Basic building elements:

Structural: It’s designed to support & transmit loads & lateral loads to the
ground
Enclosure: It’s the shell or the envelope of a building (outer skin)
Mechanical: provides the essential services to the building

building components:
1-architectural
-entrance:
partitions:
main : for guests used to
separate rooms +moveable
secondary : for staff
service: for maintenance
-building spaces: doors:

main : functional fixed

opening that can be closed
secondary: for services used for
entering the building
utilities: for mechanical systems
-walls
windows:
used to define and sometime protect an area openings in the
exterior walls
separate areas in sections +rooms separate between
interior and exterior
2-structural
loads transfer map:
slab beam columns footings
ground
elements:
slabs: columns:
-for floors and roofs -transfers loads through
compression
-provide Lateral resistance -provides main structural
support
beams: footings:
-provide support to the system -provides stability + uniform
distribution
-withstand loads by resisting bending -is the supporting layer of the
building
types of beams:
girder: main beam + widely spaced + major load bearing
beam: secondary beam + closely spaced
3-M.E.P
HVAC:
plumbing systems: electrical
systems:
provide both supply and disposal systems - provides all power supply to
whole building
allowing for more sanitary buildings - provides safe operation to
electric systems

structural systems:
1-bearing walls:
- is wall that carry loads
-materials: concrete, Stone, or brick
-Maximum height is 5 floors with wall thickness 25cm that increases every 2
floors
Disadvantages: Advantage:
-limited span -Low cost
-minimum openings
-limited flexibility
-limited height
-wall thickness is a waste of space
2-skeleton system:
-consist of columns, beams, and footings
- Materials: R.C. / Wood / Steel
Advantages:
Disadvantage:
-open spaces -Higher
construction cost
- Flexible space distribution - Difficult in
analysis and construction
- Unlimited building height
- Wall thickness is not significant
- Smaller cross-section of structural elements
3-truss structure:
-structure made from one or more triangular units
truss: is made of straight members connected at the joints known as nodes

truss types:
1-planer truss
2-space frame
4-shell structures:
-light weight structures using shell elements
-found in nature
-usually curved + assembled to large structures
5-folded plates:
- similar to shell
- consist of flat components that are interconnected
-depth increase = inertia increase
-simple construction (better than shell)

6-tensile structure:
-structure that only carries tension only
-spread in the 20th century
-consist of :
1-membrane
-PVC-coated polyster -polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
2-cables: (small twisted strands to form larger one )
-mild steel -high strength steel
-stainless steel -polyster fibers
7-pneumatic:
-air supported structure
-pressurized air is the main support element
-internal pressure must exceed external pressure + airlocks at every
entrances

Bearing wall

Advantage Disadvantage
Low cost Mini. Openings
Limited span
Limited flexibility
 Limited height
Wall thickness
Wall thickness acts as wasted
spaces

skeleton structure

Advantage Disadvantages
Large span High cost
Open spaces Difficult analysis
Flexible
Unlimited height
Smaller cross section
Wall thickness is ignored

skeleton vs bearing wall

span cost height Flexibility Speed

skeleton 7-20m high Unlimited Unlimited Slow
Wall 3-5m low Limited limited fast
bearing

shell vs folded plates

Span Cost Height Flexibility Speed

Shell Slow Very high One floor None Slow
Folded ? High One floor NA Slow

structural systems

Span Cost Height Flexibility Speed

Bearing 3-5m Low 4 floors none Fast
wall
Skeleton 7-20m High unlimited Flexible Slow
Frames Differs High 1-2 floors Flexible Slow
Truss 25-100m High 1 floors Flexible Fast
Shell 40-150m Very High 1 floors None Slow
Folded ? High 1 floors NA Slow
plates

truss types

Span Cost Height Flexibility Speed

Space 25-100m High 1 floor Flexible Fast
Plane 15-60m Hight 1 Flexible Fast
 floor

concrete and reinforced concrete:

concrete :mixture of aggregate ,cement and admixtures
aggregates :
1-sand 2-gravel 3-crushed stone
manufacturing :
1-mixing:
-types:
1-on site: 2-batch plant
-stationary mixer -ready mixed
-different sizes -off the site
-tilting or open top
2-transportation :
–fresh concrete moved from plant to site
3-compaction :
-compacting concrete to mold it within forms
-Internal vibrators are used to consolidate concrete
-used to eliminate stone pockets, honeycomb, and entrapped air
4-finishing :
-When the concrete hardens a little it’s ready
-for power floating or troweling and final finishings
-can be done: Manually or Mechanically
5-curing :
-maintenance of moisture and temperature in concrete
-immediately following placing and finishing
-essential so developing and preventing concrete cracking
-types:
1-covering by sheets 2-ponding
3-wet coverings 4-Water Spraying

