Cloud computing

Unit 1

1.explain various characteries of cloud computing.

1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not
require any human administrators, user themselves are able to
provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally
provided over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources
that are able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis.
Whenever the user require services it is provided to him and it is
scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) present are shared across
multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner.
Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical
resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each
application and occupant, it will provide both the user and the
resource provider with an account of what has been used. This is
done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of
resource.
2: what is cloud computing reference model? Draw and explain.
The cloud computing reference model is an abstract model that divides a cloud computing
environment into abstraction layers and cross-layer functions to characterize and
standardize its functions.
This reference model divides cloud computing activities and functions into three cross -
layer functions and five logical layers.

Cloud Computing reference model is divided into 3 major service models:

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

1. SaaS

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a form of application delivery that relieves users of the burden of
software maintenance while making development and testing easier for service providers.

The cloud delivery model's top layer is where applications are located.
In terms of data access, collaboration, editing, storage, and document sharing, SaaS is
unquestionably a crucial service.
Features of SaaS are as follows::

• The cloud consumer has full control over all the cloud services.
• The provider has full control over software applications-based services.
 • The cloud provider has partial control over the implementation of cloud
services.
• The consumer has limited control over the implementation of these cloud
services.

2. PaaS
Platform as a Service is a strategy that offers a high level of abstraction to make a cloud
readily programmable in addition to infrastructure-oriented clouds that offer basic compute
and storage capabilities (PaaS).
Features of PaaS layer are as follows:

• The cloud provider has entire rights or control over the provision of cloud
services to consumers.
• Provides options for scalability and security of the user’s resources.
• Services to create workflows and websites.
• Services to connect users’ cloud platforms to other external platforms.
3. IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offers storage and computer resources that developers
and IT organizations use to deliver custom/business solutions

paid for on a usage basis. The service may include dynamic scaling so
that if the customers need more resources than expected, they can get
them immediately.

1. Create a vendor-neutral architecture that adheres to the NIST standard.

2. Create a solution that does not inhibit innovation by establishing a required
technological solution.
3. The NIST Cloud computing reference architecture provides characteristics like
elasticity, self-service, the collaboration of resources, etc

3.explaine any one cloud computing technology in details.

Cloud Computing Technologies

• Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

• Grid computing

• Utility computing

1) Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) allows organizations to access on-

demand cloud-based computing solutions according to the change of business
needs. It can work without or with cloud computing. The advantages of using SOA is
that it is easy to maintain, platform independent, and highly scalable.

Service Provider and Service consumer are the two major roles within SOA.

Applications of Service-Oriented Architecture

There are the following applications of Service-Oriented Architecture -

o It is used in the healthcare industry.

o It is used to create many mobile applications and games.
o In the air force, SOA infrastructure is used to deploy situational awareness
systems.

The service-oriented architecture is shown below:

(samajva mate daigram)

 2) Grid Computing:

Grid computing is also known as distributed computing. It is a processor architecture

that combines various different computing resources from multiple locations to
achieve a common goal. In grid computing, the grid is connected by parallel nodes to
form a computer cluster. These computer clusters are in different sizes and can run on
any operating system.

Grid computing contains the following three types of machines -

1. Control Node: It is a group of server which administrates the whole network.

2. Provider: It is a computer which contributes its resources in the network
resource pool.
3. User: It is a computer which uses the resources on the network.

Mainly, grid computing is used in the ATMs, back-end infrastructures, and marketing
research

(smjva mate daigram)

3.) Utility Computing:

Utility computing is the most trending IT service model. It provides on-demand

computing resources (computation, storage, and programming services via API) and
infrastructure based on the pay per use method. It minimizes the associated costs and
maximizes the efficient use of resources. The advantage of utility computing is that it
reduced the IT cost, provides greater flexibility, and easier to manage.

Large organizations such as Google and Amazon established their own utility services
for computing storage and application

(smjva mate daigram)

4.) what are the challenges of cloud computing.?

Cloud computing is the provisioning of resources like data and storage
on demand, that is in real-time. It has been proven to be revolutionary in the
IT industry with the market valuation growing at a rapid rate.

This also has resulted in more and high-paying jobs if you are a cloud
developer.

