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Mathematics Grade9

The document contains Grade 9 Mathematics class notes covering essential topics such as the number system, algebra, linear equations, coordinate geometry, geometry, mensuration, and statistics & probability. Key concepts include natural numbers, polynomials, algebraic identities, distance and midpoint formulas, types of angles and triangles, area and volume formulas, and basic statistics and probability calculations. These notes serve as a comprehensive guide for students to understand fundamental mathematical principles.

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caleeyob17
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Mathematics Grade9

The document contains Grade 9 Mathematics class notes covering essential topics such as the number system, algebra, linear equations, coordinate geometry, geometry, mensuration, and statistics & probability. Key concepts include natural numbers, polynomials, algebraic identities, distance and midpoint formulas, types of angles and triangles, area and volume formulas, and basic statistics and probability calculations. These notes serve as a comprehensive guide for students to understand fundamental mathematical principles.

Uploaded by

caleeyob17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Grade 9 Mathematics Class Notes

1. Number System

o Natural Numbers (N): {1, 2, 3, 4, …}

o Whole Numbers (W): {0, 1, 2, 3, …}

o Integers (Z): {… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …}

o Rational Numbers (Q): Numbers that can be written as p/q where q ≠ 0 (e.g., ½, -3/4).

o Irrational Numbers: Numbers that cannot be expressed as p/q (e.g., π, √2).

o Real Numbers (R): Combination of Rational and Irrational numbers.

2. Algebra

(i) Polynomials

o Monomial: One term (e.g., 5x).

o Binomial: Two terms (e.g., x² + 3x).

o Trinomial: Three terms (e.g., x² + 4x + 5).

o Degree of a Polynomial: Highest exponent (e.g., in x³ + 2x² + x, degree = 3).

(ii) Factorization

o Common factor: ax + ay = a(x + y).

o Difference of squares: a² - b² = (a - b)(a + b).

o Quadratic factorization: x² + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q) where p × q = c and p + q = b.

(iii) Algebraic Identities

14. (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

15. (a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

16. a² - b² = (a - b)(a + b)

3. Linear Equations & Inequalities

o General form: ax + b = 0.

o Solution: Isolate x (e.g., 3x - 5 = 10 → x = 5).

o Inequalities:

 x+3>7→x>4

 Multiplying/dividing by negative flips the sign:

 -2x < 6 → x > -3


4. Coordinate Geometry

o Cartesian Plane: Two axes (x-axis, y-axis).

o Distance Formula: d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}d=(x2−x1


)2+(y2−y1)2

o Midpoint Formula: M=(x1+x22,y1+y22)M = \left(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 +


y_2}{2}\right)M=(2x1+x2,2y1+y2)

5. Geometry

(i) Lines & Angles

o Complementary angles: Sum = 90°

o Supplementary angles: Sum = 180°

o Vertically opposite angles: Always equal.

(ii) Triangles

o Pythagoras Theorem: a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2a2+b2=c2 (for right-angled triangles).

o Types of triangles:

 Equilateral: All sides equal.

 Isosceles: Two sides equal.

 Scalene: No sides equal.

6. Mensuration (Area & Volume)

o Area of a Circle: A=πr2A = \pi r^2A=πr2

o Circumference of a Circle: C=2πrC = 2\pi rC=2πr

o Volume of a Cube: V=a3V = a^3V=a3

o Volume of a Cylinder: V=πr2hV = \pi r^2 hV=πr2h

7. Statistics & Probability

(i) Mean, Median, Mode

o Mean: ∑xn\frac{\sum x}{n}n∑x

o Median: Middle value when arranged in order.

o Mode: Most frequent value.

(ii) Probability

o Formula: P(E)=Favorable outcomesTotal outcomesP(E) = \frac{\text{Favorable


outcomes}}{\text{Total outcomes}}P(E)=Total outcomesFavorable outcomes
o Probability always between 0 and 1.

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