UNIT – I

8 BIT MICROCONTROLLER – H/W

ARCHITECTURE, INSTRUCTION SET
AND PROGRAMMING
 INTRODUCTION

 A smaller computer
 On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
 Example：Intel’s 8051, Motorola’s 6811, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port

Microcontroller
MICROCONTROLLERS VS MICROPROCESSORS
MICROPROCESSOR:
❖ A CPU built into a single VLSI chip is called a microprocessor.
❖ It is a general-purpose device and additional external circuitry is added to make it a
microcomputer.
❖ The microprocessor contains arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), Instruction decoder and
control unit, Instruction register, Program counter (PC), clock circuit (internal or external),
reset circuit (internal or external) and registers.
❖ But the microprocessor has no on chip I/O Ports, Timers, Memory etc.
❖ For example, Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor and Intel 8086/8088 a 16-bit
microprocessor.
❖ The block diagram of the Microprocessor is shown in Fig.4.1
MICROCONTROLLER:
❖ A microcontroller is a highly integrated single chip, which consists of on chip CPU
(Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), EPROM/PROM/ROM
(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), I/O (input/output) – serial and parallel,
timers, interrupt controller.
❖ For example, Intel 8051 is 8-bit microcontroller and Intel 8096 is 16-bit microcontroller.
❖ The block diagram of Microcontroller is shown in Fig.4.2.

Block diagram of a Microprocessor Block Diagram of a Microcontroller

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER:

S. No Microprocessor Microcontroller
A microprocessor is a general
A microcontroller is a dedicated chip which
1 purpose device which is called a
is also called single chip computer.
CPU
A microcontroller includes RAM, ROM,
A microprocessor do not contain on
serial and parallel interface, timers,
2 chip I/O Ports, Timers, Memories
interrupt circuitry (in addition to CPU) in a
etc..
single chip.
Microprocessors are most Microcontrollers are used in small,
3 commonly used as the CPU in minimum component designs performing
microcomputer systems control-oriented applications.
Microprocessor instructions Are Microcontroller instructions are both bit
4
mainly nibble or byte addressable addressable as well as byte addressable.
Microprocessor instruction sets are Microcontrollers have instruction sets
5 mainly intended for catering to catering to the control of inputs and
large volumes of data. outputs.
Microprocessor based system Microcontroller based system design is
6
design is complex and expensive rather simple and cost effective
The instruction set of a Microcontroller is
The Instruction set of
very simple with less number of
7 microprocessor is complex with
instructions. For, ex: PIC microcontrollers
large number of instructions.
have only 35 instructions.
A microprocessor has zero status
8 A microcontroller has no zero flag.
flag

The salient features of 8051Microcontroller are:

❖ 4 KB on chip program memory (ROM or EPROM).
❖ 128 bytes on chip data memory (RAM).
❖ 8-bit data bus
❖ 16-bit address bus
❖ 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits
❖ Two -16 bit timers T0 and T1
❖ Five Interrupts (3 internal and 2 external).
❖ Four Parallel ports each of 8-bits (PORT0, PORT1, PORT2, PORT3) with a total of 32
I/O lines.
❖ One 16-bit program counter and One 16-bit DPTR (data pointer)
❖ One 8-bit stack pointer
❖ One Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.
❖ One full duplex serial communication port.
PIN DIAGRAM

8051
Pin Description of the 8051
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2 39 P0.0(AD0)
P1.2 3 38 P0.1(AD1)
P1.3 4 37 P0.2(AD2)
P1.4 5 8051 36 P0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7
(40 PIN) 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 32 P0.7(AD7)
(RXD)P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14)
(T1)P3.5 15 26 P2.5(A13)
(WR)P3.6 16 25 P2.4(A12)
(RD)P3.7 17 24 P2.3(A11)
XTAL2 18 23 P2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)
Pins of 8051
 VCC pin 40 ：VCC provides supply voltage to the chip. [+5V]
 GND pin 20 ：ground
 XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins 19,18 ： C2
 These 2 pins provide external XTAL
clock frequency for the operation. 30p 2
F
C1
XTAL
30p 1
F
GN
D

 RST pin 9 ：reset

 It is a power-on reset.
 Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will
reset and all values in registers will be lost
Pins of 8051

