**Syllabus**

1. **Node.js**

- Introduction to Node.js

- Modules and `require()`

- NPM (Node Package Manager)

- Event-Driven Architecture

- File System Module

- Asynchronous Programming (Callbacks, Promises, Async/Await)

- HTTP Module and Creating Servers

2. **Express.js**

- Introduction to Express.js

- Routing (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)

- Middleware (Custom, Built-in, Third-party)

- Templating Engines (EJS, Pug)

- Error Handling

- RESTful APIs

- Authentication (JWT, Passport.js)

3. **MongoDB**

- NoSQL Basics

- CRUD Operations

- Indexing and Aggregation

- Data Modeling

- Replication and Sharding

4. **Mongoose**

- Schemas and Models

- CRUD with Mongoose

- Data Validation

- Middleware (Pre/Post Hooks)

- Population (Relationships)

- Virtuals and Plugins

---

### **1. Node.js**

#### **Introduction to Node.js**

- **Theory**:

- Node.js is a runtime environment for executing JavaScript outside the browser.

- Built on Chrome’s V8 engine, it uses an **event-driven**, **non-blocking I/O**

model.

- Ideal for building scalable network applications (APIs, real-time apps).

- **Code**: Basic HTTP Server

```javascript

const http = require('http');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {

res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });

 res.end('Hello, Node.js!');

});

server.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server running on port 3000'));

```

#### **Modules and `require()`**

- **Theory**:

- Modules are reusable code blocks (e.g., `fs`, `path`, `http`).

- Use `require()` to import modules.

- Create custom modules with `module.exports`.

- **Code**: Custom Module

```javascript

// math.js

const add = (a, b) => a + b;

module.exports = { add };

// app.js

const { add } = require('./math.js');

console.log(add(2, 3)); // Output: 5

```

#### **Asynchronous Programming**

- **Theory**:

- **Callbacks**: Functions passed as arguments to handle async tasks.

 - **Promises**: Represent eventual completion/failure of async operations.

- **Async/Await**: Syntactic sugar for promises.

- **Code**: Async/Await Example

```javascript

const fetchData = () => {

return new Promise((resolve) => {

setTimeout(() => resolve("Data fetched!"), 2000);

});

};

const getData = async () => {

const data = await fetchData();

console.log(data); // Output after 2 sec: "Data fetched!"

};

getData();

```

---

### **2. Express.js**

#### **Routing**

- **Theory**:

- Define endpoints using HTTP methods (`app.get()`, `app.post()`).

 - Route parameters (`/users/:id`), query strings (`?name=John`).

- **Code**: Basic Route

```javascript

const express = require('express');

const app = express();

app.get('/', (req, res) => res.send('Home Page'));

app.listen(3000);

```

#### **Middleware**

- **Theory**:

- Middleware functions execute between the request and response cycle.

- Types:

- **Built-in**: `express.json()`, `express.urlencoded()`.

- **Third-party**: `morgan`, `cors`.

- **Custom**: Define your own logic (e.g., logging).

- **Code**: Custom Middleware

```javascript

app.use((req, res, next) => {

console.log(`Request URL: ${req.url}`);

next(); // Pass control to the next middleware

});

```
#### **RESTful API Example**

```javascript

let users = [{ id: 1, name: 'John' }];

app.get('/users', (req, res) => res.json(users));

app.post('/users', express.json(), (req, res) => {

users.push(req.body);

res.status(201).send('User created');

});

```

---

### **3. MongoDB**

#### **CRUD Operations**

- **Theory**:

- **Create**: `db.collection.insertOne()`

- **Read**: `db.collection.find()`

- **Update**: `db.collection.updateOne()`

- **Delete**: `db.collection.deleteOne()`

- **Code**: MongoDB Shell Commands

```bash
 use mydb;

db.users.insertOne({ name: "Alice", age: 30 });

db.users.find({ age: { $gt: 25 } });

```

#### **Indexing**

- **Theory**:

- Improves query performance by creating indexes on fields.

- Types: Single field, compound, text, geospatial.

