The Elvis Convention

LAB REPORT 1

“In my honor, we have neither given nor received

unauthorized aid on this assignment.”

Lab Date: 01/27/2025

Report Date: 2/2/2025

Author: Krisha Koirala

Lab Partner: Justin Antrobius
 Lab 2: Stranded In The Wilderness
Krisha Koirala & Jude Kern

Executive Summary

In this lab, we were asked to check into a scaled version of a third order low
pass filter circuit with a corner frequency of 6822 Hz. We built that scaled
version of the circuit in the lab and recorded the frequencies, the voltage
coming in and the voltage going out. We then re-scaled the scaled circuit by a
factor of 2 and recorded the frequency, the voltage coming in and the voltage
going out. The purpose of this lab was to evaluate the gain at frequency and
check if the gain before the corner frequency was around 1 and the gain after
the corner frequency would decrease by -3, which we found to be true from
the experiment. As this was a 3rd order circuit, our slope was expected to
decrease by -60db after the corner frequency and it did.

I.​ INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this lab was to build a scaled version of a low pass filter
circuit and record The voltage going in, voltage coming out and the
frequency. We used the scaling equations 𝑅' = 𝐾𝑚𝑅 (i), where R’ is
the scaled resistor, Km is the magnitude scaling factor and R is the
1
actual resistor value that must be scaled, and 𝐶' = 𝐾𝑚𝐾𝑓
𝐶 (ii), where
C’ is the scaled value of the capacitor, Kf is the frequency scaling value
and C is the actual capacitor value that must be scaled. to get the
respective values for the scaling factors 𝐾𝑚 and 𝐾𝑓. From that, we used
ω' = 𝐾𝑓ω (iii), ω' is the scaled corner frequency, and ω is the actual
frequency that should be scaled, to obtain the value for the scaled
value of the corner frequency.
II.​ CIRCUIT DESIGN

In order to design the following circuit, we connected two inductors 𝐿1

(30.3mH) and 𝐿2(10.6mH) and a capacitor C (32.39nF) to a node. The
other side of the inductor 𝐿1connected to a voltage source 𝑉𝑠. The other
side of the capacitor C was connected to ground and the other side of
the inductor 𝐿2 was connected to a Resistor (s) R. Since we did not
have the exact required resistor value, we added two resistors (33.3Ω
and 906Ω) in series to give us the required component value. The
output voltage was measured across from the resistor(s) R.

Part 1:
 Figure 2.1
Part 2:
For the second part, we switched the two resistors for it’s appropriate
values(1.772kΩ and 99.5Ω) and the Capacitor (8.20nF) for its appropriate
value. We did not move around anything else in the circuit.
 Figure 2.2

III.​ EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Part 1:
 We used a multimeter to measure our Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor
values to ensure that our components values were within 2% of the
designed values. To measure our frequency, the voltage coming in and
the voltage going out, we used the software Virtual Bench. We used the
function generator to generate a voltage that was going into the circuit
and Oscilloscope Probes to measure the voltage that was across the
resistor. (Figure 2.1)

Part 2:

We switched the component values for our Resistor and cCapacitor

from the previous circuit as we were scaling it by another factor of 2
and again used a multimeter to measure our Resistor and Capacitor
values to ensure that our components values were within 2% of the
designed values. To measure our frequency, the voltage coming in and
the voltage going out, we again used the software Virtual Bench and
used the function generator to generate a voltage that was going into
the circuit and Oscilloscope Probes to measure the voltage that was
across the resistor. (Figure 2.2)

IV.​ RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Part 1:
The following were the expected and measured values of our
components:

𝑅(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 33. 3Ω + 906. 0Ω

𝑅(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 943Ω

𝐿1(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 30. 3𝑚𝐻

 𝐿1(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 33𝑚𝐻

𝐿2(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 10. 6𝑚𝐻

𝐿2(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 11𝑚𝐻

𝐶(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 32. 39𝑛𝐹

𝐶(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 33𝑛𝐹

To calculate our scaling factors and the corner frequency we performed

the following calculations:​
​
𝑅' = 𝐾𝑚 × 𝑅
943 = 𝐾𝑚 × 2
𝐾𝑚 = 471. 5

1
𝐶' = 𝐾𝑚𝐾𝑓
×𝐶
−9 1 2
33 × 10 = 471.5 𝐾𝑓
× 3

𝐾𝑓 = 42846. 2

ω' = 𝐾𝑓ω
ω' = 𝐾𝑓 × 6822
𝑟𝑎𝑑
ω' = 42863. 89 𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
× 100
7022 − 6822
% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 6822
× 100 = 2. 93%

