

Not e th at Cose c A and Cot A a re no t d ef in ed fo r A = 0

. T he ref o re (iv) is tru e fo r a ll A

su ch th a t0
0

<

Usin g th e se ide ntitie s, we ca n e xp ress e a ch trigo n o me tric ratio in te rm s of o the r

trigo n o m etric ratio s i.e, if an y o n e of the ratios is kno wn , we

ca n a lso d e te rm ine th e

va lue s of oth e r trigo n om e tric ra tio s.

E x.

E xp ress th e ra tio sCosA ,T an A an d S e cA in t e rm s of S inA.

S o lut ion

: S ince Co s

A+S in

A = 1 , th e refo re

Cos

A =1
-

S in

i.e , CosA = ±

T h is give s Co sA =

Hen ce T an A =

ÌÜáº

¼âæº
=

ÌÜáº

Wgl

A n d S e cA =

¼âæº

Wgl

AP PLI ED MATH

EMAT IC S
t

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 8

Page

Ex

. P rove t h a t Se cA (1

S inA ) (S e cA +T a nA ) = 1

S o lut ion

: L HS = S e cA(1

S inA ) (S e cA +T a nA )

¼âæº
(1

S inA ) (

¼âæº

ÌÜáº

¼âæº

WglE

>

WglE

Gmq

E
=

Wgl

Gmq

Gmq

Gmq

=1

= RHS

E x:

5
>

ÌÜáº

ÌÜáº

= S e cA +Ta n A

L HS =

>

ÌÜáº

ÌÜáº

>

ÌÜáº

:
5

>

ÌÜáº

ÌÜáº

>

ÌÜáº

>

ÌÜáº

ÌÜ
á

>

ÌÜáº

¼â

>

ÌÜáº

¼âæº

¼âæº
+

ÌÜáº

¼âæº

= S e cA +T a nA

= RHS

AP PLI ED MATH

EMAT IC S

ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 8

Page

Hei ghts a nd

Dis tanc es :
T he

lin e of sigh t

is th e lin e d rawn f rom th e eye o f a n ob se rve r to the p o int in th e ob ject

vie we d b y t h e o b se rve r.

T he an gle of e le va tio n of th e po int viewe d is th e a n gle f o rm ed b y th e lin e of sigh t

with

th e h o rizo n ta l wh e n the p o in t be ing vie

we d i s a b o ve th e h o rizo n ta l leve l i.e , the ca se

wh e n we ra ise o u r h ead t o lo o ka t th e o b ject.

T he a n gle of d ep ression of a p o in t o n th e ob ject b e in g vie we d is th e a n gle fo rm

ed b y

th e lin e of sigh t with th e h o rizo n ta l wh e n the po int is b e low the ho rizo n ta

l leve l i.e , th e

ca se wh e n we lo we r o u r h e ad to lo o k a tth e po int be ing vie we d .

AP PLI ED MATH

EMAT IC S

t
ST UDY MATER IAL FOR CLASS X I

UN IT 8

Page

E x.

A to we r sta nd s vertica lly o n th e grou n d . Fro m a po int o n th e grou nd , wh ich is 15 m

a wa y f rom th e fo ot on th e to we r, th e a n gle of e leva tio n s of th e top of th e to we r is fo

u nd

to be 60

. Fin d t he he igh t of th e to we r.

First let u s d raw a simp le d iagram s

to rep rese n t th e p rob lem. Here A B rep rese n ts the

to we r, CB is th e d ista n ce of th e p o in t f rom th e to we r a n d

ACB is th e an gle of
e leva tio n . W e ne ed to d e te rm ine the h e igh t of the to we r i.e , A B . A lso , A CB is a tria

n gle,

righ t

a n gled a t B . T o so lve th e p rob l

em , we ch o o se th e trigo n om e tric ratio Ta n 6 0

, at

th e ra tio in vo lve s A B an d B C.

Now T a n 60

º»

»¼

i.e ,

º»

59

i.e , A B = 1 5

¾
u

Hen ce ,th e h e igh tof the t o we r is 1 5

m.