- **Code**: Create Index

```bash

db.users.createIndex({ name: 1 }); // 1 for ascending order

```

---

### **4. Mongoose**

#### **Schemas and Models**

- **Theory**:

- **Schema**: Defines structure of documents (data types, validators).

- **Model**: Wrapper for schema to perform CRUD operations.

- **Code**: User Model

 ```javascript

const mongoose = require('mongoose');

const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({

name: { type: String, required: true },

age: { type: Number, min: 18 }

});

const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);

```

#### **Population (Relationships)**

- **Theory**:

- Refers to linking documents across collections (like SQL joins).

- **Code**: Reference Another Model

```javascript

const postSchema = new mongoose.Schema({

title: String,

author: { type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: 'User' }

});

const Post = mongoose.model('Post', postSchema);

// Populate author data when fetching a post

Post.findOne().populate('author').exec();

```
---

**Appendix**:

- **Setup Guide**: Install Node.js, MongoDB, and Postman.

- **Project Ideas**: Build a Blog API, E-commerce Backend.

- **Resources**:

- Official Docs: [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/), [Express](https://expressjs.com/),

[MongoDB](https://www.mongodb.com/), [Mongoose](https://mongoosejs.com/).

- Tutorials: MDN Web Docs, freeCodeCamp.

Let me know if you need further elaboration on any topic!

Here’s a **comprehensive syllabus** with deep theory, code examples, and visual aids (described as
images for clarity).

*(Note: Images are described as placeholders; use actual diagrams from official docs or tutorials.)*

---

### **Expanded Syllabus**

**1. Node.js**

- Runtime Architecture (Event Loop, LibUV, V8 Engine)

- Core Modules (`fs`, `path`, `http`, `events`, `stream`)

- NPM and Package Management (`package.json`, `npm scripts`)

- Asynchronous Patterns (Callbacks, Promises, Async/Await)

- Buffers and Streams (Readable, Writable, Transform)

- Child Processes and Clusters

- Debugging and Performance Optimization

**2. Express.js**

- Middleware Stack and Execution Flow

- Advanced Routing (Router Object, Route Chaining)

- Error Handling Middleware

- Security Best Practices (Helmet, CORS, Rate Limiting)

- File Uploads (Multer)

- WebSockets with Socket.io

- Testing with Jest/Supertest

- Deployment (PM2, Nginx, Docker)

**3. MongoDB**
 - Document Structure (BSON, Nested Documents)

- Query Operators (`$in`, `$and`, `$or`, `$regex`)

- Aggregation Pipeline (`$match`, `$group`, `$project`)

- Transactions and ACID Properties

- Atlas Cloud Database Setup

- Change Streams (Real-time Data)

- MongoDB Compass GUI

**4. Mongoose**

- Schema Types (String, Number, Date, Array, ObjectId)

- Instance and Static Methods

- Query Building (Chaining, Filtering, Sorting)

- Middleware (Pre-save, Post-remove)

- Plugins (Reusable Schema Logic)

- Discriminators (Schema Inheritance)

- Transactions with Sessions

---

### **1. Node.js**

#### **Event Loop**

- **Theory**:

- Node.js uses a **single-threaded event loop** to handle asynchronous operations.

- **Phases**:

1. **Timers** (Execute `setTimeout`, `setInterval` callbacks).

2. **Pending Callbacks** (Execute I/O-related callbacks).

 3. **Poll** (Retrieve new I/O events).

4. **Check** (Execute `setImmediate` callbacks).

- **Non-blocking I/O**: File/network operations are offloaded to the OS kernel.

- **Image Suggestion**:

![Event Loop Phases]

(https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*2yXGrxJyjQ1v4ha8XChkFQ.png)

*(Visualize the event loop phases from the Node.js docs.)*

- **Code**: Event Emitter

```javascript

const EventEmitter = require('events');

const emitter = new EventEmitter();

emitter.on('message', (data) => {

console.log('Message received:', data);

});

emitter.emit('message', 'Hello Event Loop!');

```

#### **Streams**

- **Theory**:

- **Streams** process data in chunks (memory-efficient for large files).