Therefore, today we bring you the most common challenges that are faced
when dealing with cloud computing, let’s have a look at them one by one:

1. Data Security and Privacy:

 Data security is a major concern when switching to cloud computing.
User or organizational data stored in the cloud is critical and private. This
can in turn lead to potential loss in revenue alongside reputation and
stature.

Also, dealing with cloud computing requires sending and receiving

huge amounts of data at high speed, and therefore is susceptible to data
leaks.

2. Cost Management:

Even as almost all cloud service providers have a “Pay As You Go”
model, which reduces the overall cost of the resources being used, there are
times when there are huge costs incurred to the enterprise using cloud
computing.

If you turn on the services or an instance of cloud and forget to turn it

off during the weekend or when there is no current use of it, it will increase
the cost without even using the resources.

3. Multi-Cloud Environments

Due to an increase in the options available to the companies,

enterprises not only use a single cloud but depend on multiple cloud service
providers.

This often ends up being hindered and difficult to manage for the
infrastructure team.

The process most of the time ends up being highly complex for the IT team
due to the differences between multiple cloud providers.

4. Performance Challenges
 Performance is an important factor while considering cloud-based
solutions. If the performance of the cloud is not satisfactory, it can drive
away users and decrease profits.

Even a little latency while loading an app or a web page can result in a
huge drop in the percentage of users.

Challenges also arise in the case of fault tolerance, which means the
operations continue as required even when one or more of the components
fail.

5. Interoperability and Flexibility

When an organization uses a specific cloud service provider and

wants to switch to another cloud-based solution, it often turns up to be a
tedious procedure since applications written for one cloud with the
application stack are required to be re-written for the other cloud.

6. High Dependence on Network

Since cloud computing deals with provisioning resources in real-

time, it deals with enormous amounts of data transfer to and from
the servers. This is only made possible due to the availability of the
high-speed network.

7. Lack of Knowledge and Expertise

Due to the complex nature and the high demand for research working with
the cloud often ends up being a highly tedious task. It requires immense
knowledge and wide expertise on the subject. Although there are a lot of
professionals in the field they need to constantly update themselves.

5.)explain following cloud computing platform and technology .

-amazon webservices, google app engine& Microsoft azure

Amazon Web Services (AWS) :-

AWS provides different wide-ranging clouds IaaS services, which ranges
from virtual compute, storage, and networking to complete computing
stacks. AWS is well known for its storage and compute on demand services,
named as Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3).
EC2 offers customizable virtual hardware to the end user which can be
utilize as the base infrastructure for deploying computing systems on the
cloud. It is likely to choose from a large variety of virtual hardware
configurations including GPU and cluster instances.

Google AppEngine :
Google AppEngine is a scalable runtime environment frequently dedicated
to executing web applications. These utilize benefits of the large computing
infrastructure of Google to dynamically scale as per the demand. AppEngine
offers both a secure execution environment and a collection of which
simplifies the development if scalable and high-performance Web
applications. These services include: in-memory caching, scalable data
store, job queues, messaging, and corn tasks.

6.)explain vision of cloud computing.

These are following Vision of Cloud Computing :

1. Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual

hardware, runtime environment and services to a person having
money.
2. These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the
user.
3. The whole collection of computing system is transformed into
collection of utilities, which can be provisioned and composed
together to deploy systems in hours rather than days, with no
maintenance cost.
4. The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are
traded as utilities in an open market without technological and
legal barriers.
5. In the future, we can imagine that it will be possible to find the
solution that matches with our requirements by simply entering
out request in a global digital market that trades with cloud
computing services.
 6. The existence of such market will enable the automation of
discovery process and its integration into its existing software
systems.
7. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services
will also help service providers to potentially increase their
revenue.
8. A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competition
service in order to fulfill its promises to customers.
9. In the near future we can imagine a solution that suits our needs
by simply applying our application to the global digital market for
cloud computing services.
10. The presence of this market will enable the acquisition process
to automatically integrate with its integration into its existing
software applications. The availability of a global cloud trading
platform will also help service providers to increase their revenue.
11. A cloud provider can also be a buyer of a competitive service to
fulfill its promises to customers.

