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Ray_Optics_Formatted_Notes

The document covers the principles of ray optics, including reflection, refraction, and image formation in mirrors and lenses. It explains key concepts such as the mirror equation, Snell's law, total internal reflection, and the functioning of optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes. Various formulas related to optics, including those for magnification and lens power, are also provided.

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3 views

Ray_Optics_Formatted_Notes

The document covers the principles of ray optics, including reflection, refraction, and image formation in mirrors and lenses. It explains key concepts such as the mirror equation, Snell's law, total internal reflection, and the functioning of optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes. Various formulas related to optics, including those for magnification and lens power, are also provided.

Uploaded by

amanca.8d.kmbvm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

1. Introduction
- Light is an electromagnetic wave with a small range of wavelengths visible to the human
eye.

- The speed of light in vacuum is c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s, the highest speed attainable in nature.

- Light generally travels in a straight line, leading to the concept of ray optics.

- Ray optics explains reflection, refraction, and image formation in mirrors and lenses.

2. Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors


- The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

- Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane.

- Reflection occurs at plane and curved surfaces, governed by the same laws.

2.1 Sign Convention


- Distances are measured from the pole (mirror) or optical center (lens).

- Distances measured in the direction of incident light are positive.

- Heights above the principal axis are positive; those below are negative.

2.2 Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors


- A concave mirror converges light to a real focus.

- A convex mirror diverges light, appearing to come from a virtual focus.

- Focal length (f) is related to radius of curvature (R) by: f = R/2.

2.3 Mirror Equation


- The mirror equation relates object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length (f):

- 1/v + 1/u = 1/f

3. Refraction of Light
- When light passes from one medium to another, it changes direction due to speed
variation.

- Snell’s Law: n₁ sin(i) = n₂ sin(r), where n is the refractive index.

- Optically denser media have higher refractive indices.


4. Total Internal Reflection
- Occurs when light travels from a denser to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence
exceeds the critical angle.

- Applications: Optical fibers, mirages, and diamond brilliance.

- Critical angle formula: sin(i_c) = n₂/n₁, where n₁ > n₂.

5. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses


- The refraction formula at a spherical surface is:

- n₂/v - n₁/u = (n₂ - n₁)/R

- Lens maker’s formula: 1/f = (n - 1) (1/R₁ - 1/R₂)

6. Refraction Through a Prism


- A prism bends light due to refraction at two inclined surfaces.

- Minimum deviation formula: n = sin((A + D_m)/2) / sin(A/2), where A is the prism angle.

7. Optical Instruments
- Includes microscopes, telescopes, and human eye optics.

- A simple microscope provides magnification: m = 1 + (D/f)

- A compound microscope magnifies using an objective and eyepiece: m = (L/f_o) × (D/f_e)

- A telescope magnifies distant objects: m = f_o / f_e

Formulas
- Mirror Equation: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f

- Magnification: m = -v/u

- Lens Formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f

- Power of a Lens: P = 1/f (in meters)

- Snell’s Law: n₁ sin(i) = n₂ sin(r)

- Critical Angle: sin(i_c) = n₂/n₁ (for n₁ > n₂)

- Lens Maker’s Formula: 1/f = (n - 1) (1/R₁ - 1/R₂)

- Combination of Lenses: 1/F = 1/f₁ + 1/f₂

- Total Magnification (Microscope): m = (L/f_o) × (D/f_e)

- Total Magnification (Telescope): m = f_o / f_e

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