- Types:

- **Readable**: Read data (e.g., file read stream).

- **Writable**: Write data (e.g., file write stream).

 - **Duplex**: Both read and write (e.g., TCP socket).

- **Transform**: Modify data (e.g., compression).

- **Code**: File Copy with Streams

```javascript

const fs = require('fs');

const readStream = fs.createReadStream('input.txt');

const writeStream = fs.createWriteStream('output.txt');

readStream.pipe(writeStream);

```

---

### **2. Express.js**

#### **Middleware Stack**

- **Theory**:

- Middleware functions execute sequentially. Use `next()` to pass control.

- Example Flow:

```plaintext

Request → Logger Middleware → Auth Middleware → Route Handler → Response

```

- **Image Suggestion**:

![Express Middleware Stack](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/content/images/2022/06/express-

mw.png)
 *(Show middleware layers in Express.)*

- **Code**: Middleware Chain

```javascript

app.use((req, res, next) => {

console.log('First middleware');

next();

});

app.use((req, res, next) => {

console.log('Second middleware');

next();

});

```

#### **RESTful API with Authentication**

- **Code**: JWT Authentication

```javascript

const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');

app.post('/login', (req, res) => {

const user = { id: 1, name: 'John' };

const token = jwt.sign(user, 'secret_key', { expiresIn: '1h' });

res.json({ token });

});

// Middleware to verify token

const auth = (req, res, next) => {

 const token = req.header('Authorization');

jwt.verify(token, 'secret_key', (err, user) => {

if (err) return res.status(403).send('Invalid token');

req.user = user;

next();

});

};

app.get('/profile', auth, (req, res) => {

res.send(`Welcome ${req.user.name}`);

});

```

---

### **3. MongoDB**

#### **Aggregation Pipeline**

- **Theory**:

- Processes documents through stages (filter, group, sort).

- Common Stages:

- `$match`: Filter documents.

- `$group`: Group by a field.

- `$sort`: Sort results.

- **Image Suggestion**:

 *(Visualize pipeline stages from MongoDB docs.)*

- **Code**: Group Users by Age

```javascript

db.users.aggregate([

{ $match: { age: { $gte: 18 } } }, // Filter adults

{ $group: { _id: "$age", count: { $sum: 1 } } }, // Group by age

{ $sort: { _id: 1 } } // Sort by age

]);

```

#### **Transactions**

- **Code**: Multi-Document Transaction

```javascript

const session = await mongoose.startSession();

session.startTransaction();

try {

await User.updateOne(

{ _id: 'user1' },

{ $inc: { balance: -100 } },

{ session }

);

await Order.create([{ user: 'user1', amount: 100 }], { session });

await session.commitTransaction();

} catch (err) {

await session.abortTransaction();
 } finally {

session.endSession();

```

---

### **4. Mongoose**

#### **Plugins**

- **Theory**:

- Reusable logic for schemas (e.g., timestamps, soft delete).

- **Code**: Timestamp Plugin

```javascript

function timestampPlugin(schema) {

schema.add({

createdAt: { type: Date, default: Date.now },

updatedAt: Date

});

schema.pre('save', function (next) {

this.updatedAt = Date.now();

next();

});

}
 const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({ name: String });

userSchema.plugin(timestampPlugin);

```

#### **Population**

- **Code**: Fetch Posts with Author Details

```javascript

const postSchema = new mongoose.Schema({

title: String,

author: { type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: 'User' }

});

Post.findOne({ title: 'Hello World' })

.populate('author', 'name email') // Only fetch name & email

.exec((err, post) => {

console.log(post.author.name); // Output: John

});

```

---

### **Visual Guides**

1. **Node.js Architecture**:

![Node.js Architecture]
(https://www.simplilearn.com/ice9/free_resources_article_thumb/Node.js_Architecture_1.png)

*(Show the interaction between V8, LibUV, and the Event Loop.)*
2. **Mongoose Schema Relationships**:

![Mongoose Population]
(https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*HXU4lrcqC8aVADs5Z3O7KQ.png)

*(Illustrate referencing vs embedding in MongoDB.)*

---

### **Project Ideas**

1. **E-commerce Backend**:

- CRUD for products, JWT auth, order management.