7.)explain advantage and disadvantage of cloud computing.

[samjva mate:]

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data
using the cloud.

2) Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and
easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility

Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in
the whole world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure
increases organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always
accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for
organizations.

5) Mobility

Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

6) IServices in the pay-per-use model

Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for
access services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.

7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such
as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security

Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many
advanced features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and
handled.

Disadvantage:

1) Internet Connectivity

As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on
the cloud, and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet
connection.

2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may
face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another.

3) Limited Control

As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by

the service provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and
execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.

3) Security
4) Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store
important information.

Unit 2

1.) explain MIMD architecture of parallel computing.

MIMD stands for 'Multiple Instruction and Multiple Data Stream'

MIMD system is a multiprocessor machine which is capable of executing

multiple instructions on multiple data sets.

MIMD machines are broadly categorized into shared-memory MIMD and distributed-memory
MIMD based on the way PEs are coupled to the main memory.

Distributed memory MIMD machines (loosely coupled multiprocessor systems) all PEs have a
local memory. As a result of practical outcomes and user’s requirement , distributed memory
MIMD architecture is superior to the other existing models.
parallel computing.:
Parallel computing is a computing where the jobs are broken into discrete parts that can be
executed concurrently. Parallel systems deal with the simultaneous use of multiple computer
resources that can include a single computer with multiple processors, a number of compute rs
connected by a network to form a parallel processing cluster or a combination of both.

Based on the number of instruction and data streams that can be processed simultaneously,
computing systems are classified into four major categories:

2.)explain with diagram the role of web service in services computing.

The Internet is the worldwide connectivity of hundreds of thousands of computers

belonging to many different networks.

Web protocol (HTTP or HTTPS) to connect, interoperate, and exchange data messages over
the Internet-usually XML (Extensible Markup Language) is considered a Web service. Web
services allow programs developed in different languages to be connected between a client
and a server by exchanging data over a web service. A client invokes a web service by
submitting an XML request, to which the service responds with an XML response.

The diagram shows a simplified version of how a web service would function. The client will
use requests to send a sequence of web service calls to the server hosting the actual web
service.

Remote procedure calls are used to perform these requests. The calls to the methods hosted
by the respective web service are known as Remote Procedure Calls (RPC).
Web Service Components

1. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol):

SOAP stands for "Simple Object Access Protocol". It is a transport-independent messaging

protocol. SOAP is built on sending XML data in the form of SOAP messages. A document
known as an XML document is attached to each message.

SOAP document requires a root element known as an element. In an XML document, the root element
is the first element.

The "envelope" is divided into two halves. The header comes first, followed by the body. Routing data,
or information that directs the XML document to which client it should be sent, is contained in the
header. The real message will be in the body.

2. UDDI (Universal Description, Search, and Integration)

UDDI is a standard for specifying, publishing and searching online service providers. It provides a
specification that helps in hosting the data through web services.

The UDDI Registry will keep the information needed for online services, such as a telephone directory
containing the name, address, and phone number of a certain person so that client applications can
find where it is.

3. WSDL (Web Services Description Language)

The client implementing the web service must be aware of the location of the web
service. If a web service cannot be found, it cannot be used.

The client application will understand where the web service is located and how to
access it using the WSDL document.

3.)explain SOA and explain characteristics.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a stage in the evolution of application development and/or

integration. It defines a way to make software components reusable using the interfaces.

It uses common communication standards to speed up and streamline the service integrations in
applications.

services are published in such a way that it makes it easy for the developers to assemble their
apps using those services. Note that SOA is different from microservice architecture.

• SOA allows users to combine a large number of facilities from existing services to
form applications.
 • SOA encompasses a set of design principles that structure system development and
provide means for integrating components into a coherent and decentralized system.
• SOA-based computing packages functionalities into a set of interoperable services,
which can be integrated into different software systems belonging to separate
business domains.

characteristics of SOA are as follows :

o Provides interoperability between the services.

o Provides methods for service encapsulation, service discovery, service

composition, service reusability and service integration.
o Facilitates QoS (Quality of Services) through service contract based on Service
Level Agreement (SLA).
o Provides loosely couples services.
o Provides location transparency with better scalability and availability.
o Ease of maintenance with reduced cost of application development and
deployment.

