Digital electronics

answer any seven of the following

(a) What is the next number in the following octal counting sequence?
724 , 725 , 726 , 727 , _____
Ans:- In the octal (base-8) numbering system, the sequence you've given is counting up
from 724 to 727. To find the next number in this sequence, simply add 1 in 727.

727 + 1 = 730

Because octal contains 0 to 7 and after 1 in 727 normally it converts to 728 but octal
doesn’t contain 8 , So it starts from 0 and one increase into 2. So, the next number in the
sequence is 730.

(b) What do you mean by a positive logic system and negative logic system?
Ans:- PositiveLogic: In a positive logic system, a binary 1 (or high) represents a
TRUE or ON state, and a binary 0 (or low) represents a FALSE or OFF state.
This is the more common and intuitive way of representing binary values in
most digital systems. In positive logic, high voltage levels often correspond to
logic 1, and low voltage levels correspond to logic 0.
Negative Logic: In a negative logic system, the interpretation is reversed. A
binary 0 represents a TRUE or ON state, and a binary 1 represents a FALSE or
OFF state. This can be somewhat counterintuitive compared to positive logic
but is used in specific applications and scenarios.
(c)Subtract using 9’s complement : 745.81 – 436.62?
Ans:-
(d)The following operation is correct for at least one number system. Find
the correct number system :
1234 + 5432 = 6666 .
(e) What is tri-state logic?
Ans:- Tri-state logic, also known as three-state logic, is a digital logic circuit
that has three output states instead of the usual two (0 and 1) found in binary
logic. The three output states in tri-state logic are:

1. Logic 0 (Low): This state is equivalent to binary 0 or a low voltage level.

It represents a logical "off" or "false" state.
2. Logic 1 (High): This state is equivalent to binary 1 or a high voltage
level. It represents a logical "on" or "true" state.
3. High Impedance (Z or "Don't Care"): In the high impedance state, the
output is effectively disconnected from the rest of the circuit. This state is
sometimes denoted by "Z" or is referred to as the "Don't Care" state.
When a signal is in the high impedance state, it does not actively drive
the line to either a logic 0 or logic 1. Instead, it allows other components
on the same line to control its value.

(f) What are the fastest logic family and the slowest logic family?
Ans:- Emitter-coupled-logic (ECL) is a BJT logic family that is generally
considered the fastest logic available. ECL achieves its high-speed
operation by employing a relatively small voltage swing and preventing
the transistors from entering the saturation region.

Bipolar Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL): While TTL was once a popular logic
family, it's considered slower than many modern alternatives. It operates at
higher power levels and is not as fast as ECL or other high-speed logic families.

(g) Which memory technology needs the least power?

Ans:- The memory technology which needs the least power is CMOS because
CMOS contains
 Lowest power consumption.
 Used in all microcomputer chips today.
 Most common logic family.
(h) What is a register? What is a shift register?
Ans:- Register :- In digital electronics, a register is a group of flip-flops used
to store a binary number, data, or a sequence of bits temporarily. Registers are
fundamental building blocks in digital circuits and are used for various
purposes, such as data storage, data manipulation, and data movement within a
digital system.
Shift Register :- A shift register is a digital electronic circuit that is used for
the storage and movement of data. It's a type of sequential logic circuit that can
shift data through a series of flip-flops, often in a unidirectional or bidirectional
manner.

(i) What is a master-slave flip flop?

Ans:- Master-slave:- A master-slave flip-flop, often simply referred to as a
master-slave flip-flop, is a type of sequential digital circuit that is used for
storing a single bit of data. It's a popular choice in digital electronics for its
simplicity and reliability. A master-slave flip-flop consists of two
interconnected flip-flops, typically D flip-flops, which are combined to
create a more stable and synchronized output.
(j) Fill in the blank :
(100101000111)(BCD) = (____)10
Ans:-
2(a) Which of the following are analog quantities and which are digital?

