Static

Charge
Moving Charges
Conduction – Charging by contact
Induction – No direct contact
CONDUCTION AND INDUCTION

CHARGE TRANSFER CHARGE LOSS

In conduction, both objects In conduction, some charge is
acquire the same type of charge. lost by the charging body.

In induction, the objects acquire In induction, no charge is lost by

different types of charge. the charging body
Conduction
Induction
Activity: Exploring Static
Electricity
 Bohr’s Model
- Early model of atom by Niels Bohr in 1913
- Explains the behavior of electrons in atom
Type Conductivity Resistance Examples Applications

Copper, gold, Electrical wiring,

Conductor High Low
aluminum circuits

Rubber, glass, Electrical

Insulator Very Low Very High
plastic insulation

Electronics
Silicon, (chips,
Semiconductor Moderate Adjustable
germanium transistors,
diodes)

MRI, maglev
Zero (below Lead, YBCO,
Superconductor Perfect (zero) trains, particle
critical) niobium
accelerators
- Invented by French physicist Charles-
Augustin de Coulomb in late 18th century
to study electrostatic forces
 The Density of Field Lines
Gauss’s Law: The field E at any point in space is
proportional to the line density  at that point.

Gaussian Surface Line density  N

A

N
=
Radius r A
Line Density and Spacing Constant
Consider the field near a positive point charge q:
Then, imagine a surface (radius r) surrounding q.

Radius r E is proportional to N/A and

is equal to kq/r2 at any point.
r
N kq
 E; =E
A r 2

Gaussian Surface Define  as spacing constant. Then:

Δ𝑁 1
= 𝜀0 𝐸 Where 𝜀0 is: 0 =
Δ𝐴 4 k
 Permittivity of Free Space
The proportionality constant for line density is
known as the permittivity  and it is defined by:

1 C2
0 = = 8.85 x 10-12
4 k Nm 2

Recalling the relationship with line density, we have:

N
=  0 E or N =  0 E A
A
Summing over entire area
N = oEA
A gives the total lines as:
Example 5. Write an equation for finding
the total number of lines N leaving a
single positive charge q.
Radius r Draw spherical Gaussian surface:
r N =  0 E A and N =  0 EA
Substitute for E and A from:
kq q
E= 2 = ; A = 4  r 2
Gaussian Surface r 4 r 2
𝑞 2)
𝑁 = 𝜀0 𝐸𝐴 = 𝜀0
4𝜋𝑟 2
(4𝜋𝑟 N = oqA = q

Total number of lines is equal to the enclosed charge q.

 Gauss’s Law
Gauss’s Law: The net number of electric field
lines crossing any closed surface in an outward
direction is numerically equal to the net total
charge within that surface.

N =  0 EA = q

If we represent q as net enclosed q

positive charge, we can write EA =
rewrite Gauss’s law as: 0
 Example 6. How many electric field
lines pass through the Gaussian
surface drawn below.
Gaussian surface
First we find the NET
charge q enclosed
by the surface: -4 C +8 C
q1 - q2 +
q = (+8 –4 – 1) = +3 C q4
-1 C
+
N =  0 EA = q q3 - +5 C

N = +3 C = +3 x 10-6 lines
Example 6. A solid sphere (R = 6 cm) having
net charge +8 C is inside a hollow shell (R
= 8 cm) having a net charge of –6 C. What
is the electric field at a distance of 12 cm
from the center of the solid sphere?
Draw Gaussian sphere at Gaussian surface
radius of 12 cm to find E.
- -6 C
N =  0 EA = q
8cm - -
- +8 C -
6 cm
q = (+8 – 6) = +2 C -
q 12 cm - -
 0 AE = qnet ; E =
0 A
q +2 x 10-6 C
E= =
 0 (4 r ) (8.85 x 10
2 -12 Nm 2
C 2 )(4 )(0.12 m)
2
Example 6 (Cont.) What is the electric field
at a distance of 12 cm from the center of the
solid sphere?
Draw Gaussian sphere at Gaussian surface
radius of 12 cm to find E. - -6 C
8cm - -
N =  0 EA = q - 6 cm
+8 C -
q = (+8 – 6) = +2 C -
12 cm - -
q
 0 AE = qnet ; E =
0 A
+2  C
E= = 1.25 x 10 6 N
C E = 1.25 MN/C
 0 (4 r )
2
Charge on Surface of Conductor
Since like charges Gaussian Surface just
repel, you would inside conductor
expect that all charge
would move until they
come to rest. Then
from Gauss’s Law . . . Charged Conductor