4.) explain system architecture system in details.

Architecture is a critical aspect of designing a system, as it sets the foundation

for how the system will function and be built. It is the process of making high-
level decisions about the organization of a system, including the selection of
hardware and software components, the design of interfaces, and the overall
system structure.

(adhuro che )

5.)explain technologies for distributed computing.

Distributed computing refers to a system where processing and data storage is distributed across
multiple devices or systems, rather than being handled by a single central device.

each device or system has its own processing capabilities and may also store and manage its own
data.

Example:: of a distributed computing system is a cloud computing system, where resources such as
computing power, storage, and networking are delivered over the Internet and accessed on demand.
In this type of system, users can access and use shared resources through a web browser or other
client software.

Components:

• Devices or Systems: The devices or systems in a distributed system have their own
processing capabilities and may also store and manage their own data.
• Network: The network connects the devices or systems in the distributed system,
allowing them to communicate and exchange data.
 • Resource Management: Distributed systems often have some type of resource
management system in place to allocate and manage shared resources such as
computing power, storage, and networking.

Characteristics
• Multiple Devices or Systems: Processing and data storage is distributed across
multiple devices or systems.
• Peer-to-Peer Architecture: Devices or systems in a distributed system can act as both
clients and servers, as they can both request and provide services to other devices or
systems in the network.
• Shared Resources: Resources such as computing power, storage, and networking are
shared among the devices or systems in the network.
• Horizontal Scaling: Scaling a distributed computing system typically involves adding
more devices or systems to the network to increase processing and storage capacity.
This can be done through hardware upgrades or by adding additional devices or systems
to the network.

Advantages
Scalability
Reliability
Flexibility
Disadvantages
Complexity
Security
Performance

6.) explain difference between parallel vs. distributed computing.

S.NO Parallel Computing Distributed Computing

Many operations are performed

1. System components are located at different locations
simultaneously

2. Single computer is required Uses multiple computers

Multiple processors perform multiple

3. Multiple computers perform multiple operations
operations

4. It may have shared or distributed memory It have only distributed memory

Processors communicate with each other Computer communicate with each other through
5.
through bus message passing.

Improves system scalability, fault tolerance and

6. Improves the system performance
resource sharing capabilities
 7.) explain eras of cloud computing.
there has been three distinct phases of computing; The
Tabulating ere, the programming era and the AI era.

The computing devices of the era were majorly electromechanical

calculating devices. They used punched cards to input and store
data. The punched cards were also the primary means of instructing
the computing device.

The computing devices of this era were general purpose

unlike the tabulating era where the devices could only do a
specific task. They are programmable devices which include
PCs, smartphones and tablets.

This is the era of computing devices which exhibit

characteristics which can be termed as intelligent behaviour.
This is the kind of technology that is revolutionizing the way
we as human beings live our lives. From health care to
manufacturing, AI(Artificial Intelligence) is bringing
solution beyond what we could have comprehended a few
decades ago.

8.) explain elements of distributed computing.

Nodes: Individual computers or devices that are part of the

distributed system.

Communication: Mechanisms for nodes to exchange data and

coordinate their activities. This can include message passing,
remote procedure calls (RPC), or other forms of communication
protocols.

Concurrency: Handling multiple tasks or processes

simultaneously, often across different nodes, to improve overall
system performance.
Fault Tolerance: Designing systems to continue operating even if
some components fail. This may involve redundancy, replication,
or other fault-tolerant techniques.

Scalability: The ability of the system to handle increasing

amounts of work by adding more nodes or resources.

Consistency: Ensuring that all nodes in the system have the

same view of data, even when distributed across multiple
locations.

Concurrency Control: Managing access to shared resources to

prevent conflicts and ensure consistency in a distributed
environment.

Partitioning: Splitting data or workload into smaller parts to

distribute across nodes, improving performance and scalability.

Synchronization: Coordinating activities among nodes to ensure

they operate correctly and produce consistent results.

Security: Protecting data and communication channels from

unauthorized access, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of
the distributed system.

These elements are crucial for building efficient, reliable, and

scalable distributed computing systems.
 Unit 3

1.)explain the benefits and threats of virtualization in cloud

computing.

