THE WALKING CHEMISTRY

ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS

During the early times when the word ATOM was discovered, alot of scientists carried out different
experiment trying to understand the structure of the atom. John Dalton therefore defined the atom as a
small Indivisible particle that takes part in any chemical reaction

John Dalton went ahead to proposed his theory which we call Dalton atomic theory of matter

POSTULATIONS OF DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER

1.All matter is composed of Indivisible atoms

2.An element is a type of matter composed of only one type of atoms and differ from atoms of other
elements

3.A compound is a type of matter composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically combined in
fixed proportions

4.A chemical reaction consist of the rearrangement of atoms present in the reacting substance to give
new chemical combination present in the reacting substance formed by the reaction

DEDUCTIONS FROM DALTONS POSTULATIONS

Daltons atomic theory explain some laws>

Law of conservation of matter/mass

Law of definite proportions(constant composition)

Law of multiple proportion

The balancing of chemical Equation is a reflection of which of these laws mentioned above?

ANS; Law of conservation of matter/mass

ATOMIC SYMBOL AND MODELS

Atomic symbol is a one or two letter notation used to represent the atoms of different elements.

The atomic symbol can be gotten from the name of the element with the first letter capitalize and an
additional letter in the lowercase for example chlorine-Cl, Magnesium-Mg

Subsequently, atomic symbol can be gotten from the Latin names of these elements, for example
Sodium-Na from natrium , COPPER-Cu from cuprum, iron-Fe from ferrum.

Sb as an atomic symbol represent which element?

DISCOVERY OF AN ELECTRON

In 1897 j.j Thomson conducted series of experiments that showed the atom were not Indivisible
particles.

In his CATHODE RAY EXPERIMENT he came to a conclusion that cathode Ray consist of Beam of of
negatively charged particle and that ELECTRON are constituent of all matter

So j.j Thomson is regarded as the one who discovered the ELECTRON

From his experiment he could calculate the ratio of the mass of an electron to it charge, but he could not
obtained them separately. Subsequently, not until a man named Robert Milikan was able to obtain the
charge of an ELECTRON to be 1.602×10^-19 using his experimental which he called the OIL DROP
EXPERIMENT, Using the above value with the most recent mass to charge ratio of the electron, you could
obtain an electron mass of 9.109×10^-31.

NB-Thomson model of an atom is also known as the PLUM PUDDING model,, he saw an atom as a sphere
of positive ions, embedded in it a negative ion.

NUCLEAR MODEL OF THE ATOM

Ernest Rutherford put the idea of nuclear model of the atom in 1911.In his experiment which he called
THE ALPHA SCATTERING EXPERIMENT he was able to discover the NUCLEUS of an atom

His MODEL OF AN ATOM IS KNOWN AS THE PLANETARY MODEL OF AN ATOM

NUCLEAR STRUCTURES, ISOTOPES

Nuclear structures simply mean sub-atomic particles of the nucleus and some properties of the nucleus,
examples are

The Proton, The neutron,The mass number, The nuclide,The Atomic number,The mass number,

The Proton-it is a nuclear particle having a positive charge equal to that of the electron, and a mass more
than 1800 times that of an electron

The neutron-it is a nuclear particle having a mass identical to that of the Proton and has no electric
charge. When beryllium nuclei was struck by alpha particles, neutrons are knocked out, this experiment
was carried out by James chadwick where he discovered the NEUTRON
The mass number(A)-this is simply the total number of Proton and neutron in a nucleus.

The nuclide-it is an atom characterised by a definite atomic number and mass number

The ATOMIC number (Z )~ is the number of Protons in the nucleus

ISOTOPES:

Isotopes-are atoms whose nuclei have the same ATOMIC NUMBER but different MASS NUMBER

NB:it is the differences in neutron number that gives rise to isotopy.

ATOMIC MASS ;RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

ATOMIC MASS

One of the idea of Dalton atomic theory was that the atom of an element has a characteristic mass

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

Dalton could not weigh individual atoms what he did was to measure the mass of one atom relative to
the average mass of another atom. In his case he used the HYDROGEN-BASED ATOMIC SCALE

Later daltons hydrogen based scale was replaced by a scale based on oxygen and then in 1916 this was
also replaced by the carbon-12 mass scale, This scale depends on measurement of atomic masses by an
instrument called A mass spectrometer.the mass spectrometer produces a spectrum which shows the
relative number of atoms for various masses, from here we could accurately calculate the masses of
atoms.

NB: And also the reason the atomic mass is not an whole number but rather in decimal places is because
they are an average of the masses of different isotopes of an element.But for simplicity sake they are
approximated to a whole number,that why oxygen with 15.9994 is approximated to 16.

FRACTIONAL ABUNDANCE:Fractional abundance of an isotope is the fraction of the total number of

atoms composed of a particular isotopes

QUESTION ON RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

PLEASE REFER TO OTHER FILE

PERIODIC TABLE

In 1869 Russian chemist DMITRI MENDELEEV and German chemist J LOTHAR MEYER made some
discoveries working independently. They found that when they arranged elements in order of their
ATOMIC MASS, they could place them in HORIZONTAL ROWS , so that elements in each VERTICAL
COLUMN have similar properties. THE PERIODIC TABLE is defined as a tabular arrangement of elements in
rows and column, highlighting the regular repetitions of the properties of the elements.