Since charges are at rest, E = 0 inside conductor, thus:

N =  0 EA = q or 0 = q
All charge is on surface; None inside Conductor
Example 7. Use Gauss’s law to find the E-
field just outside the surface of a conductor.
The surface charge density  = q/A.
Consider q inside the
E3 E1 E
pillbox. E-lines through 3

all areas outward. A

+ + ++++
 0 AE = q + E3 E
E3
+
++ + + + 2
E-lines through sides
cancel by symmetry. Surface Charge Density 
The field is zero inside the conductor, so E2 = 0
0 q 
oE1A + oE2A = q E= =
0 A 0
Example 7 (Cont.) Find the field just outside
the surface if  = q/A = +2 C/m2.
Recall that side fields E3 E1 E
3
cancel and inside A
field is zero, so that + + ++++
+ E3 E
E3
+
++ + + + 2
q 
E1 = =
0 A 0 Surface Charge Density 

+2 x 10-6 C/m 2
E= -12 Nm 2 E = 226,000 N/C
8.85 x 10 C2
 Field Between Parallel Plates
Equal and opposite charges.
+ E1 - Field E1 and E2 to right.
+ -
Q1 + E2 - Q2 Draw Gaussian pillboxes
+ - on each inside surface.
E1
+ E2
- Gauss’s Law for either box
gives same field (E1 = E2).

q 
 0 AE = q E= =
0 A 0
 Line of Charge

A1 2r Field due to A1 and A2

Cancel out due to
r symmetry.
A
L  0 AE = q
E
q
=
q EA = ; A = (2 r ) L
L
A2 0

q q 
E= ; = E=
2 0 rL L 2 0 r
Example 8: The Electric field at a distance of
1.5 m from a line of charge is 5 x 104 N/C.
What is the linear density of the line?

r 
E=  = 2 0 rE
L E 2 0 r
q
= E = 5 x 104 N/C r = 1.5 m
L

 = 2 (8.85 x 10 -12 C2
Nm 2
4
)(1.5 m)(5 x 10 N/C)

 = 4.17 C/m
 Concentric Cylinders
Outside is like
charged long wire:
b ++
++++ Gaussian surface
a +++++
++++ -6 C
+++ ra
++
b ++ a rb

a r r2 12 cm b
1

For a + b For a
E= E=
r > rb 2 0 r rb > r > ra 2 0 r
 Example 9. Two concentric cylinders of radii 3
and 6 cm. Inner linear charge density is +3
C/m and outer is -5 C/m. Find E at distance
of 4 cm from center.
Draw Gaussian surface -7 C/m ++
between cylinders. a = 3 +++++++++
cm +++
b +++
+++
E=
2 0 r b=6 cm r + +
+3 C/m +5 C/m
E=
2 0 (0.04 m)

E = 1.38 x 106 N/C, Radially out

Example 8 (Cont.) Next, find E at a distance of
7.5 cm from center (outside both cylinders.)

Gaussian outside of
-7 C/m ++
both cylinders.
a = 3 cm +++++++++
a + b +++
E= +++
2 0 r +++
b=6 cm ++
(+3 − 5)  C/m
E= +5 C/m r
2 0 (0.075 m)

E = 5.00 x 105 N/C, Radially inward