Isolation: Threat virtualization allows for the isolation of potentially harmful software
or activities within a virtualized environment. This containment prevents threats from
spreading to other parts of the system or affecting other users.

Resource Optimization: Virtualization enables efficient resource utilization by

allowing multiple virtual instances to run on a single physical server. This optimizes
hardware resources and reduces costs associated with maintaining separate physical
machines.

Scalability: Virtualization facilitates easy scalability, allowing for the dynamic

allocation and reallocation of resources based on demand. This agility ensures that
the cloud infrastructure can adapt to changing workloads and user requirements.

Fault Tolerance: Virtualization enhances fault tolerance by enabling the migration of

virtual instances in case of hardware failures or other disruptions. This ensures high
availability and minimizes downtime for critical applications and services.

Security Enhancements: Virtualization can enhance security by providing features

such as virtual firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems, and sandboxing
environments for testing and isolating potentially malicious software.

Simplified Management: Virtualization simplifies management tasks by abstracting

hardware resources and providing centralized management interfaces. This
streamlines administrative tasks such as provisioning, monitoring, and maintenance.

Disaster Recovery: Virtualization facilitates efficient disaster recovery strategies by

enabling the replication and rapid deployment of virtual instances in geographically
dispersed locations. This ensures business continuity in case of unforeseen disasters
or disruptions.
2.)draw and explain the desktop model of full virtualization.

Virtualization is a technique how to separate a service from the underlying

physical delivery of that service. It is the process of creating a virtual version
of something like computer hardware.

one of the main cost-effective, hardware-reducing, and energy-saving

techniques used by cloud providers is Virtualization. Virtualization allows
sharing of a single physical instance of a resource or an application among
multiple customers and organizations at one time.

• Host Machine: The machine on which the virtual machine is going to

be built is known as Host Machine.
• Guest Machine: The virtual machine is referred to as a Guest
Machine.

Virtualization has a prominent impact on Cloud Computing. In the case of

cloud computing, users store data in the cloud, but with the help of
Virtualization, users have the extra benefit of sharing the infrastructure.

Drawback virtualization::

• High Initial Investment: Clouds have a very high initial investment,

but it is also true that it will help in reducing the cost of companies.
• Learning New Infrastructure: As the companies shifted from
Servers to Cloud, it requires highly skilled staff who have skills to
work with the cloud easily, and for this, you have to hire new staff
or provide training to current staff.
 • Risk of Data: Hosting data on third-party resources can lead to
putting the data at risk, it has the chance of getting attacked by any
hacker or cracker very easily.

Unit 4

1.) what are the fundamental components of cloud reference model?

Cloud Computing reference model is divided into 3 major service models:

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

(unit 1 no question 2)
2.)explain the characteristic of PaaS solution.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows programmers to easily
create, test, run, and deploy web applications.

PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform

(middleware, development tools, database management systems, business
intelligence, and more) to support the web application life cycle.

Example: Google App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Azure.

1. Programming languages
PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to develop
the applications. Some popular programming languages provided by PaaS providers
are Java, PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.

2. Application frameworks
PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand the application
development. Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS providers are
Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.

3. Databases
PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL, MongoDB,
and Redis to communicate with the applications.

4. Other tools
PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to develop, test, and
deploy the applications.

2.) What is heterogeneous cloud? Explain in details.

heterogeneous cloud, on the other hand, integrates public and private

components from more than one vendor, either at:

• Different levels, such as a management tool from one vendor

driving a hypervisor from another
• The same level, where a single management tool drives
multiple hypervisors

For example, you’d choose a public cloud provider, like Azure, GCP, or
AWS, and then pair it with a private offering like those from VMware,
CloudStack, or OpenStack.

Homogenous cloud benefits

• Essentially turnkey, with “off the shelf” functionality
• Easier to install and set up
• Easier from an operations and management standpoint.
Because the public and private portions are from a single
provider, they’re designed to work together.
• Services like disaster recovery, security, governance, and monitoring
are built-in and span both environments
• Cheaper because the on-prem portion is delivered as drop-in
hardware or a prebuild rack
• Talent needs skills specific only to that provider