Test 6: Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Answer key
Time: 40 minutes Marks: 20

1 Three liquids of densities 𝝆𝟏 , 𝝆𝟐 and 𝝆𝟑 with 𝝆𝟏 > 𝝆𝟐 > 𝝆𝟑 , having the same value of 1
surface tension T, rise to the same height in three identical capillaries. The angles of
contact 𝜽𝟏 , 𝜽𝟐 and 𝜽𝟑 obey:
𝝅 Solution
a) 𝟐 > 𝜽𝟏 > 𝜽𝟐 > 𝜽𝟑 ≥ 𝟎
𝝅
b) 𝟐 < 𝜽𝟏 < 𝜽𝟐 < 𝜽𝟑 < 𝝅TEST 6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
𝝅
c) 𝝅 > 𝜽𝟏 > 𝜽𝟐 > 𝜽𝟑 >
𝝅
𝟐 Class 11 - Physics
d) 𝟎 ≤ 𝜽𝟏 < 𝜽𝟐 < 𝜽𝟑 < 𝟐
1.
(d)
Explanation:
h=
But h, , r and g are same for the three liquids
= constant

Given:

Also, is acute for liquid which rise in a capillary

2 Two drops of equal radius coalesce to form a bigger drop. What is ratio of surface 1
2. energy of bigger drop to smaller one
(c) none of these
a) 2𝟐/𝟑 : 1
Explanation:
b) 1 : 1
Volume
c) none ofof these
bigger drop = Volume of two smaller drops
d) 2𝟏/𝟐 : 1
R' = 21/3 R
Initial surface energy,
U1 = 8
Final surface energy,
U2 = 4 =4 22/3 R2

= 2-1/3 : 1
December 27, 2024 Mechanical properties of fluids 1

2
 Class 11 - Physics
2.
1. (c) none of these
Also,
(d) is acute for liquid which rise in a capillary
Explanation:
Explanation:
Volume of bigger drop = Volume of two smaller drops
h=
But h, ,1/3
r and g are same for the three liquids
2. R' = 2 R
= constant
(c) none
Initial of these
surface energy,
Explanation:
U 1=8
Given:
Volume
Final of bigger
surface energy,drop = Volume of two smaller drops
U2 = 4 =4 22/3 R2
R' ==is221/3
Also, acute
-1/3 R: 1for liquid which rise in a capillary
Initial surface energy,
3 U1 =radius
The 8 of a soap bubble is r and the surface tension of soap solution is T. Keeping 1
3.
2. the 24 r2T
(a) temperature constant, the extra energy needed to double the radius of the soap
Final
bubble surface energy,
(c) none of these is
by blowing
Explanation:
U = 4r 𝟐energy
Required
Explanation:
a) 224𝝅 T ==4Increase22/3inRsurface
2 area surface tension
𝟐 2 - drop
b) 216𝝅 4r of [(2r)
Volume
= Tbigger
-1/3 r2] = TVolume of two smaller drops
=
𝟐 2
c) 8𝝅 r 2 T : 1
= 24 r 𝟐T
d) 32𝝅 r 1/3 T
R' = 2 R
4.
3. Initial
(a)
(c) A r2Tbut
24issurface
true
energy,
R is false.
U1 = 8
Explanation:
Explanation:
Final surface energy,
Required
A is true energy
but R = Increase in surface area
is false. surface tension
U =4 =4 22/3 R2
= 22 4 [(2r)2 - r2] T
5. (a) = 2-1/3 :and
Assertion 1 reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
= 24 r2T
Explanation:
4. hR =
43. Assertion
(a) 24 r T2=(A):
a constant
Ploughing a field reduces evaporation of water from the ground beneath. 1
(c) A is
When h true but RRisincreases
decreases, false. but the liquid does not overflow.
Explanation:
Reason (R): Results in lowering of surface area open to sunlight.
Explanation:
6. Since pressure
Required is transmitted
energy = Increaseundiminished
in surface areathroughout the fluid,
surface tension
a) Both A and R are true,
A is true but 2R is2 false. and R is the correct explanation of A.
= 2Both4 A [(2r)
b) and R- are
r ] true,
T but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c)= A
24is rtrue
2T but R is false.
= 1470 N
5. d)
4.
(a)A Assertion
is false butandR isreason
true. both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for asserti