 EA¯ pin 31 ：external access

 When the pin is high program fetches to address 0000H-0FFFH
directed to internal ROM and program fetches to address 1000H-
FFFFH are directed to external ROM/EPROM.
 When the pin is low all addresses (0000H - FFFFH) fetched by
program are directed to the external ROM/PROM.
 PSEN¯ pin 29 ：program store enable
It is the active low output control signal used to activate the enable
signal of the external ROM/PROM.
 ALE pin 30 ：address latch enable
 AD0-AD7 are multiplexed. To demultiplex these lines and for
obtaining lower half of an address, an external latch and ALE signal
of 8051 is used.
Pins of 8051

 I/O port pins

 The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
 Each port uses 8 pins.
 All I/O pins are bi-directional.
 Port 0 (pins 32-39) used as a multiplexed address/data bus.
 Port 1 (pins 1-8) used only as I/O pins.
 Port 2 (pins 21-28) used to access external memory when the
address is 16bit wide otherwise port2 is used as an I/O port.
 Port 3 (pins 10-17) multifunctional port pins. It can be
programmed to use as I/O or as one of the alternate function. It
includes 2 external interrupts, 2 counter inputs, 2 special data
lines and 2 timing control.
ARCHITECTURE
8051
8051 ARCHITECTURE

Block Diagram of 8051

Architectural block diagram of microcontroller 8051

 Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller
 Accumulator: 8-bit register. Arithmetic operations.

 B Register: 8-bit register. General purpose register.

 Program Status Word: Set of flags contains the status information. It is one of the SFR.

 Stack Pointer: 8-bit register.

 Data Pointer: 16-bit register contains a high byte (DPH) and low byte (DPL). It has been
allotted two addresses in the SFR bank for its two bytes DPH and DPL.

 Port 0 to 3 Latches and Drivers: These 4 latches and driver pairs are allotted to each of the 4
on-chip I/O ports. These latches have been allotted addresses in the SFR bank. Using the
allotted address the user can communicate with these ports (P0,P1,P2,P3)

 Serial Data Buffer: It contains 2 independent register one of them is transmit buffer, which is a
parallel-in-serial-out register. The other is a receive buffer, which is a serial-in-parallel-out
register. It is one of the SFR.

 Timer Registers: Two 16-bit registers. TL0, TH0 represent the lower and higher byte of timer
register 0, similarly TL1, TH1 represent the lower and higher byte of timer register 1.

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 Control Registers: It contains control and status information for interrupts

 Timing and Control Unit: It derives all the necessary timing at control signals register for
internal operation of the circuit.

 Oscillator: It generates the basic timing clock signal for the operation of the circuit using
crystal oscillator.

 Instruction Register: This register decodes the opcode of an instruction to be executed and
gives information to the timing and control unit to generate necessary signals on the execution
of instruction.

 EPROM and Program Address Register: It provides an on chip EPROM and a mechanism to
internally address it.

 RAM and RAM Address Register: It provide internal 128 bytes of RAM and a mechanism to
address it internally.

 ALU: It performs 8-bit arithmetic, logical operations over the operands held by temporary
register TMP1 and TMP2. users can’t access these temp. register.

 SFR Register Bank: Special Function register range 80H to FFH.

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ADDRESSING MODES
OF 8051

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 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8051
 The 8051 provides a total of five distinct addressing
modes.
1. Immediate Addressing mode
2. Register Addressing mode
3. Direct Addressing mode
4. Register Indirect Addressing mode
5. Indexed Addressing mode
6. Register Specific Addressing mode

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1) Immediate Addressing Mode
 The operand comes immediately after the op-code.
 The immediate data must be preceded by the pound sign, "#".
 Ex: MOV A, #25H ; load 25H into A
MOV DPTR, #3481H ; DPTR=3481H

2) Register Addressing Mode

 Register addressing mode involves the use of registers to hold the data to
be manipulated
 Ex: MOV A,R0 ; copy the contents of R0 into A
ADD A,R5 ; add the contents of R5 to contents of A

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3) Direct Addressing Mode
 It is most often used to access RAM locations 30 - 7FH.
 In the direct addressing mode, the data is in a RAM memory location
whose
address is known, and this address is given as a part of the instruction
 Ex: MOV 56H,A ; save content of A in RAM location 56H
MOV R4,34H ; move contents of RAM location 34H to R4

