Microbiology

2016
Part A
1
What do you mean by conjugation?
What do you mean by drug toxicity?
Set Name different types of staining method.
What is biogas?
(e) What is fermenter?
Write down the name of two microbial pesticides.
Define LD50
What is bacteriophage?
Define chemotherapeutic agents
What is drug resistance?
What are pathogenicity?
Define broad spectrum antibiotics with example
Part B
2. Define pathogenicity. Discuss mechanism of pathogenesis following
exposure to a pathogen.
3.(a) Discuss the different stages of HIV infection.
(b) What is cytopathic effect of virus.
4. What do you mean by negative staining? How will you stain a
capsule?
5. Write down the process of insulin production from a microorganism.
6.(a) Classify bacteria depending on its shape and size.
(b) Compair between pure culture and mixed culture
7. (a) What do you mean by biomass and biofilms?
(b) Define bioconversion and list its advantages
8. (a) Define the term cheese.
(b) How is milk prepared for curdling?
9. Write down the symbiosis process of agrobacterium.
Part C
10. (a) Describe Koch's Postulates in determining the causative agent of
bacterial disease. Write few exception to Koch's Postulate.
(b) What is Endotoxin? Write the mechanism enterotoxin causes
diarrhoea.
11. (a) Write the structural composition of peptidoglycan.
(b) Discuss the method for viable cell count of bacteria.
(c) Classify bacteria on the basis of O₂ requirement with specific
examples
12. (a) What is differential staining? Differentiate between gram (+ve)
and gram (-ve) bacteria.
(b) Discuss the principle and use of electron microscope. Write the
application of fluorescence microscope
(c) Fluorescence microscope
13. (a) Draw a typical bacterial cell and label it.
(b) Describe the structural composition and characteristics of bacterial
cell wall.
(c) Classify microbes on the basis of preferred temperature range
14. (a) Describe the physical and chemical structure of "Herpes Simplex
Virus".
(b) How nodules are formed in plant?
17. (a) Describe the life cycle of bacteriophage T4.
(b) What do you mean by temperate bacteriophage? Describe the
significance of lysogenic cycle.
2017
Part A
1
(a) Give examples of a gram positive and a gram
negative bacteria.
(b) What is antibiotic?
(c) What is viroids?
(d) What do you mean by "Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration"?
(e) What is bioremediation?
(f) Name different types of microscopes.
(g) What do you mean by "Lysogeny phage" of virus?
( h) What is bacterial chemotaxis
(i) What is a selective media?
(j) Mention two types of microbial food spoilage and
name the organisms responsible in each instances.
(k) What is toxoid?
(l) What is phagocytosis?
 Part B
2.Give an idea about bacterial cell structure.
3. How to perform the acid fast staining and for which
purpose this staining is used?
4. Discuss the role of temperature and PH on microbial
growth.
5. Show with a diagram the entrance of a pathogen into a
host.
6. Define the following term: (i) Exotoxin; (ii) Endotoxin;
(iii) Enterotoxin; (iv) Neurotoxin.
7. Discuss on the "Koch's postulate" theory.
8. Give the properties of a phase-infected bacterial
culture.
9. What is meant by biogenesis and abiogenesis?
Part C
10. (a) How microbes can be used in biogas production?
(b) Give an idea about microbial pesticide.
(c) What is Bt toxin?
11. (a) Describe the isolation process of a pure culture
from natural source with example.
(b) Differentiate between virus and bacteria
12.(a) Give five examples of industrially important
microbes with their applications.
(b) Classify different types of bacterial pathogens.
13. (a) Discuss the principle and use of: (i) Light
microscope; (ii) Fluorescence microscope.
(b) What is the role of "Flemming" in the field of
Microbiology?
14. (a) To minimize "Drug resistance" what steps can be
taken?
(b) What is the function of an antibiotic? How they are
synthesized?
(c) What are the causes of "Drug toxicity"?
15 (a) Compare between fermentation and
pasteurization.
(b) Discuss the steps in the production of cheese.
(c) Define the term "Symbiosis”
16. (a) Describe the physical and chemical structure of "Herpes
Simplex Virus
(b) How nodules are formed in plant?
17. (a) Describe the life cycle of bacteriophage T4.
(b) What do you mean by temperate bacteriophage? Describe the
significance of lysogenic cycle.
2018
Part A
1

(a) Define biogenesis and abiogenesis.

(b) What is neurotoxin? Give examples.
(c) Define virions and prions.
(d) What are bacteriophages? Give examples.
(e) Define fermentation and bioconversion.
(f) What is protoplast?
(g) What do you mean by growth curve of bacteria?
(h) What is active transport?
(i) What is the main difference between nucleoside and nucleotide?
(j) What do you mean by pasteurized milk?
(k) What is mutation?
(l) What is drug toxicity?
 Part B
(2 Distinguish between light microscopy and electron microscopy.
3 Outline general characteristics of viruses.
4. Discuss various stages in the lytic life cycle of a bacteriophage.
5. What is Bioremediation? Describe one example of bioremediation.
6. What is gram staining? What are the differences between gram
negative and gram positive bacteria
7. What is vaccination? What is the principle of vaccination? Describe.
8. What are the attractive features of food preservation through use of
radiation?
9. What is symbiosis? Give a perfect example to describe symbiosis
Part C
11. (a) Differentiate between the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-
negative bacteria with illustration.
(b) Outline the structural changes in the bacterial cell during
sporulation with illustration.
12. (a) Classify bacteria on the basis of oxygen requirement.
(b) Describe protective mechanisms of bacteria against oxygen toxicity.
(c) Discuss modes of cell division in bacterial cell.
13. (a) Describe growth curve of bacteria.
(b) Discuss the Plate-count method and Membrane-Filter count
technique.
14. (a) What is peptidoglycan?
(b) What are the differences between protoplasts and spheroplasts of a
bacterial cell?
(c) What are the functions of capsules?
15. (a) Describe the classification of viruses on the basis of differences
in their transcriptional processes.
(b) What is a viroid? What is the unique property of a viroid
16. (a) What are the qualities of antibiotics must have to be used as
useful chemotherapeutic agents?
(b) Describe the mode of action of antibiotics that works by inhibiting
cell-wall synthesis.
(c) What do you mean by antibiotic resistance
17. (a) What is a hybridoma? What is the practical significance of
hybridomas?
(b) Describe the essential steps in the technology of producing a
genetically engineered bacteriuın.
2019
Part A
1