2. **Real-time Chat App**:

- Socket.io for messaging, MongoDB for chat history.

3. **Blog Platform**:

- Express REST API, Mongoose relationships (users, posts, comments).

---

### **Setup Instructions**

1. Install Node.js: [https://nodejs.org](https://nodejs.org)

2. Install MongoDB: [https://www.mongodb.com](https://www.mongodb.com)

3. Use Postman for API Testing: [https://postman.com](https://postman.com)

Need more details or specific examples? Let me know!

Here’s a **consolidated, in-depth guide** covering **Node.js, Express.js, MongoDB,
and Mongoose** with syllabus, theory, code examples, and visual descriptions
(imagery included as text for reference).

---

### **Comprehensive Syllabus**

#### **1. Node.js**

- **Runtime Architecture**: Event Loop, LibUV, V8 Engine

- **Core Modules**: `fs`, `path`, `http`, `events`, `stream`

- **NPM**: Package Management, `package.json`, Scripts

- **Asynchronous Patterns**: Callbacks, Promises, Async/Await

- **Buffers & Streams**: Readable, Writable, Transform

- **Child Processes & Clusters**

- **Debugging & Performance Optimization**

#### **2. Express.js**

- **Middleware**: Custom, Built-in (e.g., `express.json()`), Third-party (e.g., CORS)

- **Routing**: GET/POST/PUT/DELETE, Route Parameters, Query Strings

- **Templating Engines**: EJS, Pug

- **RESTful APIs**: CRUD Operations, JWT Authentication

- **Error Handling**: Custom Error Middleware

- **Security**: Helmet, Rate Limiting, SQL Injection Prevention

- **WebSockets**: Real-time communication with Socket.io

- **Deployment**: PM2, Nginx, Docker

#### **3. MongoDB**

- **NoSQL Basics**: Collections, Documents, BSON

- **CRUD Operations**: `insertOne()`, `find()`, `updateOne()`, `deleteOne()`

- **Query Operators**: `$in`, `$and`, `$or`, `$regex`

- **Aggregation Pipeline**: `$match`, `$group`, `$project`

- **Indexing**: Single Field, Compound, Text

- **Transactions**: ACID Compliance

- **Replication & Sharding**: High Availability

#### **4. Mongoose**

- **Schemas & Models**: Data Types, Validation

- **CRUD Methods**: `save()`, `findById()`, `deleteOne()`

- **Middleware**: Pre/Post Hooks (e.g., hashing passwords)

- **Population**: Linking Collections (like SQL Joins)

- **Virtuals**: Computed Properties

- **Plugins**: Reusable Logic (e.g., timestamps)

- **Transactions**: Multi-Document Operations

---

### **Detailed Theory & Code**

---

#### **1. Node.js**

##### **Event Loop**

- **Theory**:

Node.js uses an **event-driven, non-blocking I/O model**. The event loop handles
asynchronous tasks in phases:

1. **Timers** (`setTimeout`, `setInterval`).

2. **Pending I/O Callbacks**.

3. **Poll** (retrieve new I/O events).

4. **Check** (`setImmediate`).

- **Code**: Simple Event Loop Example

```javascript

console.log('Start');

setTimeout(() => console.log('Timer 1'), 0);

setImmediate(() => console.log('Immediate 1'));

process.nextTick(() => console.log('Next Tick'));

console.log('End');

// Output: Start → End → Next Tick → Timer 1 → Immediate 1

```

##### **Streams**

- **Theory**:

Streams process data in chunks (memory-efficient for large files).

- **Readable**: Read data (e.g., file read).

- **Writable**: Write data (e.g., file write).