4) Register Indirect Addressing Mode

 A register is used as a pointer to the data.
 If the data is inside the CPU, only registers R0 and R1 are used for this.
 When RO and R1 are used as pointers they must be preceded by the @
sign.
 Ex: MOV A,@R0 ;move the contents of RAM location whose address
is held by R0 into A
MOV @R1,B ;move content of B in to RAM location whose
address is held by R1
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5) Indexed Addressing Mode
 Indexed addressing mode is widely used in accessing data elements of
look-up table entries located in the program ROM space of the 8051.
 The instruction used for this purpose is : MOVC A, @ A+DPTR
 The 16-bit register DPTR and register A are used to form the address of
the data element stored in on-chip ROM.
 The instruction MOVC is used instead of MOV. "C" means code.

6) Register Specific Addressing Mode

 Instructions are specific to the registers such as accumulator or DPTR
 Ex: SWAP A ; Swap nibbles within the Accumulator
RAL ; Rotate Accumulator Left
RAR ; Rotate Accumulator Right

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 8051
INSTRUCTION SET

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DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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21
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
M.M.Arun Prasath., AP/ECE 26 February 2014 23
24
LOGICAL OPERATIONS
JUMP & BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS

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 8051
TIMER/COUNTER
 SERIAL DATA INPUT/OUTPUT
 8051 has a serial data communication circuit that uses
 Register Serial port data Buffer (SBUF):
SBUF is physically two registers.
One is write only and is used to hold data to be transmitted out of
the 8051 via TXD
Other is read only and holds the received data from external
sources via RXD
 Register Serial port control (SCON):
Controls data communication
There are four programmable modes for serial data
communication that are chosen by setting the SMx bits in SCON.
 Register Power mode control (PCON):
Controls data rates and pins RXD & TXD
 SCON 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI

 SM0 & SM1: Serial port mode bit0 & bit1

SM0 SM1 Mode Description
0 0 0 Shift register; baud=f/12
0 1 1 8-bit UART; baud=set by timer1
1 0 2 9-bit UART; baud=f/32 or f/64
1 1 3 9-bit UART; baud=set by timer1

 SM2: Multiprocessor communications bit.

Set/clear to enable multiprocessor communications.
 REN: Receive Enable bit. set/clear to enable/disable reception.
 TB8: Transmitted bit 8.
 RB8: Received bit 8.
 TI: Transmit interrupt flag.
 RI: Receive interrupt flag. 33
 PCON
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SMOD - - - GF1 GF0 PD IDL

 SMOD: Serial baud rate modify bit. Set to double baud rate
using timer 1 for modes 1,2 & 3.
 6-4: Not implemented.
 GF1: General purpose user flag bit 1.
 GF0: General purpose user flag bit 0.
 PD: By setting this bit the microcontroller enters the Power
Down mode
 IDL: By setting this bit the microcontroller enters
the Idle mode.

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35
 INTERRUPTS
 Interrupts may be generated by the internal chip
operations or provided by the external sources.
 5 interrupts are available in 8051
 3 are generated automatically by the internal operations:
Timer flag 0, Timer flag 1 & Serial port interrupt (RI or
TI)
 2 are triggered by external signals provided by the
circuitry that is connected to pins INT0‾ and INT1‾
 Programmer is able to alter control bits in the IE, IP and
TCON.
INTERRUPT ENABLE (IE)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
EA -- ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

 EA: Enable interrupt bit.

 Bit 6: not implemented
 ET2: future use
 ES: Enable serial port interrupt
 ET1: Enable Timer 1 overflow interrupt
 EX1: Enable external interrupt 1
 ET0: Enable Timer 0 overflow interrupt
 EX0: Enable external interrupt 0
 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
-- -- PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0

 Bit 7: not implemented

 Bit 6: not implemented
 PT2: future use
 PS: Priority of serial port interrupt
 PT1: Priority of Timer 1 overflow interrupt
 PX1: Priority of external interrupt 1
 PT0: Priority of Timer 0 overflow interrupt
 PX0: Priority of external interrupt 0
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