Explanation:
(c) A is true but R is false.
hR =
Explanation:= a constant
Ploughing a field
A is true but reduces evaporation by breaking the capillaries.
R is false.
When h decreases, R increases but the liquid does not overflow.
6. Since pressure is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid,
5. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
December 27, 2024
Explanation: Mechanical properties of fluids 2
hR = = a constant
= 1470 N
 Volume of bigger drop = Volume of two smaller drops

3. (a) 24 r2T
1/3 R
R' = 2When
5 Assertion:
Explanation: the height of a tube is less than the liquid rise in the capillary tube, the 1
liquid does
Initial
Required not overflow.
surface
energy energy, in surface area surface tension
= Increase
= 2U1 4= Product
Reason: 8[(2r)2 - rof
2] radius
T of meniscus and height of the liquid in capillary tube always
remains2 constant.
= 24Final
r Tsurface energy,
a) Assertion
U2 = 4 and reason = 4 both 22/3are
R2 correct statements, and reason is correct explanation
4.
for assertion.
(c)Assertion
b) A is true but
-1/3R :reason
is false. both are correct statements, but reason is not correct
= 2and 1
explanation
Explanation:for assertion.
c)
A Assertion is iscorrect
is true but R false. statement, but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement, but reason is correct statement.
3. (a) 24 r2T
5. (a) Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Required energy = Increase in surface area surface tension
hR = = a constant
= 2 4 [(2r)2 - r2] T
When h decreases, R increases but the liquid does not overflow.
= 24 r2T 252 PHYSICS

6. Since pressure is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid,

moved up or down. Thus, the applied force has (b) Water is considered to be per fectly
6 4.In a car lift compressed air exerts a force F𝟏 on a Asmall piston having a radius of 5.0 cm.
incompressible. Volume covered by the
This pressure is transmitted tobeen a second piston
increased by a factor of
of Aradius
and this15
2
cm. If the mass
factor movement ofpiston
of smaller the inwards
car tois equal to
(c) Aisis1350
true kg,
but calculate
R is false.Fis𝟏the. What volume moved outwards due to the larger piston.
1

be lifted is the
mechanical pressure
advantage necessary
of the device. The toL accomplish
A L A
this task?
example below clarifies it. 1 1 2 2
= 1470Explanation:
N
 
2
A1  1/ 2  10 –2 m
L2  L1   6  10 –2 m
A is true but R is false. A2 
 3 /2  10–2 m 
2

 0.67 × 10-2 m = 0.67 cm

Note, atmospheric pressure is common to both
pistons and has been ignored. 
5. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion

Example 10.6 In a car lift compressed air
Explanation: exerts a force F1 on a small piston having
a radius of 5.0 cm. This pressure is
transmitted to a second piston of radius
hR = = a constant 15 cm (Fig 10.7). If the mass of the car to
Fig 10.6 Schematic diagram illustrating the be lifted is 1350 kg, calculate F1. What is
When h decreases, R increases but the liquid does not overflow.
principle behind the hydraulic lift, a device
used to lift heavy loads.
the pressure necessary to accomplish this
task? (g = 9.8 ms-2).

6. Since pressure is transmitted undiminished

 throughout
Example 10.5 Two the fluid,Answer
syringes of different Since pressure is transmitted
cross sections (without needles) filled with undiminished throughout the fluid,
water are connected with a tightly fitted
rubber tube filled with water. Diameters
  1350 N  9.8 m s
2
of the smaller piston and larger piston are A1  5  10 –2 m
1.0 cm and 3.0 cm respectively. (a) Find F1  F2    –2

 
2
A2  15  10 –2 m
= 1470 N the force exerted on the larger piston when 1
a force of 10 N is applied to the smaller = 1470 N
piston. (b) If the smaller piston is pushed ≈ 1.5 × 103 N
in through 6.0 cm, how much does the The air pressure that will produce this
larger piston move out? force is

The air pressure that will produce this

Answer (a) force
Since is is transmitted
pressure P 
F1

1.5  103 N
 1.9  105 Pa
undiminished throughout the fluid, 
A1  5  10 –2 2 m 
  3 /2  10–2 m 
2
A2 This is almost double the atmospheric
F2  F1   10 N pressure. 
 