reinforced concrete :
1-excavation :
2-Foundations & Retaining Walls
-Profile Boards for Axes & Footings
1-Properties of Profile Boards :
-Surrounds the whole building -Horizontal -Right
angle sides
-Good quality and untwisted Wood -Stable and properly fixed
2-Points to Check for :
-Axes -Dimensions -Verticality
3-Steel Reinforcement :
4-Concrete Pouring
5-Insulation
6-Land Fill (clean sand between foundation)
3-columns :
1-Procedure :
-Locate Column using axes and profile board
-Frame column section, “at least two horizontal frames at bottom and top of
column-to-be -Build formwork, three sides only
-Add reinforcement
-Close the forth side of the formwork
-Strengthen wooden formwork
2-Points to Check For :
-Type, grade and sizes of reinforcement -Numbers of
bars •
-Spacing between vertical bars and horizontal ties -Concrete Cover •
-Location of axes -
Dimensions of the column section
-Verticality of the formwork -Tightness of
formwork
4-Formworks :
-temporary or permanent molds concrete are poured
types :
-Traditional timber formwork -Engineered Formwork System
-Re-usable plastic formwork -Stay-In-Place structural formwork
systems
types of supports :
1-Wooden Supports Concrete : 2-Texture :

-Easy to produce -interlocking

system
-low labor cost -light weight and
robust
-flexible for irregular shapes -for low-cost mass
housing
- Fair-face
concrete

3-Metal Supports : 4-stay in place :

-interlocking system -Easy to produce
-Speed construction -perfect for low
labour cost
-Almost indestructible -flexible type for
irregular sections
- Fair-face concrete
-prefabricated concrete
insulation :
types :
1-damp (water) 2-thermal
1-damp proof :
-is applied to prevent moisture from reaching into interior spaces.
-used for :
1-roofs /Toilets 2-Swimming Pools 3-Ground Floor
(without basement)-
4-Basement Floor 5-Footing & Retaining Walls
-types :
1-Paints 2-Membrane 3-Rolls
-materials :
1-Bituminous Base 2-Cement base
1-paints
-types :
1-cold 2-hot
-mini. 2 layers
-applications :
1-rolls/brush 2-spraying
2-membranes :
-must overlap 15 cm -horizontal application
-below slap -thickness in microns
3-rolls :
-thickness 4-5 mm -must overlap 10 cm -mini. 2
layers
-100 cm width -horizontal + vertical application
water test :
–10-15 cm depth -3 days duration
thermal insulation :
1-polystrene foam board :
-thickness 2-5 cm -size 60*120 cm
-connect edge to edge -placed above D.P.C
2-concrete foam :
-requires finishing

masonry work :
-Wall built out of units laid on a mortar bed
units :
1-bricks 2-blocks 3-stones
Advantages :
-increase the thermal mass -non-combustible
-doesn’t require painting -lives more than 500 years
stone masonry :
-use of various types & shapes of stones in construction
-Types of Stone Masonry are :
1-Rubble Masonry 2-Ashlar Masonry
3-Stone Veneer 4-Slipform Stonemasonry
1-Rubble Masonry :
-rough, unhewn building stone set in mortar
-not laid in regular courses
2-Ashlar Masonry :
-finest stone masonry unit
-capable of very thin joints between blocks
patterns :
1-2-piece 2-3-piece 3-4-piece
finishes :
1-reticulated 2-vermiculated
3-furrowed 4-rock faced
3-stone veneer :
-protective and decorative covering for interior or exterior
-1 inch thick
-weigh less than73kg/m2 so no supports are required
-structural Wall is put up first
–Metal tabs in the wall are mortared between the stones to prevent
separating
4-brick 5-Block
Characterist Solid or cored hollow
ics
Size 25*12*6 cm 40*20*20 cm or 40*20*10 cm
Material Clay, cement & lime sand Cement
Made in Wooden molds or wire Steel molds
cutting
Finishing Firing operation Curing
Filling Not applicable

Brick positions :
1-stretcher 2-header 3-rowlok
4-soldier 5-sailor 6-shiner
mortar :
-Provide bedding for brick blocks -Transmit loads
-Allow for course level variations -Hold blocks together
brick bonding techniques :
1-english :
-one course stretcher -one header course
-queen closure at the corner connection & the beginning
2-flemish :
-header then stretcher in same course
-queen closure at the corner connection & the beginning
3-strectcher :
-all stretcher
-course starts with half -2 nd course starts with full
construction materials:
-any material used for construction purpose
types :
Naturally Man-made
Clay Cement
Sand Steel
Wood Plastics
Rocks Foam
Types:
Structural Non-structural
Concrete Aluminum
steel Glass
Wood Insulation
Natural stone plaster
 bricks fabric
Mud & clay
1-mud & clay :
-very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level
-Structures built with earth tend to be naturally cool
2-concrete :
advantage: disadvantage:
1-low cost 1-low tensile strength
2-shape control 2-time
3-finishing
3-steel :
Advantages : Disadvantages :
-High strength -Unshaped
-Fast construction -cost for construction
-can live long -corrosion
4-wood :
Advantages Disadvantages
High strength flammable
Relatively cheap Fungi and insects
Easy construction Hard to shape
Fast construction Limited strength
Moisture dependent properties
defects :
1-bow 2-checking 3-crook 4-cupping 5-spilt
6-twist
7-wane 8-blue stains 9-m. burn 10-pitch 11-loose knot
12-tight knot 13-wormholes
vertical circulation :