NB:modern periodic version arranged elements in the order of there ATOMIC NUMBERS(NOT ATOMIC
MASS).
The periodic table is divided into rows (period) and column(group).

A period consist of the element in any one horizontal row of the periodic table

A group consist of the element in any one of the vertical column of the periodic table.

The first period(period1) of elements consist of only hydrogen(H) and helium(He)

The second period has 8 elements beginning with lithium(Li) and ending with (Ne)

Then there is another period(period3) of 8 elements starting with sodium Na and ending with Argon Ar

And this is followed by a period having 18 elements starting with potassium K and ending with krypton
(Kr).The fifth period also has 18 elements

The sixth period consist of 32 elements but in order for the row to fit on a paper part of it appears on the
bottom of the periodic table, with the additional element placed after barium, (Ba atomic number 56)

The seventh period though not complete also have some of it's elements placed as a row at the bottom
of the periodic table.

The periodic table comprises of groups which are vertical column, the group is further broken down to
the A group element and the B group element

The A group element are called the main group (or representative) elements.

While the B group elements are called the transition element

The two rows of elements at the bottom of the table are called INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS(the first
row is referred to as LANTHANIDES, while the second row is called ACTINIDE

Group 1 elements are called Alkali Metals.Eg Sodium Na potassium k franscium Fr.

Group 2 elements are called Alkaline Earth Metals,Eg magnesium and calcium.

Group 4A elements are called the Carbon group.

Group 3A elements are called the Boron group.

Group 5A elements are called the Nitrogen group.

Group 6A elements are called the Chalcogens.OR OXYGEN GROUP

Group 7A elements are called the Halogens.Eg flourine F,chlorine,Cl

Group 8A elements are called the Noble Gases.Eg Neon, argon krypton, xenon n so on

NB:the group 1 and 2 element belong to the S-BLOCK ELEMENT,while the group 3A and 8A element
belong to the P-BLOCK ELEMENT of the periodic table

PERIODICITY-atomic radius,ionization energy,electron affirnity,metallicity,electronegativity,boiling point,

METALS , NON-METALS AND METALLOID

A metal is a substance that has a characteristic luster or shine, and it's generally a good conductor of
electricity and heat.

They are more or less malleable(hammered into sheets), and ductile(drawn into thin wire)

Except for mercury they solids at room temp.(about 20°C),hence mercury is the only liquid metal at
room temp.

A non-metal is an element that does not exhibit the characteristics of a metal. Most of them are gases(Eg
chlorine and oxygen) or solids(Eg phosphorus and sulphur) the solid non-metal are usually hard brittle
substances. BROMINE IS THE ONLY LIQUID NON-METAL

Most of the element bordering the staircase line in the periodic table are metalloids or semi-metals.
These are elements having both metallic and non-metallic properties, Eg silicon and germanium are
usually good semiconductors that when pure are poor conductors of electricity at room temp but
become moderately good conductors at higher temperatures.

MOLECULAR SUBSTANCE AND MOLECULES

CHEMICAL FORMULA of a substance is a notation that uses the ATOMIC SYMBOL with numerica subscript
to convey the relative proportions of atoms of different elements present in the substance

For example aluminium oxide Al203,, meaning the compound is composed of aluminum and oxygen in
the ratio 2:3

MOLECULAR SUBSTANCE

A MOLECULE is a definite group of atoms that are chemically bonded

together ,WHILE A molecular substance is a substance that is Composed
of moleculeS of which all are alike. Examples of molecular substances are
water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethanol. The molecules are extremely
small,, this is to say in a molecular substance for example A DROP of water
that we have trillions of water molecule in it.Some elements are molecular
substances and are represented by their molecular formula, chlorine for
example is a molecular substance and has the formula Cl2, each molecules
are composed of two or more atoms.Other examples are sulphur, which
its formula is S8 showing the molecule is composed of 8 atoms
NB:IT IS THE type of bond involved that determines the type of substance
formed be it molecular or ionic
IONIC SUBSTANCE
An ION is an electrically charged particle obtained from an atom or
chemically bonded group of atoms by adding or removing electrons.
 Most substances are molecular while some are made up of ions, hence
ionic substances. Although isolated atoms is electrically neutral meaning
the number of positive charges equal the number of negative charges,
during the formation of certain compounds, Atoms can become ion by
losing or gaining electrons. Metals tends to lose electrons while non-metal
gains electrons, take note So when a metal atom like sodium and a non-
metal like chlorine approach one another, an electron can transfer from
the metal atom to the non-metal atom producing ions.An atom that picks
up the extra electrons becomes the a negatively charged ion(anion) while
the atom that loses electron becomes the positively charged ion(cation).
So therefore I can say that an IONIC COMPOUND IS a compound
composed of CATION N ANION (IONS) Example is your sodium chloride
NaCl.
FORMULA UNIT
Formula unit is the group of atoms or ions symbolised in the formula, for
example the formula unit of water is H20 molecules,,, the formula unit of
iron(lll)sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 consist of two Fe3+ and three (SO4)^2-,, the
formula unit is the smallest unit of such substance.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION

PLEASE REFER TO THE OTHER FILE