2
A1  1/2  10–2 m Hydraulic brakes in automobiles also work
This is almost double the atmospheric= 90pressure.
N
1
on the same principle. When we apply a little

7. The metal block moves to 𝟐the right because of(287

Archimedes the– 212
tension in the string. The tension T is equal in
7 A metal block of area 0.10 m is connected to a 0.010 kg B.C.)
mass via a string that passes
Archimedes was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, scientist and engineer. He
suspended mass m. Thus, the shear force F
invented is
the given by
over an ideal pulley (considered massless and frictionless),devised
catapult and
as ina system
the figure.
of pulleys and levers to handle heavy
loads. The king of his native city Syracuse, Hiero II asked him to determine if his gold
crown was alloyed with some cheaper metal such as silver without damaging the crown.
F = T = mg = 0.010 kg 9.8 m s-2 = 9.8 loss-2
The partial 10 Nfluids
of weight he experienced while lying in his bathtub suggested a solution
December 27, 2024 Mechanical properties
to him. According to legend, heofran naked through the streets of Syracuse exclaiming “Eureka, 3
eureka!”, which means “I have found it, I have found it!”
Shear stress on the fluid is given by
 When released the block moves to the right
with a constant speed of 0.085 m s-1. Find
the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.

The air pressure that will produce this force is

(a)
The air pressure that will produce this force is
Fig. 10.15 Measurement of the coefficient of
A liquid with a film thickness of 0.30 mm ofisa placed
viscosity liquid. between the block and the table.
When released the block moves to the right with a constant speed of 0.085 m s&𝟏 . Find
Answer The metal block moves to the right
This is almost double
the coefficient of viscosity ofbecause the atmospheric
of the tensionpressure.
the liquid. in the string. The tension
This is almost double the atmospheric pressure.
T is equal in magnitude to the weight of the
7. The metal block moves to the right
suspended mass because
m. Thus the of the
shear tension
force F is in the string. The tension T is equ
7. The
The metal
metalblock blockmovesmovestotothe F =right
the = mgbecause
Tright 0.010 kgof
=because × ofthethe
9.8
–2
m tension
= 9.8 × in
s tension
-2 the
10in string.
Nthe The
string. tension
The T isT is equal in mag
tension
suspended mass m. Thus, the shear
equal in(b)magnitude to the weight of the suspended mass9.8 force F is given by
m. 10
–2 Thus, the shear force F is
suspended mass m. Thus, the Shear shearstress
force F isfluid
on the given
= F/A by
=
given by 0.10
Fparallel
= TT==glass mg =0.010
0.010
Fig 10.14 (a) A layer of liquid sandwiched between
F = mg = kg kg 9.89.8 m sm-2 = s-2 = v 9.8
0.085 -2 10 N
-2
rate 9.8 10 N
two plates in which the
Strain = 
lower plate is fixed and the upper one l 0.030
is Shear
moving tostress
the right on
with the fluid is given by
(b)Shear stress onforthe
velocity distribution
velocity
fluid
viscous
v
flow is given by stress 1
The   force is
in aair pressure that will produce this
pipe. strain rate
Strainrate
Strain rateisis
 9.8  10 N  0.30  10 m 
of viscosity are [ML-1T-1]. Generally thin liquids

–2 –3

like water, alcohol etc.stress

are less viscous than
stress
thick liquids like coal tar, blood, glycerin etc. 0.085 m s  0.10 m  –1 2
1
This is almost double the atmospheric
The coefficients of viscosity
strain for
ratesome common
strainrate pressure.
= 3.45 ×10 Pa s -3

fluids are listed in Table 10.2. We point out two
7. The metal block moves to the rightTable10.2
becauseTheofviscosities
facts about blood and water that you may find the tension in fluids
of some the string. The tension T is equal in magnitude to
interesting. As Table 10.2 indicates, blood is
suspended mass m. Thus, the shearFluid
force F isT(given
‘thicker’ (more viscous) than water. Further the C) by Viscosity (mPl)
o