- **Code**: Read File with Streams

```javascript

const fs = require('fs');

const readStream = fs.createReadStream('input.txt', 'utf8');

readStream.on('data', (chunk) => console.log(chunk));

```

##### **Child Processes**

- **Code**: Spawn a Python Script

```javascript

const { spawn } = require('child_process');

const pythonProcess = spawn('python', ['script.py']);

pythonProcess.stdout.on('data', (data) => console.log(data.toString()));

```

---

#### **2. Express.js**

##### **Middleware Stack**

- **Theory**:

Middleware executes sequentially. Example flow:

```plaintext

Request → Logger → Authentication → Route Handler → Response

```

- **Code**: Logging Middleware

```javascript

app.use((req, res, next) => {

console.log(`${req.method} ${req.url}`);

next();

});

```

##### **RESTful API with JWT Auth**

- **Code**: Secure Endpoint

```javascript

const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');

app.post('/login', (req, res) => {

const user = { id: 1, name: 'Alice' };

const token = jwt.sign(user, 'secret_key', { expiresIn: '1h' });

res.json({ token });

});

// Protected Route

app.get('/profile', (req, res) => {

const token = req.headers.authorization.split(' ')[1];

const user = jwt.verify(token, 'secret_key');

res.json(user);
 });

```

##### **File Upload with Multer**

- **Code**: Handle Image Upload

```javascript

const multer = require('multer');

const upload = multer({ dest: 'uploads/' });

app.post('/upload', upload.single('image'), (req, res) => {

res.send('File uploaded!');

});

```

---

#### **3. MongoDB**

##### **Aggregation Pipeline**

- **Code**: Group Sales by Month

```javascript

db.sales.aggregate([

{ $match: { year: 2023 } },

{ $group: {

_id: { month: "$month" },

total: { $sum: "$amount" }

 }},

{ $sort: { "_id.month": 1 } }

]);

```

##### **Transactions**

- **Code**: Transfer Funds Between Accounts

```javascript

const session = await mongoose.startSession();

session.startTransaction();

try {

await Account.updateOne(

{ _id: 'A', balance: { $gte: 100 } },

{ $inc: { balance: -100 } },

{ session }

);

await Account.updateOne(

{ _id: 'B' },

{ $inc: { balance: 100 } },

{ session }

);

await session.commitTransaction();

} catch (err) {

await session.abortTransaction();

}
 ```

---

#### **4. Mongoose**

##### **Schema Validation**

- **Code**: User Model with Validation

```javascript

const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({

name: { type: String, required: true },

email: {

type: String,

required: true,

unique: true,

match: /^[\w-]+(\.[\w-]+)*@([\w-]+\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,7}$/

});

const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);

```

##### **Pre-Save Middleware**

- **Code**: Hash Password Before Saving

```javascript

userSchema.pre('save', async function (next) {

 if (this.isModified('password')) {

this.password = await bcrypt.hash(this.password, 10);

next();

});

```

##### **Population (Relationships)**

- **Code**: Fetch Posts with Authors

```javascript

const postSchema = new mongoose.Schema({

title: String,

author: { type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: 'User' }

});

const Post = mongoose.model('Post', postSchema);

// Populate author details

Post.find().populate('author').exec((err, posts) => {

console.log(posts[0].author.name); // Output: Alice

});

```

---

### **Visual Guides (Described)**

1. **Node.js Event Loop**:

- *Imagine a diagram showing the event loop phases (timers, pending callbacks, poll,
check) and their execution order.*

2. **MongoDB Aggregation Pipeline**:

- *Visualize a multi-stage pipeline filtering, grouping, and sorting data.*

3. **Mongoose Schema Relationships**:

- *A diagram showing how `Post` and `User` collections are linked via `ObjectId`
references.*

---

### **Project Setup & Deployment**

1. **Install Dependencies**:

```bash

npm init -y

npm install express mongoose jsonwebtoken

```

2. **Deploy with PM2**:

```bash

pm2 start app.js

```

---
### **Project Ideas**

1. **E-Commerce API**:

- Features: Product catalog, user auth, cart, orders.

- Tech: JWT, Mongoose relationships, Stripe payment.

2. **Social Media App**:

- Features: Posts, comments, followers, real-time notifications.

- Tech: Socket.io, MongoDB aggregation.

---

This guide covers **all core concepts** with actionable code and theory. For hands-on
learning, build the projects mentioned!