The Table below is our Frequency Response Data:

 Frequency (Hz) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

100 Hz 988mV 988mV

1k Hz 988mV 938mV
2K Hz 971mV 938mV
5k Hz 971 mV 922mV
10k Hz 1V 362mV
68220 Hz 1.02V 14mV
6822 Hz 988mV 734mV
7.022k Hz 988mV 689mV
Table 4.1

Looking at the table, we could see that our actual corner frequency
would be higher than what we expected it to be as
0. 707 × 0. 988 = 0. 698 and the voltage we got at our calculated
cutoff frequency was 734mV. Here, at -3dB, our 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 should be 0.698V.
As this voltage was lower than 734mV, we knew that the accrual corner
frequency would be higher and we found that out to be at 7.022k Hz.
Table Below is the Gain vs Frequency data:
Gain (db) Frequency (Hz)
1 100 Hz
0.94 1k Hz
0.96 2K Hz
0.94 5k Hz
0.36 10k Hz
0.013 68220 Hz
0.73 6822 Hz
0.70 7.022k Hz
Table 4.2
Graph:
CSV file plot:

Part 2:

The following were the expected and measured values of our

components:

𝑅(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 1. 772𝑘Ω + 99. 5Ω

𝑅(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 1886Ω

𝐿1(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 30. 3𝑚𝐻

𝐿1(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 33𝑚𝐻

𝐿2(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 10. 6𝑚𝐻

𝐿2(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 11𝑚𝐻
 𝐶(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 8. 20𝑛𝐹
𝐶(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 8. 25𝑛𝐹

To calculate our scaling factors and the corner frequency we performed

the following calculations:​
​
𝑅' = 𝐾𝑚 × 𝑅
𝑅' = 2 × 943 = 1886Ω

1
𝐶' = 𝐾𝑚𝐾𝑓
×𝐶
1 −9 −9
𝐶' = 2×2
× 33 × 10 = 8. 25 × 10

ω' = 𝐾𝑓ω
ω' = 2 × 42863. 89
𝑟𝑎𝑑
ω' = 85771. 74 𝑠

​ Therefore for our cutoff frequency,

​ ω𝑐(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 6822𝐻𝑧
​ ω𝑐(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) = 7022𝐻𝑧

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
​ % 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
× 100
14680 − 13644
​ % 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 14680
× 100 = 7. 6%
The Table below is our frequency response data:

Frequency (Hz) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

100 Hz 988mV 971mV

1k Hz 988mV 971mV
2K Hz 988mV 971mV
5k Hz 988 mV 971mV
10k Hz 988mV 955mV
136440 Hz 1.03V 32.9V
13644 Hz 1V 722mV
14680 Hz 1V 691mV
Table 4.3

On the second part, our cutoff value was 0. 707 × 0. 988𝑚 = 0. 698.
Therefore our expected Vout was supposed to be 0.698mV which was
lower than the voltage across the resistor at the cutoff frequency of
13644Hz at 722mV. Therefore our actual cutoff frequency was higher
at 14680 Hz.

Table below is the gain vs frequency data:

Frequency (Hz) Gain (db)

100 Hz 0.98
1k Hz 0.98
2K Hz 0.98
5k Hz 1
10k Hz 0.96
136440 Hz 0.02
13644 Hz 0.722
14680 Hz 0.700

Graph:

CSV Plot:
V.​ DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
 ​
Part 1:
The results proved that our circuit behaved like a low pass filter. Our
gain before the cutoff frequency was closer to 1 and after, it dropped -3
dec/decade. Our corner frequency was very close to each other with a
percent error of 2.93 %. This may have been due to our input voltage
not exactly being 1V and instead being closer to 988mV. The change in
db between the cutoff frequency and the value that was 10x the cutoff
frequency was 60 db which is expected from a third order circuit as the
cutoff frequency and 10x of that value are a decade apart and in a 3rd
order circuit, the slope decreases 60 db/decade.

Part 2:
The results proved that our circuit behaved like a low pass filter. Our
gain before the cutoff frequency was closer to 1 and after, it dropped -3
dec/decade. Our corner frequency was very close to each other with a
percent error of 7.6 %. This may have been due to our input voltage not
exactly being 1V and instead being closer to 988mV.

VI.​ REFERENCES
Class Lectures

VII.​ ADDENDUM