relative viscosity (η/ηwater) of blood remains Water 20 1.0

F = T = mg = 0.010 kg
constant between 0oC and 37oC. 9.8 m s-2 = 9.8 100-2
10 N 0.3 1
The viscosity of liquids decreases with Blood 37 2.7
8. i. The weight of the
temperature while it increases in the case of Boeing aircraft
Machine16Oil is balanced by the upward force due to the pressure difference
113
8. i.stress
Shear Theonweight
the fluid of isthe Boeing
given by aircraft is balanced by the upward force due to the
38 34 pressure di
gases.
8 A fully loaded Boeing aircraftGlycerine 5has a mass of 3.3 × 10 kg. Its total wing area is 500 m𝟐 .
20 830
𝟓
Strain A = mg = 3.3 10Honey5 9.8
It isArate isblock
in level Aflight
= mg with= a speed
m 3.3 10of 960 9.8km/h. 200

Example 10.9 metal of area 0.10
2
Air 0 0.017
is connected to a 0.010 kg mass via a string
So,
stress
that passes over an ideal pulley (considered p = 40 0.019

massless a) Estimate
and strainSo,
frictionless),
rate asthe pressure
in Fig. 10.15. p difference
=10.5.1 Stokes’ between
Law the lower and upper surfaces of the wings
=the
A liquid with a film 6.46
thickness of 3
10 table.
0.30 mm When a body falls through a fluid it drags the
is placed b)
betweenEstimate block the fractional
and the 3 increase
layer of the in the
fluid in speed
contact of
withthe
it. Aair on the upper surface of the
relative
= 6.46 10
wing relative to
6.5 10 the 3
lower surface. [ The density of air is 𝝆 = 1.2 kgm &𝟑 ]
6.5 3
10are
The weight of vthe
ii. Consider Boeing
and
1 Boeing v 2 aircraft is balanced
the speeds of air by
on the
lowerupward force due
and upper to theofpressure
surfaces the wings and and a
8. i. difference
The weight of the aircraft is balanced by the upward force due to the pressure difference
ii. pressures.
Consider v1 and v25 are the speeds of air on lower and upper surfaces of the wings and
Δ𝑃 A = mg = 3.3 10 9.8
From Bernoulli’s
pressures.Δ𝑃p = principle
So, Δ𝑃
From + Bernoulli’s
= + principle
= 6.46 103
+ = = =+
1½
Δ𝑃 6.5 103
= =
ii. Consider v1 and v2 are the speeds of air on lower and upper surfaces of the wings and and are the co
Average
Consider speed,
v1 and vavthe
v2 are = speeds =of960 = 267and upper surfaces of the wings and ρ1 ρ2
air on lower
pressures.
and are the corresponding pressures.
So,Bernoulli’s
= principle
= theorem
According
From Averageto Bernoulli’s
speed, vav = = 0.08
960 = 8%= 267
1 )= + 1 )
𝑃( ++Then,
𝜌𝑣 the= speed
𝑃) + above the wing needs to be only 8% higher than that below.
So,
2 ( = 2 𝜌𝑣=) 0.08 = 8%
9. Terminal
December 27, 2024 = =
velocity is the maximum constant
Mechanical velocityofacquired
properties fluids by the body which is falling freely
4 in a
Then,netthe
balanced speed above
downward force the wing
acting on needs to with
the body be only 8% higher
the upward thanviscous
resistive that below.
force offered by th
When a small spherical body falls freely through a viscous medium then 3 forces act on it:-
 pressures.
From Bernoulli’s
1 ) principle
1
𝑃( − 𝑃) = 𝜌𝑣) − 𝜌𝑣()
+ 2= +2
1
𝑃( − 𝑃) = 𝜌 (𝑣 ) − 𝑣 ) )
2 = ) =(

Average speed, vav = = 960 = 267

So, = = 0.08 = 8%
Then,
Then,thethe
speed above
speed the wing
above needs needs
the wing to be only 8%only
to be higher
8% than that below.
higher than that below. 1½

9.9 Terminal
What isvelocity
terminal is the maximum
velocity and deriveconstant velocity
an expression acquired by the body which is falling fre
for it?
balanced net downward force acting on the body with the upward resistive viscous force offer
The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling through a viscous ½
When a small
medium spherical
is called bodyvelocity.
its terminal falls freely through a viscous medium then 3 forces act on it:-
i.Consider
Weight aofspherical
body acting
body ofvertically downwards.
radius r falling through a viscous liquid of density 𝜎 and
coefficient of viscosity 𝜂 . Let 𝜌
ii. Up thrust due to buoyancy = weight of fluid
be the density displaced
of the body. by the body, acting upwards.
iii.When
Viscous drag attains
the body (FV) or resistive
terminal viscous force acting in the direction opposite to the motion
velocity

