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LECTURE 3

Chapter 3 discusses the concepts of time and frequency domains, explaining how composite signals can be analyzed using Fourier analysis. It covers the definitions of bandwidth, bit interval, and bit rate, particularly in relation to digital signals. Examples illustrate the calculation of bandwidth and the representation of digital signals with varying levels.

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Anisur Rahman Zihad
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17 views

LECTURE 3

Chapter 3 discusses the concepts of time and frequency domains, explaining how composite signals can be analyzed using Fourier analysis. It covers the definitions of bandwidth, bit interval, and bit rate, particularly in relation to digital signals. Examples illustrate the calculation of bandwidth and the representation of digital signals with varying levels.

Uploaded by

Anisur Rahman Zihad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3-Spectrum and

Bandwidth

1
Time and frequency domains

The time-domain plot shows changes in signal amplitude with respect to


time (it is an amplitude-versus-time plot).
A frequency-domain plot is concerned with only the peak value and the
frequency. Changes of amplitude during one period are not shown.

2
Time and frequency domains

3
Time and frequency domains

4
Time and frequency domains
The frequency domain is more compact and useful when we are dealing
with more than one sine wave.
A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in data communication. We
need to send a composite signal, a signal made of many simple sine
waves.

5
Fourier Analysis
According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is a combination
of simple sine waves with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

Composite Signals

•A composite signal can be periodic or nonperiodic.


•A periodic composite signal can be decomposed into a series of simple
sine waves with discrete frequencies, frequencies that have integer
values (1, 2, 3, and so on).
•A nonperiodic composite signal can be decomposed into a combination
of an infinite number of simple sine waves with continuous frequencies,
frequencies that have real values.

6
Fourier Analysis
Decomposition of the composite periodic signal in the time and
frequency domains

7
Periodic composite signal

▪ The amplitude of the sine wave with frequency f is almost the


same as the peak amplitude of the composite signal. As the
frequency of the composite signal is same as the frequency of
this signal so it is called fundamental frequency or first
harmonic.
▪ The amplitude of the sine wave with frequency 3f is one third of
the first frequency. As the frequency is 3 times of the first
frequency so it is 3rd harmonic.
▪ The amplitude of the sine wave with frequency 9f is one ninth of
the first frequency. As the frequency is 9 times of the first
frequency so it is 9th harmonic.
▪ Frequency can not be 1.2f or 2.6f

8
Time and frequency domains of a nonperiodic signal
•A nonperiodic composite signal can be a signal created by a
microphone or a telephone set.
•
•In this case, the composite signal cannot be periodic because that
implies that we are repeating the same word or words with exactly the
same tone.

9
Bandwidth
The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.

10
Example
A nonperiodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200 kHz, with a
middle frequency of 140 kHz and peak amplitude of 20 V. The two
extreme frequencies have amplitude of 0. Draw the frequency domain of
the signal.

Solution
The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest at 240 kHz.
The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.

11
Example
A
. periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of
100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth? Draw the
spectrum, assuming all components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B the
bandwidth. Then

The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz .

12
Example
A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest frequency is 60
Hz. What is the lowest frequency? Draw the spectrum if the signal
contains all integer frequencies of the same amplitude.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B the
bandwidth. Then

The spectrum contains all integer frequencies. We show this by a series


of bars.

13
Digital Signals
In addition to being represented by an analog signal, information can
also be represented by a digital signal.
For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a 0 as zero
voltage.
A digital signal can have more than two levels. In this case, we can send
more than 1 bit for each level.

14
Bit Interval and Bit Rate
•Most digital signals are aperiodic and thus period or frequency is not
appropriate.
•Two new terms, bit interval(instead of period) and bit rate (instead of
frequency) are used to describe digital signals.
•The bit interval is the time required to send one single bit.
•The bit rate is the number of bit intervals per second. This means that
the bit rate is the number of bits sent in one second, usually expressed in
bits per second (bps).

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Bit Interval and Bit Rate

Example
A digital signal has a bit rate of 2000 bps. What is the
duration of each bit (bit interval)

Solution

The bit interval is the inverse of the bit rate.


Bit interval = 1/ 2000 s = 0.000500 s
= 0.000500 x 106 microsec = 500 microsec

16
Example
Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other with four
signal levels

17
Example
A digital signal has 8 levels. How many bits are needed per level?

Solution:

We calculate the number of bits from the formula

Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.

18
Example

A digital signal has 9 levels. How many bits are needed per level?

Solution:

Each signal level is represented by 3.17 bits.


The number of bits sent per level needs to be an integer as well as a
power of 2.
Hence, 4 bits can represent one level.

19

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