Number of atoms in a sample of material, Altitude of an aircraft, Pressure

in a bicycle tire, Current through a speaker, and Timer setting on a
microwave oven.
Ans:- In the given list, some quantities are analog, and some are digital. Here's a
breakdown:

Analog Quantities:

1. Number of atoms in a sample of material: This is an analog quantity

because it can take on a continuous range of values. The number of atoms
can be any positive real number, not limited to discrete, distinct values.
2. Altitude of an aircraft: The altitude of an aircraft is an analog quantity. It
can vary continuously as the aircraft ascends or descends.
3. Pressure in a bicycle tire: Pressure is an analog quantity as it can have a
continuous range of values, depending on how much air is in the tire.
4. Current through a speaker: Current is also an analog quantity. It can vary
continuously based on the audio signal driving the speaker.

Digital Quantity:

1. Timer setting on a microwave oven: The timer setting is a digital

quantity. It is represented in discrete values, typically in minutes and
seconds. You set it to specific time intervals, and it can only take on
specific, distinct values, such as 1 minute, 2 minutes, etc.

So, to summarize:

 Analog quantities: Number of atoms in a sample of material, Altitude of

an aircraft, Pressure in a bicycle tire, and Current through a speaker.
 Digital quantity: Timer setting on a microwave oven.

2(b) What do you mean by self-complementing code?

Write two self-complementing code.
Ans:- A self-complementing code is a binary code where the complement
(bitwise NOT) of a code is also a valid code within the same coding scheme. In
other words, in a self-complementing code, inverting (changing 0s to 1s and
vice versa) the code produces a valid code. This property can be useful for error
detection and correction in digital systems.

Two examples of self-complementing codes are:

1. Gray Code: Gray code is a self-complementing binary code in which
only one bit changes between consecutive values. In Gray code, if you
take the bitwise complement of a code, you'll still have a valid Gray code.
For example, in 3-bit Gray code, 001 and its complement 110 are both
valid Gray codes, and only one bit changes.
 3-bit Gray Code: 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100
2. Excess-3 (XS-3) Code: Excess-3 code is another self-complementing
code. It's a binary-coded decimal (BCD) code where each decimal digit is
represented by a 4-bit binary code. If you take the complement of an XS-
3 code, you will still have a valid XS-3 code. For example, in XS-3 code,
1001 (9 in decimal) and its complement 0110 (6 in decimal) are both
valid codes.
 Decimal to XS-3 Code Conversion:
 0 (decimal) -> 0011 (XS-3)
 1 (decimal) -> 0100 (XS-3)
 2 (decimal) -> 0101 (XS-3)
 ...
 9 (decimal) -> 1001 (XS-3)
3(a) Perform the following in excess-3 code using the 10’s complement
method : 239-597.
3(b) Design and implement a 4-bit binary to Gray converter.
Ans :- The logical circuit which converts the binary code to equivalent gray code is
known as binary to gray code converter. The gray code is a non-weighted code. The
successive gray code differs in one-bit position only that means it is a unit distance code.
It is also referred as a cyclic code. It is not suitable for arithmetic operations. It is the
most popular of the unit distance codes. It is also a reflective code. An n-bit Gray code
can be obtained by reflecting an n-1 bit code about an axis after 2n-1 rows and putting
the MSB of 0 above the axis and the MSB of 1 below the axis. Reflection of the 4 bits
binary to gray code conversion table is given below:

That means, in 4-bit gray code, (4-1) or 3-bit code is reflected against the axis drawn
after (24-1)th or 8th row. The bits of 4-bit gray code is considered as G4G3G2G1. Now
from the conversion table
G4=∑m(8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15),
G3=∑m(4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11),
G2=∑m(2,3,4,5,10,11,12,13),
G1=∑m(1,2,5,6,9,10,13,14)
From above SOPs, let us draw K-maps for G4, G3, G2 and G1.
3(c) Reduce the following expression using K-map and implement it in AOI
logic as well as in NOR logic : F = IIM(0,1,2,3,4,7)
Ans:- Alright, let's simplify this expression using a Karnaugh Map (K-map). The given
expression is F = Σ(0,1,2,3,4,7).

Here's the truth table for the given expression:

ABC F

000 1

001 1

010 1

011 1

100 1

101 0

110 X

111 1
X represents "don't care" conditions.