Let = Density of the material of the spherical body

W=F+U
r = Radius of the spherical body
* *
𝜋𝑟 + 𝜌𝑔 = of
=+ Density 6𝜋the + + 𝜋𝑟 + 𝜎𝑔
𝜂𝑟𝑣viscous medium.
True weight *
of the body = W = volume of the body density of the body g
6𝜋 𝜂𝑟𝑣 = +
𝜋𝑟 +(𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔
)
2𝑟
Up 𝑣ward
= thrust
(𝜌 −by the fluid, FT = weight of medium displaced by the spherical body = volume
𝜎 )𝑔
9𝜂
medium × g
This is the expression for terminal velocity. 2½

Say, = Terminal velocity of body

10 a) State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem.
According to Stoke’s law, viscous drag or viscous force,
b) A cylindrical vessel of uniform cross - section contains liquid upto the height ’H’. At
( 𝑯being coefficient of viscosity of the medium)
a depth h = 𝟐 below the free surface of the liquid there is an orifice. Using
When Bernoulli’s
the body attains terminal
theorem, find thevelocity , thenof liquid.
velocity of efflux
FT It+ states
FV =that
W the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume of an ½
incompressible non viscous fluid remains constant.
Consider a non-viscous fluid flowing steadily between the sections A and B of a pipe of varying
cross section. Let 𝜌 be the density of the fluid.

December 27, 2024 Mechanical properties of fluids 5

 ½

When fluid flows from section A to B, change in KE per unit volume.

1 ! 1 !
∆𝐾𝐸 )2 𝑚 𝑣! − 2 𝑚 𝑣" 0
=
𝑉 𝑉
∆𝐾𝐸 1 𝑚 !
= (𝑣 − 𝑣"! )
𝑉 2 𝑉 !
∆$% "
&
= ! 𝜌(𝑣!! − 𝑣"! )……………(1)

Change in potential energy per unit volume.

∆𝑃𝐸 (𝑚𝑔ℎ! − 𝑚𝑔ℎ" )
=
𝑉 𝑉
∆𝑃𝐸 𝑚𝑔(ℎ! − ℎ" )
=
𝑉 𝑉
∆'%
&
= 𝜌𝑔(ℎ! − ℎ" )……………(2)

Net work done on the fluid,

W=Work done on the fluid at A – Work done by the fluid at B

𝑊 = 𝐹" 𝑥" − 𝐹! 𝑥!
𝑊 = 𝑃" 𝑎" 𝑣" 𝑡 − 𝑃! 𝑎! 𝑣! 𝑡

But 𝑎" 𝑣" = 𝑎! 𝑣! (Equation of continuity)

𝑊 = 𝑎𝑣𝑡(𝑃" − 𝑃! )
Work done per unit volume
𝑊 𝑎𝑣𝑡(𝑃" − 𝑃! )
=
𝑉 𝑎𝑣𝑡
(
&
= (𝑃" − 𝑃! ) ……………(3)

By conservation of energy,
Work done per unit volume = Change in KE per unit volume + Change in PE per unit volume.

December 27, 2024 Mechanical properties of fluids 6

 1
𝑃" − 𝑃! = 𝜌(𝑣!! − 𝑣"! ) + 𝜌𝑔(ℎ! − ℎ" )
2

1 1
𝑃" − 𝑃! = 𝜌𝑣!! − 𝜌𝑣"! + 𝜌𝑔ℎ! − 𝜌𝑔ℎ"
2 2
" "
𝑃" + ! 𝜌𝑣"! + 𝜌𝑔ℎ" = 𝑃! + ! 𝜌𝑣!! + 𝜌𝑔ℎ!

1
𝑃+ 𝜌𝑣 ! + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1½
2
c) Height of the liquid above the opening h = H/2

Velocity of efflux, 𝑣 = <2𝑔ℎ

𝐻
𝑣 = >2𝑔 ½
2

, 𝑣 = <𝑔𝐻

December 27, 2024 Mechanical properties of fluids 7