(a) Define spliccosomes.

(b)What are nonsense codons?
(c) What is alternative splicing?
(d) Define protein translocaiton
(e) Give an example of a "RNA dependent polymerase enzyme”
(f) What is replication fork?
(g) Differentiate between primer and promoter.
(h) What do you mean by UTR?
(i) Describe CAAT box for a common type of promoter.
(j) Differentiate between non-sense and frame shift mutation
(k) What do you mean by post translational modificaitons?
(l) What do you mean by Klenove fragment?
Part B
2. Write down the process of cheese production with a flow-chart.
3. llustrate floating gas holder type biogas plant with a brief discussion
4. (a) Define broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics with
example.
(b) What do you mean by amonification and denitrification?
5. (a) What is spontaneous generation theory?
(b) Write down Koch postulates.
6. llustrate lytic and lysogenic cycle of virus.
7. Write down the steps of gram staining method with flow-chart.
8. Write down the differences between light and electron microscope.
9. Discuss the role of temperature and PH on microbial growth
Part C
10. (a) Write down the mode of action of B. toxin with suitable diagram.
(b) Write down the principle of negative and acid fast staining.
11. (a) draw a typical diagram of a bacteria cell and label it.
(b) Describe the structural composition and characteristics of bacteria
cell wall.
(c) Classify microbes on the basis of preferred temperature range.
12 (a) Outline the stages of a typical sewage waste plant/treatment
(b) Explain nitrogen cycle with suitable diagram
13 . (a) What is pasteurization?
(b) Define microbial food spoilage. Write down the intrinsic and
extrinsic factors involving food spoilage with brief discussion
(c) Write a short note on T₂ phage virus with representative figure.
14. (a) Briefly discuss the major characteristics of microorganisms
(b) Write briefly how bacteria can be classified by DNA homology
experiments with schematic diagram.
15. (a) Draw, label and describe bacterial growth curve.
(b) Write short note on the male and femaleness of bacteria
(c) Define exotoxin and endotoxin.
16 (a) Define drug toxicity.
(b) Discuss the procedure for industrial production of penicillin.
(c) How drug resistance is produced? What measures can be taken to
minimize drug resistance?
17. (a) What is beneficial microbial flora? Give three examples each of
normal microbial flora of skin, respiratory track, urino genital tract and
eye.
(b) Write down the mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity.
 2020
Part A
1
(a) What do you mean by biogenesis and abiogenesis?
(b) Define drug toxicity.
(c) Define LD50
(a) What is bioconversion?
(e) Define pathogenicity.
What do you mean by fermenter?
(g) Define virions and prions.
(h) What is light microscope.
(i) Define selective media.
(j) Distinguish between phototrophs and chemotrophs?
(k) What do you mean by pasteurization?
(l) Define neurotoxin.
Part B
2. Differentiate between lymph and blood.
(b) Write down the functions of major plasma proteins.
3(a) Write in short about partuirition.
(b) What is the cause of menopause?
4. (a) How does sensory neuron differ from motor neuron?
(b) Classify the sense receptors
5. How does kidney regulate acid base balance of the body?
6. Discuss the detail mechanism of bile salts of the role Fat to
accelerate fat digestion.
7. (a) Compare the properties of artery and vein.
(b) Which factors have effect on blood pressure regulation mechanism?
8. (a) What is the purpose of respiration?
(b) Game of blood through heart State the causes of dyspnea.
9. Write down the composition and properties of blood.
Part C
10. (a) What is TC and DC?
(b) Describe the stages of RBC development.
(c) Write down the clinical features of erythroblastosis fetalis.
11 (a) Show the microscopic structure of a kidney with a clear diagram.
(b) Briefly discuss all the steps of urine formation.
(c) What are diuretics?
12. (a) Which hormonal factors are involved in lactation?
(b) Outline the ovarian cycle.
(c) Write down the clinical features and treatment aspects of 3
endometriosis.
13 (a) What is CNS and PNS?
(b) Discuss the ionic basis of excitation and conduction.
(c) How does hypothalamus regulate body temperature?
14. (a) Discuss the digestion and absorption process of proteins in the
digestive tract.
(b) Describe the structural organization of liver
15. (a) Schemitically show the flow of blood through heart.
(b) Discuss the causes of different heart sounds.
(c) What are the events of ventricular systole?
16. (a) Discuss the steps involved in pulmonary respiration.
(b) Comment on: (i) Pleural fluid ii) Dead space air.
17. Write short notes (any four):
(a) Clot retraction
(b) Digestive disorders
(c) Hypoxia
(d) Neurotransmitter
(e) Fertilization
(f) Synovial membranes.