Now, let's create the K-map:

Group the 1s in the K-map:

 A'B'C'D' + A'BC'D + ABCD + AB'C'D'

Now, let's implement this expression in AND-OR-INVERT (AOI) logic and NOR logic.
4(a) Reduce the following expression and implement it using universal logic gate :
Σm(1,5,6,12,13,14)+d(2,4).

Ans:- let's simplify the given expression and then implement it using universal logic gates.

The given expression is Σm(1,5,6,12,13,14)+d(2,4).

First, create the truth table:

ABCD F

0001 1

0101 1

0110 1

1100 1

1101 1

1110 1

0010 0
 ABCD F

0100 0

Now, let's create the K-map:

Group the 1s in the K-map:

 A'B'CD' + ABCD

This is the simplified expression.

Now, let's implement it using universal logic gates. Universal gates include NAND gates and
NOR gates, which can be used to implement any other logic gate.

Using NAND Gates:

1. F=(A’B’CD’)′⋅(ABCD)’ (Note: ' represents a NOT operation)

2. Implement each term separately using NAND gates.
3. Combine these using NAND gates: F=F1⋅F2

Using NOR Gates:

1. F=(A’B’CD’+ABCD)’
2. Implement the simplified expression using NOR gates.
4(b) Use a multiplexer to implement the logic function F = A⊕B⊕C .
Ans:-

Use the select lines of the multiplexer to represent the binary values of ABC (e.g., S1
= A, S0 = B). The output of the multiplexer will be the desired logic function �F.

Here's a simplified truth table:

 ABC S1S0 F

000 00 0

001 01 1

010 10 1

011 11 0

100 00 1

101 01 0

110 10 0

111 11 1

The connections to the multiplexer inputs would be based on the expressions for
each term in the XOR function.
5(b)Design the conversion circuit for S-R flip-flop to J-K flip-flop.

Ans:- As per the steps of conversion of flip-flops, the conversion process of SR

flip-flop into JK flip-flop is described below.

Step 1 − The excitation table for the conversion of SR flip-flop into JK flip-flop
is given below −

Inputs Present State of Output Next State of Output Flip-Flop Inputs

J K Qn Qn+1 S R S R

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X

0 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 X 0

1 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X

0 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 1 0 0 X 0

1 0

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

Step 2 − Simplify the excitation for input expressions by using K-Map −

The K-Map simplification for S is,

 S = JQn'

The K-map simplification for R is,

R = KQn

Step 3 − Finally, draw the logic diagram of JK flip flop by using SR flip flop,
which is shown in figure-3 below.

In this way, we can convert the SR flip-flop into JK flip-flop.

6(a)What is the basic difference between a counter and a shift register?

Ans:- Counter: A counter is a digital circuit that counts the number of clock pulses or
events. It can increment or decrement its count based on the clock input. Counters are used to
generate sequences of binary numbers, and they find applications in various tasks like
frequency division, timekeeping, and addressing memory locations.

There are different types of counters, including binary counters, up/down counters, and ring
counters. Binary counters, for example, simply count in binary from 0 to 2^n-1, where n is
the number of bits.

Shift Register: A shift register is a digital circuit that stores and shifts data serially. It holds a
sequence of bits and shifts them left or right based on the clock input. Shift registers are used
for tasks such as data storage, parallel-to-serial or serial-to-parallel conversion, and creating
delay lines.

There are various types of shift registers, including serial-in-parallel-out (SIPO), parallel-in-
serial-out (PISO), serial-in-serial-out (SISO), and parallel-in-parallel-out (PIPO). The type of
shift register used depends on the specific application requirements.

6(b)With the neat diagrams, explain the working of the following types of shift
registers:
(i) Serial-in, serial out
(ii) Serial-in, parallel out

Ans:- (i) Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register (SISO)

The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the other through a single data line)
and produces a serial output is known as a Serial-In Serial-Out shift register. Since there is
only one output, the data leaves the shift register one bit at a time in a serial pattern, thus the
name Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register. The logic circuit given below shows a serial-in
serial-out shift register. The circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected in a
serial manner. All these flip-flops are synchronous with each other since the same clock
signal is applied to each flip-flop.
(ii)Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register (SIPO)

The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the other through a single data line)
and produces a parallel output is known as the Serial-In Parallel-Out shift register. The logic
circuit given below shows a serial-in-parallel-out shift register. The circuit consists of four
D flip-flops which are connected. The clear (CLR) signal is connected in addition to the clock
signal to all 4 flip flops in order to RESET them. The output of the first flip-flop is connected
to the input of the next flip flop and so on. All these flip-flops are synchronous with each
other since the same clock signal is applied to each flip-flop.

Serial-In Parallel-Out shift Register (SIPO)

6(c)Design and implement a mod-10 asynchronous counter using T flip-flop.

Ans:-
Ans:-
7(a)Design and implement a 3-bit up / down counter using J-K
flip-flop.
Ans:- Steps to design Synchronous 3 bit Up/Down Counter :
1. Decide the number and type of FF –
 Here we are performing 3 bit or mod-8 Up or Down counting, so 3 Flip
Flops are required, which can count up to 23-1 = 7.
 Here T Flip Flop is used.
2. Write excitation table of Flip Flop –

Excitation table of T FF

3. Decision for Mode control input M –

 When M=0 ,then the counter will perform up counting.
 When M=1 ,then the counter will perform down counting.
4. Draw the state transition diagram and circuit excitation table –

State transition diagram for 3 bit up/down counting.

5. Circuit excitation table –

The circuit excitation table represents the present states of the counting sequence and
the next states after the clock pulse is applied and input T of the flip-flops. By seeing
the transition between the present state and the next state, we can find the input
values of 3 Flip Flops using the Flip Flops excitation table. The table is designed
according to the required counting sequence.

Circuit excitation table

If there is a change in the output state of a flip flop (i.e. 0 to 1 or 1 to 0), then the
corresponding T value becomes 1 otherwise 0.
6. Find a simplified equation using k map –
Here we are finding the minimal Boolean expression for each Flip Flop input T
using k map.
 Simplified equation for K map

7. Create a circuit diagram –

The simplified expression for Flip Flops is used to design circuit diagrams. Here all
the connections are made according to simplified expressions for Flip Flops.
 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

7(b)Determine the resolution of ----

(i) 6-bit DAC;
(ii) 12-bit DAC;
 In terms of percentage
Ans:-

7(c)Determine the resolution of a 9-bit DAC which uses a ladder

network? What is the resolution expressed as a percentage? If the
full-scale output voltage of this converter is +5v, what is
resolution in volts?
Ans:-
8(b)What is PLD? What do ‘x’ and ‘dot’ represent on a PLD
diagram?
Ans:-
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are digital electronics
devices that can be programmed to perform a wide variety of
functions in digital circuits. They are commonly used in
digital electronics to implement complex logic functions, such
as state machines, controllers, and data processing circuits.

PLDs are used in a variety of applications, including

computers, telecommunications, industrial control systems,
and consumer electronics. They are particularly useful in
designs where the logic function is expected to change, as
they can be reprogrammed to perform different functions
without the need to physically modify the circuit.

The symbol 'X' is used for programmable connections. Here,

the inputs of OR gates are of fixed type. So, the necessary
product terms are connected to inputs of each OR gate. So that
the OR gates produce the respective Boolean functions.
A dot plot is a graph, similar to a bar graph, that uses dots
to represent the number of data points along a number line.
The number of dots in each column represents the number of
data points for each value.
9(b) Define memory cell, Address and Byte.
Ans:- Memory Cell :- The memory cell is the fundamental building block
of computer memory. The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores
one bit of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage
level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Its value is
maintained/stored until it is changed by the set/reset process. The value in the
memory cell can be accessed by reading it.

Address :- An address on your computer is similar to the address on your

house it’s a way for the computer to know where to send its messages, and a way
for the information or the device to know it is being called upon.
A unique identifier assigned to distinguish different devices on a network or the
location of data in a computer’s MEMORY. Addresses are always ultimately
represented as numbers, for ease of traversal and sorting.

Byte :- In most computer systems, a byte is a unit of data that is eight

binary digits long. A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character
such as a letter, number or typographic symbol.

solveD by Deepak kumar